MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

CHAPTER I

Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

● Patterns in nature are visible regularities found in the natural world.

● The world seems to make several distinct patterns, evolving various complex
steps reveal that these patterns have many similarities and resemblances.
● Patterns can be seen in nature.
● Patterns are repeated, sequence or designs that are repeated orderly.

Types of Natural Patterns

1. Symmetry
a. The quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other
b. Whatever is on one side must also be on the other
c. Mirroring images
d. Being proportion
e. Examples:
i. A tiger's face - the lines and patterns on its face are
symmetrical.
ii. Human faces - both sides of a human face are very similar to
one another.
iii. These are examples of bilateral symmetry, this means that it is
divided by two equal parts.
iv. Starfish and Snowflakes have radial symmetry.
v. Radial Symmetry revolves around the central axis, wherever you
fold it will be symmetrical at any angle.
vi. Since starfishes have five arms, it is called a five-fold symmetry.
vii. Since snowflakes have six, it is called a six-fold symmetry.
2. Spiral
a. A curve which emanates from a point moving farther away as it
revolves around the point
b. Examples:
i. Seashells
ii. Plants - sunflowers
3. Tessellations
a. Patterns formed repeating tiles all over the flat surface.
b. Examples:
i. Honeycomb - hexagonal shapes over a flat surface.
ii. Wings of a dragonfly and other insects, these wings have
repeating tiles all over.
iii. Plantation
 4. Spots
a. A small round or roundish mark, differing in color or texture from the
surface around it
b. Examples:
i. Leopard
ii. Ladybugs
5. Stripes
a. A long narrow band of strip, typically of the same width through its
length, differing in color or texture from the surface on either side of it
b. Examples:
i. A zebra’s stripes are used as a defensive mechanism, when
zebras are together these stripes can form hallucinations to
ward away predators.

There are more types of natural patterns.

Why do we learn mathematics?

Calculation.
Application.
Inspiration.

Mathematics is a science of patterns and we study it to learn how to think

logically, critically and creatively, but it is not effectively motivated when students ask,
“Why are we learning this?”, “Can we use it in our future?”.

The Fibonacci Sequence

● Each number in the sequence is the sum of the two numbers which precede
it.
● 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584
● Proponent: Leonardo Pisano Bogollo
● Nickname: Fibonacci
● Fibonacci means: Son of Bonacci
● Fibonacci Day: November 23

Golden Ratio

● Golden Ratio is the ratio of any two successive Fibonacci numbers.

● Represented as: Phi
● Symbol: Φ
● Approximately equal to: 1.618034
● Formula: B/A
● The bigger the pair of Fibonacci numbers, the closer to the approximation
 Golden Spiral

● The Fibonacci spiral gets closer and closer to a Golden Spiral as it increases
in size because of the ratio of each number in the Fibonacci series to the one
before it converges on Phi, 1.618, as the series progresses.
● 1x1, 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 5x5, 8x8, 13x13, 21x21, 34x34, 55x5

Patterns and Regulations in the World Organized by Mathematics

Pattern is a repeated design or recurring sequence, It is an ordered set of

numbers, shapes or other mathematical objects according to a rule. They can be
seen on butterflies, insects and a lot more things in our nature.

Phenomena in the World as Predicted by Mathematics

Mathematics is an extraordinary exercise of the human mind in abstracting

the results of observation to find similarities and differences between phenomena.
Mathematics can be found within phenomena in the real world. For example, sand
dunes and zebras, they are physically different but mathematically similar patterns.
Stripes are found in sand dunes and in zebras as well.

Nature and Occurences in the World as Controlled by Mathematics for Human

Ends

Health and Medicine.

Calculating blood pressure and milligrams in our medicine, it can count the
number of cases of diseases.
Political Science
Data in census, growth rate, statistics

Applications of Mathematics in the World

Mathematics has everyday applications.

For example:
● When one buys a product, follows a recipe or decorates their room, they use
math principles.
● Farming and gardening also involves time and money.
● Planning a grocery list requires math knowledge, starting from the
fundamentals of operations.
● Long and short travel involves math: toll fees, tire pressure check, time
allowance, speed limits and others.
Application of all is learning how to think and be an inspiration who loves math
because of its beauty. Mathematics is not just for solving x, it is also for figuring out y.

CHAPTER II

Mathematical Language and Symbols (ML)

Language
● The system of words, signs and symbols which people use to express ideas,
thoughts, and feelings.
● It consists of the words, their pronunciation and the methods of combining
them to be understood by a community.
● Language is used in communication. It can be written or spoken.
● Every science has its own lingo and word usage, even in mathematics we
have our own language.

Mathematical Language
● This is the system used to communicate mathematical ideas.
● The language of mathematics is more precise than any other language one
may think of.
● It is written in a symbolic language that is defined to express mathematical
thoughts.
● Like every other language, it has its own grammar, sentences, and
vocabulary. Even though we don’t use the words verb, noun or pronouns, they
have their equivalents in mathematical language.
● Noun in mathematics can be numbers, or expressions with numbers.
● Verbs in mathematics can be the equal or inequality signs, signs used in
equations.
● Pronouns in mathematics can be the variables, x and y.
● If you put all of these together, you can create a mathematical sentence.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

1. Non-temporal - no past, present or future. It is what it is.

2. Devoid of emotional content - there are no emotions or expressions in the
mathematical language. In English, you have sadness and joy but in math,
there is nothing.
3. Precise - The final answer is final.
Mathematical Sentence
● A combination of two mathematical expressions using a comparison operator.
These expressions either use numbers, variables or both.
● The comparison operators include equal, not equal, greater than, greater than
or equal to, less than and less than or equal to.

Mathematical Expression
● It consists of a term that is separated from other terms with either plus or
minus.
● A single term may contain an expression in parenthesis or other grouping
symbols.

Algebraic Expression
● A quantity which contains numbers, variables and operation symbols.
● Example:
○ 2x2y + 7ab + 9
○ Three terms combined with the plus symbol.
● Term
○ Expression preceded by plus of minus
○ Involves 2 or more factors
■ 2x2y
■ 7ab
■ 9

● Constant
○ Symbol that assumes one specific value
■ 9
● Variables
○ x, y, a, b
● Numerical Coefficient
○ 2, 7, 9
● Literal Coefficient
○ x2y, ab

Multivariate Expression
● It has more than one variable.
● Example:
○ 3abc

Two types of Mathematical Expression

● Equation
○ Uses equal sign
○ 4x + 3 = 19
○ 6y - 5 = 55
 ● Inequality
○ Uses greater than or less than sign
○ 15x - 5 < 3y
○ 18 > 16.5

Types of Sentence
● Open sentence - it is not known whether or not the mathematical sentence is
True or False
● Closed sentence - known to be either True or False
● Examples:
○ The obtuse angle is n degrees. — Open Sentence
○ The obtuse angle is 90 degrees. — Closed Sentence
○ 9 is an odd number — Closed Sentence

Addition
● +
● Plus
● The sum of
● Increased by
● Total
● Added to
Subtraction
● -
● Minus
● The difference of
● Decreased by
● Subtracted from
Multiplication
● x, ( ), *
● Multiplied by
● The product of
● Times
Division
● ÷, /
● Divided by
● The quotient of
● per
 CHAPTER III

SETS

● A well-defined collection of distinct objects

● Denoted by an uppercase letter
● An object that belongs to a set is called an element or member and it is
usually denoted by a lowercase letter.
● ∈ - Element belongs in a set.
● ∉ - Not an element belongs in a set
● Example:
○ Set of vowels in the english alphabet
○ V = {a, e, i, o, u}
○ a ∈ V - a is an element of set V.
○ y ∉ V - y is not an element of set V

Two Ways of Describing a Set

Roster/Tabular Method
● Method in which the elements in the given set are listed or enumerated,
separated by a comma, inside a pair of braces.
● Example:
○ V = {a, e, i, o, u}
○ P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}
○ W = {-1, 0, 3}

Rule/Descriptive Method
● Method in which the common characteristics of the elements are defined. This
method uses set builder notation where x is used to represent any element of
the given set.
● Example:
○ V = {x | x is a vowel in the English alphabet} - x such that x is a vowel in
the English alphabet
○ P = {x | x is a prime number less than 18} - x such that x is a prime
number less than 18
○ W = {x2-1 | x is an integer between -3 and 3} - x2-1 such that x is an
integer between -3 and 3

Kinds of Sets

1. Empty/Null/Void Set - set that has no elements, denoted by Ø or by a pair of

braces with no elements inside { }.
2. Finite Set - a set with a countable number of elements.
3. Infinite Set - a set that has an uncountable number of elements.
4. Universal Set - the totality of all the elements of the sets under consideration
denoted by U.

Relationship of Sets

1. Equal Sets - set with the same elements.

a. Example:
i. A = {d, e, a, r}
ii. B = {r, e, a, d}
b. An equal set is also an equivalent set, but not all equivalent sets are
equal sets.
2. Equivalent Sets - set with the same number of elements.
a. Example:
i. C = {1, 2, 3, 4} - 4 elements
ii. D = {5, 6, 7, 8} - 4 elements
3. Joint Sets - sets with at least one common element.
a. Example:
i. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
ii. B = {2, 5, 7,}
4. Disjoint Sets - sets have no common element.
a. Example:
i. C = {9, 10 ,11}
ii. D = {12, 13}
5. Subset - set wherein every element of which can be found on the second set
⊂.
a. Proper Subset = ⊂
b. Improper Subset = ⊆
c. Not a Subset = ⊄
d. Example:
i. A = {1, 2,3 ,4, 5}
ii. B = {2, 4, 5}
iii. C = {3, 2, 5, 4, 1}
iv. D = {7, 8, 9}
v. B ⊂ A - B has less elements than A
vi. C ⊆ A - C has the same amount of elements as A
vii. D ⊄ A - D has no common elements with A

Operation on Sets

1. Union of Sets A and B (denoted by A U B) - a set whose elements are

found in A or B or in both.
a. Example:
i. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
ii. B = {2, 4, 6}
 iii. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
2. Intersection of Sets A and B (denoted by A ∩ B) - a set whose elements
are common to both sets.
a. Example:
i. A ∩ B = {2, 4}
3. Difference of Sets A and B (denoted by A - B) - a set whose elements are
found in set A but not in set B
a. Example:
i. A - B = {1, 3}
ii. B - A = {6}
4. Complement of Set A (denoted by A’) - the set of elements found in the
universal set but not in set A.
a. Example:
i. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
ii. A’ = {6, 7, 8}
iii. B’ = {1, 3, 7, 8}

Venn Diagrams

● Pictorial Presentation of Relationship and Operation of Sets.

● Universal set is usually represented by a rectangle.
● While circles within the rectangle usually represent a subset.
● Shaded region in the given diagrams illustrates the sets relation or operation
 CHAPTER IV

Relation and Function

In the 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – one of the inventors of

calculus – introduced the term “function”. Today, it is one of the most basic concepts
in mathematics. The concept of function is based on the notation of relation. The
idea of this relation is found throughout mathematics and our daily experiences. A
relation implies a connection or bond between various things.

Relation
● A student to a teacher, and a child to a parent
● A pairing or correspondence between two variables as ordered pairs (x, y)
● A rule that relates values from a set of values (domain) to a second set of
values (range).
● X - input, independent variable, domain, abscissa
● Y - output, dependent variable, range, ordinate

Different Ways to Express Relations

● Set of Ordered Pairs

○ (x,y) = (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,2)
● Mapping Diagram
○ 0 0
○ 1 1
○ Domain Range
● Table of Values

x 0 0 0

y 0 1 2

● Equation
● Graph

Types of Relation

● One-to-One - Each element in the domain is paired with exactly one element
in the range.
● One-to-Many - Element in the domain is paired with more than one element in
the range.
 ● Many-to-One - At least two elements in the domain are paired with one
element in the range.

Function
● A special type of relation
● Is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in
the range
● When x is only paired with one y
● Examples:
○ Ordered Pairs
■ (2,3), (-1,2), (3,5), (4,3) - Function
■ (2,3), (-1,2), (2,5), (4,3) - Not a Function
○ Graph
■ Vertical Line Test - if the line passes through only one point, it is
a function.

Function Notation
● Often in practical applications, the value of one quantity depends on the value
of another.
● Example:
○ A person’s salary may depend on the number of hours worked.
○ The total production at a factory may depend on the number of
machines used
● For example, the function y = x2, if x = 1 then y = 1; if x = 2, then y = 4; and if x
= 3, then y = 9.
○ {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9)}
● Functions are often given names such as: f(x), g(x), h(x), etc.
○ Example:
■ Given: f(x) = x2 + 2; g(x) = x - 1; h(x) = x3
■ f(3) = 32 + 2 = 11
■ g(5) = 5 - 1 = 4
■ h(2) = 23 = 8
 CHAPTER V

BINARY

● Binary in mathematics means base 2 not base 10.

● 0 and 1 are the only numbers used in this system.
● Subscript 2 is always written for us to distinguish that the given number is a
binary number.

CONVERSION OF BINARY NUMBERS TO DECIMAL

1. Always remember to start left.