Chapter

6/7- Logarithmic and

Exponential Functions

Lesson Package

MHF4U






























 Chapter 6/7 Outline

Unit Goal: By the end of this unit, you will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the relationship
between exponential and logarithmic expressions. You will also be able to solve exponential and
logarithmic equations.

Curriculum
Section Subject Learning Goals
Expectations

- recognize the operation of finding the logarithm to be the inverse

operation of exponentiation
A1.1, 1.2, 1.3,
L1 Log as Inverse - evaluate simple logarithmic expressions
2.1, 2.2
- understand that the logarithm of a number to a given base is the
exponent to which the base must be raised to get the number
Power Law of - use laws of logarithms to simplify expressions
L2 A1.4
Logarithms - understand change of base formula
Product and Quotient - use laws of logarithms to simplify expressions
L3 A1.4
Laws of Logarithms
Solving Exponential - recognize equivalent algebraic expressions
L4 A3.1, 3.2
Equations - solve exponential equations
Solving Logarithmic - solve logarithmic equations
L5 A3.3
Equations
- Solve problems arising from real world applications involving
Applications of
L5 exponential and logarithmic equations A3.4
Logarithms



Assessments F/A/O Ministry Code P/O/C KTAC
Note Completion A P
Practice Worksheet
F/A P
Completion
Quiz – Log Rules F P
PreTest Review F/A P
Test – Log and Exponential A1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
K(21%), T(34%), A(10%),
Funcitons O A2.1, 2.2 P
C(34%)
A3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4




L1 – 6.1/6.2 – Intro to Logarithms and Review of Exponentials
MHF4U
Jensen

In this section you will learn about how a logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function. You
will also learn how to express exponential equations in logarithmic form.

Part 1: Review of Exponential Functions


Equation: 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙

𝑎 = initial amount

𝑏 = growth (𝑏 > 1) or decay (0 < 𝑏 < 1) factor

𝑦 = future amount

𝑥 = number of times 𝑎 has increased or decreased

01023 0567
To calculate 𝑥, use the equation: 𝑥 =
0567 50 02879 :1; 1<7 =;1>0? 1; @7A2B C7;51@

Example 1: An insect colony has a current population of 50 insects. Its population doubles every 3 days.

a) What is the population after 12 days?

FG
𝑦 = 50 2 H

𝑦 = 50 2 I

𝑦 = 800

b) How long until the population reaches 25 600?

0
25 600 = 50 2 H

0
512 = 2H

0
log 512 = log 2H

𝑡
log 512 = log 2
3

log 512 𝑡
=
log 2 3

𝑡
9=
3

𝑡 = 27 days

Part 2: Review of Inverse Functions

Inverse of a function:

· The inverse of a function f is denoted as 𝑓 TF

· The function and its inverse have the property that if f(a) = b, then 𝑓 TF (b) = a
· So if 𝑓 5 = 13, then 𝑓 TF 13 = 5
· More simply put: The inverse of a function has all the same points as
the original function, except that the x's and y's have been reversed.

The graph of 𝑓 TF (𝑥) is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) reflected in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

This is true for all functions and their inverses.

Example 2: Determine the equation of the inverse of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 3(𝑥 − 5)G + 1

𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 5)G + 1

𝑥 = 3(𝑦 − 5)G + 1

𝑥−1
= (𝑦 − 5)G
3

𝑥−1
± =𝑦−5
3 Equation of inverse:

𝑥−1 𝑥−1
5± =𝑦 𝑓 TF (𝑥 ) = 5 ± _
3 3

Part 3: Review of Exponent Laws

Name Rule

Product Rule 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 Y = 𝑥 2ZY

𝑥2
Quotient Rule = 𝑥 2TY
𝑥Y

Power of a Power Rule 𝑥2 Y

= 𝑥 2×Y

F
Negative Exponent Rule 𝑥 T2 =
\]

Exponent of Zero 𝑥 ^ = 1

Part 4: Inverse of an Exponential Function

Example 3:

a) Find the equation of the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2\ .

𝑦 = 2\

𝑥 = 2B

log 𝑥 = log 2B

log 𝑥 = 𝑦 log 2

log 𝑥
𝑦=
log 2
This step uses the ‘change of base’ formula pqr 6
log Y 𝑚 = pqr Y
that we will cover later in the unit.
𝑦 = log G 𝑥

𝑓 TF 𝑥 = log G 𝑥


b) Graph the both 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑓 TF (𝑥).


𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒇T𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
-2 0.25 0.25 -2
-1 0.5 0.5 -1
0 1 1 0
1 2 2 1
2 4 4 2


Note: just swap 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinates to get key points
for the inverse of a function. The graph should
appear to be a reflection across the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.



c) Complete the chart of key properties for both functions

𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝑥-int: none 𝑥-int: (1, 0)
𝑦-int: (0, 1) 𝑦-int: none
Domain: {𝑋 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝑋 ∈ ℝ 𝑥 > 0}
Range: 𝑌 ∈ ℝ 𝑦 > 0} Range: {𝑌 ∈ ℝ}
Asymptote: horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0 Asymptote: vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 0

Part 5: What is a Logarithmic Function?

The logarithmic function is the inverse of the exponential function with the same base.

The logarithmic function is defined as 𝑦 = logY 𝑥, or 𝑦 equals the logarithm of 𝑥 to the base 𝑏.

The function is defined only for 𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

In this notation, 𝒚 is the exponent to which the base, 𝒃, must be raised to give the value of 𝒙.


In other words, the solution to a logarithm is always an EXPONENT.

The logarithmic function is most useful for solving for unknown exponents

Common logarithms are logarithms with a base of 10. It is not necessary to write the base for common
logarithms: log 𝑥 means the same as logF^ 𝑥


Part 6: Writing Equivalent Exponential and Logarithmic Expressions

Exponential equations can be written in logarithmic form, and vice versa

𝑦 = 𝑏 \ à x = log Y 𝑦

𝑦 = log Y 𝑥 à 𝑥 = 𝑏 B


Example 4: Rewrite each equation in logarithmic form

F
a) 16 = 2I b) 𝑚 = 𝑛H c) 3TG = y

log G 16 = 4 log < 𝑚 = 3 1
log H z { = −2
9



Example 5: Write each logarithmic equation in exponential form

a) logI 64 = 3 b) 𝑦 = log 𝑥

H
4 = 64 10B = 𝑥

Note: because there is no base written, this is
understood to be the common logarithm of 𝑥.


Part 7: Evaluate a Logarithm

Example 6: Evaluate each logarithm without a calculator


2 Y
Rule: if 𝑥 = 𝑥 , then 𝑎 = 𝑏 Rule: log2 (𝑎Y ) = 𝑏

a) 𝑦 = logH 81 a) 𝑦 = logI 64

B
3 = 81 𝑦 = log I(4H )

B
3 =3 I 𝑦 = 3

𝑦 = 4


Note: either of the rules presented above are appropriate to use for evaluating logarithmic expressions


F
b) 𝑦 = log |F^^ } F
c) 𝑦 = log G |~}

F
10B = F^^ F H
𝑦 = log G |G
}
F G
10B = |F^}
𝑦 = log G 2TH

10B = 10TG 𝑦 = −3

𝑦 = −2


L2 – 6.4 – Power Law of Logarithms
MHF4U
Jensen

Part 1: Solving for an Unknown Exponent

Example 1: Suppose you invest $100 in an account that pays 5% interest, compounded annually. The amount,
𝐴, in dollars, in the account after any given time, 𝑡, in years, is given by 𝐴 = 100 1.05 / . How long will it take
for the amount in this account to double?

200 = 100 1.05 /

2 = 1.05 /

log 2 = log 1.05/

log 2 = 𝑡 log 1.05

log 2
𝑡=
log 1.05

𝑡 ≅ 14.2 years

In this example, we used the power law of logarithms to help solve for an unknown exponent.

Power Law of Logarithms:

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 , 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑥 > 0


Proof of Power Law of Logarithms:

Let 𝑤 = log ' 𝑥

𝑤 = log ' 𝑥

Write in exponential form
4
𝑥=𝑏
Raise both sides to the exponent of 𝑛
𝑥 5 = 𝑏4 5
Apply power law of exponents
𝑥 5 = 𝑏 45
Write as a logarithmic expression
log ' 𝑥 5 = 𝑤𝑛
Substitute 𝑤 = log ' 𝑥
log ' 𝑥 5 = 𝑛 log ' 𝑥




Part 2: Practice the Power Law of Logarithms

Example 2: Evaluate each of the following

a) log @ 9B

Method 1: Simplify and Evaluate using rules from Method 2: Use Power Law of Logarithms
last lesson
Rule: log ' 𝑥 5 = 𝑛 log ' 𝑥
Rule: logC (𝑎' ) = 𝑏
log @ 9B = 4 log @ 9

log @ 9B = log @(3H )B = 4 log@ 3H

= log @ 3I = 4(2)

= 8 = 8

b) logH 8K c) log K √125

log H 8K = 5 log H(2@ ) 1
log K √125 = logK (5@ )
2
= 5(3)
M
= H (3)
= 15
@
= H

Part 3: Change of Base Formula

Thinking back to example 1, we had the equation:

2 = 1.05/

We could have written this in logarithmic form as logM.NK 2 = 𝑡, but unfortunately, there is no easy way to
change 2 to a power with base 1.05 and you can’t just type on your calculator to evaluate because most
scientific calculators can only evaluate logarithms in base 10. So we used the power law of logarithms instead.

Any time you want to evaluate a logarithm that is not base 10, such as logM.NK 2, you can use the CHANGE OF
BASE FORMULA:

To calculate a logarithm with any base, express in terms of common logarithms use the change of base
formula:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 = , 𝑚 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃

OPQ H
Using this formula, we could determine that logM.NK 2 = , which is exactly what we ended up with by
OPQ M.NK
using the power law of logarithms.

Part 4: Evaluate Logarithms with Various Bases

Example 3: Evaluate, correct to three decimal places


a) logK 17 b) logX 10
Y

log 17 OPQ MN
= = X
log 5 OPQZ [
Y

≅ 1.760 ≅ −3.322



Example 4: Solve for 𝑦 in the equation 100 = 2S

log 100 = log 2S
𝑦 = log H 100


log 100 OR log 100 = 𝑦 log 2
𝑦=
log 2 log 100
𝑦=
log 2
𝑦 ≅ 6.644
𝑦 ≅ 6.644

L3 – 7.3 – Product and Quotient Laws of Logarithms
MHF4U
Jensen

Part 1: Proof of Product Law of Logarithms

Let 𝑥 = log & 𝑚 and 𝑦 = log & 𝑛

Written in exponential form:

𝑏 + = 𝑚 and 𝑏 , = 𝑛

𝑚𝑛 = 𝑏 + 𝑏 ,

𝑚𝑛 = 𝑏 +-,

log & 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

log & 𝑚𝑛 = log & 𝑚 + log & 𝑛

Part 2: Summary of Log Rules

Power Law of Logarithms 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑥 > 0

Product Law of Logarithms 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑚 > 0, 𝑛 > 0
𝒎
Quotient Law of Logarithms 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑚 > 0, 𝑛 > 0
𝒏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎
Change of Base Formula 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 = , 𝑚 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃

Exponential to Logarithmic 𝑦 = 𝑏 + à x = log & 𝑦

Logarithmic to Exponential 𝑦 = log & 𝑥 à 𝑥 = 𝑏 ,

Other useful tips log > 𝑎& = 𝑏 log 𝑎 = log@A 𝑎 log & 𝑏 = 1

Part 3: Practice Using Log Rules

Example 1: Write as a single logarithm

a) log B 6 + log B 8 − log B 16

6×8
= log B
16

= log B 3



b) log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 + log(3𝑥) − log 𝑦

= log 𝑥 + log 3𝑥 Started by collecting like terms. Must have same base and argument.

= log 𝑥 3𝑥

= log 3𝑥 I Can’t use power law because the exponent 2 applies only to 𝑥, not to 3𝑥.




JKL N
c) M
JKLM B

Used change of base formula.
= log B 7



d) log 12 − 3 log 2 + 2 log 3

= log 12 − log 2Q + log 3I

= log 12 − log 8 + log 9

12×9
= log
8

27
= log
2





Example 2: Write as a single logarithm and then evaluate

a) logS 4 + log S 16 b) logQ 405 − log Q 5 @
c) 2 log 5 + I log 16

= log S (4×16) 405
= log Q V W = log 5I + log √16
5

= log S 64
= log 25 + log 4
= log Q 81
log 64
= log 81 = log(25×4)
log 8 =

log 3
= log 100
= 2

= 4
= 2




Example 3: Write the Logarithm as a Sum or Difference of Logarithms


a) logQ (𝑥𝑦) b) log 20 c) log(𝑎𝑏I 𝑐 )

= log Q 𝑥 + logQ 𝑦 = log 4 + log 5 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏I + log 𝑐

= log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑏 + log 𝑐






Example 4: Simplify the following algebraic expressions


√+
a) log Z+ M [ Q I
c) log(2𝑥 − 2) − log(𝑥 I − 1)
b) log`√𝑥a + log 𝑥 − log √𝑥
2𝑥 − 2
@ Q @ = log V I W
𝑥I = log 𝑥 I + log 𝑥 I − log 𝑥 I 𝑥 −1
= log \ ] ^

𝑥I 3 1 2(𝑥 − 1)
= log 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑥 − log 𝑥 = log b c
2 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Q
= log 𝑥 _I
3 4 1 2
= log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 − log 𝑥 = log
3 2 2 2 𝑥+1
= − log 𝑥
2
= 3 log 𝑥


















L4 – 7.1/7.2 – Solving Exponential Equations
MHF4U
Jensen

Part 1: Changing the Base of Powers

Exponential functions can be written in many different ways. It is often useful to express an exponential
expression using a different base than the one that is given.

Example 1: Express each of the following in terms of a power with a base of 2.

)
a) 8 b) 4) 5
c) √16×3√326 d) 12

=2 )
,
= (2 ) ) 7 9 2= = 12
= 16 8 ×325

=2 . log 2= = log 12
; )
= (2: ), ×(2< )<
𝑥 log 2 = log 12
,
= 2 ×2 )
log 12
𝑥 =
= 2< log 2

BCD ;,

∴ 12 = 2 BCD ,




Part d) shows that any positive number can be expressed as a power of any other positive number.


Example 2: Solve each equation by getting a common base

Remember: if 𝑥 " = 𝑥 $ , then 𝑎 = 𝑏

a) 4 =I<
= 64 = b) 4,= = 8=E)

4 =I< ) =
= (4 ) (2, ),= = (2) )=E)

4 =I< )=
=4 2:= = 2)=EF

𝑥 + 5 = 3𝑥 4𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 9

5 = 2𝑥 𝑥 = −9

<
𝑥 = ,





Part 2: Solving Exponential Equations

When you have powers in your equation with different bases and it is difficult to write with the same base, it
may be easier to solve by taking the logarithm of both sides and applying the power law of logarithms to
remove the variable from the exponent.

Example 3: Solve each equation

a) 4,=E; = 3=I,
Take log of both sides

log 4,=E; = log 3=I,
Use power law of logarithms

2𝑥 − 1 log 4 = 𝑥 + 2 log 3
Use distributive property to expand

2𝑥 log 4 − log 4 = 𝑥 log 3 + 2 log 3
Move variable terms to one side

2𝑥 log 4 − 𝑥 log 3 = 2 log 3 + log 4
Common factor
𝑥 2 log 4 − log 3 = 2 log 3 + log 4
Isolate the variable
2 log 3 + log 4
𝑥=
2 log 4 − log 3

𝑥 ≅ 2.14


b) 2=I; = 3=E;

log 2=I; = log 3=E;

𝑥 + 1 log 2 = 𝑥 − 1 log 3

𝑥 log 2 + log 2 = 𝑥 log 3 − log 3

𝑥 log 2 − 𝑥 log 3 = − log 3 − log 2

𝑥 log 2 − log 3 = − log 3 − log 2

− log 3 − log 2
𝑥=
log 2 − log 3

𝑥 ≅ 4.419







Part 3: Applying the Quadratic Formula

Sometimes there is no obvious method of solving an exponential equation. If you notice two powers with the
same base and an exponent of 𝑥, there may be a hidden quadratic.

Example 4: Solve the following equation

2= − 2E= = 4 =
Multiply both sides by 2

= = E= =
2 2 −2 =2 4
Distribute

2,= − 2N = 4 2=
Rearrange in to standard form 𝑎𝑥 , + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2,= − 4 2= − 1 = 0

2= ,
− 4 2= − 1 = 0

Let 𝑘 = 2= to see the quadratic

𝑘 , − 4𝑘 − 1 = 0
Solve using quadratic formula
E$± $ 8 E:"R
𝑘=
,"

4± −4 , − 4(1)(−1)
𝑘=
2(1)

4 ± 20
𝑘=
2
Don’t forget to simplify the radical expression

4±2 5
𝑘=
2

2 2± 5
𝑘=
2

𝑘 = 2 ± 5

Now substitute 2= back in for 𝑘 and solve
Case 2
Case 1


2= = 2 − √5
2= = 2 + √5


log 2= = log(2 + √5) log 2= = log(2 − √5)



log(2 + √5)
𝑥=
Can’t take the log of a negative
log 2
number, therefore this is an extraneous
root (No solution).
𝑥 ≅ 2.08
Part 4: Application Question

Remember:

Equation: 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙

𝑎 = initial amount

𝑏 = growth (𝑏 > 1) or decay (0 < 𝑏 < 1) factor

𝑦 = future amount

𝑥 = number of times 𝑎 has increased or decreased

[\["] [_`a
To calculate 𝑥, use the equation: 𝑥 =
[_`a _[ ["bac d\e \fa ge\h[i \e jaR"k lae_\j

Example 5: A bacteria culture doubles every 15 minutes. How long will it take for a culture of 20 bacteria to
grow to a population of 163 840?

[
163 840 = 20 2 ;<

[
8192 = 2;<

[
log 8192 = log 2;<

𝑡
log 8192 = log 2
15

log 8192 𝑡
=
log 2 15

𝑡
13 =
15

𝑡 = 195 minutes

Example 6: One minute after a 100-mg sample of Polonium-218 is placed into a nuclear chamber, only 80-mg
remains. What is the half-life of polonium-218?

;
1 i
80 = 100
2

;
0.8 = 0.5i

;
log 0.8 = log 0.5i

1
log 0.8 = log 0.5
ℎ

log 0.8 1
=
log 0.5 ℎ

log 0.5
ℎ=
log 0.8

ℎ ≅ 3.1 minutes
L5 – 7.4 – Solving Logarithmic Equations
MHF4U
Jensen


Part 1: Try and Solve a Logarithmic Equation

Solve the equation log 𝑥 + 5 = 2 log(𝑥 − 1)

Hint: apply the power law of logarithms to the right side of the equation

log(𝑥 + 5) = log(𝑥 − 1)-
Note:


𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 − 1)-
If log 1 𝑎 = log 1 𝑏, then 𝑎 = 𝑏.

𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 - − 2𝑥 + 1

0 = 𝑥 - − 3𝑥 − 4

0 = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −1

Reject 𝑥 = −1 because log(𝑥 − 1) is undefined for this value of 𝑥.

Therefore, the only solution is 𝑥 = 4
To complete this lesson, you will need
to remember how to change from
Part 1: Solve Simple Logarithmic Equations logarithmic to exponential:

Example 2: Solve each of the following equations 𝑦 = log 7 𝑥 à 𝑥 = 𝑏 8

a) log(𝑥 + 4) = 1

Method 1: re-write in exponential Method 1: express both sides as a
form logarithm of the same base

𝑥 + 4 = 10 4
log(𝑥 + 4) = log(10)

𝑥 + 4 = 10 𝑥 + 4 = 10

𝑥 = 6 𝑥 = 6







b) log 9 (2𝑥 − 3) = 2

5- = 2𝑥 − 3

25 = 2𝑥 − 3

28 = 2𝑥

14 = 𝑥



Part 2: Apply Factoring Strategies to Solve Equations

Example 3: Solve each equation and reject any extraneous roots

a) log 𝑥 − 1 − 1 = − log 𝑥 + 2

log 𝑥 − 1 + log(𝑥 + 2) = 1

log (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 1

log(𝑥 - + 𝑥 − 2) = 1

𝑥 - + 𝑥 − 2 = 104

𝑥 - + 𝑥 − 12 = 0

𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 3 = 0

𝑥 = −4 or 𝑥 = 3

Reject 𝑥 = −4 because both of the original expressions are undefined for this value.

The only solution is 𝑥 = 3














 C
b) log √𝑥 - + 48𝑥 = D
- c) log D 𝑥 − log D (𝑥 − 4) = 2

𝑥
4 2 log D I J = 2
log(𝑥 - + 48𝑥 )D = 𝑥−4
3
𝑥
1 2 = 3-
log(𝑥 - + 48𝑥) = 𝑥−4
3 3
𝑥
1 2 = 9
3 E log(𝑥 - + 48𝑥)F = 3 G H 𝑥−4
3 3
𝑥 = 9(𝑥 − 4)
log(𝑥 - + 48𝑥) = 2
𝑥 - + 48𝑥 = 10- 𝑥 = 9𝑥 − 36

𝑥 - + 48𝑥 − 100 = 0 36 = 8𝑥

(𝑥 + 50)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 9
= 𝑥
2
𝑥 = −50 or 𝑥 = 2

Both are valid solutions because they both
make the argument of the logarithm positive.




Example 4: If log ; 𝑏 = 3, then use log rules to find the value of…

a) log ; 𝑎𝑏 -

= log ; 𝑎 + log ; 𝑏 -

= log ; 𝑎 + 2log ; 𝑏

=1+2 3

= 7


b) log 7 𝑎
Hint: need to change the base
log ; 𝑎
=
log ; 𝑏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
1
=
3


L6 – 6.5 – Applications of Logarithms in Physical Sciences
MHF4U
Jensen

Part 1: Review of Solving Logarithmic Equations

Example 1: Solve for 𝑥 in the following equation

log % 𝑥 − 6 = 4 − log % 𝑥

log % 𝑥 − 6 + log % 𝑥 = 4

log % 𝑥 − 6 (𝑥) = 4

2. = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥)

16 = 𝑥 % − 6𝑥

0 = 𝑥 % − 6𝑥 − 16

0 = (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 2)

𝑥 = 8

Reject 𝑥 = −2 as bot original logarithmic expressions are undefined for this value




Part 2: pH Scale

The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution.
It is defined as:

𝒑𝑯 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑯7

where 𝐻7 is the concentration of hydronium ions, measured in moles per
liter.











Example 2: Answer the following pH scale questions

a) Tomato juice has a hydronium ion concentration of approximately 0.0001 mol/L. What is its pH?

𝑝𝐻 = − log 0.0001

𝑝𝐻 = −(−4)

𝑝𝐻 = 4

b) Blood has a hydronium ion concentration of approximately 4×10<= mol/L. Is blood acidic or alkaline?

𝑝𝐻 = − log(4 × 10<= )

𝑝𝐻 ≅ 6.4

Since this is below the neutral value of 7, blood is acidic.

c) Orange juice has a pH of approximately 3. What is the concentration of hydronium ions in orange juice?

3 = − log 𝐻7

−3 = log 𝐻7

10<A = 𝐻7

𝐻7 = 0.001 mol/L




Part 3: Decibel Scale

Some common sound levels are indicated on the decibel scale
shown. The difference in sound levels, in decibels, can be found
using the equation:

𝑰𝟐
𝜷𝟐 − 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝑰𝟏

where, 𝛽% − 𝛽H is the difference in sound levels, in decibels, and
IJ
is the ratio of their sound intensities, where 𝐼 is measured in
IK
watts per square meter 𝑊/𝑚%





Example 3: Answer the following questions about decibels

a) How many times as intense as a whisper is the sound of a normal conversation

𝐼%
60 − 30 = 10 log
𝐼H

𝐼%
30 = 10 log
𝐼H

𝐼%
3 = log
𝐼H

𝐼%
10A =
𝐼H

𝐼%
= 1000
𝐼H

A conversation sounds 1000 times as intense as a whisper.


b) The sound level in normal city traffic is approximately 85 dB. The sound level while riding a snowmobile is
about 32 times as intense. What is the sound level while riding a snowmobile, in decibels?

𝛽% − 85 = 10 log 32

𝛽% = 10 log 32 + 85

𝛽% ≅ 100 dB





Part 4: Richter Scale

The magnitude, 𝑀, of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale, which is defined as:

𝑰
𝑴 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝑰𝟎

where 𝐼 is the intensity of the earthquake being measured and 𝐼S is the intensity of a standard, low-level
earthquake.





Example 4: Answer the following questions about the Richter Scale

a) How many times as intense as a standard earthquake is an earthquake measuring 2.4 on the Richter scale?

𝐼
2.4 = log
𝐼S

𝐼
10%.. =
𝐼S

𝐼
=≅ 251.19
𝐼S

It is about 251 times as intense as a standard earthquake.


b) What is the magnitude of an earthquake 1000 times as intense as a standard earthquake?

𝑀 = log 1000

𝑀 = 3

L7 – 6.3 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MHF4U
Jensen

Part 1: Properties of Exponential Functions

General Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑏)'(()*) + 𝑐 where the base function is 𝑦 = 𝑏 (

There are 4 possible shapes for an exponential function

1) 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 > 1 (ex. 𝑦 = 2( )

2 (
2) 𝑎 > 0 and 0 < 𝑏 < 1 (ex. 𝑦 = )
3 1 2
(
3) 𝑎 < 0 and 𝑏 > 1 (ex. 𝑦 = −1 2 )
2 ( 3 4
4) 𝑎 < 0 and 0 < 𝑏 < 1 (ex. 𝑦 = −1 )
3

To graph the base function 𝑦 = 𝑏 ( , Find the following key features:

• Horizontal asymptote
o Starts at 𝑦 = 0 and can be shifted by 𝑐
• 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
o set 𝑥 = 0 and solve
• At least one other point to be sure of shape
o Common to choose 𝑥 = 1 and solve for 𝑦

You can then use transformational properties of 𝑎, 𝑘, 𝑑, and 𝑐 to graph a transformed function

Part 2: Transformations of Exponential Functions

D
Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 3 (@A
− 5 and 𝑔 𝑥 = −3E( + 4 using transformations

D
𝑦 = 3( 𝑓 𝑥 =2 3 (@A
− 5 𝑔 𝑥 = −3E( + 4
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏𝒚 + 𝟒
−1 0.33 −5 −4.33 −2 3.67
0 1 −4 −3 0 3
1 3 −3 1 2 1
HA 𝑦 = 0 HA 𝑦 = −5 HA 𝑦 = 4























Part 3: Properties of Logarithmic Functions

General Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑎 log S 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑑) + 𝑐 where the base function is 𝑦 = log S 𝑥

Remember that 𝑦 = log S 𝑥 is the inverse of the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑏 (

There are 4 possible shapes for a logarithmic function

1) 𝑘 > 0 and 𝑏 > 1 (ex. 𝑦 = log 3 (𝑥)) 3 1
2) 𝑘 > 0 and 0 < 𝑏 < 1 (ex. 𝑦 = log T.U (𝑥))
3) 𝑘 < 0 and 𝑏 > 1 (ex. 𝑦 = log 3 (−𝑥))
4) 𝑘 < 0 and 0 < 𝑏 < 1 (ex. 𝑦 = log T.U (−𝑥))
4 2


To graph the base function 𝑦 = log S 𝑥, Find the following key features:

• Vertical asymptote
o Starts at 𝑥 = 0 and can be shifted by 𝑑
• 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
o set 𝑦 = 0 and solve
• At least one other point to be sure of shape
o Common to choose 𝑦 = 1 and solve for 𝑥


Part 4: Transformations of Logarithmic Functions

Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = −4 log V 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = log V − 𝑥 + 2 − 4 using
transformations

𝑦 = log V (𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 = −4 log V 𝑥 + 2 𝑔 𝑥 = log V − 𝑥 + 2 − 4

𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 −𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 −𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟒

0.33 −1 0.33 6 −2.33 −5
1 0 1 2 −3 −4

3 1 3 −2 −5 −3
VA 𝑥 = 0 VA 𝑥 = 0 VA 𝑥 = −2





L8 – The Natural Logarithm
MHF4U
Jensen

Part 1: What is ′𝒆′ ?

Example 1: Suppose you invest $1 at 100% interest for 1 year at various compounding levels. What is the
highest amount of money you can have after 1 year?

Note: the formula used for compound interest of $1 at 100% interest annually compounded 𝑛 times during
the year is:

1 𝑛
𝐴 = 1 (1 + )
𝑛

Compounding Level, 𝒏 Amount, 𝑨 in dollars

1 1
Annualy (once a year) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2
1
1 2
Semi-annually (2-times) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2.25
2
1 4
Quarterly (4-times) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2.4414
4
1 12
Monthly (12-times) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2.61304
12
1 365
Daily (365-times) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2.71457
365
31536000
1
Secondly (31 536 000-times) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2.718281785
31536000
1000000000
1
Continuously (1 000 000 000-times) 𝐴 = 1 (1 + ) = 2.718281827
1000000000

Properties of 𝒆:

1 𝑛
• 𝑒 = lim (1 + 𝑛) ≈ 2.718 281 828 459
𝑛→∞

• 𝑒 is an irrational number, similar to 𝜋. They are non-terminating and non-repeating.

• log 𝑒 𝑥 is known as the natural logarithm and can be written as 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
• Many naturally occurring phenomena can be modelled using base-𝑒 exponential and logarithmic
functions.
• log 𝑒 𝑒 = ln 𝑒 = 1
Part 2: Reminder of Log Rules

Power Law of Logarithms 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑥 > 0

Product Law of Logarithms 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃(𝒎𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑚 > 0, 𝑛 > 0
𝒎
Quotient Law of Logarithms 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 ( 𝒏 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑚 > 0, 𝑛 > 0
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎
Change of Base Formula 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 = , 𝑚 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃

Exponential to Logarithmic 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 → x = log 𝑏 𝑦

Logarithmic to Exponential 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦

Other useful tips log 𝑎 (𝑎𝑏 ) = 𝑏 log 𝑎 = log10 𝑎 log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1

Part 2: Solving Problems Involving 𝒆

Example 2: Evaluate each of the following

a) 𝑒 3 ≅ 20.086

b) ln 10 ≅ 2.303

c) ln 𝑒 = 1

Example 3: Solve each of the following equations

a) 20 = 3𝑒 𝑥 b) 𝑒 1−2𝑥 = 55
c) 2 ln(𝑥 − 3) − 7 = 3 d) ln(4𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2

: Graphing Functions Involving 𝒆

Part 3
Example 4: Graph the functions 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
Note: 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 is the
𝒙
𝒚=𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 inverse of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
−1 0.37 0.37 −1
0 1 1 0
1 2.72 2.72 1
HA 𝑦=0 VA 𝑥=0