1

UNIT – 1
Computer

Unit-01/Lecture-01

Introduction & Definition ([RGPV/ June 2013 (5)]

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data. We can use a computer to type documents, send email, and browse the Web.
We can also use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management, presentations, games, and
more.
There are four main classifications of computers: Mainframe computers, micro-computers mini-
computers, and super-computers.

Classification
•Mainframe computers.
Mainframe computers are extremely powerful and large computers that have the capacity to process the
activity of multiple users at one time. Many other smaller, less powerful computers (otherwise known as
terminals) are networked with the mainframe, meaning they are attached to the central mainframe
computer. From here, the mainframe has the capability to process and store things that come from the
connected terminals. The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms
because of its size. Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage capacity,
Mainframes can also process & store large amount of data.

•Micro-computers.
These are most commonly known as personal computers and the computers that people use on a daily
basis. Micro-computers contain their own microprocessor, which performs the job of a mainframe
computer but with considerably less power as it is only required to process the activities of one machine.

Microprocessors became the most common type of processing equipment as they featured
predominantly in personal computers. They had enough power to perform the basic recreational
activities that people owning personal computers required. Typically, personal computers were used for
playing music and movies as well as surfing the Internet and word processing amongst other things.
Micro-computers are your typical laptop or desktop computers and are widely available at relatively
affordable prices.
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•Mini-computers.
These computers fall in the gap between micro-computers and mainframe computers. They possess much
more power than a micro-computer, but not enough to perform the tasks of a mainframe computer.
These were developed in the 60s and gradually became less expensive as time moved on and technology
became more widely available. Minicomputers are also called as“Midrange Computers”. These are small
machines and can be accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as
super-computers & Mainframes. For example, a production department can use Mini-computers for
monitoring certain production process.

•Super computers.
Super computers are the most powerful computers ever invented. They are used to process an enormous
amount of terminal activity; even more than that of a mainframe computer. In fact, in the event of
optimizing the performance of a mainframe computer, that will create a super computer.

Organization
(1) CPU([RGPV/ June 2013 (3.5)]
A central processing unit (CPU) (formerly also referred to as a central processor unit[1]) is the
hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing
the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
 3

a) ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)

In digital electronics, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs integer
arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central
processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes
such as maintaining timers.
b) CU (Control Unit)
The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire
computer system to carry out stored program instructions. The control unit does not execute
program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit must
communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory.

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.2- 1.4
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no: 2-3

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Discuss classification of computers. June 2013 5

Q.2 Distinguish between : CPU and ALU June 2013 3.5

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Unit-01/Lecture-02

Register ([RGPV/ June 2013, Dec 2013 (10)]

In a computer, a register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of a computer
processor . A register may hold a computer instruction , a storage address, or any kind of data (such as a
bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of the instruction. For
example, an instruction may specify that the contents of two defined registers be added together and
then placed in a specified register.

In computer architecture, a processor register is a very fast computer memory used to speed the
execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values-typically, the
values being in the midst of a calculation at a given point in time.

These registers are the top of the memory hierarchy, and are the fastest way for the system to
manipulate data. In a very simple microprocessor, it consists of a single memory location, usually called
an accumulator. Registers are built from fast multi-ported memory cell. The result of ALU operation is
stored here and could be re-used in a subsequent operation or saved into memory.

Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they can hold, for example, an “8-bit register” or
a “32-bit register”. Registers are now usually implemented as a register file, but they have also been
implemented using individual flip-flops, high speed core memory, thin film memory, and other ways in
various machines.

There are various types of Registers those are used for various purpose([RGPV/ June 2013, Dec 2013
(10)]

1) Accumulator: It is most frequently used register used to store data taken from memory. Its number
varies from microprocessor to microprocessor.

2) General Purpose registers: General purpose registers are used to store data and intermediate results
during program execution. Its contents can be accessed through assembly programming.

3) Special purpose Registers: Users do not access these registers. These are used by computer system
at the time of program execution. Some types of special purpose registers are given below:

4) Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores address of data or instructions to be fetched from
memory.
5) Memory Buffer Register (MBR): It stores instruction and data received from the memory and sent
from the memory.
 5

6) Instruction Register (IR): Instructions are stored in instruction register. When one instruction is
completed, next instruction is fetched in memory for processing.
7) Program Counter (PC): It counts instructions.

Bus architecture Register ([RGPV/ June 2012, Dec 2013, June 2012 (10)]

In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers data between components
inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components
(wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocols.

Early computer buses were parallel electrical wires with multiple connections, but the term is now used
for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus.
Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit serial connections.

The three buses are the address bus, the data bus and the control bus.

1) Data Bus
The data bus consists of 8, 16, or 32 parallel signal lines. The data bus lines are bidirectional. Many
devices in a system will have their outputs connected to the data bus, but only one device at a time will
have its outputs enabled. Any device connected on the data bus must have
three-state outputs so that its outputs can be disabled when it is not being used to put data on the bus.

2) Address Bus
The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines. On these lines the CPU sends out the
address of the memory location that is to be written to or read from. The number of memory locations
 6

that the CPU can address is determined by the number of address lines. If the CPU has N address lines,
then it can directly address 2N memory locations. CPU with 16 address lines can address 65,536
memory CPU with 20 address lines can address 1,048,576 locations. When the CPU reads data from or
writes data to a port, it sends the port address out on the address bus.

3) Control Bus
The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel signal lines. The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to
enable the outputs of addressed memory devices or port devices. Typical control bus signals are
Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, and l/O Write. To read a byte of data from a memory location,
the CPU sends out the memory address of the desired byte on the address bus and then sends out a
Memory Read signal on the control bus. The Memory Read signal enables the addressed memory
device to output a data word onto the data bus. The data word from memory travels along the data bus
to the CPU.

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.7, 1.12
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no:22

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 What is a register? How are registers used in the June 2013 10
arithmetic logic and supervisory-control
units of a CPU?

Q.2 Define a register. Write and explain the purpose Dec 2013, DEC 10, 2
of different types of registers. 2014
Q.3 Explain about different types of buses and bus Dec 2013, 10, 2
architecture. DEC2014
Q.4 Define the following (1) instruction register (2) June 2012 10
program counter
Q.5 What is the function of the following (1) address June 2012 10
bus (2) control unit
Q.6 Differentiate between address bus, data bus Dec 2010 10
and control bus.
Q.7 What are the different types of buses? Explain JUNE 2015 2
the difference between address bus and data
bus.
 7

Unit-01/Lecture-03

Instruction set

The instruction set, also called instruction set architecture (ISA), is a part of the computer that pertains
to programming, which is basically machine language. The instruction set provides commands to the
processor, to tell it what it needs to do. The instruction set consists of multiple pieces, including
addressing modes, instructions, native data types, registers, memory architecture, interrupt, and
exception handling, and external I/O.

Instruction set is categorized into two categories

1. Complex instruction set computer (CISC)

A complex instruction set computer (CISC) has many specialized instructions, which may only be
rarely used in practical programs. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex
instructions. The philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster than software, therefore one
should make a powerful instruction set, which provides programmers with assembly instructions to
do a lot with short programs.

In common CISC chips are relatively slow (compared to RISC chips) per instruction, but use little (less
than RISC) instructions.

2. Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)

A reduced instruction set computer (RISC) simplifies the processor by only implementing instructions
that are frequently used in programs; unusual operations are implemented as subroutines, where the
extra processor execution time is offset by their rare use.

It is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by CISC, and people
mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions. Apple for instance uses RISC chips.
Therefore fewer, simpler and faster instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower
CISC instructions. However, more instructions are needed to accomplish a task.

Another advantage of RISC is that - in theory - because of the more simple instructions, RISC chips
require fewer transistors, which makes them easier to design and cheaper to produce.
Finally, it's easier to write powerful optimised compilers, since fewer instructions exist.
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Comparison between CISC and RISC([RGPV/ June 2010 (10)]

CISC RISC

1.Emphasis on hardware. Emphasis on Software.

2.Includes multi-clock. Single clock
3. Complex instructions. Reduced instructions only.
4.Memory to memory load & store Register to register load & store
5. Incorporated in instructions. Are independent instructions
6.Small Code Sizes Large Code Sizes.
7. High Cycles per second. Low cycles per second.
8.Transistors used for storing complex Spends more transistors on memory
instructions registers

Reference:

Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.13

Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no:22

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.4 Compare CISC and RISC. June 2010 10
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Unit-01/Lecture-04

Memory & Storage Systems([RGPV/ Dec 2010, June 2011 (10)]

The computer memory is a temporary storage area. It holds the data and instructions that the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) needs. Before a program can be run, the program is loaded from some storage
medium into the memory. This allows the CPU direct access to the program. Memory is a need for any
computer.

The term "memory", meaning primary memory is often associated with addressable semiconductor
memory, i.e. integrated circuits consisting of silicon-based transistors, used for example as primary
memory but also other purposes in computers and other digital electronic devices. There are two
main types of semiconductor memory: volatile and non-volatile.

• Volatile

Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information.RAM is
a type of volatile memory.

• Non Volatile

Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not
powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory.

The memory is of two types

1. primary memory
2. secondary memory

1. Primary memory
It is the built in memory of the computer system. The term primary memory is used for the
information in physical systems which function at high-speed (i.e. RAM). Primary storage (or main
memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly
accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as
required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.\
Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories

• It is known as main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
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• It is working memory of the computer.

• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without primary memory.

Primary memory is of three types

a. RAM
b. ROM
c. CACHE

a. Random access memory (RAM)

It is used as the working memory of a computer system. It stores input data, intermediate results,
programs, and other information temporarily. It can be read and written. It is usually volatile, that
is all data will be lost when the power is turned off. In most cases it is loaded again from hard disk.

b. Read only memory (ROM)

It is the permanent memory which is used to store important control programs and systems
software to perform a variety of functions, such as booting up or starting up programs. ROM is
non-volatile. That means the contents are not lost when the power is switched off. Its contents are
written at the time of manufacture, but in modern computers may be changed using special
software.

c. Cache memory ([RGPV/ June 2012(10)]

In computing, a cache is a component that transparently stores data so that future requests for
that data can be served faster. The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have
been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere. If requested data
is contained in the cache (cache hit), this request can be served by simply reading the cache, which
is comparatively faster. Otherwise (cache miss), the data has to be recomputed or fetched from its
original storage location, which is comparatively slower. Hence, the greater the number of
requests that can be served from the cache, the faster the overall system performance becomes.
To be cost efficient and to enable an efficient use of data, caches are relatively small.

2.Secondary Memory
The term storage is often used to describe secondary memory such as tape, magnetic disks and
optical discs (CD-ROM and DVD-ROM). This type of memory is also known as external memory or
non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing data/Information
permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-
output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then
CPU can access it. For example : disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc.
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Characteristic of Secondary Memory

• These are magnetic and optical memories

• It is known as backup memory.
• It is non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

Reference:

Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.16

Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no:18

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Differentiate between main memory and cache memory. June 2012 10
Q.2 What are the different types of memory? How the size of Dec 2010 10
memory is specified. Define the access time of memory?

Q.3 What is the purpose of memory in computer? What are June 2011 10
volatile and non volatile memories? Explain.
Q.4 Compare CISC and RISC. June 2010 10

Q.5 What is the purpose of main memory? Define the non- JUNE 2015 2
volatile memory.
 12

Unit-01/Lecture-05

I/O Devices ([RGPV/ June 2013, June 2012 (10)]

In computing, input/output or I/O (or informally, io or IO) is the communication between an

information processing system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly a human or
another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and
outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to
"perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a person (or other
system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or a mouse may be an input
device for a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices for a computer.
Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve
for both input and output.
Some commonly used Input/Output devices are listed in table below.

Input Devices Output Devices

Keyboard Monitor

Mouse LCD

Joystick Printer

Scanner Plotter

Light Pen

Touch Screen

II. Input Devices

(a) Keyboard
It is a text base input device that allows the user to input alphabets, numbers and
other characters. It consists of a set of keys mounted on a board.
• Alphanumeric Keypad
It consists of keys for English alphabets, 0 to 9 numbers, and special characters like + − / * ( )
etc.
• Function Keys
There are twelve function keys labeled F1, F2, F3… F12. The functions assigned to these keys
differ from one software package to another. These keys are also user programmable keys.
• Special-function Keys
These keys have special functions assigned to them and can be used only for those specific
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purposes. Functions of some of the important keys are defined below.

• Enter
It is similar to the ‘return’ key of the typewriter and is used to execute a command or
program.
• Spacebar
It is used to enter a space at the current cursor location.
• Backspace
This key is used to move the cursor one position to the left and also delete the character in
that position.
• Delete
It is used to delete the character at the cursor position.
• Insert
Insert key is used to toggle between insert and overwrite mode during data entry.
• Shift
This key is used to type capital letters when pressed along with an alphabet key. Also used to
type the special characters located on the upper-side of a key that has two characters defined
on the same key.

• Caps Lock
Cap Lock is used to toggle between the capital lock features. When ‘on’, it locks the
alphanumeric keypad for capital letters input only.
• Tab
Tab is used to move the cursor to the next tab position defined in the document. Also, it is
used to insert indentation into a document.
• Ctrl
Control key is used in conjunction with other keys to provide additional functionality on the
keyboard.
• Alt
Also like the control key, Alt key is always used in combination with other keys to perform
specific tasks.
• Esc
This key is usually used to negate a command. Also used to cancel or abort executing
programs.
• Numeric Keypad
Numeric keypad is located on the right side of the keyboard and consists of keys having
numbers (0 to 9) and mathematical operators (+ − * /) defined on them. This keypad is
provided to support quick entry for numeric data.
• Cursor Movement Keys
These are arrow keys and are used to move the cursor in the direction indicated by the arrow
(up, down, left, right).
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(b) Mouse
The mouse is a small device used to point to a particular place on the screen and select in order to
perform one or more actions. It can be used to select menu commands, size windows, start programs
etc.
The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the left one being used most
frequently.

Mouse Actions
Left Click : Used to select an item.
Double Click : Used to start a program or open a file.
Right Click : Usually used to display a set of commands.
Drag and Drop : It allows you to select and move an item from one location to another. To achieve
this place the cursor over an item on the screen, click the left mouse button and while holding the
button down move the cursor to where you want to place the item, and then release it.

(c) Joystick
The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a direction the stick is moved. It
typically has a button on top that is used to select the option pointed by the cursor. Joystick is used as
an input device primarily used with video games, training simulators and controlling robots.

(d)Scanner
Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the source document into the computer
system. It converts the document image into digital form so that it can be fed into the computer.
Capturing information like this reduces the possibility of errors typically experienced during large
data entry.

Hand-held scanners are commonly seen in big stores to scan codes and price information for each of
the items. They are also termed the bar code readers.

(e) Bar codes

A bar code is a set of lines of different thicknesses that represent a number. Bar Code Readers are
used to input data from bar codes. Most products in shops have bar codes on them. Bar code readers
work by shining a beam of light on the lines that make up the bar code and detecting the amount of
light that is reflected back.

(f) Light Pen 5

It is a pen shaped device used to select objects on a display screen. It is quite like the mouse (in its
functionality) but uses a light pen to move the pointer and select any object on the screen by
pointing to the object. Users of Computer Aided Design (CAD) applications commonly use the light
pens to directly draw on screen.
 15

(g) Touch Screen

It allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the display screen. Common
examples of touch screen include information kiosks, and bank ATMs.

(h)Digital camera
A digital camera can store many more pictures than an ordinary camera. Pictures taken using a digital
camera are stored inside its memory and can be transferred to a computer by connecting the camera
to it. A digital camera takes pictures by converting the light passing through the lens at the front into
a digital image.

(i) The Speech Input Device

The “Microphones - Speech Recognition” is a speech Input device. To operate it we require using a
microphone to talk to the computer. Also we need to add a sound card to the computer. The Sound
card digitizes audio input into 0/1s .A speech recognition program can process the input and convert
it into machine-recognized commands or input.

III. Output Devices

(a) Monitor
Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen and uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
to display information. The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and
displays the information as it is keyed in. It also displays the program or application output. Like the
television, monitors are also available in different sizes.

(b) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD was introduced in the 1970s and is now applied to display terminals also. Its advantages like low
energy consumption, smaller and lighter have paved its way for usage in portable computers
(laptops).

(c) Printer
Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hardcopy) output. Based on the technology
used, they can be classified as Impact or Non-impact printers. Impact printers use the typewriting
printing mechanism wherein a hammer strikes the paper through a ribbon in order to produce
output. Dot-matrix and Character printers fall under this category.

Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical, heat or electrical
signals to etch the symbols on paper. Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category
of printers.
When we talk about printers we refer to two basic qualities associated with printers: resolution, and
speed. Print resolution is measured in terms of number of dots per inch (dpi). Print speed is
measured in terms of number of characters printed in a unit of time and is represented as characters-
per-second (cps), lines-per-minute (lpm), or pages-per-minute (ppm).
 16

(d) Plotter
Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It interprets computer commands and makes
line drawings on paper using multicolored automated pens. It is capable of producing graphs,
drawings, charts, maps etc. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) applications like CAD (Computer
Aided Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) are typical usage areas for plotters.

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.16-1.20
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no: 17

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Explain how CPU communicates with input/output June 2012 10
devices.
Q.2 Distinguish between : June 2013 3.5
i) Input unit and output unit
Q.3 What is the importance of input and output devices? JUNE 2015 3
Describe any 2 input and output devices.
 17

Unit-01/Lecture-06

Software ([RGPV/ June 2011 (10)]

Computer software, or simply software, also known as computer programs, is the non-tangible
component of computers. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which is the physical
component of computers. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be
realistically used without the other.

Computer software includes all computer programs regardless of their architecture; for example,
executable files, libraries and scripts are computer software.

There are two types of software

a. System software
b. Application software

a) System software is designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality,
and to provide a platform for running application software. System Software have direct control
and access to your computer hardware , and memory locations . They perform I/O operations
on various memory locations , and control the hardware , to make the application software do a
task . Operating systems , are the main examples for system software .

Examples :
1) Microsoft Windows
2) Linux
3) Unix
4) Mac OSX
5) DOS
6) BIOS Software
7) HD Sector Boot Software
8) Device Driver Software i.e Graphics Driver etc
9) Linker Software
10) Assembler and Compiler Software

System software includes:

i. Operating system, an essential collection of computer programs that manages resources and
provides common services for other software. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and
window systems are core parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system comes
bundled with additional software (including application software) so that a user can potentially
do some work with a computer that only has an operating system.

ii. Device driver, a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is
attached to a computer. Each device needs at least one corresponding device driver; thus a
 18

computer needs more than one device driver.

iii. Utilities, software designed to assist users in maintenance and care of their computers.

b) Application software uses the computer system to perform useful work or provide
entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. Application
software run under System Software , and are made to do a specific task i.e ( Word Processing
etc) , which have indirect access to the hardware (i.e Behind System Software) .
Examples :
Web browser, word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software,
presentation graphics software.

1) Opera (Web Browser)

2) Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
4) MySQL (Database Software)
5) Microsoft Powerpoint (Presentation Software)
6) iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
7) VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
8) World of Warcraft (Game Software)
9) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.20-1.21
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no:28-29

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Explain system and application software. June 2011, 10, 7
DEC 2014
 19

Unit-01/Lecture-07

Applications of computer([RGPV/ June 2011, Dec 2013, Dec 2010 (10)]

e Business
Globalization of trade, the emergence of Information Economies, and the growth of Internet
have recast the role of e-Com in Business and Management. In other words eCom solutions and
Infrastructure have become essential for creating competitive firms, managing global corporations,
providing useful products and services to customers through a better management of information
resources and commercial transactions.

Bio-Informatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary scientific field that develops methods for storing, retrieving,
organizing and analyzing biological data. A major activity in bioinformatics is to develop software tools
to generate useful biological knowledge.
Bioinformatics uses many areas of computer science, statistics, mathematics and engineering to
process biological data. Complex machines are used to read in biological data at a much faster rate
than before and used in decoding the code of life. Databases and information systems are used to
store and organize biological data. Analyzing biological data may involve algorithms in artificial
intelligence, soft computing, data mining, image processing, and simulation. The algorithms in turn
depend on theoretical foundations such as discrete mathematics, control theory, system theory,
information theory, and statistics. Commonly used software tools and technologies in the field include
Java, C#, XML, Perl, C, C++, Python, R, SQL, CUDA, MATLAB, and spreadsheet applications.

Remote Sensing & GIS

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing
feature events on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations, such as query and
statistical analysis, with maps. GIS manages location-based information and provides tools for display
and analysis of various statistics, including population characteristics, economic development
opportunities, and vegetation types. GIS allows you to link databases and maps to create dynamic
displays. Additionally, it provides tools to visualize, query, and overlay those databases in ways not
possible with traditional spreadsheets. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems,
and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting
outcomes, and planning strategies.
Remote sensing is the art and science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on
airplanes or satellites. These sensors collect data in the form of images and provide specialized
capabilities for manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing those images. Remote sensed imagery is
integrated within a GIS.

Meteorology and Climatology

Meteorology is the science of weather. It is essentially an inter-disciplinary science because the
atmosphere, land and ocean constitute an integrated system. The three basic aspects of meteorology
are observation, understanding and prediction of weather. There are many kinds of routine
meteorological observations. Some of them are made with simple instruments like the thermometer
 20

for measuring temperature or the anemometer for recording wind speed. The observing techniques
have become increasingly complex in recent years and satellites have now made it possible to monitor
the weather globally. Countries around the world exchange the weather observations through fast
telecommunications channels. These are plotted on weather charts and analysed by professional
meteorologists at forecasting centres. Weather forecasts are then made with the help of modern
computers and supercomputers. Weather information and forecasts are of vital importance to many
activities like agriculture, aviation, shipping, fisheries, tourism, defence, industrial projects, water
management and disaster mitigation. Recent advances in satellite and computer technology have led
to significant progress in meteorology. Our knowledge of the weather is, however, still incomplete.

Climatology
It is a study of the climate of a place or region on the basis of weather records accumulated over
long periods of time. The average values of meteorological parameters derived from a data base that
extends over several decades are called climatological normals. Different regions of the world have
different characteristic climates. However, it is now recognized that climate is not static and issues
such as climate change and global warming are receiving increasing attention.

Computer Gaming
A gaming computer (also gaming rig and sometimes called a gaming PC) is a personal computer
designed for playing computationally demanding video games. Gaming computers are very similar to
conventional PCs, with the main difference being the addition of performance-oriented components
such as a high-end CPU and one or more video cards.
The ability to combine moving images, graphics, text, and sound in meaningful ways is one of
most powerful aspects of computer technology. A dynamic and technically accurate presentation is
helpful in making the message not only understood but effective.

Multimedia and Animation

'To animate' literally means to give life to. Animating is moving something that cannot move on
it's own. Animation adds to graphics the dimensions of time, which tremendously increase the
potential of transmitting the desired information. In order to animate something the animator has to
be able to specify directly or indirectly how the 'thing' has to move through time and space.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content processing
devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance.
Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content.
Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a
broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be
considered one particular multimedia application.

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 1.23-1.25
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no: 29
 21

S.NO RGPV QUESTIONS Year Marks

Q.1 Discuss the application of computer in e-business June 10
2011
Q.2 Describe the role of computers in the following fields: Dec 10
i) Bio-Informatics ii) Remote Sensing and GIS 2013
Q.3 Explain the application of computer in multimedia and Dec 10
animation. 2010
Q.4 Distinguish between remote sensing and GIS. DEC 3
2014
 22

UNIT 01/LECTURE 08

Operating System ([RGPV/ June 2011, Dec 2013, June 2013 (10)]

Definition
An operating system, or "OS," is software that communicates with the hardware and allows
other programs to run. An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all
the activities among computer hardware devices. It is the first program loaded into the computer by
a boot program and remains in memory at all times.
It is comprised of system software, or the fundamental files your computer needs to boot up and
function. Every desktop computer, tablet, and smartphone includes an operating system that
provides basic functionality for the device. The operating system is the most important program that
runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other
programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard,
sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Common desktop operating systems include Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

Functions of an operating system ([RGPV/ June 2011, Dec 2013, June 2013 (10)]
There are Many Functions those are Performed by the Operating System. But the Main Goal of
Operating System is to Provide the Interface between the user and the hardware Means Provides
the Interface for Working on the System by the user. The various Functions those are Performed by
the Operating System are as Explained below:-

• Operating System as a Resource Manager

Operating System Also Known as the Resource Manager Means Operating System will Manages all
the Resources those are Attached to the System means all the Resource like Memory
 23

and Processor and all the Input output Devices those are Attached to the System are Known as the
Resources of the Computer System and the Operating system will Manage all the Resources of the
System. The Operating System will identify at which Time the CPU will perform which Operation
and in which Time the Memory is used by which Programs. And which Input Device will respond to
which Request of the user means When the Input and Output Devices are used by the which
Programs. So this will manage all the Resources those are attached to the Computer System.
• Storage Management
Operating System also Controls the all the Storage Operations means how the data or files will be
Stored into the computers and how the Files will be Accessed by the users etc. All the Operations
those are Responsible for Storing and Accessing the Files is determined by the Operating System
Operating System also Allows us Creation of Files, Creation of Directories and Reading and Writing
the data of Files and Directories and also Copy the contents of the Files and the Directories from
One Place to Another Place.

• Process Management : The Operating System also Treats the Process Management means
all the Processes those are given by the user or the Process those are System ‘s own
Process are Handled by the Operating System . The Operating System will Create the
Priorities for the user and also Start or Stops the Execution of the Process and Also Makes
the Child Process after dividing the Large Processes into the Small Processes.

• Memory Management: Operating System also Manages the Memory of the Computer
System means Provide the Memory to the Process and Also Deallocate the Memory from
the Process. And also defines that if a Process gets completed then this will deallocate the
Memory from the Processes.

• Extended Machine : Operating System also behaves like an Extended Machine means
Operating system also Provides us Sharing of Files between Multiple Users, also Provides
Some Graphical Environments and also Provides Various Languages for Communications and
also Provides Many Complex Operations like using Many Hardware’s and Software’s.

• Mastermind: Operating System also performs Many Functions and for those Reasons we can
say that Operating System is a Mastermind. It provides Booting without an Operating
System and Provides Facility to increase the Logical Memory of the Computer System by
using the Physical Memory of the Computer System and also provides various Types of
Formats Like NTFS and FAT File Systems.

Operating System also controls the Errors those have been Occurred into the Program and Also
Provides Recovery of the System when the System gets Damaged Means When due to Some
Hardware Failure , if System Doesn’t Works properly then this Recover the System and also Correct
 24

the System and also Provides us the Backup Facility. And Operating System also breaks the large
program into the Smaller Programs those are also called as the threads. And execute those threads
one by one.

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 2.1, 2.3
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no: 39

S.NO RGPV QUESTION YEAR MARKS

Q.1 Define operating system. Explain June 2011,June 10
briefly the functions performed by an 2013,
operating system.
Q.2 What is an operating system? Explain Dec 2010 10
the services provided by operating
system.
Q.3 Explain how operating system Dec 2010 10
perform file management function.
 25

UNIT 01/LECTURE 09

Types of Operating System ([RGPV/ Dec 2013, June 2012 (10)]

There are many Operating Systems those have be Developed for Performing the Operations those are
requested by the user. There are Many Operating Systems which have the Capability to Perform the
Requests those are received from the System. The Operating system can perform a Single Operation
and also Multiple Operations at a Time. So there are many types of Operating systems those are
organized by using their Working Techniques.

1) Serial Processing: The Serial Processing Operating Systems are those which Performs all the
instructions into a Sequence Manner or the Instructions those are given by the user will be executed
by using the FIFO Manner means First in First Out. All the Instructions those are Entered First in the
System will be Executed First and the Instructions those are Entered Later Will be Executed Later. For
Running the Instructions the Program Counter is used which is used for Executing all the Instructions.

In this the Program Counter will determines which instruction is going to Execute and the which
instruction will be Execute after this. Mainly the Punch Cards are used for this. In this all the Jobs are
firstly Prepared and Stored on the Card and after that card will be entered in the System and after that
all the Instructions will be executed one by One. But the Main Problem is that a user doesn’t interact
with the System while he is working on the System, means the user can’t be able to enter the data for
Execution.

2) Batch Processing: The Batch Processing is same as the Serial Processing Technique. But in the
Batch Processing Similar Types of jobs are Firstly Prepared and they are Stored on the Card. and that
card will be Submit to the System for the Processing. The System then Perform all the Operations on
the Instructions one by one. And a user can’t be Able to specify any input. And Operating System wills
increments his Program Counter for Executing the Next Instruction.
The Main Problem is that the Jobs those are prepared for Execution must be the Same Type and if a
job requires for any type of Input then this will not be Possible for the user. And Many Time will be
wasted for Preparing the Batch. The Batch Contains the Jobs and all those jobs will be executed
without the user Intervention. And Operating System will use the LOAD and RUN Operation. This will
first LOAD the Job from the Card and after that he will execute the instructions. By using the RUN
Command.
The Speed of the Processing the Job will be Depend on the Jobs and the Results those are produced
by the System in difference of Time which is used for giving or submit the Job and the Time which is
used for Displaying the Results on the Screen.

3) Multi-Programming: As we know that in the Batch Processing System there are multiple jobs
Execute by the System. The System first prepare a batch and after that he will Execute all the jobs
those are Stored into the Batch. But the Main Problem is that if a process or job requires an Input and
Output Operation, then it is not possible and second there will be the wastage of the Time when we
 26

are preparing the batch and the CPU will remain idle at that Time.

But With the help of Multi programming we can Execute Multiple Programs on the System at a Time
and in the Multi-programming the CPU will never get idle, because with the help of Multi-
Programming we can Execute Many Programs on the System and When we are Working with the
Program then we can also Submit the Second or Another Program for Running and the CPU will then
Execute the Second Program after the completion of the First Program. And in this we can also specify
our Input means a user can also interact with the System.

The Multi-programming Operating Systems never use any cards because the Process is entered on
the Spot by the user. But the Operating System also uses the Process of Allocation and De-allocation
of the Memory Means he will provide the Memory Space to all the Running and all the Waiting
Processes. There must be the Proper Management of all the Running Jobs.
4) Real Time System: There is also an Operating System which is known as Real Time Processing
System. In this Response Time is already fixed. Means time to Display the Results after Possessing has
fixed by the Processor or CPU. Real Time System is used at those Places in which we Requires higher
and Timely Response. These Types of Systems are used in Reservation. So when we specify the
Request, the CPU will perform at that Time. There are two Types of Real Time System

• Hard Real Time System: In the Hard Real Time System, Time is fixed and we can’t Change any
Moments of the Time of Processing. Means CPU will Process the data as we Enters the Data.

• Soft Real Time System: In the Soft Real Time System, some Moments can be Change. Means
after giving the Command to the CPU, CPU Performs the Operation after a Microsecond.

5) Distributed Operating System. - Distributed Means Data is Stored and Processed on Multiple
Locations. When a Data is stored on to the Multiple Computers, those are placed in Different
Locations. Distributed means In the Network, Network Collections of Computers are connected with
Each other.
Then if we want to Take Some Data From other Computer, Then we uses the Distributed
Processing System. And we can also Insert and Remove the Data from out Location to another
Location. In this Data is shared between many users. And we can also Access all the Input and Output
Devices are also accessed by Multiple Users.

6) Multiprocessing: Generally a Computer has a Single Processor means a Computer have a just one
CPU for Processing the instructions. But if we are Running multiple jobs, then this will decrease the
Speed of CPU. For Increasing the Speed of Processing then we uses the Multiprocessing, in the Multi
Processing there are two or More CPU in a Single Operating System if one CPU will fail, then other
 27

CPU is used for providing backup to the first CPU. With the help of Multi-processing, we can Execute
Many Jobs at a Time. All the Operations are divided into the Number of CPU’s. if first CPU Completed
his Work before the Second CPU, then the Work of Second CPU will be divided into the First and
Second.

7) Parallel operating systems are used to interface multiple networked computers to complete tasks
in parallel. The architecture of the software is often a UNIX-based platform, which allows it to
coordinate distributed loads between multiple computers in a network. Parallel operating systems
are able to use software to manage all of the different resources of the computers running in parallel,
such as memory, caches, storage space, and processing power. Parallel operating systems also allow a
user to directly interface with all of the computers in the network.

A parallel operating system works by dividing sets of calculations into smaller parts and distributing
them between the machines on a network. To facilitate communication between the processor cores
and memory arrays, routing software has to either share its memory by assigning the same address
space to all of the networked computers, or distribute its memory by assigning a different address
space to each processing core.

Sharing memory allows the operating system to run very quickly, but it is usually not as powerful.
When using distributed shared memory, processors have access to both their own local memory and
the memory of other processors; this distribution may slow the operating system, but it is often more
flexible and efficient.

Reference:

Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 2.15 - 2.19

Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no: 41-44

S.NO RGPV QUESTION YEAR MARKS

Q.1 Define operating system? Describe the Dec 2013 10
essential differences between the
following types of
operating systems:
a) Batch b) Interactive c) Time-sharing
d) Real-time
Q.2 Explain following types of operating June 2012 10
system
1) Time-sharing 2) Multiprogramming
 28

UNIT 01/LECTURE 10(Additional Topic)

Management of File ([RGPV/ Dec 2010 (10)]

• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file
management:
‾ File creation and deletion.
‾ Directory creation and deletion.
‾ Support for manipulating files and directories.
‾ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
‾ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
‾ Identify and locate a selected file

• Use a directory to describe the location of all

files plus their attributes
• On a shared system describe user access
control
• Blocking for access to files
• Allocate files to free blocks
• Manage free storage for available blocks.

Purpose of File Management

The file manager handles all files on secondary storage media. To perform these tasks, file
management must:
• be able to identify the numerous files by giving unique names to them
• maintain a list telling where exactly each file is stored, how many sectors on the medium it
occupies, and in which order those sectors make up the file
• provide simple and fast algorithms to read and write files
• give and deny access rights on files to users and programs
• allocate and deallocate files to processes
• provide users and programs with simple commands for file handling

Process ([RGPV/ June 2012, Dec 2013 (10)]

A process is an instance of a program in execution.

Process State

Processes may be in one of 5 states

1. New - The process is in the stage of being created.

2. Ready - The process has all the resources available that it needs to run, but the CPU is not
 29

currently working on this process's instructions.

3. Running - The CPU is working on this process's instructions.
4. Waiting - The process cannot run at the moment, because it is waiting for some resource to
become available or for some event to occur. For example the process may be waiting for
keyboard input, disk access request, inter-process messages, a timer to go off, or a child
process to finish.
5. Terminated - The process has completed.

Process Control Block ([RGPV/ Dec 2013 (3)]

For each process there is a Process Control Block, PCB, which stores the following ( types of ) process-
specific information
• Process State - Running, waiting, etc., as discussed above.
• Process ID, and parent process ID.
• CPU registers and Program Counter - These need to be saved and restored when swapping
processes in and out of the CPU.
• CPU-Scheduling information - Such as priority information and pointers to scheduling queues.
• Memory-Management information - E.g. page tables or segment tables.
• Accounting information - user and kernel CPU time consumed, account numbers, limits, etc.
• I/O Status information - Devices allocated, open file tables, etc.
 30

Reference:
Basic Computer Engineering: E Balagurusamy, TMH- Page no: 2.5, 2.6, 2.13
Basic Computer Engineering: Sanjay Silakari and Rajesh K. Shukla, Wiley- Page no: 45- 56

S.NO RGPV QUESTION YEAR MARKS

Q.1 Explain how operating system Dec 2010 10
perform file management
function.
Q.2 Explain various states of process June 2012 10
with diagram.
Q.3 Explain the following terms: Dec 2013 10
i) Process ii) Process state
Q.4 Explain the following terms: Dec 2013 3
i) Process control block.
Q.5 What are the various file June 2015 7
operation performed by the
operating system
31