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A blog on Computer/Data Processing Education, Motivation for Students, Technology info, Business Ideas,
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Friday, 13 September 2019

SS2 DATA PROCESSING NOTE FIRST TERM (2019-2020 SESSION)

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1 Writing of scheme of work

2 COMPUTER ETHICS
·        
Definition of Computer ethics
·        
Definition of computer room
management ethics
·        
Computer ethics issues
·        
Responsible ways of using the
Computer
·        
Ways of misusing the computer

3 SAFETY MEASURES
·        
Meaning of safety measures
·        
Safety measures to be taken
when using computer

4-5 DATA MODEL

·        
Definition of Data model
·        
Types of data model

6-7 DATA MODELLING

·        
Definition of Data modelling
·        
Approaches to data model
·        
Data modelling using MS
Access

8-9 NORMAL FORM Search This Blog

·        
Definition of Normalization Search
·        
Goals of normalization
·        
Types of normal forms About Me
·        
Problems with first normal
form Obasa Mustapha

I'm an InfoTech crazy dude

TOPIC ONE: COMPUTER ETHICS and Computer enthusiast. I
Computer ethics
is a term used to describe the principles of right and wrong that are
acceptable when love writing about trends in
technology, entertainment,
using computer system and related technologies. sport and news. I'm an Arsenal fan. I love
Computer room
management ethics can be defined as the appropriate way of handling and
taking playing and watching football especially
good care of computer and associated resources within the computer room. Arsenal and Barcelona.
Computer ethic issues View my complete profile
1.      
Plagiarism – presenting
someone’s work (hard copy, softcopy) as your own.
2.      Copyright violation: violation
of the legal rights to an original work (e.g. software, ebook etc.) is a My Archive
common
ethical dilemma in our society.
► 
2021
(1)
3.  Privacy infringement: having
unauthorized access to data of an individual is a privacy infringement
► 
2020
(3)
which is
liable to jail term.
4.        Netiquette:  Netiquette is the short for “internet
etiquette”. It is the set of social rules about the ▼ 
2019
(2)
proper and polite way to
communicate when using the internet. Some of the common guidelines ▼ 
Sep 2019
(1)
here are: SS2 DATA PROCESSING NOTE FIRST
TERM (2019-2020 SES...
          a.      
Email – when using email, if
you don’t know the source of the email, make sure you:   
► 
May 2019
(1)
Don’t reply to the email              
► 
2018
(7)
Don’t click the (malicious)
attachment
► 
2017
(4)
Don’t click the dangerous links
in the email that could download malware to
your system. ► 
2016
(6)
► 
2015
(2)
        b.     
Don’t click on any link or
online ad (advertisement) that you are not sure of the source ► 
2013
(1)
        c.      
Do not reveal your sensitive
information online
► 
2012
(1)
        d.     
Don’t just download any free
software if you are not sure of the security of the website
        e.     
Keep your username and password
to yourself; don’t be deceived to sharing this vital               
           information (not even to
your friend) Labels
        f.       
Think twice before posting that
message because whatever you post online stays online and 
Business
(6)
               can affect your
personal or professional life in the future
         g.      
Install antivirus protection
before going online, it’s important for your online safety. Educational
(13)
Information
(3)
Responsible ways of using the computer Jobs/Vacancy
(2)
Installing antivirus on the
computer and regularly update it Motivational
(2)
Checking and respond to emails
promptly and politely Technology
(5)
Avoid using the computer to
send anonymous emails/messages
Take regular backups of
files/data Report Abuse
Total Pageviews Followers
Ways of misusing the computer
Followers (30)
Next

1. Hacking – using computer

knowledge to have unauthorized access to files and information 1 5 6
2. Pornography- using computer or
internet to watch or distribute pictures and videos that are
sexually explicit. 0 4 6
3. Fraud – using the internet to
fraudulently swindle unsuspecting victims of money or valuables
e.g. yahoo
yahoo
4. Spreading malicious software
into networked computer
5. Using the computer to send
discriminatory, harassing and threatening messages

Assignment: List
10 Computer room rules and regulations.

TOPIC TWO: SAFETY MEASURES

Safety measures are the precautions or actions taken to
ensure protection from or not being exposed
to, the risk of illness, or injury
from the use of computer and related equipment within a computer
environment.

The following are some of the safety measures/guidelines:

1. There should be appropriate

ventilation in the computer room
2. Use surge protector to protect
your computer against power surge and spikes
3. Unauthorized access to computer
should be restricted by putting passwords on computer or by
encrypting the
files
4. Using anti-glare screen protector
to cover the monitor in order to reduce strain to the eyes Follow
5. Ensure good working posture when
using the computer
6. Ensure you install and regularly
update antivirus software to guard against malware
7. Make sure you regularly backup
your files on external storage media
8. Avoid repairing computer
components or devices esp. CRT monitor to avoid electrocution.

Computer related
health problems and solutions
1.           
Eye strain and vision problem –
continuous staring at the monitor without taking breaks can
cause eyestrain
which weakens the sight.
Precautions/solution
Use anti-glare glasses to cover
the monitor
Take regular short breaks from
sitting in front of the computer

2. Low back pain – this is as a result of wrong sitting

posture adopted when you use the computer.
The risk increases when this happens
regularly over a long period.
Precaution/solution

1.    Use a proper chair that support

your back and lower back
2.  Sit up straight. Do not slouch
3.   Regular exercises at least five
times a week to strengthen your back muscle
4.     Using a lumbosacral belt as a
precautionary  and preventive measure
will help prevent this
problem

3. Carpal tunnel syndrome –

regular typing and use of mouse over prolonged periods is a major risk
factor
of the risk called Carpal tunnel syndrome. Tingling and numbness, pain and loss
of strength of
the affect wrist, fingers and hands are symptoms.
Precautions/solution

1. Exercises for the wrist will

help and take regular breaks
2. Do not hold the mouse tightly.

4. Cervical spondylosis (neck and shoulder problem)  - reading from the monitor screen or typing
over
a prolonged periods regularly is a risk factor that can over time cause
cervical spondylosis
Precaution/solution

1. Wear a cervical collar during

your computing hours, this will keep the neck and shoulder
muscles strong
2. Neck and shoulder exercise two
to three times a day will keep the neck and shoulder muscles
strong

TOPIC THREE: DATA MODEL

A model is like
a blueprint of a more complex real-world object or event.

A data model is
a picture or description which shows how data is to be arranged to serve a
specific
purpose.
A data model
defines how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and
stored
inside the system.

A data model
documents and organizes data, how it is stored and accessed, and the
relationships
among different parts of data.
TYPES OF DATA MODEL

1. Flat file model: A flat data is a

type of database that stores data in a single table. Flat file
databases are
generally in plain-text form, where each line holds only one record. The fields
in the
record are separated using delimiters such as tabs and commas

 2. Hierarchical model: In this model, data is

organised into a tree like structure. The data is stored as
records which are
connected to one another through links. In a hierarchical model, each child
record
has only one parent, whereas each parent record can have one or more
children. At the top of
hierarchy there is only one entity which is called
Root. In order to retrieve data from a hierarchical
database the whole tree
needs to be traversed starting from the root node.
     

3. Network model: In the network model, data records are organised in a

graph, in which some records
can be accessed through several paths. This model
organizes data using two fundamental constructs,
called records and sets.
Records contain fields, and sets define one-to-many relationships between
records: one owner, many members.

        
4. Relational model: In this model, data record is organised in
two-dimensional tables called relations.
The tables or relations are related to
each other. Each table is made up of rows and columns and a
table stores
records about a particular subject. Relational data models are used in IBM’s
DB2, Informix,
Oracle, Sybase, Paradox, FoxBase, Teradata).
   

5. Entity-relationship model: this model is based on the notion of real

world entities and relationships
among them. ER model is based on:
Entities
and their attributes
Relationships
among entities

In ER modeling, the structure for a database is portrayed as a diagram

called an entity-relationship
diagram (or ER diagram). An example is shown
below

TOPIC FOUR: DATA MODELLING

Data modelling
is the process of creating a data model for an information system by applying
certain
formal techniques

APPROACHES
TO DATA MODEL
The three approaches to data model are:

1. Conceptual data model

2. Logical data model
3. Physical data model

Conceptual data model: This

is the first stage of database design. A conceptual data model identifies
the
highest-level relationships between different entities. In a conceptual data
model, the following
steps are taken:

1. Specify the important entities and the

relationships among them
2. No attribute is specified
3. No primary key is specified

Logical data model: This is

the second stage in database design. A logical data model describes the
data in
as much details as possible, without regard to how they will be physically
implemented in the
database. In a logical data model, the following steps are
taken:

1. Specify primary keys for all entities

2. Find the relationships among different
entities
3. Find all attributes for each entity
4. Resolve many-to-many relationships
 5. Normalization

Physical data model:

Physical data model is the transformation of the logical database into the
actual
database. Physical data model represents how the model will be built in
the database. A physical
database model shows all table structures, including
column name, column data type, column
constraints, primary key, foreign key and
relationships between tables. The steps for physical data
model design are as
follows:

1. Convert entities into tables

2. Convert relationships into foreign keys
3. Convert attribute into columns
4. Modify the physical data model based
on physical constraints/requirements.

CREATING LIBRARY
DATABASE

The following table information will be used to create a Library

database:
Author (AuID, AuName, AuPhone,
Address,)
Book (ISBN, title, PubName, Category, AuID,
Price)
Publisher (PubID, PubName, PubPhone, AuID, ISBN)

To create the “library” database, follow the following steps:

Click on the Start button on the Taskbar
Point to All Programs
Select Microsoft Office
Click Microsoft Access 2010
Click on Microsoft Office button/File
tab
Click New
Click the New Blank Database icon
Type “Library” as the database name in
the File Name box
Click Create. Microsoft Access window
will be displayed.

Table
A table is the first and the most important
object to be added to a database. It stores data about a
particular subject
such as Authors or Books. It consists of records and fields. Each record
contains
data about one instance of the table subject, such as a particular
author. Each field contains data
about one aspect of the table subject, such as
AuthorName, AuthorPhoneNumber, etc. A field is also
commonly called a column or
an attribute. A record consists of field values.

Field
property
Field property applies to a particular
field in a table and defines one of the field’s characteristics or an
aspect of
the field’s behavior.

Data types

A field data type indicates the kind of

data that field stores or accepts.  If
the field name holds numeric
value, the data type will be Number. Some of the
data types include text, autonumber, number, memo,
date/time, currency, Yes/No,
Attachment, etc. Refer to your SS1 3rd
term note for the explanation.
Table relationships

Although each table stores data about a

different subject, tables in a database store data about
subjects that are
related to each other. Before storing data about different subjects in separate
tables,
you need a way to link them together so that you can easily combine
related data from those separate
tables. To connect the data stored in
different tables, you create relationships. A relationship is a
logical
connection between two tables that specify fields that the tables have in
common.
Key :
A key is a minimal set of attributes whose values uniquely identify an entity
in the set. A key
consists of one field, but may consist of more than one field
(i.e. Composite key).

Primary
key: A primary key consist of one or more fields that uniquely identify
each record that you
store in the table. Consider the Student table; the
AdmissionNumber field is the primary key of the
Student table.
Foreign key: A foreign key contains
values that correspond to values in the primary field of another
table. For
example, consider the table information below:
Author (AuID, AuName, AuPhone,
Address,)
Book (ISBN, title, PubName, Category, AuID,
Price)

In the Author’s table information above,

AuID field is the primary key but a look at the Book’s table
information, AuID
field is also part of its attributes. Here AuID field is a foreign key of the
Books table.
The similarity of values between key fields forms the basis of a
table relationship.

Differences between primary and foreign key

Primary key Foreign key

The field used for primary key cannot be empty Field can contain a null value
(null)
A table cannot have more than one primary key A table can have more than one foreign key
value  value
Primary key uniquely identify rows in a
table Foreign key create relationship between
two
tables
The primary key for each table is stored in an Index is not automatically created for a
foreign
index key

Creating Book table

When already on the Microsoft Access window

1. Click the Create tab, then click

Table.
2. Click View, then select Design View.
3. In the window that shows, type Books
in the Table name box and click ok.
4. On the first row of the Field Name
title, type ISBN for the first field name of the Books table to
replace the
highlighted ID, click inside Data type and select Text for the ISBN field
5. Click the second row, type Title for
the second field name and select Text for its data type.
6. Click the third row, type AuID for the
third field name, and select Text as the data type.
7. Click the fourth row, type Price for
the fourth field name, and select Text as the data type.
8. Save your work, select View and choose
Datasheet View to take you to the datasheet view
where you can insert your
records.

Creating the Authors and Publishers Tables

To add other
tables, do the following:

1. Click the Create tab on the menu bar,

select Table, another table will be added to the database.
2. Follow step 4 to 8 above to define the
table fields and the data type.
3. Follow the process to create the
Authors and Publishers tables.

Forms
A form is another database object that provides a convenient way to
enter and view records in a table.
Queries
A query is a database object that enables you to locate records that
match specified criteria by
providing a way for you to ask a question about the
information stored in a database table.
Report

A report is a database object that allows

you to organize, summarize, and print all or a portion of the
data in a
database.

TOPIC FIVE: NORMAL FORM

Normalization is the set
of guidelines used to optimally design a database to reduce redundant data.
Normalization
is a database design technique which organizes tables in a manner that reduces
redundancy and dependency of data.
A database that is not
normalized may include data that is contained in one or more different tables
for no apparent reasons. Normalization is achieved by applying a number of
tests called normal forms
to tables.
Goals
of normalization
The goals of
normalization are:

1. Eliminating
data redundancy i.e. duplication of data
2. To
minimize or avoid modification issues
3. To
simplify queries

Normal
form

Normal form is the way of measuring the

level, or depth, to which a database has been normalized.
The most common
normal forms are:

1. First normal form (1NF)

2. Second normal form (2NF)
3. Third normal form (3NF)

Other normal forms are Boyce /Codd normal

form (BCNF), 4th normal form and 5th normal form.

Note:
Each subsequent normal form depends on the normalization steps taken in the
previous normal
form. The 3NF is sufficient for most typical database
applications.
First
normal form (1NF)
A database table is said to be in 1NF if:
It contains no
repeating or duplicate fields/columns (i.e. each column name should be
unique)
No data in a columns
is multi-valued  (i.e.
each data field is single value)
Each
row of data has a unique identifier (or Primary Key)
The attribute domain
remains the same (i.e. age value cannot be in the name column)

For example, consider the un-normalized table below:

Item Colour Price Tax
T-shirt Red, Blue 12.00 0.60
Polo Red, Yellow 12.00 0.60
T-shirt Red, Blue 12.00 0.60
Sweatshirt Blue, Black 25.00 1.25
Pant White 6.00 0.30
         Table1: Un-normalized
table
The
table above is not in a first normal form because:
Multiple items in
color field  (i.e. red and blue , red and
yellow etc)
Duplicate records/no particular
primary key (i.e. row1 and row3)

So, how do you convert the table above into 1NF?

Delete
one of the duplicate records (i.e. row1 or row3)
Expand
the remaining rows such that each column has a single value 

The resulting table now in 1NF is shown below.

Item Colour Price Tax
T-shirt Red 12.00 0.60
T-shirt Blue 12.00 0.60
Polo Red 12.00 0.60
Polo Yellow 12.00 0.60
Sweatshirt Blue 25.00 1.25
Sweatshirt Black 25.00 1.25
Pant White 6.00 0.30
      Table 2: 1NF table

Problems
with tables in first normal form (1NF)
Insert
anomalies: An Insert Anomaly occurs when certain attributes cannot
be inserted into the
database without the presence of other attributes. Suppose
a new item has just been bought and
is to
be added into the table and you do not know the tax applicable, it will be difficult to enter a few item of
information
and not all, thereby leading to Insertion Anomaly.
Delete
anomalies: A Delete Anomaly exists when certain attributes are lost
because of the deletion of
other attributes. If the White colour of the item
Pant is no more in stock, and we
try to delete ‘white’
from the
colour column, then we will be forced to remove the item Pant, the price and
the tax as well
since the entire row will be deleted

Update
anomalies: An Update Anomaly exists when one or more instances of
duplicated data are
updated, but not all. For example, if the tax applicable to the price 12.0 changed, then we will have to
update all the rows where there is 0.60,
else data will become inconsistent i.e. there will be different
tax value for the price 12.0 in different rows.

Second normal form (2NF)

A database table is in a 2NF if and only if:

1. It is in 1NF and
2. Every non-key
attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key i.e. there should
be no
partial dependency in the table

Consider the Table 2 above, the non-key attributes are colour, price
and tax. The attribute item is the
primary key. The price and the tax are functionally
dependent on the item and not on the colour i.e. the
item determines the price
and not the colour.

So what do you do to
normalize into 2NF?
Decompose the 1NF table and set up a new relation (table)
for each partial key with its dependent
attributes. Make sure to keep a table
with the original primary key and any attributes that are fully
functionally
dependent on it.

Having decomposed the above table, the tables below are now
in 2NF

Third
normal form (3NF)

The third normal form's

objective is to remove data in a table that is not dependent on the
primary
key.
A database table is said to be in 3NF if:
It is in a 2NF
All non-key field
depend only on the primary key – no transitive dependency (i.e. Eliminate
all
fields that do not depend on the primary key by moving them into a separate
table)

Tables 2NF(b)
is not in third normal form because Tax
depends on price, not item.
To normalize
to 3NF, decompose the table and set up a new table that includes the non-key
attribute(s) i.e. price, that
functionally determine(s) other non-key attribute(s) i.e. tax

The tables
below are now in 3NF.

at
September 13, 2019

Labels:
Educational,
Technology

19 comments:

Unknown 22 September 2019 at 16:04

Nice

Please can you post ss1 and ss3 computer first term and some questions
Reply

Replies

Obasa Mustapha 24 September 2019 at 21:56

Check through the education tab on the blog, you will see the computer notes
for SS1 and SS2

Reply

SIRJOE 22 September 2019 at 22:13

good job

Reply

Replies

Obasa Mustapha 24 September 2019 at 21:56

thank you

Reply

Unknown 24 September 2019 at 17:18

Nice one

Reply

Replies

Obasa Mustapha 24 September 2019 at 21:57

thank you

Reply

Unknown 25 September 2019 at 11:59

so grateful thanks a million

Reply

Unknown 12 October 2019 at 07:30

Thank you sir

Reply

Enoch 26 February 2020 at 08:01

Appreciate sir
Reply

Unknown 13 November 2020 at 12:48

Good day sir, I really want to appreciate you for your good work... May God continue to
enrich you...

Pls I want to request for data processing ss3 first-third term.. Thanks in advance
Reply

Unknown 17 November 2020 at 10:02

thank you sir .. you just saved me from alot of stress... God bless you Sir
Reply

Unknown 3 December 2020 at 06:25

Thank you so much continue the good work God is your strength. Pls I want to download
s s 2 data processing note but no link to do that is I need it
Reply

admin 31 December 2020 at 09:56

Pls I want to request for data processing ss3 first-third term.. Thanks in advance rose
day wishes
Reply

Unknown 31 January 2021 at 18:09

thanks Sir
Reply

OAU 4 July 2021 at 11:23

With all of my heart i pray GOD BLESS YOU FOR THIS POST
Reply

Unknown 16 October 2021 at 15:00

So explanatory. God bless you Sir

Reply

KITS Technologies 29 November 2021 at 08:31

nice post.

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Reply

Unknown 25 December 2021 at 06:52

Pls can you post s . S 2 second term data processing

Reply

Unknown 4 April 2022 at 09:56

먹튀없는업체 먹튀검증 지금바로 접속하세요

Reply

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