Formula Sheet: Trigonometric

Functions

A. Definitions:

P
1. sin θ =
H

B
2. cos θ =
H

P sin θ
3. tan θ = =
B cos θ

H 1
4. sec θ = =
B cos θ

H 1
5. csc θ = =
P sin θ

6. Length of arc of circle: l = r θ; θ is in radians [θ c]

7. Centesimal System: 1 right angle = 90∘; 1∘ = 60′; 1′ = 60′′

1
 (2)
c
π
8. Circular System: 1 right angle = ; π = 3.1415...

9. π c = 180∘; 1c ≈ 57.28∘

10. 1c = angle subtended by arc when arc length equals radius of circle

(2)
c
g g π ∘
11. Grade System: 1 right angle = 100 ; 100 = 90 =

2
B. Basic Identities:

12. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

13. sin4 θ + cos4 θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ

14. sin4 θ + cos2 θ = sin2 θ + cos4 θ

15. sin6 θ + cos6 θ = 1 − 3 sin2 θ cos2 θ

16. (a sin x + b cos x)2 + (a cos x − b sin x)2 = a 2 + b 2

17. sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1

18. csc2 θ − cot2 θ = 1

19. tan θ ⋅ cot θ = 1

a2 b2 (a + b)2
20. Titu’s Inequality: + ≥ [*Not in JEE syllabus]
x y x+y

3
C. Allied Angles:

Allied Angles Table

sin cos tan

90∘ − θ cos θ sin θ cot θ
90∘ + θ cos θ −sin θ −cot θ
180∘ − θ sin θ −cos θ −tan θ
180∘ + θ −sin θ −cos θ tan θ
270∘ − θ −cos θ −sin θ cot θ
270∘ + θ −cos θ sin θ −cot θ
360∘ − θ −sin θ cos θ −tan θ

21. All Sine Tangent Cosine rule for positive ratios in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th quadrants.

22. sin2 θ + sin2(90∘ − θ ) = 1

23. tan θ ⋅ tan(90∘ − θ ) = 1

4
D. Standard Angles:
Degrees Radians sin cos tan
0∘ 0 0 1 0
π 3−1 3+1 3−1
15∘
12 2 2 2 2 3+1

π 5−1
∘ 5−1 10 + 2 5
18
10 4 10 + 2 5
4
π
22.5∘ – – 2−1
8
π 1 3 1
∘
30
6 2 2 3

π 10 − 2 5 5+1 10 − 2 5
36∘
5 4
4 5+1
π 1 1
45∘ 1
4 2 2

3π 5+1
∘ 5+1 10 − 2 5
54
10 4 10 − 2 5
4
π 3 1
60∘ 3
3 2 2
3π
67.5∘ – – 2+1
8

2π 10 + 2 5 5−1 10 + 2 5
72∘
5 4
4 5−1

5π 3+1 3−1 3+1

75∘
12 2 2 2 2 3−1
π
90∘ 1 0 U.D.
2

5
E. Compound Angles:

24. sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

25. cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

26. sin(A + B) ⋅ sin(A − B) = sin2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A

sin(A ± B)
27. = tan A ± tan B
cos A cos B

tan A ± tan B
28. tan(A ± B) =
1 ∓ tan A tan B

tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C

29. tan(A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A

cos θ ± sin θ
30. = tan(45∘ ± θ )
cos θ ∓ sin θ

cot A cot B ∓ 1
31. cot(A ± B) =
cot B ± cot A

sin(θ + ϕ) − 2 sin θ + sin(θ − ϕ)

32. = tan θ
cos(θ + ϕ) − 2 cos θ + cos(θ − ϕ)

6
F. Transformation Formulae:

33. 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)

34. 2 sin B cos A = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)

35. 2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)

36. 2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)

( 2 ) ( 2 )
C+D C−D
37. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos

( 2 ) ( 2 )
C−D C+D
38. sin C − sin D = 2 sin cos

( 2 ) ( 2 )
C+D C−D
39. cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos

( 2 ) ( 2 )
C+D C−D
40. cos C − cos D = − 2 sin sin

tan C + tan D sin(C + D)

41. =
tan C − tan D sin(C − D)

7
G. Multiple & Sub-Multiple Angles:

2 tan θ
42. sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ =
1 + tan2 θ

2 2 2 2 1 − tan2 θ
43. cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ = 2 cos θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin θ =
1 + tan2 θ

44. 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ

45. 1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin2 θ

θ θ
46. sin θ = 2 sin cos
2 2

47. sin 4θ = 4 sin θ cos3 θ − 4 sin3 θ cos θ

2 tan θ
48. sin 2θ =
1 + tan2 θ

2 tan θ
49. tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ

cot2 θ − 1
50. cot 2θ =
2 cot θ

51. cot θ − tan θ = 2 cot 2θ

8
 n−1 sin(2nθ )
52. cos θ ⋅ cos 2θ ⋅ cos 4θ . . . cos(2 θ) = n
(2 )sin θ

53. sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ

54. cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

3 tan θ − tan3 θ
55. tan 3θ =
1 − 3 tan2 θ

1
56. sin θ ⋅ sin(60∘ + θ ) ⋅ sin(60∘ − θ ) = sin 3θ
4

1
57. cos θ ⋅ cos(60∘ + θ ) ⋅ cos(60∘ − θ ) = cos 3θ
4

58. tan θ ⋅ tan(60∘ + θ ) ⋅ tan(60∘ − θ ) = tan 3θ

θ θ
59. 1 ± sin θ = sin ± cos
2 2

θ 1 + cos θ
60. cos =±
2 2

θ 1 − sin θ
61. sin =±
2 2

9
 θ 1 − cos θ
62. tan =±
2 1 + cos θ

H. Range of Functions:

63. sin θ ∈ [−1,1]

64. cos θ ∈ [−1,1]

65. tan θ ∈ ℝ

66. sec θ ∈ (∞, − 1] ∪ [1,∞)

67. csc θ ∈ (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1,∞)

68. cot θ ∈ ℝ

69. (a cos θ + b sin θ ) ∈ [− a 2 + b 2 , a2 + b2]

10
I. Conditional Identities:

70. If, A + B = 45∘, (1 + tan A)(1 + tan B) = 2

If, A + B + C = π or, in ΔABC, [Need not remember]

A B C
71. sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2

A B C
72. cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

73. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C

74. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = − 1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C

75. tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

A B B C C A
76. tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

11