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SQL Commands Notes

The document discusses database concepts and SQL commands. It defines what a database and DBMS are, and provides examples like MS Access, Oracle, and MySQL. It also outlines the advantages of databases, describes SQL, and explains key SQL components like DDL, DML, tuples, degree, cardinality, relations, primary keys, candidate keys, alternate keys, and foreign keys. Aggregate functions like MAX, MIN, AVG, COUNT and SUM are defined. Finally, common SQL commands are explained like SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY, CREATE TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER TABLE, and DROP TABLE.

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omprakash meena
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59 views

SQL Commands Notes

The document discusses database concepts and SQL commands. It defines what a database and DBMS are, and provides examples like MS Access, Oracle, and MySQL. It also outlines the advantages of databases, describes SQL, and explains key SQL components like DDL, DML, tuples, degree, cardinality, relations, primary keys, candidate keys, alternate keys, and foreign keys. Aggregate functions like MAX, MIN, AVG, COUNT and SUM are defined. Finally, common SQL commands are explained like SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY, CREATE TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER TABLE, and DROP TABLE.

Uploaded by

omprakash meena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATABASE CONCEPTS AND SQL COMMANDS-

CLASS XII CS/IP SUMAN VERMA PGT(CS)


Database- Collection of huge amount of data which can be used for various applications.

DBMS- DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM- System used to manage the data by inserting , updating and deleting the data
in the database.

Examples- MS-ACCESS, ORACLE, MYSQL, GreySQL,SQLite

Advantages of database-

 Reduce redundancy
 Reduce data inconsistency
 Enforce standards
 Provides data security

SQL –

 Structured Query Language


 Language used to insert , update and delete the data in the database

DDL-

 Data Definition Language


 Used to define database objects
 CREATE , ALTER , DROP
 CREATE(to create database or table)
 ALTER(to add/delete/modify the COLUMN in the table)
 DROP(to delete the DATABASE or TABLE permanently)

DML-

 Data Manipulation Language


 Used to manage/manipulate the data
 INSERT , UPDATE , DELETE , SELECT
 INSERT(to insert the row in the table)
 UPDATE(to change/modify the data in the table)
 DELETE(to delete the rows from the table)
 SELECT(to display data)

TUPLE- Single ROW in the table . Attribute- Single column

DEGREE- Total number of Columns in the table D-C

CARDINALITY- Total number of Rows in the table C-R

RELATION- data arranged in the rows and columns is called RELATION or TABLE.

PRIMARY KEY- All the columns which have UNIQUE VALUES and USED to DIFFERENTIATE one row from other row. (In the
table PRIMARY KEY IS ADMN_NO.)
TABLE: STUDENT TABLE: INFO

ADMN_N ROLL_N NAME MARK


O O S
1001 1 ROHAN 99
2314 2 MOHA 100 UID NAME SCHOO ADMN_N
N L O
6543 3 GEETA 99 U1 ROHAN KVPP 1001
1234 4 MOHA NULL U2 MOHA KVPV 2314
N N
Count(*) =4 count(marks)=3 U3 GEETA KVKP 6543
U4 MOHA KVPV 2314
Domain – pool of values from which the values of a N particular
column are taken

CANDIDATE KEY- All those columns in the table which CAN SERVE as PRIMARY KEY. (ADMN_NO AND ROLL_NO BOTH ARE
CANDIDATE KEYS)

ALTERNATE KEY- All the candidate keys which are not PRIMARY KEY. (ROLL_NO IS CANDIDATE KEY )

FOREIGN KEY- A column in the table whose valued are taken from PRIMARY KEY of some OTHER TABLE.(IN THE INFO
TABLE ADMN_NO IS FOREIGN KEY)

Aggregate functions- MAX(),MIN(),AVG(),COUNT(),SUM() – applied to group of rows and return single result

Group
Description
Functions

MAX() Returns the maximum of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

MIN() Returns the minimum of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

AVG() Returns the average of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

SUM() Returns the sum of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

Returns the number of rows containing non-NULL values in the


COUNT()
specified field.

SELECT –

 Used to display the whole row from table (using *)


 or Used to display one or more columns from the table (using column name)

WHERE-

 Used to apply condition on single row.


 Gives one output per row
 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>2000; (Will give all rows whose salary will be greater than 2000)

GROUP BY-

 Used to divide the table in different groups ACCORDING TO SAME VALUE OF THE COLUMN
 USED TO APPLY GROUP/AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
 SELECT CITY, SUM(SALARY) FROM TEACHER GROUP BY CITY;
HAVING-

 Used with GROUP BY to apply CONDITION on the GROUP


 The HAVING clause behaves like the WHERE clause with the GROUP BY clause.
 SELECT CITY, SUM(SALARY) FROM TEACHER GROUP BY CITY HAVING CITY =’DELHI’;

ORDER BY-

 To arrange data in ascending or descending order (ASC/DESC)


 SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY NAME ASC; (WILL GIVE ALL THE ROWS ARRANGED BY NAME)

SQL COMMANDS

SHOW DATABASES; To see a list of databases in


computer

CREATE DATABASE डेटाबेस का नाम ; To create database

USE डेटाबेस का नाम; To open database

DROP DATABASE डेटाबेस का नाम ; To delete database

SHOW TABLES; To see a list of tables in a


database

CREATING THE TABLE-


TABLE: STUDENT

RNO NAME CLASS MARKS FEES


1 ROHAN 12 100 1000
2 SOHAN 10 99 2000

(WITHOUT ANY CONSTRAINTS/CONDITIONS)


CREATE TABLE टेबल का नाम( कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप
………………………………………………………..);

(WITH CONSTRAINTS)
CREATE TABLE टेबल का नाम( कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइपPRIMARY KEY ,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप NOT NULL,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप UNIQUE ,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप DEFAULT 20,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप CHECK (कोलम का नाम >2000),
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप );
कोलम का टाइप = INT / DECIMAL(M,N) / CHAR() OR VARCHAR() / DATE

INSERT-TO INSERT ROW IN THE TABLE-


METHOD-1
INSERT INTO टेबल का नाम (COL1NAME,COL2NAME,COL3NAME..)
VALUES(VAL1,VAL2,VAL3..);

INSERT INTO STUDENT (RNO,NAME,CLASS,MARKS,FEES)


VALUES(1,’ROHAN’,12,100,1000);
METHOD-2
INSERT INTO टेबल का नाम VALUES (VAL1,VAL2,VAL3..);
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1,’ROHAN’,12,100,1000);

DROP- TO DELETE THE TABLE PERMANENTLY FROM DATABASE-


DROP TABLE टेबल का नाम;

टेबल और कॉल स के नाम कभी भी को स म नह आते


यूमे रक डाटा भी को स म नह आते (2,3,34.45,2000)
करै टर ,DATE और ग डाटा को स म आते है (‘a’,’Rohan’,’S101’)
ALTER COMMAND- TO ADD/DELETE/MODIFY THE COLUMN
ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम ADD कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप ;

ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम DROP कोलम का नाम ;

ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम MODIFY कोलम का नाम कोलम का नया टाइप ;

ADDING PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT IN EXISTING TABLE

ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम ADD PRIMARY KEY( कोलम का नाम) ;

UPDATE- TO CHANGE THE DATA IN THE TABLE

UPDATE टेबल का नाम SET कोलम का नाम=NEW VALUE;


UPDATE टेबल का नाम SET कोलम का नाम=NEW VALUE
WHERE CONDITION;
UPDATE STUDENT SET MARKS=100 WHERE RNO=5;

DELETE – DELETING ROWS FROM TABLE


DELETE FROM टेबल का नाम WHERE CONDITION; (SPECIFIC ROWS)
DELETE FROM टेबल का नाम ; (ALL ROWS)
DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE MARKS<33;

SELECT –
 Used to display the whole row from table (using *)
 or Used to display one or more columns from the table (using column
name)
SYNTAX-
SELECT ____
FROM _____
WHERE _____
ORDER BY______;

USE OF - AND/OR/NOT/LIKE/BETWEEN/ > , >= , < , <= / NULL/IN/DISTINCT


EXAMPLES-

SELECT * FROM STUDENT;


SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT;
SELECT NAME,ADMN_NO FROM STUDENT;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE CLASS=12;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE CLASS=12 AND MARKS>70;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE IS NULL;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE IN (‘A’,’B’); OR


SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE =’A’ OR GRADE=’B’;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE MARKS BETWEEN 50 AND 70;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A’,’B’); OR


SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE! =’A’ OR GRADE!=’B’;

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “_ _ _ _ _”; (NAME HAVING 5 LETTERS)

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “%A”; (NAME HAVING A IN THE LAST)

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “A%”; (NAME HAVING A IN THE STARTING)

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “_ A_ _ _”; (NAME HAVING A IN SECOND
POSITION AND EXACTLY 5 LETTERS)

SQL CONTENT MAP FROM DIKSHA PORTAL

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