WEEK 1: (f + g) (x) = 10x - 10

b. (f - g) (x)
INTRODUCTION TO (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x) = 8x - 9 - (2x-1)
FUNCTIONS =8x - 9 - 2x + 1
FUNCTIONS =8x - 2x - 9 + 1
- each input is related to one output
- Written as f(x) = y, read as “f of x is (f - g) (x) = 6x - 8
equal to y. c. (fg) (x)
RELATIONS
(fg) (x) = f(x) ∗ g(x) = (8x-9) (2x-1)
 relates values from a set of
values (domain/x) to a second = 16x² - 8x - 18x + 9
set of values (range/y).
(fg) (x) = 16x² - 26x + 9
ORDERED PAIRS
DOMAINS
I. f = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)}
- For functions f and g, the domains of f +
II. h = {(1,3), (2,6), (3,9), …, (n,3n),…}
g, f-g, and fg include all real numbers in
 x-values must be unique to each of the
the intersections of the domains of f
ordered pairs but y-values can repeat.
and g, while the domain of f/g includes
*it can apply to ordered pairs,
those real numbers in the intersection
mapping,  x & y chart/table of values*
of the domains of f and g for which g(x)
≠ 0.
          X - Y CHART       MAPPING
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS AND DOMAIN
- If f and g are functions, then the
composite function, or composition, of
g and f is defined by (gf)(x)=g(f(x)).
- The domain of gf  is the set of all
numbers x in the domain of f such that
f(x) is in the domain of g.

VERTICAL LINE TEST

Example: f(x) = 6x - 3 and g(x) = 1x
- A graph represents a function if and
a. (fog) (x)
only if each vertical line intersects the
➔ (fog) (x) = 61x - 3
graph at most once.
To simplify, multiply the whole equation by the
denominator of the fraction which is x.

➔ (fog) (x) = 61x - 3 * xx

➔ (fog) (x) = 6x1 - 3x
WEEK 2: Domain:
➔ 1x = 3
EVALUATING ➔ (1x = 3) x
FUNCTIONS ➔ 1 = 3x
➔ x = 13
OPERATIONS
- operations on functions results in
Domain in Interval Notation:
another function (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, 13) ∪ (13, ∞)
- Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
b. (gof) (x)
Division and Composition of Functions (gof) (x) = g(f(x)) = g (6x - 3)
➔ 16x - 3
Example: f(x) = 8x - 9 and g(x) = 2x - 1 ➔ 16x - 3x - 3x - 3
a. (f + g) (x) ➔ x - 36
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) = 8x - 9 + 2x - 1 Domain in Interval Notation:
(-∞, -3) ∪ (3, ∞)
= 8x + 2x - 9 - 1
 in a single day can be expressed as the function
FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF REAL- C(x) = 25x + 200, where x is the number of items
LIFE SITUATIONS and C(x) is her daily expenses in pesos.
Example:
Give a function C that can represent the cost of Let:
buying x meals, if one meal costs P40. x = number of items
C = cost a. How much are her expenses if she prepares
x = meals 100 snack
C(x) = 40x items? 
➔
PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS C(x) =
- A function defined by two or more 25x + 200
functions over a specified domain. ➔ C(100) = 25 (100) + 200
= 2500 + 200
Example 1: C (100) = P2700
A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular b. 150 snack items?
mobile plan, which includes 100 free text ➔ C(150) = 25 (150) + 200
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are
➔ C(150) = 3750 + 200
charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost
C (150) = P3950
for text messaging using the function t(m),
where m is the number of messages sent in a
Example 4:
month.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional integer
Let: kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a
t = text messages piecewise function to represent the jeepney
m = messages sent fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.
y0 = initial monthly charge = P300
Let:
If m > 100:
d = distance in km
y = y0 + (m - 100)
y0 = initial cost = P8.00
Function:
If d > 4:
if 0 < m
y = y0 + 1.5 (d - 4)
if m > 100
Function:
Example 2:
A cardboard box manufacturer wishes to make if 0 < d ≤ 4;
open boxes from square pieces of cardboard of if d > 4
side 12 inches by cutting equal squares from
the four corners and turning up the sides. Let x WEEK 3: INTRODUCTION TO
inches be the length of the side of the square RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
to be cut out; express the number of cubic
inches in the volume of the box as a function of POLYNOMIALS
x. - P(x) = anxn + an - 1xn - 1 + … + a1x + a0
- a0, a1, … , an are constant coefficients
Formula for volume of rectangular box: - n is the degree of the polynomial. The
V = lwh highest exponent in a polynomial is
Let: called the degree.
x = length of the cut squares - Standard form is for descending powers
12in = length of the cardboard of x
Function: - anxn is said to be the “leading term”
➔ V(x) = (12 - 2x)² (x) - each term is a power function.
➔ V(x) = (144 - 48x + 4x³) (x)
V(x) = 144 - 48x² + 4x³ RATIONAL EXPRESSION
- an expression that can be written as a
Example 3: ratio of two polynomials
Anah started selling snacks in the nearby school. - Can be described as a function where
In one day, she spends P200 for rent and P25 either the numerator, denominator or
for each snack item she prepares. Her expenses both have a variable on it.
 9. Express the answer in interval notation.

RATIONAL FUNCTION
- f(x) = p(x)q(x)
- p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions Example: x + 2x - 3 ≤ 0
and q(x) is not the zero function Restrictions/Points of Interest:
- The domain of f(x) is all values of x Numerator:
where q(x) ≠ 0 ➔x+2=0
Equation Inequality Function ➔ x = -2
Definition involving involving Denominator:
rational rational ➔x-3=0
expressions expressions ➔x 3
Number Line:

Example

If x = -3 If x = 0 If x = 4
-3 + 2-3 - 3 0 0 + 20 - 3 0 4 + 24 - 3 0
SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS -1-6   0 2- 3 0 61 0
1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the 16 0 -23 0 6 0
equation by multiplying both sides of False True False
the equation by the LCD Domain: [-2, 3)
2. Solve the equation
3. Check your solution Example 2: 2x - 5x -53
x 1 x Simplify:
Example: + = ➔ 2x - 5x -53
5 4 2
x 1 x ➔ 2x - 5x -5-30
20 ( + ) = 20 ( ) ➔ 2x - 5x -5- 3(x-5)x - 50
5 4 2
4x + 5 = 10x ➔ 2x - 5 - 3(x-5)x -50
5 = 6x ➔ 2x - 5 - 3x + 15x -50
5 ➔ -x + 10x -50
=x
6 Restrictions/Points of Interest:
Numerator:
SOLVING RATIONAL INEQUALITIES ➔ -x + 10 = 0
1. Write the inequality with a single ➔ -x = -10
rational expression on the left-hand ➔ -1 (-x = -10)
side of the inequality and zero on the ➔ x =10 
right-hand side of the inequality. (Note: 10 is included in the number
2. Determine the meaningful numbers by line/domain)
setting the numerator equal to zero and Denominator:
setting the denominator equal to zero. ➔ x -5 = 0
3. Use the meaningful numbers to
➔x 5
separate the number line into intervals Number Line:
4. Test for the meaningful numbers if they
make the inequality true or false. If
true, then they are part of the solution.
If false, then they are not part of the If x = 0 If x = 6 If x = 11
solution 2(0) - 50 -53 2(6) - 56 -53 2(11) - 511 -53
5. Get the values in each interval and 0 - 50 -53 12 - 56 -53 22 - 511 -53
substitute these into the inequality. - 5-53 713 1763
6. If the test value makes the inequality 13 73 2563
true, then the entire interval is a True False True
solution to the inequality Domain: (-, 5)[10, )
7. If the test value makes the inequality
falls TABLE OF VALUES, GRAPH, AND EQUATION
8. e, then the entire interval is not a Example:
solution to the inequality.
Represent the speed of a runner as a function of - are x – or y – coordinates of the points
the time it takes to run 100 meters in the track at which a graph crosses the x – axis or
y – axis, respectively.
Y - INTERCEPT
- y – coordinate of the point
EQUATION where the graph crosses the y –
Let x, represent the time it takes to run 100 axis
meters. Then the speed can be represented as a - To find the y - intercept,
function s(x) as: substitute 0 for x and solve for y
s(x) = 100x or f(x)
- x=0
TABLE OF VALUES X - INTERCEPT
- must have at least 5 values for x and - x – coordinate of the point
should be distributed with equal where the graph crosses the x –
intervals. axis
- Example: x = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 } x 10 12 14 16 18 20
The table of values for run times from 10 s(x) 10 8.33 7.14 6.25 5.56 5
seconds to 20 seconds is as: - Exactly the same process in
solving for zeroes.
GRAPHING - To find the x – intercept,
- Assign points on the Cartesian plane for substitute 0 for y and solve for x
each entry on the table of values - Final answer must be in ordered
pairs.
- y=0
*Not all rational functions have both x and y
intercepts. If the rational function f has no real
solution, then it does have intercepts.*

Example: f(x) = x + 4x - 2
y - intercept: x - intercept:
f(0) = 0 + 40 - 2 0 = x + 4x - 2
      = 4- 2  =x+4
   y = -2 x=-4

FINDING THE DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A ZEROES

RATIONAL FUNCTION - Factor the numerator and denominator
Example: -2x + 34x - 16 - Identify the restrictions.
Domain: - Identify the values of x that make the
0 = 4x - 16 numerator equal to zero.
164 = 4x4 - Identify the zero of f(x).
4=x
{x|x ≠ 4} Example: f(x) = x² - 4xx + 1
Range: f(x) = x (x - 4)x + 1
f(x) = -2x + 34x - 16 Restrictions: Values of x:
f-1 =  16x + 34x + 2 x+1=0 x=0 x-4=0
x =  -12 x = -1 x=4
Set-builder notation: Zeroes:
{y|y ≠ -12} x=0 x=4
Interval notation:
y = (-, -12) (-12, ) VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
- They are the restrictions on the x –
WEEK 4: INTERCEPTS, values of a reduced rational function.
- To find the restrictions, equate the
ZEROES, AND denominator to 0 and solve for x
ASYMPTOTES  Let n be the degree of
numerator and m be the degree
INTERCEPTS of denominator:
 If n < m, y = 0
  If n = m , y = ab, where a is the Example 3:
leading coefficient of the Jens walks 5 kilometers from his house to
numerator and b is the leading Quiapo to buy a new bike which he uses to
coefficient of the denominator. return home. He averaged 10 kilometers faster
 If n > m, there is no horizontal on his bike than on foot. If his total trip took 1
asymptote hour and 20 minutes, what is his walking speed
Example: f(x) = 3x - 5 in kph? Use the formula = 𝑑/𝑡
V. Asymptote H. Asymptote
x-5=0 n<m Let:
x=5 y=0 ➔ v2 = 10 + v = traveled on bike (km)
➔ v = walking speed
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING RATIONAL ➔ d1 and d2 = 5km - distance from house to
FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES
Quaipo, vice versa
1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the t = 1 hour and 20 min = 1 + 2060 = 1 + 13 = 43 or
equation by multiplying both sides of 1.334 hours - Total time
the equation by the LCD t = dv
2. Solve the equation Required: v
3. Check your solution time walking = distance from house to Quiapo
walking speed
Example 1: time on bike=distance from Quiapo to
The denominator of a fraction is 2 more than housebiking speed
the numerator. If 1 is subtracted from both time walking+time on bike=total time
numerator and denominator, the resulting Solution:
fraction has a value of 12. Find the value of the ➔ d1v1 + d2v2 =  t
numerator. ➔ 5kmv + 5kmv + 10 =  43
➔ (5kmv + 5kmv + 10 =  43) 3v v + 10
Let: ➔ 15(v + 10) + 15v =  4v (v + 10)
x = the numerator ➔ 15v + 150 + 15v =  4v2 + 40v
x + 2 = the denominator  ➔   -4v2 - 10v + 150 = 0
➔ xx + 2 = the original fraction
➔ x - 1x + 2 - 1 = 12 Quadratic Formula:
➔ x - 1x + 1 = 12 ➔ v = -bb2 - 4ac2a
➔ 2 (x + 1) x - 1x + 1 = 2(x + 1) 12 ➔ v = -(-10)(-10)2 + 2400-8
➔ 2x - 2 = x + 1 ➔ v = 10100 + 2400-8
➔x=3 ➔ v = 102500-8
Example 2: ➔ v = 1050-8
A large pipe can empty a pool in 6 hours and a ➔   v = 5, v = - 152 
small pipe can empty the same pool in 9 hours. speed/velocity cannot be negative so the final
How long will it take for both pipes to empty answer is 5kph.
the pool?

Let: WEEK 5: ONE TO ONE

x = the number of hours for both pipes to empty
the pool.
& INVERSE
Given: FUNCTION
Large Pipe = 16 Small Pipe = 19
Large & Small Pipe = 1x ONE TO ONE FUNCTION
Solution: - no two elements in the domain of f
➔ L + S = L&S correspond to the same element in the
➔ 16 + 19 = 1x range of f.
➔ 18x (16 + 19) = 1x 18x Get the LCD - every domain there corresponds to one
➔ 3x + 2x = 18 and only one value of range.
5 x 18
➔ =
5 5 ORDERED PAIRS
18 - (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30), (4, 40)
x= hours - In a regular function, the x-values must
5
be unique for each pair but in one-to-
 one function, both x and y must be c. PAYROLL
unique to all pairs. (Applies to ordered the hourly pay/salary rate and
-
pairs, mapping diagram, and table of the number of hours worked for
values) the week
d. TRANSPO/TRANSPO FARE
- distance or how far one
traveled is measured per
kilometer rate
DEGREE e. PRODUCT PRICING
- Exponent/degree = odd - setting or computing for a
 y=x+1 D=1 product’s price
 y = x³ + 1x² + 2
D=3 INVERSE FUNCTION
 y = x + 1(x + 2)² - inverse of f denoted by f-1
= x + 1(x + 1) (x + 1) - function formed by reversing all the
= 1x + 1 D=1 ordered pairs in f.
- f-1 = {(y,x)|(y,x) is in f}
MAPPING DIAGRAM STEPS TO FIND THE INVERSE OF A ONE-TO-ONE
-  there is only one input in the domain FUNCTION
that gets mapped each output in the 1. Write the function in the form y= f(x).
range 2. Interchange the x and y variables. 
3. Solve for the new y from the equation
in step 2.
4. Replace the new y with f-1 if the inverse
is a function.

Example 1:
TABLE OF VALUES f(x) = {(0,-2), (1,0), (2,2), (3,4),(4,6)}
f-1(x) = {(-2,0), (0,1), (2,2), (4,3), (6,4)}

Example 2:
f(x) = 3x + 6
   y = 3x + 6
Interchange x and y to find f-1
x = 3y + 6
Solve for the new y
VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL LINE TEST
3y = x – 6
- Both vertical and horizontal lines
  y = 13x − 2
intersect the graph at most once.
Replace the new y with f-1(x) because the
inverse is a function
f-1 = 13x − 2

NO INVERSE FUNCTIONS:
1. f(x) = x² + 4x - 2
 This is a quadratic function 
(y = ax2 + bx + c ) with a graph
SOME EXAMPLES OF ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS in the shape of a parabola that
THAT WE SEE IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS opens upwards. It is not a one-
a. COUNTING to – one function as it fails the
- When counting, we will not horizontal line test.
repeat/count a number twice 2. f(x) = |3x|
b. IDENTIFICATION  The graph of f(x) = |3x|, is
- whether it is for a vehicle or a shaped like a “V” whose vertex
student, there will be no two is located at the origin. This
cars with the same VIN (vehicle function fails the horizontal line
identification number) or that test and therefore has no
no two students have the same inverse.
student id number or LRN
  Any absolute values in a
function is not considered a DOMAIN
one-to-one function. - the domain of f (x) is the range of f-1(x)

GRAPHS OF INVERSE FUNCTION

- is the reflection of the graph of the
original function.
- The axis of symmetry is the line y = x. Example:
f(x) f-1(x)

{(0,3), (1,4), (2,5)} {(3,0), (4,1) , (5,2)}

Domai
{0,1,2} {3,4,5}
n

Range {3,4,5} {0,1,2}

RULE II. If the domain of the original function

needs to be restricted to make it one-to- one,
then this restricted domain becomes the range
of the inverse function.

Example:
Graph y = f-1(x) if the graph of y = f(x) = 2x + 1 is
restricted in the domain {x|-2 ≤ x ≤ 1.5}
Example:
f(x) = (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7) SOLVING REAL-LIFE PROBLEMS INVOLVING
f-1(x) = (1, 0), (3, 1), (5, 2), (7, 3) INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Example 1:
Audrey and her mother are planning for a debut
party. Audrey suggested that she wants to
celebrate her birthday at Jardin De Emilia Hall.
The reception hall costs a flat rate of ₱2000.00
and an additional rental fee of ₱50.00 per guest.
If their budget for hall expenses is limited at
₱10,000.00.

A. What is the cost as a function of the number of

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF AN INVERSE guests?
FUNCTION Let:
x = number of guests
f(x) = cost
RULE I. To have an inverse function, f(x) must f(x) = 2000 = 50x
be one-to-one. If the function is one-to-one, B. What is the inverse of cost as a function of the
write the range of the original function as the number of guests?
domain of the inverse, and write the domain y = 2000 + 50x
of the original function as the range of the x = 2000 + 50y
inverse. x - 200050 = y
f-1(x) = x - 200050
RANGE C. What is the domain and range of the inverse?
- the range of f (x) is the domain of f-1(x) f-1(10,000) = 10,000 - 200050
   = 800050 - Functions of the form f(x)=bx (b > 0,
  = 160 guests b≠1)
Domain & Range of the Inverse: Examples:
f-1(x) = x - 200050  f(x)=(1.4)x or y=(1.4)x
D = {x|0 x 10,000}  f(x)=2-x-1
R = {y|0 y 160}  f(x)=25x+2

WEEK 6: SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS,

EXPONENTIAL EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES AND
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
- with base b is a function
- f(x)= a ∗ bx+c+d 
- or y=a ∗ bx+c+d 
- b > 0, b 1, b variable

EXPONENTIAL NOT EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTION FUNCTION

f(x)=6x f(x)=x3

f(x)=3x+1 f(x)=1x

f(x)=16x f(x)=xx

EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS, EXPONENTIAL

INEQUALITIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
- In  f(x)=bx, if x1≠x2, then
EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSION bx₁≠bx₂. Conversely, if x1=x2, then bx₁=bx₂
- If the bases are the same then the
- a ∗ bx+c+d, where b > 0. b 1.
Examples: exponents must be equal
 4x-1
 52(x-1)   STEPS FOR SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
 169x
1. Determine if the numbers can be
49 x+1 written using the same base. 
 ( ) 2. Rewrite the problem using the same
81
base. 
3. Use one-to-one property of equality of
EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
exponential functions, if the bases are
- An equation involving exponential
the same, then the exponents must be
expressions.
equal. Once the bases are the same,
Examples:
drop the bases and set the exponents
1
 7 2x-x²= equal to each other. 
343 4. Finish solving the problem by isolating
 9x-2=79
the variable.
EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES
Example 1:
- An inequality involving exponential
➔ 4x-1=16
expressions.
➔ 4x-1=42
Examples:
 52x-5x+10 ≤ 10 ➔ x-1=2
1 ➔ x-1+1=2+1
 ( )2x > 253x x=3
5
Example 2:
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ➔ 125 x-1=25x+3
➔ 53(x-1) =52(x+3)  ii. Both sides of an inequality are
*Same base means same exponents* multiplied by or divided by the
➔ 3(x-1)=2(x+3) same negative real number.
➔ 3x-3=2x+6
➔ 3x-2x=6+3
x=9

Example 3:
1 Example 1:
➔ 8 x + 1= ➔ 9x-2>3x
64
➔ 8x + 1= 64-1  ➔ 32(x-2)>3x
*Negative exponent = reciprocate base* ➔ 2 (x-2)>x
➔ 8x + 1= 8-1(2) ➔ 2 x-4>x
➔ 8x + 1= 8-2 ➔ 2 x-x>4
➔ x + 1 = -2 ➔ x>4
➔ x = -2 - 1 {x R/ x>4} or x =(4,+∞)
➔ x = -3
Example 2:

()
−x
EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY 4 16
➔ ≤
- are inequalities in which one (or both) 6 36

()
−x 2
sides involve a variable exponent. 4 4
➔ ≤
- b>1 6 6
- x1>x2 ➔ -x ≥ 2
- bx₁>bx₂ *change the inequality sign because it is
- If 0<b<1 and x1<x2, then bx₁>bx₂ divided by a negative number on both sides*
−x 2
STEPS FOR SOLVING EXPONENTIAL ➔ ≤
−1 −1
INEQUALITIES
➔ x ≤ -2
1. Determine if the numbers can be
{x|x-2} or x=(-∞,-2]
written using the same base. 
2. Rewrite the problem using the same
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
base. 
- can be represented through its table of
3. Use one-to-one property of equality of
values. These values which are derived
exponential functions, if the bases are
from its equivalent equation are the
the same, then the exponents must be
bases in sketching its graph.
equal. Once the bases are the same,
- In constructing a table of values,
drop the bases and set the exponents
evaluate the function for the given
equal to each other. 
values of the variable.
4. Finish solving the problem by isolating
the variable.
PROPERTIES OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
When the values of x is increasing:
RULES FOR SOLVING INEQUALITIES
 The value of f(x) is also increasing when
a. The direction of the inequality is
 b >1 and a is positive
retained if:
 or 0<b<1 and a is negative
i. The base b of an inequality is
 The value of f(x) is decreasing when
greater than 1. (b > 1)
 b>1 and a is negative
ii. The same real number is added
 or 0<b<1 and a is positive.
or subtracted from both sides

iii.
of an inequality. (Transposing)
Both sides of an inequality are
Example: y= ( 13 ) , y=10 , y=(0.8)
x x x

multiplied by or divided by the x -2 -1 0 1 2

same positive real number. 

( 13 )
b. The direction of the inequality is x
reversed if: y= 9 3 1 -3 -9
i. The base b of an inequality is
less than 1. if base b is between y=10x 1100 110 1 10 100
0 and 1. (0 < b < 1).
 0.
y=(0.8)x 1.5625 1.25 1 0.64 VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
8
- There is no vertical asymptote as p(x) is
linear. 
Example:

If f(x)=3x, evaluate f(2), f(-2), f ( 12 ), and f(π) Example 1: f(x)=32x

a=1 b=3 P(x) = 2x
 f(2)=32=9
h=0
 f(-2)=3-2= ( )
1 1
=
32 9
domain:
D={x|x ϵ R}
range:
a＞0
 f( 12 )=3 = √3
1
2
y - intercept:
R={y|y＞0}
x - intercept:
 π
f(π)=3 ➔ can't be simplified further. x=0 y=0 
y=32(0) 0=32x 
FINDING THE DOMAIN AND RANGE, y=30 0=32x 
INTERCEPTS, ZEROES, AND ASYMPTOTES OF y=1 cannot be determined,
AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION y=(0,1) there is no x-intercept
zeroes: h. asymptote:
DOMAIN y=0 y=h
- Is the set of inputs that are used for the 0=32x h=0
independent variable.  0=32x y=0
- Are all real values of x no zeroes
- D= {XR} v. asymptote:
no vertical asymptote
RANGE
- is the set of output for the dependent SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL
variable.  FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES
- R=(h,+∞) or R={y|y>h}, if a>0
- R=(-∞, h) or R={y|y<h}, if a<0 EXPONENTIAL MODELS AND POPULATION
GROWTH
t
DETERMINES THE INTERCEPTS, ZEROES, y=yo(M )T
ASYMPTOTES AND GRAPHS OF AN
y₀ = initial amount t = time
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION.
M = how much T = initial time
Y - INTERCEPT
Example:
- is the point (x,y) such that the value of x
= 0, implies that the graph of the Suppose a culture of 300 bacteria at MJD Farm
function crosses the y−axis is put into a Petri dish and the culture doubles
every 10 hours. Give an exponential model for
X - INTERCEPT the situation. How many bacteria will there be
- is the point (x,y) such that the value of y after 90 hours?
= 0, implies that the graph of the
function crosses the x−axis. 
Given:
y₀ = 300 t = 10 hrs
ZEROES
M=2 T = 90 hrs
- is also the x−intercept of a function.
Solution:
- The zeroes of a function are defined as
y=300(2)9010
the values of the variable of the
y=300(2)9
function such that the function equals
y=300(512)
0. y = 0.
y=153,600
ASYMPTOTES
EXPONENTIAL DECAY
- lines that the graph of a function

()
t
approaches but never touches. 1 T
y=y0
2
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE Example:
- is the line y = h (or the x-axis) A certain radioactive substance decays half of
 P=(200,000)(2.71828)3
itself every 5 days. Initially, there are 50 grams.
P=(200,000)(20.08)
Determine the amount of substance left after
P=4,017,099.28
30 days, and give an exponential model for the
amount of remaining substance.
Given: Solution: WEEK 7:
y0 = 50 grams
m = 12
t = 30 days
y=50(12)305
LOGARITHMS
T = 5 days y=50(12)6
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
t=? y=50(164)
- Inverse of exponential function
y=0.781g
y=bx ➔ logb(y)=x

COMPOUND INTEREST PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

A=P(1+r)t 1. IDENTITY RULE
P = initial amount r = annual rate logb b = 1 ➔ b1=b
2. ZERO RULE
logb 1 = 0 ➔ b0=1
Example: 3. INVERSE PROPERTY OF LOGARITHM
logb (bp)=p ➔ bp=bp
Aling Dionisia deposits ₱10,000.00 in BDO that
4. PRODUCT PROPERTY
pays 3% compound interest annually. Define an
logb(MN) ➔ logb(M)+logb(N)
exponential model for this situation. How much
5. QUOTIENT PROPERTY
money will she have after 11 years without
withdrawal? logb( MN ) ➔ logb(M)-logb(N)

6. POWER ROOT PROPERTY

Given:
logb(M)p ➔ p logbM
Principle (P) (y0) = ₱10,000.00
Rate (r) = 3% = 0.03
7. ONE TO ONE PROPERTY
(Expanded compound interest formula only)
logbM ➔ logbM
Frequency (n) = 1 [annually]
Time (t) = 11 years
EXPANDING AND CONDENSING TO A
Solution: 
LOGARITHMIC EXPRESSION
A=10,000(1 + 0.03)11
Example 1:
A=10,000(1.03)11
A=10,000(1.38)
A=P13,842

THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

f(x)=ex
Example:
The predicted population of a certain city is Example 2:
given by P = 200,000 e(0.30y)where y is the
number of years after the year 2020. Predict the
population for the year 2030.

Given:
Principle - Population (y0) = 200,000
Time (t) = 10 years * 0.30
Multiplier (m) = e
Solution:
The number of years from 2020 to 2030 is 10,
so
y = 10. Example 3:
P=(200,000)(2.71828)(0.30)(10)
 CONVERTING AN EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
INTO LOGARITHMIC FORM AND VICE VERSA
Example 1: 23=8
        log28=3
Example 2: 42=16
        log416=2
Example 3: 2-3=18
        log218=-3
Example 4: 1612=4
       log164=12
Example 5: log381=4
        34=81
Example 6: log218=-3
        2-3=18
Example 7: log273=13
        2713=3

SOLVE FOR X
1. log2x=4 2. log 39=x
24 =16 3x=32
X=16 x=2

1
3. log5 = -2 4. 4log 416=x
25
5x = 5-2 log4x=log416
x=-2 x= 16