Super Starter Kit for

Arduino Uno (CH340)

 Content
Packing list...........................................................................................................................................1
How to Install Arduino IDE................................................................................................................ 2
How to Install Arduino Driver.......................................................................................................... 10
How to Add Libraries........................................................................................................................ 16
Blink Test...........................................................................................................................................25
Project 1 Hello World........................................................................................................................35
Project 2 LED Blinking..................................................................................................................... 39
Project 3 RGB LED...........................................................................................................................46
Project 4 Digital Inputs......................................................................................................................55
Project 5 Tilt Ball Switch.................................................................................................................. 60
Project 6 Active buzzer..................................................................................................................... 64
Project 7 Passive Buzzer................................................................................................................... 68
Project 8 Servo...................................................................................................................................72
Project 9 Analog Joystick Module.................................................................................................... 75
Project 10 Ultrasonic Sensor Module................................................................................................80
Project 11 Relay Module................................................................................................................... 86
Project 12 IR Receiver Module......................................................................................................... 90
Project 13 Membrane Switch Module...............................................................................................95
Project 14 LCD1602 I2C Module................................................................................................... 101
Project 15 Thermometer.................................................................................................................. 106
Project 16 Eight LED with 74HC595............................................................................................. 111
Project 17 The Serial Monitor......................................................................................................... 119
Project 18 Photocell.........................................................................................................................126
Project 19 74HC595 And Segment Display....................................................................................131
Project 20 Four Digital Seven Segment Display.............................................................................137
Project 21 DC Motors......................................................................................................................142
Project 22 Stepper Motor.................................................................................................................148
Project 23 Controlling Stepper Motor With Remote...................................................................... 156
Project 24 Water Level Detection Sensor Module..........................................................................159
Project 25 Sound Sensor Module.................................................................................................... 164
 Company Profile
Established in 2011, lafvin is a manufacturer and trader specialized in
research,development and production of 2560 uno,nano boards,and all
kinds of accessories or sensors use for Arduino,raspberry.We also
complete starter kits designed for interested lovers of any levels to learn
Arduino or Raspberry.We are located in Shenzhen,China.All of our
products comply with international quality standards and are greatly
appreciated in a variety of different markets throughout the world.

Customer Service
We are cooperating with a lot of companies from different countries.Also
help them to purchase electronic component products in china,and
became the biggest supplier of them. We look forward to build cooperate
with more companies in future.
By the way,We also look forward to hearing from you and any of your
critical comment or suggestions.Pls email us by [email protected]
if you have any questions or suggestions.
As a continuous and fast growing company. We keep striving our best
to offer you excellent products and quality service.

Our Store
AliExpress store: https://www.aliexpress.com/store/1942043
Brand in Amazon:LAFVIN

Product Catalog
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BwvEeRN9dKllblZING00TkhYb
Gs?usp=sharing

Tutorial
This tutorial include codes,libraries and detailed user documentation. It is
designed for beginners. You will learn all the basic knowledge about how
to use Arduino controller board, sensors and components.
Packing list

1
 How to Install Arduino IDE
Introduction

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the software

side of the Arduino platform.
In this Project, you will learn how to setup your computer to use Arduino
and how to set about the Projects that follow.
The Arduino software that you will use to program your Arduino is
available for Windows, Mac and Linux. The installation process is
different for all three platforms and unfortunately there is a certain
amount of manual work to install the software.

STEP 1: Go to https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software and find

below page.

The version available at this website is usually the latest version,

and the actual version may be newer than the version in the picture.

2
STEP2：Download the development software that is compatible with the
operating
system of your computer. Take Windows as an example here.

Click Windows Installer.

Click JUST DOWNLOAD.

3
Also version 1.8.0 is available in the material we provided, and the
versions of our
materials are the latest versions when this course was made.

Installing Arduino (Windows)

Install Arduino with the exe. Installation package.

Click I Agree to see the following interface

4
Click Next

You can press Browse… to choose an installation path or directly type in

the
directory you want.

5
Click Install to initiate installation

Finally, the following interface appears, click Install to finish the

installation.

Next, the following icon appears on the desktop

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Double-click to enter the desired development environment

You may directly choose the installation package for installation and
skip the contents below and jump to the next section. But if you want to
learn some methods other than the installation package, please continue
to read the section.
Unzip the zip file downloaded, Double-click to open the program and
enter the desired development environment

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8
Installing Arduino (Mac OS X)
Download and Unzip the zip file, double click the Arduino.app to enter
Arduino IDE; the system will ask you to install Java runtime library if
you don’t have it in your computer. Once the installation is complete you
can run the Arduino IDE.

Installing Arduino (Linux)

You will have to use the make install command. If you are using the
Ubuntu system, it is
recommended to install Arduino IDE from the software center of Ubuntu.

9
 How to Install Arduino Driver

For Windows
Arduino UNO(serial conversion chip is CH340G)

The USB to serial port chip of this control board is CH340G. So you need
to install the driver for the chip. You can click the driver file here.
In different systems, the driver installation is similar. Here we start to
install the driver on the Win7 system.You can find the
“USB_Drive_CH341_3_1” folder in the information we provide, this is
the driver file we want to install.

10
Plug one end of your USB cable into the Arduino UNO CH340 Board
and the other into a USB socket on your computer.
When you connect the Arduino UNO CH340 Board to your computer at
the first time, right click your “My Computer”—>for
“Properties”—>click the “Device manager”, under Other devices, you
should see the “USB-Serial”or “Unknown device ”.Or you can search for
"devi" in your computer, or you can open the device manager of your
computer.

Then right-click on the device and select the top menu option (Update
Driver Software...) shown as the figure below.

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Then it will be prompted to either “Search Automatically for updated
driver software” or “Browse my computer for driver software”. Shown as
below. In this page, select “Browse my computer for driver software”.

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After that, select the browse option and navigate to the drive folder
"USB_Drive_CH341_3_1", which can be found in the information we

provide.(Note that the file path selects the location of the .For example,

I store this driver file on the computer desktop, so the file path I choose
is )

Once the software has been installed, you will get a confirmation message.
Installation completed, click “Close”.

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Up to now, the driver is installed well. Then you can right click “My
Computer”—>for “Properties”—>click the “Device manager”, you
should see the device as the figure shown below. Or you can search for
"devi" in your computer, or you can open the device manager of your
computer.

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For MAC System
Arduino UNO(serial conversion chip is CH340G)
Plug one end of your USB cable into the Arduino UNO CH340 Board
and the other into a USB socket on your computer.

The driver file of the CH340G of the MAC system is provided in the
tutorial data package.

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Double-click installation package and tap Continue

Click Install

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Input your user password and click Install Software

Tap Continue Installation

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Wait to install

Click Restart after the installation is finished

18
 How to Add Libraries

Installing Additional Arduino Libraries

Once you are comfortable with the Arduino software and using the
built-in functions, you may want to extend the ability of your Arduino
with additional libraries.

What are Libraries?

Libraries are a collection of code that makes it easy for you to connect to
a sensor, display, module, etc. For example, the built-in LiquidCrystal
library makes it easy to talk to character LCD displays. There are
hundreds of additional libraries available on the Internet for download.
The built-in libraries and some of these additional libraries are listed in
the reference. To use the additional libraries, you will need to install
them.
How to Install a Library
Using the Library Manager
To install a new library into your Arduino IDE you can use the Library
Manager (available from IDE version 1.8.0). Open the IDE and click to
the "Sketch" menu and then Include Library > Manage Libraries.

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Then the library manager will open and you will find a list of libraries
that are already installed or ready for installation. In this example we will
install the Bridge library. Scroll the list to find it, then select the version
of the library you want to install. Sometimes only one version of the
library is available. If the version selection menu does not appear, don't
worry: it is normal.
There are times you have to be patient with it, just as shown in the figure. Please refresh it
and wait.

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Finally click on install and wait for the IDE to install the new library.
Downloading may take time depending on your connection speed. Once it
has finished, an Installed tag should appear next to the Bridge library.
You can close the library manager.

You can now find the new library available in the Include Library menu.
If you want to add your own library open a new issue on Github.

Importing a .zip Library

Libraries are often distributed as a ZIP file or folder. The name of the
folder is the name of the library. Inside the folder will be a .cpp file, a .h
file and often a keywords.txt file, examples folder, and other files
required by the library. Starting with version 1.0.5, you can install 3rd
party libraries in the IDE. Do not unzip the downloaded library, leave it
as is.
In the Arduino IDE, navigate to Sketch > Include Library. At the top of
the drop down list, select the option to "Add .ZIP Library''.

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You will be prompted to select the library you would like to add.
Navigate to the .zip file's location and open it.

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Return to the Sketch > Import Library menu. You should now see the
library at the bottom of the drop-down menu. It is ready to be used in
your sketch. The zip file will have been expanded in the libraries folder
in your Arduino sketches directory. NB: the Library will be available to
use in sketches, but examples for the library will not be exposed in the
File > Examples until after the IDE has restarted.
Those two are the most common approaches. MAC and Linux systems
can be handled likewise. The manual installation to be introduced below
as an alternative may be seldom used and users with no needs may skip
it.

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Manual installation
To install the library, first quit the Arduino application. Then
uncompress the ZIP file containing the library. For example, if you're
installing a library called "ArduinoParty", uncompress ArduinoParty.zip.
It should contain a folder calledArduinoParty, with files like
ArduinoParty.cpp and ArduinoParty.h inside. (If the .cpp and .h files
aren't in a folder, you'll need to create one. In this case, you'd make a
folder called "ArduinoParty" and move into it all the files that were in
the ZIP file, like ArduinoParty.cpp and ArduinoParty.h.)
Drag the ArduinoParty folder into this folder (your libraries folder).
Under Windows, it will likely be called "My
Documents\Arduino\libraries". For Mac users, it will likely be called
"Documents/Arduino/libraries". On Linux, it will be the "libraries" folder
in your sketchbook.

Your Arduino library folder should now look like this (on Windows): My
Documents\Arduino\libraries\ArduinoParty\ArduinoParty.cpp My
Documents\Arduino\libraries\ArduinoParty\ArduinoParty.h My
Documents\Arduino\libraries\ArduinoParty\examples
or like this (on Mac and Linux):
Documents/Arduino/libraries/ArduinoParty/ArduinoParty.cpp
Documents/Arduino/libraries/ArduinoParty/ArduinoParty.h
Documents/Arduino/libraries/ArduinoParty/examples

There may be more files than just the .cpp and .h files, just make sure
they're all there. (The library won't work if you put the .cpp and .h files
directly into the libraries folder or if they're nested in an extra folder. For
example: Documents\Arduino\libraries\ArduinoParty.cpp and
Documents\Arduino\libraries\ArduinoParty\ArduinoParty\ArduinoParty.c
pp won't work.)
Restart the Arduino application. Make sure the new library appears in the
Sketch->Import Library menu item of the software. That's it! You've
installed a library.

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 Blink Test

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to program your UNO R3 controller
board to blink the Arduino’s built-in LED, and how to download
programs by basic steps.

Component Required:
1 x Uno R3 Board

Principle

The UNO R3 board has rows of connectors along both sides that are used
to connect to several electronic devices and plug-in 'shields' that extends
its capability.
It also has a single LED that you can control from your sketches. This
LED is built onto the UNO R3 board and is often referred to as the 'L'
LED as this is how it is labeled on the board.

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You may find that your UNO R3 board's 'L' LED already blinks when
you connect it to a USB plug. This is because the boards are generally
shipped with the 'Blink' sketch pre-installed.
In this Project, we will reprogram the UNO R3 board with our own Blink
sketch and then change the rate at which it blinks.
In the previous chapter-How to install Arduino IDE, you set up your
Arduino IDE and made sure that you could find the right serial port for it
to connect to your UNO R3 board. The time has now come to put that
connection to the test and program your UNO R3 board.
The Arduino IDE includes a large collection of example sketches that you
can load up and use. This includes an example sketch for making the 'L'
LED blink.
Load the 'Blink' sketch that you will find in the IDE's menu system under
File > Examples > 01.Basics

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When the sketch window opens, enlarge it so that you can see the entire
sketch in the window.

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The example sketches included with the Arduino IDE are 'read-only'.
That is, you can upload them to an UNO R3 board, but if you change
them, you cannot save them as the same file.
Since we are going to change this sketch, the first thing you need to do is
save your own copy.
From the File menu on the Arduino IDE, select 'Save As..' and then save
the sketch with the name 'MyBlink'.

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You have saved your copy of 'Blink' in your sketchbook. This means
that if you ever want to find it again, you can just open it using the File >
Sketchbook menu option.

Attach your Arduino board to your computer with the USB cable and
check that the 'Board Type' and 'Serial Port' are set correctly.

29
30
Note: The Board Type and Serial Port here are not necessarily the
same as shown in picture. If you are using 2560, then you will have to
choose Mega 2560 as the Board Type, other choices can be made in
the same manner. And the Serial Port displayed for everyone is
different, despite COM 26 chosen here, it could be COM3 or COM4
on your computer. A right COM port is supposed to be COMX
(arduino XXX), which is by the certification criteria.

The Arduino IDE will show you the current settings for board at the
bottom of the window.

Click on the 'Upload' button. The second button from the left on the
toolbar.

If you watch the status area of the IDE, you will see a progress bar and a
series of messages. At first, it will say 'Compiling Sketch...'. This
converts the sketch into a format suitable for uploading to the board.

Next, the status will change to 'Uploading'. At this point, the LEDs on the
Arduino should start to flicker as the sketch is transferred.

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Finally, the staus will change to 'Done'.

The other message tells us that the sketch is using 928 bytes of the
32,256 bytes available.After the 'Compiling Sketch..' stage you could get
the following error message:

It can mean that your board is not connected at all, or the drivers have
not been installed (if necessary) or that the wrong serial port is selected.
If you encounter this, go back to Project 0 and check your installation.
Once the upload has completed, the board should restart and start
blinking. Open the code

Note that a huge part of this sketch is composed of comments. These are
not actual program instructions; rather, they just explain how the
program works. They are there for your benefit.

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Everything between /* and */ at the top of the sketch is a block comment;
it explains what the sketch is for.
Single line comments start with // and everything up until the end of that
line is considered a comment.
The first line of code
is: int led = 13;
As the comment above it explains, this is giving a name to the pin that the
LED is attached to. This is 13 on most Arduinos, including the UNO and
Leonardo.
Next, we have the 'setup' function. Again, as the comment says, this is
executed when the reset button is pressed. It is also executed whenever
the board resets for any reason, such as power first being applied to it, or
after a sketch has been uploaded.
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin as an
output. pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
Every Arduino sketch must have a 'setup' function, and the place where
you might want to add instructions of your own is between the { and
the }.
In this case, there is just one command there, which, as the comment
states tells the Arduino board that we are going to use the LED pin as an
output.
It is also mandatory for a sketch to have a 'loop' function. Unlike the
'setup' function that only runs once, after a reset, the 'loop' function will,
after it has finished running its commands, immediately start again.
void loop()
{ digitalWrite(led,
HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

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Inside the loop function, the commands first of all turn the LED pin on
(HIGH), then 'delay' for 1000 milliseconds (1 second), then turn the LED
pin off and pause for another second.
You are now going to make your LED blink faster. As you might have
guessed, the key to this lies in changing the parameter in () for the 'delay'
command.
// turn the LED off (LOW is the voltage level) // wait for a second
// turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) // wait for a second

This delay period is in milliseconds, so if you want the LED to blink

twice as fast, change the value from 1000 to 500. This would then pause
for half a second each delay rather than a whole second.
Upload the sketch again and you should see the LED start to blink more
quickly.

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 Project 1 Hello World

Overview
As for starters, we will begin with something simple. In this project, you
only need an Arduino and a USB Cable to start the "Hello World!"
experiment. It is not only a communication test of your Arduino and PC,
but also a primer project for you to have your first try in the Arduino
world!

Component Required:
（1）x Uno R3 Board
（1）x USB Cable

Arduino Serial Monitor (Windows, Mac, Linux)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the software
side of the Arduino platform. And, because using a terminal is such a big
part of working with Arduinos and other microcontrollers, they decided to
include a serial terminal with the software. Within the Arduino
environment, this is called the Serial Monitor

Code test
Open the code "Project_1_Hello_World" and compile code that enables
Arduino to print "Hello World!" under your instruction. Of course, you
can compile code for Arduino to continuously echo "Hello World!"
without instruction. A simple If () statement will do the instruction trick.
With the onboard LED connected to pin 13, you can instruct the LED to
blink first when Arduino gets an instruction and then print "Hello
World!”.

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Making a Connection

Serial monitor comes with any and all version of the Arduino IDE. To
open it, simply click the Serial Monitor icon.

Selecting which port to open in the Serial Monitor is the same as

selecting a port for uploading Arduino code. Go to Tools -> Serial Port,
and select the correct port. Tips: Choose the same COM port that you
have in Device Manager.

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Click to open serial port monitor, input an “ A”, LED 13 will blink once,
PC will receive the information from Arduino: Hello World

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Settings
The Serial Monitor has limited settings, but enough to handle most of
your serial communication needs. The first setting you can alter is the
baud rate. Click on the baud rate drop-down menu to select the correct
baud rate. (9600 baud)

Last, you can set the terminal to Autoscroll or not by checking the box in
the bottom left corner.

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 Project 2 LED Blinking

Overview
Blinking LED experiment is quite simple. In the "Hello World!" program,
we have come across LED. This time, we are going to connect an LED to
one of the digital pins rather than using LED13, which is soldered to the
board. Apart from an Arduino and a USB Cable, you will need extra parts
as below:

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1)x 5mm red LED
(1) x 220 ohm resistor
(1) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

Component Introduction
BREADBOARD MB-102：
A breadboard enables you to prototype circuits quickly, without having to
solder the connections. Below is an example.
It should be noted that the connection between area A and area B requires
the use of wire C

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Breadboards come in various sizes and configurations. The simplest kind
is just a grid of holes in a plastic block. Inside are strips of metal that
provide electrical connection between holes in the shorter rows. Pushing
the legs of two different components into the same row joins them
together electrically. A deep channel running down the middle indicates
that there is a break in connections there, meaning, you can push a chip in
with the legs at either side of the channel without connecting them
together. Some breadboards have two strips of holes running along the
long edges of the board that are separated from the main grid. These have
strips running down the length of the board inside and provide a way to
connect a common voltage. They are usually in pairs for +5 volts and
ground. These strips are referred to as rails and they enable you to
connect power to many components or points in the board.
While breadboards are great for prototyping, they have some limitations.
Because the connections are push-fit and temporary, they are not as
reliable as soldered connections. If you are having intermittent problems
with a circuit, it could be due to a poor connection on a breadboard.

LED:
LEDs make great indicator lights. They use very little electricity and they
pretty much last forever.
In this Project, you will use perhaps the most common of all LEDs: a
5mm red LED. 5mm refers to the diameter of the LED. Other common
sizes are 3mm and 10mm. You cannot directly connect an LED to a
battery or voltage source because 1) the LED has a positive and a
negative lead and will not light if placed the wrong way and 2) an LED
must be used with a resistor to limit or 'choke' the amount of current
flowing through it; otherwise, it will burn out!

40
If you do not use a resistor with an LED, then it may well be destroyed
almost immediately, as too much current will flow through, heating it and
destroying the 'junction' where the light is produced.
There are two ways to tell which is the positive lead of the LED and
which the negative.
Firstly, the positive lead is longer.
Secondly, where the negative lead enters the body of the LED, there is a
flat edge to the case of the LED.
If you happen to have an LED that has a flat side next to the longer lead,
you should assume that the longer lead is positive.

RESISTORS:
As the name suggests, resistors resist the flow of electricity. The higher
the value of the resistor, the more it resists and the less electrical current
will flow through it. We are going to use this to control how much
electricity flows through the LED and therefore, how brightly it shines.

41
But first, more about resistors...
The unit of resistance is called the Ohm, which is usually shortened to Ω the Greek letter
Omega. Because an Ohm is a low value of resistance (it doesn't resist much at all), we
also denote the values of resistors in kΩ (1,000 Ω) and MΩ (1,000,000 Ω).
These are called kilo-ohms and mega-ohms.
In this Project, we are going to use three different values of resistor: 220Ω,
1kΩ and
10kΩ. These resistors all look the same, except that they have different
colored stripes on them. These stripes tell you the value of the resistor.
The resistor color code has three colored stripes and then a gold stripe at
one end.

Unlike LEDs, resistors do not have a positive and negative lead. They
can be connected either way around.
If you find this approach method too complicated, you can read the color
ring flag on our resistors directly to determine its resistance value. Or
you may use a digital multimeter instead.

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Connection
Schematic

43
Wiring diagram

44
After uploading this program, in the experiment, you will see the LED
connected to pin 10 turning on and off, with an interval approximately
one second.In this way, blinking LED experiment is now completed.

Example picture

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 Project 3 RGB LED

Overview
RGB LEDs are a fun and easy way to add some color to your projects.
Since they are like 3 regular LEDs in one, how to use and connect them
is not much different. They come mostly in 2 versions: Common Anode
or Common Cathode.
Common Anode uses 5V on the common pin, while Common Cathode
connects to ground.
As with any LED, we need to connect some resistors inline (3 total) so
we can limit the current being drawn.
In our sketch, we will start with the LED in the Red color state, then fade
to Green, then fade to Blue and finally back to the Red color. By doing
this we will cycle through most of the color that can be achieved.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 Tie Points Breadboard
(4) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)
(1) x RGB LED
(3) x 220 ohm resistors

46
Component Introduction
RGB:
At first glance, RGB (Red, Green and Blue) LEDs look just like regular
LEDs. However, inside the usual LED package, there are actually three
LEDs, one red, one green and yes, one blue. By controlling the brightness
of each of the individual LEDs you can mix pretty much any color you
want.
We mix colors the same way you would mix paint on a palette - by
adjusting the brightness of each of the three LEDs. The hard way to do
this would be to use different value resistors (or variable resistors) as we
did with in Project 2, but that's a lot of work! Fortunately for us, UNO R3
board has an analogWrite function that you can use with pins marked
with a ~ to output a variable amount of power to the appropriate LEDs.
The RGB LED has four leads. There is one lead going to the positive
connection of each of the single LEDs within the package and a single
lead that is connected to all three negative sides of the LEDs.

47
Here on the photographs you can see 4 electrode LED. Every separate pin
for Green or Blue or Red color is called Anode. You will always connect
“+” to it. Cathode goes to “-“(ground). If you connect it other way round
the LED will not light.
The common negative connection of the LED package is the second pin
from the flat side. It is also the longest of the four leads and will be
connected to the ground. Each LED inside the package requires its own
220Ω resistor to prevent too much current flowing through it. The three
positive leads of the LEDs (one red, one green and one blue) are
connected to UNO output pins using these resistors.

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COLOR:
The reason that you can mix any color you like by varying the quantities
of red, green and blue light is that your eye has three types of light
receptor in it (red, green and blue). Your eye and brain process the
amounts of red, green and blue and convert it into a color of the spectrum.
In a way, by using the three LEDs, we are playing a trick on the eye. This
same idea is used in TVs, where the LCD has red, green and blue color
dots next to each other making up each pixel.

If we set the brightness of all three LEDs to be the same, then the overall
color of the light will be white. If we turn off the blue LED, so that just
the red and green LEDs are the same brightness, then the light will appear
yellow.
We can control the brightness of each of the red, green and blue parts of
the LED separately, making it possible to mix any color we like.
Black is not so much a color as an absence of light. Therefore, the closest
we can come to black with our LED is to turn off all three colors.

49
Theory (PWM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique for controlling power. We
also use it here to control the brightness of each of the LEDs.
The diagram below shows the signal from one of the PWM pins on the
UNO.

Roughly every 1/500 of a second, the PWM output will produce a pulse.
The length of this pulse is controlled by the 'analogWrite' function. So
'analogWrite(0)' will not produce any pulse at all and 'analogWrite(255)'
will produce a pulse that lasts all the way until the next pulse is due, so
that the output is actually on all the time.
If we specify a value in the analogWrite that is somewhere in between 0
and 255, then we will produce a pulse. If the output pulse is only high for
5% of the time, then whatever we are driving will only receive 5% of full
power.
If, however, the output is at 5V for 90% of the time, then the load will
get 90% of the power delivered to it. We cannot see the LEDs turning on
and off at that speed, so to us, it just looks like the brightness is
changing.

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Connection

Schematic

51
Wiring diagram

52
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 3 RGB
LED, and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the blink test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.

Our code will use FOR loops to cycle through the colors.
The first FOR loop will go from RED to GREEN.
The second FOR loop will go from GREEN to BLUE.
The last FOR loop will go from BLUE to RED.
Try the sketch out and then we will dissect it in some detail......

The sketch starts by specifying which pins are going to be used for each
of the colors: // Define Pins
#define BLUE
3 #define
GREEN 5
#define RED 6

The next step is to write the 'setup' function. As we have learnt in earlier
Projects, the setup function runs just once after the Arduino has reset. In
this case, all it has to do is define the three pins we are using as being
outputs.
void setup()
{
pinMode(RED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BLUE, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(RED, HIGH);
digitalWrite(GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLUE, LOW);
}

Before we take a look at the 'loop' function, let’s look at the last function
in the sketch.

53
The define variables
redValue = 255; // choose a value between 1 and 255 to change
the color. greenValue = 0;

blueValue = 0;
This function takes three arguments, one for the brightness of the red,
green and blue LEDs. In each case the number will be in the range 0 to
255, where 0 means off and 255 means maximum brightness. The
function then calls 'analogWrite' to set the brightness of each LED.
If you look at the 'loop' function you can see that we are setting the
amount of red, green and blue light that we want to display and then
pausing for a second before moving on to the next color.
#define delayTime 10 // fading time between
colors Delay(delayTime);

Try adding a few colors of your own to the sketch and watch the effect on your LED.

Example picture

54
 Project 4 Digital Inputs

Overview
In this Project, you will learn to use push buttons with digital inputs to
turn an LED on and off.
Pressing the button will turn the LED on; pressing the other button will
turn the LED off.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 Tie-points Breadboard
(1) x 5mm red LED
(1) x 220 ohm resistor
(2) x push switches
(7) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

Component Introduction
PUSH SWITCHES:
Switches are really simple components. When you press a button or flip
a lever, they connect two contacts together so that electricity can flow
through them.
The little tactile switches that are used in this Project have four
connections, which can be a little confusing.

Actually, there are only really two electrical connections. Inside the
switch package, pins B and C are connected together, as are A and D.

55
Connection
Schematic

56
Wiring diagram

57
Although the bodies of the switches are square, the pins protrude from
opposite sides of the switch. This means that the pins will only be far
enough apart when they are placed correctly on the breadboard.
Remember that the LED has to have the shorter negative lead to the left.

Code
After wiring，please open program in the code folder- Project 4 Digital
Inputs, and press UPLOAD to upload the program. If errors are
prompted, See the blink test chapter to learn details about program
uploading if there are any errors.

Load the sketch onto your UNO board. Pressing the left button will turn
the LED on while pressing the right button will turn it off.
The first part of the sketch defines three variables for the three pins that
are to be used. The 'ledPin' is the output pin and 'buttonApin' will refer to
the switch nearer the top of the breadboard and 'buttonBpin' to the other
switch.
The 'setup' function defines the ledPin as being an OUTPUT as normal,
but now we have the two inputs to deal with. In this case, we use the set
the pinMode to be 'INPUT_PULLUP' like this:
pinMode(buttonApin, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(buttonBpin, INPUT_PULLUP);
The pin mode of INPUT_PULLUP means that the pin is to be used as an
input, but that if nothing else is connected to the input, it should be
'pulled up' to HIGH. In other words, the default value for the input is
HIGH, unless it is pulled LOW by the action of pressing the button.
This is why the switches are connected to GND. When a switch is
pressed, it connects the input pin to GND, so that it is no longer HIGH.
Since the input is normally HIGH and only goes LOW when the button
is pressed, the logic is a little upside down. We will handle this in the
'loop' function.
void loop()
{
if (digitalRead(buttonApin) == LOW)

58
 {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
if (digitalRead(buttonBpin) == LOW)

{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
In the 'loop' function there are two 'if' statements. One for each button.
Each does an 'digitalRead' on the appropriate input.
Remember that if the button is pressed, the corresponding input will be
LOW, if button A is low, then a 'digitalWrite' on the ledPin turns it on.
Similarly, if button B is pressed, a LOW is written to the ledPin.

Example picture

59
 Project 5 Tilt Ball Switch

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to use a tilt ball switch in order to
detect small angle of inclination.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Tilt Ball switch
(2) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)

Component Introduction
Tilt sensor:

Tilt sensors (tilt ball switch) allow you to detect orientation or inclination.
They are small, inexpensive, low-power and easy-to-use. If used properly,
they will not wear out. Their simplicity makes them popular for toys,
gadgets and appliances. Sometimes, they are referred to as "mercury
switches", "tilt switches" or "rolling ball sensors" for obvious reasons.
They are usually made up of a cavity of some sort (cylindrical is popular,
although not always) with a conductive free mass inside, such as a blob of
mercury or rolling ball. One end of the cavity has two conductive
elements (poles). When the sensor is oriented so that that end is
downwards, the mass rolls onto the poles and shorts them, acting as a
switch throw.
While not as precise or flexible as a full accelerometer, tilt switches can
detect motion or orientation. Another benefit is that the big ones can
switch power on their own. Accelerometers, on the other hand, output
digital or analog voltage that must then be analyzed using extra circuitry.

60
Connection
Schematic

61
Wiring diagram

62
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 5 Ball
Switch and click UPLOAD to upload the program.See the blink test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.

Example picture

63
 Project 6 Active buzzer

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to generate a sound with an active
buzzer.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Active buzzer
(2) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)

Component Introduction
BUZZER:
Electronic buzzers are DC-powered and equipped with an integrated
circuit. They are widely used in computers, printers, photocopiers, alarms,
electronic toys, automotive electronic devices, telephones, timers and
other electronic products for voice devices. Buzzers can be categorized as
active and passive ones. Turn the pins of two buzzers face up. The one
with a green circuit board is a passive buzzer, while the other enclosed
with a black tape is an active one.
The difference between the two is that an active buzzer has a built-in
oscillating source, so it will generate a sound when electrified. A passive
buzzer does not have such a source so it will not tweet if DC signals are
used; instead, you need to use square waves whose frequency is between
2K and 5K to drive it. The active buzzer is often more expensive than the
passive one because of multiple built-in oscillating circuits.

64
Connection
Schematic

65
Wiring diagram

66
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 6 Active
buzzer and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the blink test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.

Example picture

67
 Project 7 Passive Buzzer

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to use a passive buzzer.
The purpose of the experiment is to generate eight different sounds, each
sound lasting 0.5 seconds: from Alto Do (523Hz), Re (587Hz), Mi
(659Hz), Fa (698Hz), So (784Hz), La (880Hz), Si (988Hz) to Treble Do
(1047Hz).

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Passive buzzer
(2) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)

Component Introduction
Passive Buzzer:
The working principle of passive buzzer is using PWM generating audio
to make the air to vibrate. Appropriately changed as long as the vibration
frequency, it can generate different sounds. For example, sending a pulse
of 523Hz, it can generate Alto Do, pulse of 587Hz, it can generate
midrange Re, pulse of 659Hz, it can produce midrange Mi. By the buzzer,
you can play a song.
We should be careful not to use the UNO R3 board analog Write ()
function to generate a pulse to the buzzer, because the pulse output of
analog Write () is fixed (500Hz).

68
Connection
Schematic

69
Wiring diagram

70
Wiring the buzzer connected to the UNO R3 board, the red (positive) to
the pin8, black wire (negative) to the GND.

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 7
Passive Buzzer and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink
Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any
errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <pitches>
library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your code won't work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
Chapter.

Example picture

71
 Project 8 Servo

Overview
Servo is a type of geared motor that can only rotate 180 degrees. It is
controlled by sending electrical pulses from your UNO R3 board. These
pulses tell the servo what position it should move to. The Servo has
three wires, of which the brown one is the ground wire and should be
connected to the GND port of UNO, the red one is the power wire and
should be connected to the 5v port, and the orange one is the signal wire
and should be connected to the Dig #9 port.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Servo (SG90)
(3) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

Component Introduction
SG90
Universal for JR and FP connector
Cable length : 25cm
No load; Operating speed: 0.12 sec / 60 degree (4.8V), 0.10 sec / 60
degree (6.0V)
Stall torque (4.8V): 1.6kg/cm
Temperature : -30~60'C
Dead band width: 5us
Working voltage: 3.5~6V
Dimension : 1.26 in x 1.18 in x 0.47 in (3.2 cm x 3 cm x 1.2 cm)
Weight : 4.73 oz (134 g)

72
Wiring diagram

73
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 8 Servo
and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink Test chapter to
learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the < Servo>
library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your code won't work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.

Example picture
In the picture, the brown wire of servo is adapted via the black M-M
wires, the red one is adapted via the red M-M wires, and the orange one
is adapted via the yellow M-M wires.

74
 Project 9 Analog Joystick Module

Overview
Analog joysticks are a great way to add some control in your projects. In
this tutorial we will learn how to use the analog joystick module.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Joystick module
(5) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)

Component Introduction
Joystick
The module has 5 pins: VCC, Ground, X, Y, Key. Note that the labels
on yours may be slightly different, depending on where you got the
module from. The thumb stick is analog and should provide more
accurate readings than simple ‘directional’ joysticks tact use some forms
of buttons, or mechanical switches. Additionally, you can press the
joystick down (rather hard on mine) to activate a ‘press to select’
push-button.
We have to use analog Arduino pins to read the data from the X/Y pins,
and a digital pin to read the button. The Key pin is connected to ground,
when the joystick is pressed down, and is floating otherwise. To get
stable readings from the Key /Select pin, it needs to be connected to
VCC via a pull-up resistor. The built in resistors on the Arduino digital
pins can be used. For a tutorial on how to activate the pull-up resistors
for Arduino pins, configured as inputs

75
Connection
Schematic

76
Wiring diagram

77
We need 5 connections to the joystick.
The connections are: Key, Y, X, Voltage and Ground.
“Y and X” are Analog and “Key” is Digital. If you don’t need the switch
then you can use only 4 pins.

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 9
Analog Joystick Module and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See
the Blink Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there
are any errors.
Analog joysticks are basically potentiometers so they return analog
values.
When the joystick is in the resting position or middle, it should return a
value of about 512.
The range of values goes from 0 to 1024.

Example picture

78
Open the monitor then you can see the data as blow:

Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

79
 Project 10 Ultrasonic Sensor Module

Overview
Ultrasonic sensor is great for all kind of projects that need distance
measurements, avoiding obstacles as examples.
The HC-SR04 is inexpensive and easy to use since we will be using a
Library specifically designed for these sensor.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Ultrasonic sensor module
(4) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)

Component Introduction
Ultrasonic sensor
Ultrasonic sensor module HC-SR04 provides 2cm-400cm non-contact
measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The
modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit.
The basic principle of work:

Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal,

The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there
is a pulse signal back.
IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration is
the time from sending ultrasonic tore turning.
Test distance = (high level time × velocity of sound (340m/s) /2

The Timing diagram is shown below. You only need to supply a short
10us pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging, and then the module
will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40 kHz and raise its echo.
The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and the range in
proportion .You can calculate the range through the time interval
between sending trigger signal and receiving echo signal.

80
Formula:
us / 58 = centimeters
or us / 148 =inch;
or: the range = high level time * velocity (340M/S) / 2;
we suggest to use over 60ms measurement cycle, in order to prevent
trigger signal to the echo signal.

81
Connection
Schematic

82
Wiring diagram

83
Code
Using a Library designed for these sensors will make our code short and
simple. We include the library at the beginning of our code, and then by
using simple commands we can control the behavior of the sensor.
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 10
Ultrasonic Sensor Module and click UPLOAD to upload the program.
See the Blink Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if
there are any errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
HC-SR04> library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your code
won't work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.

Example picture

84
Open the monitor then you can see the data as blow:
Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

85
 Project 11 Relay Module

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to use a relay.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Relay Module
(3) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)
(1) x M-M wires (Male to Male DuPont wires)

Introduction
This single relay module can be used in interactive projects.
This module uses SONGLE 5v high-quality relay. It can also be
used to control lighting, electrical and other equipment. The
modular design makes it easy to expand with the Arduino Board
(not included). The Relay output is by a light-emitting diode. It
can be controlled through digital IO port, such as solenoid
valves, lamps, motors and other high current or high voltage
devices.

86
Specification
Type: Digital
Rated Current: 10A (NO) 5A (NC)
Maximum Switching Voltage: 150VAC 24VDC
Digital interface
Control Signal: TTL level
Rated Load: 8A 150VAC (NO) 10A 24VDC (NO), 5A 250VAC
(NO/NC) 5A 24VDC (NO/NC)
Maximum Switching Power: AC1200VA DC240W (NO) AC625VA
DC120W (NC)
Contact Action Time: 10ms
Size: 40*28mm
Weight: 15g

87
Wiring diagram

88
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder-Project 11 Relay
Module and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink Test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.
The switch of the relay is controlled through the signal terminal D8.
When the relay is triggered, a ticking sound will be emitted, and then the
LED light connected to the relay terminal will be lit. After two seconds,
the trigger signal disappears and the LED light goes out.
Example picture

89
 Project 12 IR Receiver Module

Overview
Using an IR Remote is a great way to have wireless control of your
project. Infrared remotes are simple and easy to use. In this tutorial we
will be connecting the IR receiver to the UNO, and then use a Library that
was designed for this particular sensor.
In our sketch we will have all the IR Hexadecimal codes that are available
on this remote, we will also detect if the code was recognized and also if
we are holding down a key.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x IR receiver
(1) x IR remote
(3) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont
wires)

Component Introduction
IR RECEIVER SENSOR:
IR detectors are little microchips with a photocell that are tuned to listen
to infrared light. They are almost always used for remote control
detection - every TV and DVD player has one of these in the front to
listen for the IR signal from the clicker. Inside the remote control is a
matching IR LED, which emits IR pulses to tell the TV to turn on, off or
change channels. IR light is not visible to the human eye, which means it
takes a little more work to test a setup.
There are a few difference between these and say a CdS Photocells:
IR detectors are specially filtered for IR light, they are not good at
detecting visible light. On the other hand, photocells are good at detecting
yellow/green visible light, and are not good at IR light.
IR detectors have a demodulator inside that looks for modulated IR at 38
KHz. Just shining an IR LED won't be detected, it has to be PWM

90
blinking at 38KHz. Photocells do not have any sort of demodulator and
can detect any frequency (including DC) within the response speed of the
photocell (which is about 1KHz)

IR detectors are digital out - either they detect 38KHz IR signal and
output low (0V) or they do not detect any and output high (5V).
Photocells act like resistors, the resistance changes depending on how
much light they are exposed to.
What You Can Measure

As you can see from these datasheet graphs, the peak frequency detection
is at 38 KHz and the peak LED color is 940 nm. You can use from about
35 KHz to 41 KHz but the sensitivity will drop off so that it won't detect
as well from afar. Likewise, you can use 850 to 1100 nm LEDs but they
won't work as well as 900 to 1000nm so make sure to get matching LEDs!
Check the datasheet for your IR LED to verify the wavelength.
Try to get a 940nm - remember that 940nm is not visible light!

91
Wiring diagram

92
There are 3 connections to the IR Receiver.
The connections are: Signal, Voltage and Ground.
The “-” is the Ground, “S” is signal, and middle pin is Voltage 5V.

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder-Project 12 IR
Receiver Module and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the
Blink Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are
any errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
IRremote > library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your code
won't work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.
Next we will move the <RobotIRremote> out of the Library folder, we
do this because that library conflicts with the one we will be using. You
can just drag it back inside the library folder once you are done
programming your microcontroller. Once you have installed the Library,
just go ahead and restart your IDE Software.

Example picture

93
Open the monitor then you can see the data as blow:
Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

94
 Project 13 Membrane Switch Module

Overview
In this project, we will go over how to integrate a keyboard with an UNO
R3 board so that the UNO R3 can read the keys being pressed by a user.
Keypads are used in all types of devices, including cell phones, fax
machines, microwaves, ovens, door locks, etc. They're practically
everywhere. Tons of electronic devices use them for user input.
So knowing how to connect a keypad to a microcontroller such as an
UNO R3 board is very valuable for building many different types of
commercial products.
At the end when all is connected properly and programmed, when a key is
pressed, it shows up at the Serial Monitor on your computer. Whenever
you press a key, it shows up on the Serial Monitor. For simplicity
purposes, we start at simply showing the key pressed on the computer.
For this project, the type of keypad we will use is a matrix keypad. This is
a keypad that follows an encoding scheme that allows it to have much
less output pins than there are keys. For example, the matrix keypad we
are using has 16 keys (0-9, A-D, *, #), yet only 8 output pins. With a
linear keypad, there would have to be 17 output pins (one for each key
and a ground pin) in order to work. The matrix encoding scheme allows
for less output pins and thus much less connections that have to make for
the keypad to work. In this way, they are more efficient than linear
keypads, being that they have less wiring.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x Membrane switch module
(8) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

95
Connection
Schematic

96
Wiring diagram

97
When connecting the pins to the UNO R3 board, we connect them to the
digital output pins, D9-D2. We connect the first pin of the keypad to D9,
the second pin to D8, the third pin to D7, the fourth pin to D6, the fifth
pin to D5, the sixth pin to D4, the seventh pin to D3, and the eighth pin
to D2.
These are the connections in a table:

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 13
Membrane Switch Module and click UPLOAD to upload the program.
See the Blink Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if
there are any errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
Keypad> library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your code won't
work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.

98
Example picture

99
With this code, once we press a key on the keypad, it should show up on
the serial monitor of the Arduino software once the code is compiled and
uploaded to the UNO R3 board.
Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

100
 Project 14 LCD1602 I2C Module

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to wire up and use an alphanumeric
LCD display. The display has an LED backlight and can display two
rows with up to 16 characters on each row. You can see the rectangles
for each character on the display and the pixels that make up each
character. The display is just white on blue and is intended for showing
text.
In this Project, we will run the Arduino example program for the LCD
I2C library, but in the next Project, we will get our display to show the
temperature, using sensors.

Component Required:
(1) x UNO R3 Board
(1) x LCD1602 I2C module
(1) x 830 tie-points Breadboard
(4) x M-FM wires (Male to Female jumper wires)

Introduction:
This is great LCD display compatible with arduino. With limited pin
resources, your project will quickly run out of resources using normal
LCDs. With this I2C interface LCD module, you only need 2 lines
(I2C)to display the information.If you already have I2C devices in your
project, this LCD module actually cost no more resources at all. The
address can be set 0x27.

101
Connection
Schematic

102
Wiring diagram

103
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 14 LCD
Display and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink Test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
LiquidCrystal_I2C > library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your
code won't work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.
Upload the code to your Arduino board and you should see the message
“ Hello, world!
HosYond”
displayed.
The first thing of note in the sketch is the
line: #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
This tells Arduino that we wish to use the LiquidCrystal_I2C library.
Next set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line display
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); //
After uploading this code, make sure the backlight is lit up, and
adjust the potentiometer all the way around until you see the text
message

In the 'setup' function, we have four commands:

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Hello, world!");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("HosYond");
The lcd.setCursor(0,0) tells the Begin displaying the next line of code in
the first row and first column.
The lcd.setCursor(0,1) tells the Begin displaying the next line of code in
the second row and first column.
lcd.print("Hello, world!");
lcd.print("HosYond");
Tell screen display
“ Hello, world!
HosYond”

104
Example picture

105
 Project 15 Thermometer

Overview
In this Project, you will use an LCD display to show the temperature.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x LCD1602 I2C Module
(1) x 10k ohm resistor
(1) x Thermistor
(1) x 830 tie-points Breadboard
(5) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)
(4) x M-FM wires (Male to Female jumper wires)

Component Introduction
Thermistor
A thermistor is a thermal resistor - a resistor that changes its resistance
with temperature. Technically, all resistors are thermistors - their
resistance changes slightly with temperature - but the change is usually
very small and difficult to measure. Thermistors are made so that the
resistance changes drastically with temperature so that it can be 100 ohms
or more of change per degree!
There are two kinds of thermistors, NTC (negative temperature
coefficient) and PTC (positive temperature coefficient). In general, you
will see NTC sensors used for temperature measurement. PTC's are often
used as resettable fuses - an increase in temperature increases the
resistance which means that as more current passes thru them, they heat
up and 'choke back' the current, quite handy for protecting circuits!

106
Connection
Schematic

107
Wiring diagram

108
The breadboard layout is based on the layout from project 14, so it will simplify
things if you still have this on the breadboard.
There are a few jumper wires near the pot that have been moved slightly on this
layout.
The 10 kΩ resistor and thermistor are all new additions to the board.

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 15
Thermometer and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink
Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any
errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
LiquidCrystal_I2C > library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your
code won't work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.
The sketch for this is based on that of project 14. Load it up onto your
Arduino and you should find that warming the temperature sensor by
putting your finger on it will increase the temperature reading.
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2)；//
set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line display
This makes things easier if you decide to change which pins you use.
In the 'loop' function there are now two interesting things going on.
Firstly we have to convert the analog from the temperature sensor into an
actual temperature, and secondly we have to work out how to display
them.
First of all, let's look at calculating the
temperature. int tempReading =
analogRead(tempPin);
double tempK = log(10000.0 * ((1024.0 / tempReading - 1)));
tempK = 1 / (0.001129148 + (0.000234125 + (0.0000000876741 *
tempK * tempK )) * tempK );
float tempC = tempK - 273.15;
float tempF = (tempC * 9.0)/ 5.0 + 32.0;

109
Displaying changing readings on an LCD display can be tricky. The
main problem is that the reading may not always be the same number of
digits. So, if the temperature changed from 101.50 to 99.00 then the extra
digit from the old reading is in danger of being left on the display.
To avoid this, write the whole line of the LCD each time around the loop.
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Temp C ");
lcd.setCursor(6,0);
lcd.print(tempF);
The rather strange comment serves to remind you of the 16 columns of
the display. You can then print a string of that length with spaces where
the actual reading will go.
To fill in the blanks, set the cursor position for where the reading should
appear and then print it.
Example picture

110
 Project 16 Eight LED with 74HC595

Overview
In this project, you will learn how to use eight large red LEDs with an
UNO without needing to give up 8 output pins!
Although you could wire up eight LEDs each with a resistor to an UNO
pin you would rapidly start to run out of pins on your UNO. If you don't
have a lot of stuff connected to your UNO. It's OK to do so - but often
times we want buttons, sensors, servos, etc. and before you know it
you've got no pins left. So, instead of doing that, you are going to use a
chip called the 74HC595 Serial to Parallel Converter. This chip has eight
outputs (perfect) and three inputs that you use to feed data into it a bit at
a time.
This chip makes it a little slower to drive the LEDs (you can only change
the LEDs about 500,000 times a second instead of 8,000,000 a second)
but it's still really fast, way faster than humans can detect, so it's worth it!

Component Required:
(1) xUno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(8) x leds
(8) x 220 ohm resistors
(1) x 74hc595 IC
(14) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

Component Introduction
74HC595 Shift Register:
The shift register is a type of chip that holds what can be thought of as
eight memory locations, each of which can either be a 1 or a 0. To set
each of these values on or off, we feed in the data using the 'Data' and
'Clock' pins of the chip.

111
The clock pin needs to receive eight pulses. At each pulse, if the data pin
is high, then a 1 gets pushed into the shift register; otherwise, a 0. When
all eight pulses have been received, enabling the 'Latch' pin copies those
eight values to the latch register. This is necessary; otherwise, the wrong
LEDs would flicker as the data is being loaded into the shift register.

The chip also has an output enable (OE) pin, which is used to enable or
disable the outputs all at once. You could attach this to a PWM-capable
UNO pin and use 'analogWrite' to control the brightness of the LEDs.
This pin is active low, so we tie it to GND.

112
Connection
Schematic

113
Wiring diagram

114
As we have eight LEDs and eight resistors to connect, there are actually
quite a few connections to be made.

It is probably easiest to put the 74HC595 chip in first, as pretty much

everything else connects to it. Put it so that the little U-shaped notch is
towards the top of the breadboard. Pin 1 of the chip is to the left of this
notch.

Digital 12 from the UNO goes to pin #14 of the shift register Digital 11
from the UNO goes to pin #12 of the shift register Digital 9 from the
UNO goes to pin #11 of the shift register

All but one of the outputs from the IC is on the left side of the chip.
Hence, for ease of connection, that is where the LEDs are, too.

After the chip, put the resistors in place. You need to be careful that none
of the leads of the resistors are touching each other. You should check
this again before you connect the power to your UNO. If you find it
difficult to arrange the resistors without their leads touching, then it
helps to shorten the leads so that they are lying closer to the surface of
the breadboard.
Next, place the LEDs on the breadboard. The longer positive LED leads
must all be towards the chip, whichever side of the breadboard they are
on.

Attach the jumper leads as shown above. Do not forget the one that goes
from pin 8 of the IC to the GND column of the breadboard.

Load up the sketch listed a bit later and try it out. Each LED should light
in turn until all the LEDs are on, and then they all go off and the cycle
repeats.

115
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 16 Eight
LED with 74HC595 and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the
Blink Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are
any errors.
The first thing we do is define the three pins we are going to use. These
are the UNO digital outputs that will be connected to the latch, clock and
data pins of the 74HC595.
int latchPin=11;
int clockPin =9;
int dataPin = 12;
Next, a variable called 'leds' is defined. This will be used to hold the
pattern of which LEDs are currently turned on or off. Data of type 'byte'
represents numbers using eight bits. Each bit can be either on or off, so
this is perfect for keeping track of which of our eight LEDs are on or off.
byte leds = 0;
The 'setup' function just sets the three pins we are using to be digital
outputs. void setup()
{
pinMode(latchPin,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(dataPin,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(clockPin,
OUTPUT);
}
The 'loop' function initially turns all the LEDs off, by giving the variable
'leds' the value 0. It then calls 'updateShiftRegister' that will send the 'leds'
pattern to the shift register so that all the LEDs turn off. We will deal with
how 'updateShiftRegister' works later.

116
The loop function pauses for half a second and then begins to count from
0 to 7 using the 'for' loop and the variable 'i'. Each time, it uses the
Arduino function 'bitSet' to set the bit that controls that LED in the
variable 'leds'. It then also calls 'updateShiftRegister' so that the leds
update to reflect what is in the variable 'leds'. There is then a half second
delay before 'i' is incremented and the next LED is lit. void loop()
{
leds = 0;
updateShiftRegister()
; delay(500);
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
{
bitSet(leds, i);
updateShiftRegister()
; delay(500);
}
}
The function 'updateShiftRegister', first of all sets the latchPin to low,
then calls the UNO function 'shiftOut' before putting the 'latchPin' high
again. This takes four parameters, the first two are the pins to use for Data
and Clock respectively.
The third parameter specifies which end of the data you want to start at.
We are going to start with the right most bit, which is referred to as the
'Least Significant
Bit' (LSB).
The last parameter is the actual data to be shifted into the shift register,
which in this case is 'leds'.
void updateShiftRegister()
{
digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin,
LSBFIRST, leds);
digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);

117
}
If you wanted to turn one of the LEDs off rather than on, you would call a
similar Arduino function (bitClear) with the 'leds' variable. This will set
that bit of 'leds' to be 0 and you would then just need to follow it with a
call to 'updateShiftRegister' to update the actual LEDs.

Example picture

118
 Project 17 The Serial Monitor

Overview
In this Project, you will build on Project 16, adding the facility to control
the LEDs from your computer using the Arduino Serial Monitor. The
serial monitor is the 'tether' between the computer and your UNO. It lets
you send and receive text messages, handy for debugging and also
controlling the UNO from a keyboard! For example, you will be able to
send commands from your computer to turn on LEDs. In this Project, you
will use exactly the same parts and a similar breadboard layout as Project
16. So, if you have not already done so, follow Project 16 now.

Steps taken
After you have uploaded this sketch onto your UNO, click on the
right-most button on the toolbar in the Arduino IDE. The button is circled
below.

119
The following window will open.
Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

This window is called the Serial Monitor and it is part of the Arduino IDE
software. Its job is to allow you to both send messages from your
computer to an UNO board (over USB) and also to receive messages
from the UNO.
The message “Enter LED Number 0 to 7or 'x' to clear” has been sent by
the Arduino. It is telling us what commands we can send to the Arduino:
either send the 'x' (to turn all the LEDs off) or the number of the LED you
want to turn on (where 0 is the bottom LED, 1 is the next one up, all the
way to 7 for the top LED).
Try typing the following commands into the top area of the Serial
Monitor that is level with the 'Send' button. Press 'Send', after typing each
of these characters: x 0 3 5
Typing x will have no effect if the LEDs are already all off, but as you
enter each number, the corresponding LED should light and you will get

120
a confirmation message from the UNO board. The Serial Monitor will
appear as shown below.

Type x again and press ‘Send’ to turn off all LEDs.

Code
After wiring, please open program in the code folder- Project 17 The
Serial Monitor and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink
Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any
errors.
As you might expect, the sketch is based on the sketch used in Project 16.
So, we will just cover the new bits here. You will find it useful to refer to
the full sketch in your Arduino IDE.
In the 'setup' function, there are three new lines at the end:

void setup()
{
pinMode(latchPin,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(dataPin,

121
 OUTPUT);
pinMode(clockPin,
OUTPUT);
updateShiftRegister();
Serial.begin(9600)
while (! Serial); // Wait
until Serial is ready -
Leonardo
Serial.println("Enter LED
Number 0 to 7 or 'x' to
clear");
}
Firstly, we have the command 'Serial.begin(9600)'. This starts serial
communication, so that the UNO can send out commands through the
USB connection. The value 9600 is called the 'baud rate' of the
connection. This is how fast the data is to be sent. You can change this to
a higher value, but you will also have to change the Arduino Serial
monitor to the same value. We will discuss this later; for now, leave it at
9600.The line beginning with 'while' ensures that there is something at
the other end of the USB connection for the Arduino to talk to before it
starts sending messages. Otherwise, the message might be sent, but not
displayed. This line is actually only necessary if you are using an Arduino
Leonardo because the Arduino UNO automatically resets the Arduino
board when you open the Serial Monitor, whereas this does not happen
with the Leonardo.
The last of the new lines in 'setup' sends out the message that we see at
the top of the Serial Monitor.
The 'loop' function is where all the action
happens: void loop()
{
if (Serial.available())
{

122
 char ch = Serial.read();
if (ch >= '0' && ch <=
'7')
{
int led = ch - '0';
bitSet(leds, led);
updateShiftRegister()
;
Serial.print("Turned on LED ");
Serial.println(led);
}
if (ch == 'x')
{
leds = 0;
updateShiftRegister()
;
Serial.println("Cleared");
}
}
}
Everything that happens inside the loop is contained within an 'if'
statement. So unless the call to the built-in Arduino function
'Serial.available()' is 'true' then nothing else will happen.
Serial.available() will return 'true' if data has been send to the UNO and is
there ready to be processed. Incoming messages are held in what is called
a buffer and Serial.available() returns true if that buffer is Not empty.
If a message has been received, then it is on to the next line
of code: char ch = Serial.read();
This reads the next character from the buffer, and removes it from the
buffer. It also assigns it to the variable 'ch'. The variable 'ch' is of type
'char' which stands for 'character' and as the name suggests, holds a single
character.

123
If you have followed the instructions in the prompt at the top of the Serial
Monitor, then this character will either be a single digit number between
0 and 7 or the letter 'x'.
The 'if' statement on the next line checks to see if it is a single digit by
seeing if 'ch' is greater than or equal to the character '0' and less than or
equal to the character '7'. It looks a little strange comparing characters in
this way, but is perfectly acceptable.
Each character is represented by a unique number, called its ASCII value.
This means that when we compare characters using <= and >= it is
actually the ASCII values that were being compared.
If the test passes, then we come to the next
line: int led = ch – '0';
Now we are performing arithmetic on characters! We are subtracting the
digit '0' from whatever digit was entered. So, if you typed '0' then '0' – '0'
will equal 0. If you typed '7' then '7' – '0' will equal the number 7 because
it is actually the ASCII values that are being used in the subtraction.
Since that we know the number of the LED that we want to turn on, we
just need to set that bit in the variable 'leds' and update the shift register.
bitSet(leds, led);
updateShiftRegister()

The next two lines

write back a
confirmation
message to the Serial
Monitor.
Serial.print("Turned
on LED ");
Serial.println(led);
The first line uses Serial.print rather than Serial.println. The different
between the two is that Serial.print does not start a new line after printing
whatever is in its parameter. We use this in the first line, because we are

124
printing the message in two parts. Firstly the general bit: 'Turned on LED
' and then the number of the LED.
The number of the LED is held in an 'int' variable rather than being a text
string. Serial.print can take either a text string enclosed in double-quotes,
or an 'int' or for that matter pretty much any type of variable.
After the 'if' statement that handles the case, when a single digit has been
handled, there is a second 'if' statement that checks to see if 'ch' is the
letter 'x'.
if (ch == 'x')
{
leds = 0;
updateShiftRegister();
Serial.println("Cleared
");
}
If it is, then it clears all the LEDs and sends a confirmation message.

125
 Project 18 Photocell

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to measure light intensity using an
Analog Input. You will build on Project 16 and use the level of light to
control the number of LEDs to be lit.
The photocell is at the bottom of the breadboard, where the pot was
above.

Component Required:
(1) xUno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(8) x leds
(8) x 220 ohm resistors
(1) x 1k ohm resistor
(1) x 74hc595 IC
(1) x Photoresistor (Photocell)
(16) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

Component Introduction
PHOTOCELL:
The photocell used is of a type called a light dependent resistor,
sometimes called an LDR. As the name suggests, these components act
just like a resistor, except that the resistance changes in response to how
much light is falling on them.
This one has a resistance of about 50 kΩ in near darkness and 500 Ω in
bright light. To convert this varying value of resistance into something
we can measure on an UNO R3 board's analog input, it needs to be
converted into a voltage.
The simplest way to do that is to combine it with a fixed resistor.

126
The resistor and photocell together behave like a pot. When the light is
very bright, then the resistance of the photocell is very low compared
with the fixed value resistor, and so it is as if the pot were turned to
maximum.
When the photocell is in dull light, the resistance becomes greater than
the fixed 1 kΩ resistor and it is as if the pot were being turned towards
GND.
Load up the sketch given in the next section and try covering the
photocell with your finger, and then holding it near a light source.

127
Connection
Schematic

128
Wiring diagram

129
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 18
Photocell and click UPLOAD to upload the program.See the Blink Test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.
The first thing to note is that we have changed the name of the analog
pin to be 'lightPin' rather than 'potPin' since we no longer have a pot
connected.
The only other substantial change to the sketch is the line that calculates
how many of the LEDs to light:
int numLEDSLit = reading / 57; // all LEDs lit at 1k
This time, we divide the raw reading by 57 rather than 114. In other
words, we divide it by half as much as we did with the pot to split it into
nine zones, from no LEDs lit to all eight lit. This extra factor is to
account for the fixed 1 kΩ resistor. This means that when the photocell
has a resistance of 1 kΩ (the same as the fixed resistor), the raw reading
will be 1023 / 2 = 511. This will equate to all the LEDs being lit and then
a bit (numLEDSLit) will be 8.
Example picture

130
 Project 19 74HC595 And Segment Display

Overview
In learning Project,we will use the 74HC595 shift register to control the
segment display. The segment display will show number from 9-0.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(1) x 74HC595 IC
(1) x 1 Digit 7-Segment Display
(8) x 220 ohm resistors
(26) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

Component Introduction
Seven segment display
Below is the seven-segment pin diagram.

131
0-9 ten digits correspond with each segment are as follows (the following
table applies common cathode seven segment display device, if you are
using a common anode, the table should be replaced every 1 0 0 should
all replaced by 1):

Display digital dp a b c d e f g

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

3 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

4 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

6 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

7 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

132
Connection
Schematic

133
Wiring diagram

134
The following table shows the seven-segment display 74HC595 pin
correspondence table:

Seven shows remarkable

74HC595 pin
control pin (stroke)

Q0 7 (A)

Q1 6 (B)

Q2 4 (C)

Q3 2 (D)

Q4 1 (E)

Q5 9 (F)

Q6 10 (G)

Q7 5 (DP)

Step one: Connect 74HC595

First, the wiring is connected to power and ground:
VCC (pin 16) and MR (pin 10) connected to 5V
GND (pin 8) and OE (pin 13) to
ground Connection DS, ST_CP
and SH_CP pin:
DS (pin 14) connected to UNO R3 board pin 2 (the figure below the
yellow line)
ST_CP (pin 12, latch pin) connected to UNO R3 board pin 3 (FIG blue
line below)
SH_CP (pin 11, clock pin) connected to UNO R3 board pin 4 (the figure
below the white line)
Step two: Connect the seven segment display
The seven-segment display 3, 8 pin to UNO R3 board GND (This
example uses the common cathode, if you use the common anode,
please connect the 3, 8 pin to UNO R3 board + 5V)

135
According to the table above, connect the 74HC595 Q0 ~ Q7 to
seven-segment display corresponding pin (A ~ G and DP), and then
each foot in a 220 ohm resistor in series.

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 19 74HC595 And
Segment Display and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink Test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.

Example picture

136
 Project 20 Four Digital Seven Segment Display

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to use a 4-digit 7-segment display.
When using 1-digit 7-segment display, please notice that if it is common
anode, the common anode pin connects to the power source; if it is
common cathode, the common cathode pin connects to the GND.
When using 4-digit 7-segment display, the common anode or common
cathode pin is used to control which digit is displayed. Even though there
is only one digit working, the principle of Persistence of Vision enables
you to see all numbers displayed because each the scanning speed is so
fast that you hardly notice the intervals.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(1) x 74HC595 IC
(1) x 4 Digit 7-Segment Display
(4) x 220 ohm resistors
(23) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)

137
Component Introduction
Four Digital Seven segment display

138
Connection
Schematic

139
Wiring diagram

140
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 20 Four Digital Seven
Segment Display and click UPLOAD to upload the program.See the Blink Test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.

Example picture

141
 Project 21 DC Motors

Overview
In this Project, you will learn how to control a small DC motor using an
UNO R3 and a transistor.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(1) x L293D IC
(1) x Fan blade and 3-6v motor
(5) x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)
(1) x Power Supply Module
(1) x 9V1A adapter

Component Introduction
L293D IC
This is a very useful chip. It can actually control two motors independently.
We are just using half the chip in this Project, most of the pins on the right
hand side of the chip are for controlling a second motor.

Product Specifications:
• Featuring Unitrode L293 and L293D Products Now From Texas
Instruments

142
 • Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V
• Separate Input-Logic Supply
• Internal ESD Protection
• Thermal Shutdown
• High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
• Functionally Similar to SGS L293 and SGS L293D
• Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
• Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)
• Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive T ransient Suppression (L293D)

Description/ordering information
The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is
designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from
4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents
of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed
to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply
applications.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive
circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source.
Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and
drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the
associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with
their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and
their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data

143
inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive
suitable for solenoid or motor applications.

I got fed up with indecipherable pinout diagrams within datasheets, so have

designed my own that I think gives more pertinent information.
There are 3 wires connected to the Arduino, 2 wires connected to the motor,
and 1 wire connected to a battery.

To use this pinout:

The left hand side deals with the first motor, the right hand side deals
with a second motor. Yes, you can run it with only one motor
connected.
Arduino Connections
M1 PWM - connect this to a PWM pin on the Arduino. They're labelled on
the Uno, pin 5 is an example. Output any integer between 0 and 255, where
0 will be off, 128 is half speed and 255 is max speed.
M1 direction 0/1 and M1 direction 1/0 - Connect these two to two digital
Arduino pins. Output one pin as HIGH and the other pin as LOW, and the
motor will spin in one direction.
Reverse the outputs to LOW and HIGH, and the motor will spin in the other
direction.

144
Connection
Schematic

145
Wiring diagram

146
The code below does not use a separate power supply (ie a battery), it
uses instead the 5v power from the Arduino. Note that this would be
risky without the L293D controlling it.(Note: This course is only used
to control the short-term low-speed rotation of the motor. If you
want to control the motor rotation stably for a long time, you need to
add an independent power supply. The voltage range of the
independent power supply is 4.5-12V. The positive and negative
poles of the independent power supply are connected separately VS,
GND in the picture)
You should _never_ connect a motor directly to the Arduino, because
when you switch a motor off you get an electrical feedback. With a small
motor, this will damage your Arduino, and with a large motor, you can
watch an interesting flame and sparks effect.

Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 21 DC
Motors and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink Test
chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.
The motor rotates clockwise at low speed for 2 seconds, then stops for
two seconds, then rotates counterclockwise for two seconds, and then
stops for two seconds. Repeat the cycle above.
Example picture

147
 Project 22 Stepper Motor

Overview
In this Project, you will learn a fun and easy way to drive a stepper motor.
The stepper we are using comes with its own driver board making it easy
to connect to our UNO.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(1) x ULN2003 stepper motor driver module
(1) x Stepper motor
(6) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)
(1) x M-M wire (Male to Male jumper wire)

Component Introduction
Stepper Motor

148
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical
pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a
stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical
command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors
rotation has several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The
sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor
shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related
to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly
related to the number of input pulses applied. One of the most significant
advantages of a stepper motor is its ability to be accurately controlled in
an open loop system. Open loop control means no feedback information
about position is needed. This type of control eliminates the need for
expensive sensing and feedback devices such as optical encoders. Your
position is known simply by keeping track of the input step pulses.
Stepper motor 28BYJ-48 Parameters
Model: 28BYJ-48
Rated voltage: 5VDC
Number of Phase: 4
Speed Variation Ratio: 1/64
Stride Angle: 5.625° /64
Frequency: 100Hz
DC resistance: 50Ω±7%(25℃)
Idle In-traction Frequency: > 600Hz
Idle Out-traction Frequency: > 1000Hz
In-traction Torque >34.3mN.m(120Hz)
Self-positioning Torque >34.3mN.m
Friction torque: 600-1200 gf.cm
Pull in torque: 300 gf.cm
Insulated resistance >10MΩ(500V)
Insulated electricity power：600VAC/1mA/1s
Insulation grade：A
Rise in Temperature <40K(120Hz)
Noise <35dB(120Hz,No load,10cm)

149
Interfacing circuits

The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike
unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common center connection.
They have two independent sets of coils instead. You can distinguish
them from unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the
wires. You should find two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If you’ve
got the leads of your meter connected to two wires that are not connected
(i.e. not attached to the same coil), you should see infinite resistance (or
no continuity).

150
ULN2003 Driver Board

Product Description
o Size: 42mmx30mm
o Use ULN2003 driver chip, 500mA
o A. B. C. D LED indicating the four phase stepper motor working
condition. o White jack is the four phase stepper motor standard
jack.
o Power pins are separated
o We kept the rest pins of the ULN2003 chip for your further
prototyping.
The simplest way of interfacing a unipolar stepper to Arduino is to use a
breakout for ULN2003A transistor array chip. The ULN2003A contains
seven Darlington transistor drivers and is somewhat like having seven
TIP120 transistors all in one package. The ULN2003A can pass up to

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 500 mA per channel and has an internal voltage drop of about 1V when
on. It also contains internal clamp diodes to dissipate voltage spikes
when driving inductive loads. To control the stepper, apply voltage to
each of the coils in a specific sequence.

The sequence would go like this:

Here are schematics showing how to interface a unipolar stepper motor to

four controller pins using a ULN2003A, and showing how to interface
using four com

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Connection
Schematic

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Wiring diagram

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We are using 4 pins to control the Stepper.
Pin 8-11 are controlling the Stepper motor.
We connect the Ground from to UNO to the Stepper motor.
Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Project 22
Stepper Motor and click UPLOAD to upload the program. See the Blink
Test chapter to learn details about program uploading if there are any
errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
Stepper > library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise, your code won't
work.
For details about loading the library file, see “How to Add Libraries”
chapter.

Example picture

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 Project 23 Controlling Stepper Motor With Remote

Overview
In this Project, you will learn a fun and easy way to control a stepper
motor from a distance using an IR remote control.
The stepper we are using comes with its own driver board making it easy
to connect to our UNO.
Since we don’t want to drive the motor directly from the UNO, we will be
using an inexpensive little breadboard power supply that plugs right into
our breadboard and power it with a 9V 1Amp power supply.
The IR sensor is connected to the UNO directly since it uses almost no
power.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(1) x 830 tie-points breadboard
(1) x IR receiver
(1) x IR remote
(1) x ULN2003 stepper motor driver module
(1) x Stepper motor
(9) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)
(1) x M-M wire (Male to Male jumper wire)

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Wiring diagram

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We are using 4 pins to control the Stepper and 1 pin for the IR sensor.
Pins 8-11 are controlling the Stepper motor and pin 12 is receiving the IR
information.We connect the 5V and Ground from the UNO to the sensor.
As a precaution, use a breadboard power supply to power the stepper
motor since it can use more power and we don’t want to damage the
power supply of the UNO.
Code
After wiring, please open program in the code folder- Project 23
Controlling Stepper Motor With Remote and click UPLOAD to upload
the program.See the Blink Test chapter to learn details about program
uploading if there are any errors.
Before you can run this, make sure that you have installed the <
IRremote >< Stepper >library or re-install it, if necessary. Otherwise,
your code won't work.For details about loading the library file, see “How
to Add Libraries” chapter.
The code only recognize 2 values from the IR Remote control:

“UP”button and “DOWN” button . When is pressed on

the remote the motor will make a full rotation clockwise. will
make a full rotation counter-clockwise.
Example picture

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 Project 24 Water Level Detection Sensor Module

Overview

In this lesson, you will learn how to use a water level detection sensor
module. This module can perceive the depth of water and the core
component is an amplifying circuit which is made up of a transistor and
several pectinate PCB routings. When put into the water, these routings
will present a resistor that can change along with the change of the
water’s depth. Then, the signal of water’s depth is converted into the
electrical signal, and we can know the change of water’s depth through
the ADC function of UNO R3.

Component Required:
(1) x Uno R3 Board
(3) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)
(1) x Water lever detection sensor module

Component Introduction
Water sensor:

A water sensor brick is designed for water detection, which can be widely
used in sensing the rainfall, water level, even the liquate leakage. The
brick is mainly composed of three parts: an electronic brick connector, a 1
MΩ resistor, and several lines of bare conducting wires.
This sensor works by having a series of exposed traces connected to
ground. Interlaced between the grounded traces are the sense traces.
The sensor traces have a weak pull-up resistor of 1 MΩ. The resistor will
pull the sensor trace value high until a drop of water shorts the sensor
trace to the grounded trace. Believe it or not this circuit will work with
the digital I/O pins of your UNO R3 board or you can use it with the
analog pins to detect the amount of water induced contact between the
grounded and sensor traces.
This item can judge the water level through with a series of exposed
parallel wires stitch to measure the water droplet/water size. It can easily
change the water size to analog signal, and output analog value can
directly be used in the program function, then to achieve the function of
water level alarm.

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It has low power consumption, and high sensitivity. Features:
1、Working voltage: 5V
2、Working Current: <20ma 3、 Interface: Analog
4、Width of detection: 40mm×16mm
5、Working Temperature: 10℃~30℃
6、Output voltage signal: 0~4.2V
Connection
Schematic

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Wiring diagram

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Wiring tips: Power supply (+) is connected to 5V of UNO R3 board,
ground electrode (-) is connected to GND. Signal output (S) is connected
to the ports (A0-A5) which have function of inputting analog signal in
UNO R3 board, random one is OK, but it should define the same demo
code as the routine.

Code

After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Lesson 24
Water Level Detection Sensor Module and click UPLOAD to upload the
program. See the Blink Test chapter to learn details about program
uploading if there are any errors.

Example picture

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Open the monitor then you can see the data as below:
Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

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 Project 25 Sound Sensor Module

Overview

In this lesson, you will learn how to use a sound sensor module. This
module has two outputs:
AO: analog output, real-time output voltage signal of microphone
DO: when the intensity of the sound reaches a certain threshold, the
output is a high or low level signal. The threshold sensitivity can be
achieved by adjusting the potentiometer.
To make sure the microphone can detect your voice normally, please try
to change its sensitivity by turning the blue precise potentiometer on the
module. Given to its preciseness, it takes at least 10 circles for you to get
some response.

Component Required:
(1) xUno R3 Board
(1) x Sound sensor module
(4) x F-M wires (Female to Male DuPont wires)

Component Introduction
Microphone

Transducers are devices which convert energy from one form to other. A
microphone is a transducer which converts sound energy to electrical
signals. It works opposite to a speaker. Microphones are available in
different shapes and sizes. Depending on the application, a microphone
may use different technologies to convert sound to electrical signals. Here,
we are going to discuss about the electret condenser microphone which is
widely used in mobile phones, laptops, etc.
As the name suggests, the electret condenser microphone is a parallel
plate

164
capacitor and works on the principle of a variable capacitance. It consists
of two plates, one fixed (called the back plate) and the other moveable
(called the diaphragm) with a small gap between them. An electric
potential charges the plate. When sound strikes the diaphragm it starts
moving, thereby changing the capacitance between the plates which in
turn results in a variable electric current to flow.

These microphones are widely used in electronic circuits to detect minor

sounds or air vibrations which in turn are converted to electrical signals
for further use. The two legs as shown in the image above are used to
make electrical connection with the circuit.

A solid conducting metal body encapsulates the various parts of the

microphone. The top face is covered with a porous material with the help
of glue. It acts as a filter for the dust particles. The sound signals/air
vibrations passes through the porous material and falls on the diaphragm
through the hole shown in the image above.

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Connection
Schematic

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Wiring diagram

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Code
After wiring, please open the program in the code folder- Lesson 25 Sound Sensor
Module and click UPLOAD to upload the program.See the Blink Test chapter to
learn details about program uploading if there are any errors.
The Arduino main control will read the analog value of the module and
display it directly on the serial monitor.

Example picture

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Open the monitor then you can see the data as below:

Click the Serial Monitor button to turn on the serial monitor.

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