ICTE 1043

Statistical Analysis with Software Application

Week 6
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Describe the location of data.
2. Compute the measures of location of data: quartiles, deciles, and percentiles.
3. Interpret the meaning of the different measures of location/position.
4. Apply the concept of measures of location to real life situations.
Measures of Location of Data

The common measures of location are quartiles, deciles, and percentiles.

Quartiles are special percentiles. The first quartile, Q1, is the same as the 25th
percentile, P25 , and the third quartile, Q3, is the same as the 75th percentile,
P75. The median, M, is called the second quartile, Q2 , the fifth decile, D5 , and
the 50th percentile, P50.
Quartiles

 Quartiles are values that divide a data set into four equal parts. These values are
denoted by Q1, Q2 and Q3 such that 25% of the data fall below Q1, 50% below Q2
and 75% below Q3.

𝑖 (𝑛+1) 𝑡ℎ
Let Qi be the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ quartile (i = 1, 2, 3), then Qi = value.
4
Finding the Quartile of a Value in a Data Set
First Quartile, Q1
 25% of the values are smaller than or equal to Q1, the first quartile, and 75% are
larger than or equal to the first quartile, Q1.
n +1
𝑄1 = 4 ranked value

Third Quartile, Q3

 75% of the values are smaller than or equal to Q3, the third quartile, and 25% are
larger than or equal to the third quartile, Q3.
3 (n +1)
𝑄3 = 4 ranked value
Rules to Calculate the Quartiles

Rule 1 If the result is a whole number, then the quartile is equal to that ranked value. For
example, if the sample size n = 7, the first quartile, Q1 is equal to the (7+1)/4 = 2 (second ranked
value).

Rule 2 If the result is a fractional half (2.5, 4.5, etc.), then the quartile is equal to the average of
the corresponding ranked values. For example, if the sample size n = 9, the first quartile, Q1, is
equal to the ((9+1)/4 = 2.5 ranked value, halfway between the second ranked value and the third
ranked value.

Rule 3 If the result is neither a whole number nor a fractional half, use interpolation to find the
quartile. For example, if the sample size n =10, the first quartile, Q1, is equal to the (10 + 1)/4 =
2.75 ranked value = 2nd value + 0.75 (3rd value - 2nd value).
Example 1
Find Q1 , Q2 , and Q3 of the following set of data.
19 12 16 0 14 9 6 1 12 13 10 19 7 5 8

Solution: Arrange the data from lowest to highest

0 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 14 16 19 19
𝑡ℎ
i (n+1)
Using the Formula: Qi = 4 value, i = 1, 2, 3
𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ
1 (15+1) 3 (15+1)
Q1 = value = 4th value = 6 Q3 = value = 12th value = 14
4 4

𝑡ℎ
2 (15+1)
Q2 = value = 8th value = 10
4
Example 2

If you knew the typical time it takes you to get ready in the morning, you might be
able to better plan your morning and minimize any excessive lateness (or earliness)
going to your destination. Suppose you define the time to get ready as the time
(rounded to the nearest minute) from when you get out of bed to when you leave your
home. You collect the times shown below for 10 consecutive work days. Compute the
first and third quartiles for the time-to-get-ready.

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time 39 29 43 52 39 44 40 31 44 35
Example 2

Solution:
1. Order the data from smallest to largest.
Ordered Values 29 31 35 39 39 40 43 44 44 52
Ranks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2. Compute Q1 and Q3 using the formula

First Quartile
n +1 10 +1
Q1 = 4 = 4 = 2.75 ranked value = 2nd value + 0.75 (3rd value – 2nd value) = 31+
0.75(35 – 31) = 31 + 3 = 34 (using Rule 3).
Example 2

Interpretation:
The first quartile of 34 means that on 25% of the days, the time to get ready is less than or equal
to 34 minutes, and on 75% of the days, the time to get ready is greater than or equal to 34
minutes.

Third Quartile
3(n+1) 3(10+1)
Q3 = 4 = 4 = 8.25 ranked value = 8 th value + 0.25 (9th value-8th value) = 44 + 0.25

(44 - 44) = 44 minutes

Thus, on 75% of the days, the time to get ready is less than or equal to 44 minutes, and on 25% of
the days, the time to get ready is greater than or equal to 44 minutes
Interquartile Range

The interquartile range (also called midspread) is the difference between the
third and first quartiles in a set of data.

Interquartile range = Q3 - Q1

The interquartile range measures the spread in the middle 50% of the data.
Therefore, it is not influenced by extreme values.
Interquartile Range

To determine the interquartile range of the times to get ready

29 31 35 39 39 40 43 44 44 52
use the equation and the earlier results Q1 = 34 and Q3 = 44:

Interquartile range = Q3 - Q1
= 44 – 34
= 10 minutes
Therefore, the interquartile range in the time to get ready is 10 minutes. The interval
35 to 44 is often referred to as the middle fifty.
Percentiles

 Percentiles are values that divide a data set into 100 equal parts

For whole numbers P (where

1 ≤ P ≤ 99), the Pth percentile

Frequency
of a distribution is a value
such that P% of the data fall
at or below it and (100 - P)%
of the data fall at or above it.

In the Figure, we see the 60th percentile marked on a

histogram. We see that 60% of the data lie below the mark
and 40% lie above it.
Percentiles
Finding the Percentile of a Value in a Data Set

Formula to find Percentile

number of values < 𝑋 +0.5
percentile= x 100%
total number of values

Formula to Find Position of a Given Percentile

n∙p
i = 100
Example 1 - Finding the Percentile of a Value in a Data Set

A teacher gives a 50-point test to 10 students. The scores are shown below. Find the
percentile rank of 36.

18, 36, 45, 40, 30, 38, 48, 27, 39, 25

Solution
Step 1: Order the data from lowest to highest

Ordered Values 18 25 27 30 36 38 39 40 45 48
Ranks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Example 1 -Finding the Percentile of a Value in a Data Set

Step 2: Substitute in the formula

number of values < X + 0.5
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = total number of values x 100%

number of values < 36 + 0.5

= total number of values x 100%

= 4+100.5 x 100%
= 0.45 or 45%
The result indicates that the score 36 is the 45th percentile for the data set.
Example 2 - Finding the value that corresponds to a percentile (when i is a decimal)

Using the data from the previous example, find the value corresponding to the 25th
percentile.

Solution:

Step 1: Order the data from lowest to highest.

18, 25, 27, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 48
Step 2: Substitute in the formula
10 (25)
i = 100 = 2.5
Example 2 - Finding the value that corresponds to a percentile (when i is a decimal)

Step 3: If i is not a whole number, round it up to the next whole number. Start at
the lowest value and count over to the ith value. This is the value that corresponds
to the 25th percentile.

In this example, i = 2.5 or 3 (round up to the nearest whole number). Thus, the value
that corresponds to the 25th percentile is 27.
Example 3 - Finding the value that corresponds to a percentile (when i is a whole number)

Using the data from the previous example, find the value that corresponds to the 60th
percentile.

Solution:
Step 1: Order the data from lowest to highest.
18, 25, 27, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 48
Step 2: Substitute in the formula
n∙p
i = 100 = 10100(60)
=6
Example 3 - Finding the value that corresponds to a percentile (when i is a whole number)

Step 3: If i is a whole number, use the value halfway between i and the i + 1 value
when counting from the lowest value

In this example, i = 6 . Therefore, the value that corresponds to the 60th percentile is
38.5 (value halfway between 6th and 7th value).
Deciles

 Deciles are values that divide the data into ten equal parts. These values are
denoted by D1, D2, · · · , D9 such that 10% of the data fall below D1, 20% below D2,
· · · , 90% below D9.

𝑡ℎ
i (n +1)
Let Di be the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ decile (i = 1, 2, · · · , 9), then Di = 10 value.

Note: Deciles denoted by D1, D2, D3, …, D9 correspond to P10, P20, P30, …, P90.
Deciles can be found using the formulas given for percentiles.
Example
Given the data: 420, 430, 435, 438, 441, 449, 490, 500, 510 and 515. Find 1st and 5th
deciles.
Solution: Make sure the data are ordered.
𝑡ℎ
i (n +1)
Using the Formula : Di = 10 value, i = 1, 2, …, 9

𝑡ℎ
1 (10 +1)
D1 = 10 value = 1.1th value = 1st value + 0.1 (2nd value – 1st value) = 420 + 0.1 (430
- 420) = 421
𝑡ℎ
5 (10 +1)
D5 = 10 value = 5.5th value = 5th + 0.5 (6th value – 5th value) = 441 + 0.5 (449 - 441)
= 445.
Quartiles for Grouped Data

Formulas for calculating Q1, Q2 and Q3

where:
 L𝑄 is the lower boundary of the class containing Qi
i
 f𝑄 is the frequency of the class containing Qi
i
 cf it the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the class containing Qi
 w width of the class containing Qi
Example : Calculating Quartiles for Grouped Data

Calculate Q1 and Q3 for the students score data and interpret the result.
Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 - 19 2 2
20 - 29 3 5
30 - 39 5 10
40 - 49 2 12
50 - 59 6 18
60 - 69 2 20
Example : Calculating Quartiles for Grouped Data
Solution
N 20
1. Locate the Q1 class: Q1 = 4 = 4 = 5. The Q1 class is 20 – 29.
Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) Class Boundary
10 - 19 2 2  cf 9.5 – 19.5
20 - 29 3  fQ1 5 𝑳Q 
1 19.5 – 29.5 Q1 Class
30 - 39 5 10 29.5 – 39.5
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎
40 - 49 2 12 39.5 – 49.5
50 - 59 6 18 49.5 – 59.5
60 - 69 2 20 59.5 – 69.5
Example : Calculating Quartiles for Grouped Data

2. Substitute to the given formula.

N − cf
4 5−2
Q1 = LQ + fQ w = 19.5+ 3 10 = 19.5 +10 = 29.5
1
1

The result implies that 25% of the scores fall below 29.5
Example : Calculating Quartiles for Grouped Data

For Q3:
3N 3 20
4 = 15. The Q3 class is 50 – 59.
1. Locate the Q3 class: Q3 = 4 =

Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) Class Boundary

10 - 19 2 2 9.5 – 19.5
20 - 29 3 5 19.5 – 29.5
30 - 39 5 10 29.5 – 39.5
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎
40 - 49 2 12  cf 39.5 – 49.5
50 - 59 6  fQ𝟑 18 𝑳Q  49.5
3 – 59.5 Q3 Class
60-69 2 20 59.5 – 69.5
Example : Calculating Quartiles for Grouped Data

2. Substitute to the given formula.

3N − cf
4 15 − 12
Q3 = LQ + w = 49.5 + 10 = 49.5 +5 = 54.5
3 fQ 6
3

The result implies that 75% of the scores fall below 54.5
Deciles for Grouped Data

 Deciles are values that divide a data set into 10 equal parts. The ith decile denoted by Di is
computed as follows:
i N − cf
Di = LD + 10 w; i= 1, 2, 3,..,9
i fD
i
where:

 LD is the lower boundary of the class containing Di

i
 fD is the frequency of the class containing Di
i
 cf it the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the class containing Di
 w width of the class containing Di
Example : Calculating Deciles for Grouped Data
Calculate the 5th and 8th deciles for the students score data
SOLUTION:
5N 5 20
1. Locate the D5 class: D5 = 10 = 10 = 10. The D5 class is 30 – 39.

Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) Class Boundary

10 - 19 2 2 9.5 – 19.5
20 - 29 3 5  cf 19.5 – 29.5
30 - 39 5 fD 10 𝑳D  29.5 – 39.5 D5 Class
5 5
40 - 49 2 12 39.5 – 49.5
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎
50 - 59 6 18 49.5 – 59.5
60 - 69 2 20 59.5 – 69.5
Example : Calculating Deciles for Grouped Data

2. Substitute to the given formula.

5 N − cf 5 (20) − 5
D5 = LD + 10 w = 29.5 + 10 10 = 29.5 + 10 = 39.5
5 fD 5
5

Therefore, the 5th decile is 39.5

Example : Calculating Deciles for Grouped Data
For the 8th decile:
Solution
8N 8 20
1. Locate the D8 class: D8 = 10 = 10 = 16. The D8 class is 50 – 59.

Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) Class Boundary

10 - 19 2 2 9.5 – 19.5
20 - 29 3 5 19.5 – 29.5
30 - 39 5 10 29.5 – 39.5
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎
40 - 49 2 12  cf 39.5 – 49.5
50 - 59 6  f D8 18 𝑳D  49.5
8 – 59.5 D8 Class
60 - 69 2 20 59.5 – 69.5
Example : Calculating Deciles for Grouped Data

2. Substitute to the given formula.

8 N − cf 8 (20) −12
D8 = LD + 10 w = 49.5 + 10 10 = 49.5 + 6.67 = 56.17
8 fD 6
8

Therefore, the 8th decile is 56.17.

Percentiles for Grouped Data

The ith percentile denoted by Pi is computed as follows:

i N − cf
Pi =LP + 100 w; i= 1, 2, . . ,99
i fP
i

where:

 LP is the lower boundary of the class containing Pi

i
 fP is the frequency of the class containing Pi
i
 cf it the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the class containing Pi
 w width of the class containing Pi
Example : Calculating Percentiles for Grouped Data

Calculate the 30th and 80th percentiles for the students score data
SOLUTION:
30N 30 20
1. Locate the P30 class: P30 = 100 = 100 = 6. The P30 class is 30 – 39.

Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) Class Boundary

10 - 19 2 2 9.5 – 19.5
20 – 29 3 5  cf 19.5 – 29.5
30 - 39 5 f P30 10 𝑳P  29.5
30 – 39.5 P30 Class
40 - 49 2 12 39.5 – 49.5
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎
50 - 59 6 18 49.5 – 59.5
60 - 69 2 20 59.5 – 69.5
Example : Calculating Percentiles for Grouped Data

2. Substitute to the given formula.

30 N − cf 30(20) − 5
P30 =LP + 100 w = 29.5 + 100 10 = 29.5 + 2 = 31.5
30 fP 5
30

Therefore, the 30th percentile is 31.5

Example : Calculating Percentiles for Grouped Data
For the 80th percentile:
Solution
80N 80 20
1. Locate the P80 class: P80 = 100 = 100 = 16. The P80 class is 50 – 59.

Class Limit Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) Class Boundary

10 - 19 2 2 9.5 – 19.5
20 - 29 3 5 19.5 – 29.5
30 - 39 5 10 29.5 – 39.5
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎
40 - 49 2 12  cf 39.5 – 49.5
50 - 59 6  f P80 18 LP  49.5 – 59.5 P80 Class
80
60 - 69 2 20 59.5 – 69.5
Example : Calculating Percentiles for Grouped Data

2. Substitute to the given formula.

80N − cf 80 (20) −12

P80 = LP + 100 w = 49.5 + 100 10 = 49.5 + 6.67 = 56.17
80 fP 6
80

Therefore, the 80th percentile is 56.17

Note: D8 = P80
Assessment 5