not null
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentId INTEGER CONSTRAINT Stud_SId_nn NOT NULL,
FName VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
LName VARCHAR2(10));
default
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentId INTEGER,
FName VARCHAR2(10),
DOJ DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);
primary key constraint
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentId INTEGER CONSTRAINT stud_sid_pk PRIMARY KEY,
FName VARCHAR2(10),
ContactNo NUMBER(10));
check constraint
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentId INTEGER,
FName VARCHAR2(10),
Gender CHAR(1) CONSTRAINT Stud_gender_ck1 CHECK(Gender IN('M', 'F')));
unique constraint
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentId INTEGER,
FName VARCHAR2(10),
ContactNo NUMBER(10) CONSTRAINT Stud_cno_uk UNIQUE);
foriegn key
CREATE TABLE Marks(
CourseId INTEGER,
StudentId INTEGER CONSTRAINT marks_sid_fk REFERENCES Student(StudentId),
MarksScored DECIMAL(5,2));
alter table
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address VARCHAR2 (20);
distinct single column
SELECT DISTINCT Dept FROM Employee
where clause
SELECT ID, ENAME FROM Employee WHERE SALARY >= 30000 AND DEPT = 'ETA'
where clause varchar
SELECT Id, EName, Designation FROM Employee WHERE EName = 'James Potter'
like operator
SELECT ID, ENAME FROM Employee WHERE ENAME LIKE '%m%'
update single column
UPDATE Employee SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.10
UPDATE Employee SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.20 WHERE ID = 2
UPDATE Employee SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.3, BONUS = SALARY * 0.30 WHERE ID = 1
numeric function
round
SELECT City, MinTemp, ROUND(MinTemp) as "Round", ROUND(MinTemp,1) as
"RoundTo1Digit" FROM Weather;
ceil,floor,abs
SELECT City, MinTemp, CEIL(MinTemp) AS "Ceiling", FLOOR(MinTemp) AS "Floor",
ABS(MinTemp) as "Absolute" FROM Weather;
character function
concatenating string data
SELECT City, Country, CONCAT(City, Country) "CONCAT", City || Country
"ConcatByOperator", CONCAT(CONCAT(City, ', '), Country) "NestedConcat" FROM
Weather;
length ,upper and lower
SELECT City, LENGTH(City) "LENGTH", LOWER(City) "LOWERCASE", UPPER(City)
"UPPERCASE" FROM Weather;
substr
SELECT City, SUBSTR(City,1,4) FIRST4, SUBSTR(City,2,10) TEN_FROM_2, SUBSTR(City,3)
ALL_FROM_3, SUBSTR(City,7, 2) TWO_FROM_7 FROM Weather;
aggregate function
max,min,sum
SELECT MIN(Salary), MAX(Salary), SUM(Salary) FROM Employee
count with distinct
SELECT COUNT(Dept) Count1, COUNT(DISTINCT Dept) Count2 FROM Employee
count
SELECT COUNT(ID) COUNT_ID, COUNT(*) COUNT_STAR, COUNT(Bonus) COUNT_BONUS FROM
Employee
average
SELECT AVG(Salary) AvgSalary, AVG(Bonus) AvgBonus1, SUM(Bonus) / Count(Bonus)
AvgBonus2 FROM Employee
ascending order
Select ID, ENAME, DOJ, SALARY, DEPT, DESIGNATION FROM Employee ORDER BY DEPT ASC
descending order
Select ID, ENAME, DOJ, SALARY, DEPT, DESIGNATION FROM Employee ORDER BY DOJ DESC
Group by
SELECT Dept, Count(ID) FROM Employee GROUP BY Dept;
Group by multiple column
//in group by it is must to use max or min with digits //
SELECT Dept, Designation, MAX(Salary) FROM Employee GROUP BY Dept, Designation;
inner join
SELECT ID, ENAME, E.COMPID AS E_COMPID, C.COMPID AS C_COMPID, MODEL
FROM Employee E INNER JOIN Computer C ON E.COMPID = C.COMPID
