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Class Worksheet
Week 8
EES445 Renewable Energy

Hydro
Problem 1: 2350/ 0700/ 1048 / 1865/ 0529
1. The water height in a dam is 80 m. What is the absolute pressure of water at the inlet of a hydro turbine if the turbine is placed
at the bottom of a dam? The atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.

P1 = 101 kPa

H = 80 m

P2 = P1+𝜌gh = (101 kPA )+ (1000kg/m^3)( 9.81 m/s^2)( 80 m) = 885.8 kPA Ans (Note:Pa = kg/ms^2)

2. River water is collected into a large dam whose height is 65 m. How much power can be produced by an ideal hydraulic turbine
if water is run through the turbine at a rate of 1500 L/s?

H = 65 m

Wmax = mgh = ⍴Vgh = (1 kg/liter)(1500 L/s)(9.8 m/s^2)(65 m) = 226.1538 kW Ans

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Problem 2: 8054/1287/0205/0594
The pressures just upstream and downstream of a hydraulic
turbine are measured to be 1325 and 100 kPa, respectively.
What is the maximum work, in kJ/kg, that can be produced Pup = 1325 kPa
by this turbine? If this turbine is to generate a maximum Pdown = 100 kPa
Water density = 1000 kg/m^3
power of 100 kW, what should be the flow rate of water
W_max = m(P1 - P2)/ density
through the turbine, in L/min? W_max/m = [(1325 - 100)*10^3]/ 1000*10^3
= 1.225 kJ/kg
100 kW = (density)(V)(W_max)
V =[100 kJ/s/(1.225 kJ/kg)(1 kg/L)]*(60s/min)
V = 4897.95 L/min Ans

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Problem 3: 0909/1899/0305/2434/0776
Two hydraulic turbines (turbine A and turbine B) are ANS:
considered. Turbine A uses a water body with a height of
Wmax,A= (mgHgross)A= 150*9.81*200 = 294.3 kW
200 m while turbine B uses the one with 100 m height.
The flow rate of water through turbine A is 150 kg/s and Wmax,B= (mgHgross)B= 300*9.81*100 = 294.3 kW
that through turbine B is 300 kg/s. Which turbine has
more power producing potential? Wmax,B = Wmax,A

Both turbines have the same producing power

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Problem 4: 8096/0384/0421/1535
A hydraulic turbine-generator unit placed at the
bottom of a 75-m-high dam accepts water at a rate of
1020 L/s and produces 630 kW of electricity.
Determine (a) the overall efficiency of the
turbine-generator unit and (b) the turbine efficiency if
the generator efficiency is 96 percent, and (c) the
power losses due to inefficiencies in the turbine and
the generator.

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Problem 5: 1170/2467/0525/0665
18 turbines
A hydroelectric power plant consists of 18
identical turbine-generator units with an Efficiency = 0.9
overall plant efficiency of 90 percent. The Head of the dam = H_Gross =150 m
gross head of the dam is 150 m and the flow
Flow rate = 3300*10^3/60 s = 0.055 m3/s
rate through each turbine is 3300 L/min.
The plant operates 80 percent of time W_max = density*Flow Rate*H_Gross = 1000*0.055*150 = 8.250 kW
throughout the year and the electricity W_electric = Efficiency*W_max = 7.425 kW
generated is sold to the utility company at a
rate of $0.095/kWh. How much revenue can Operating time = 0.8 * 365 days*24 hr = 7,008 hr
this plant generate in a year? Total electricity generation = W_electric*operating time = 52,034.4 kWh

Electricity Rate = 0.095 $/kWh

Revenue generation = Electricity Rate * Total generation

= 0.095*52034.4 = $4,943.27
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 Apisara Chuenban
I D: 61 227 8 18 ๑๑

EES 445 Renewable Energy

In-Class Exercise 5: Hydro

Water is run through a hydraulic turbine at a rate of 11,500 L/min from a 160-m-high reservoir and produces 250 kW of shaft power.
What is the efficiency of this turbine?

water flow rate Q = แ 500

,
L
1min
=
แ 500
¥#อ%ย ¥ - ×

( Q) ะ
0.1 ๑ 167m31sec

high reservoir h ะ
160m

prodvcedr PT =
250 kW

Total
waterpower Pw =p gh Q
=
1000 ✗ 9.81×160×0.19167

=
300845.23 J/S

=
300.84 kW

Prodvcedpowerenznenre
efficiency ะ

Totalavailablepower
= PT
Fw
=
0.83

830 | 0
=
Class Worksheet
Week 8
EES445 Renewable Energy

Enegy storage
Problem 1: 2350/0547/1170/0525/0594/8096/0529
(1) How many 12 V lead–acid batteries VI = P
rated at 60 Ah would be needed to store N ( 12* 60 Ah) = 40* 10^6
40 MWh of energy? For how long a time N( 720 Wh) = 40* 10^6
N= ( 40*10^6)/(720 Wh) = 55,555
could they discharge 100 kW of power?
T = ( 40*10^6 Wh)/(100*10^3 W) = 400 hrs Ans

(2) How much energy does a flywheel in the r = 0.2m

form of a 0.2 m radius disk spinning at N(rpm) = 100,000
100,000 rpm contain (m = 2 kg)? What
m = 2kg
is the tangential speed of a point on the
rim? How many g centrifugal force acts Tangential speed (v) = (N(rpm) x 2*pi*r)/60 =2098 m/s
on a particle on the rim? a= v^2/r =2.2x107 m/s^2

a/g = 2.2x106 times Ans

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Problem 2: 0064/0305/0665/1287/0909/2434
A hydroelectric plant located in Virginia has
Potential energy = mgh = ⍴ x V x g x h
a pumped storage capability. There are two = 1000 x (Surface area x H) x g x h
reservoirs having equal surface areas of 110 = 1000 x (110e4 x 30) x 9.81 x 10
ha separated by 10 m. During operation, the = 3237.3e9 J
water level in the upper reservoir can vary = 3237.3 GJ
by 30 m height. How much more energy is Power flowing water = 9.81 x Q x H
stored in the upper reservoir when the = 9.81 x 850 x 30
height is 30 m than when it is at 0 m? What = 250155 kW 3
is the power in the flowing water when it
discharges from the upper reservoir to the
lower one if the spillway discharge is 850
m3/s?
Problem 3: 1048/0384/8054/1535/0421/0776/0520
A 50 MW solar thermal plant uses T = 8hrs = 28,800 sec = Ee/50 MW
molten salt technology to generate Ee = 14.4*10^11 J
electricity night and day. If the plant
Ee/Estore=0.2
is 20% efficient, and the salt is 14.4*10^11/Estore=0.2
Estore = 7200 GJ
heated to 300°C, how large must
∆t = 150’C
the storage tank be to generate Estore = mc∆t = pVc(300-150)
electricity during 8 h without sun if V = Estore/pc(T1-T2)
V = 7200GJ/(2300)(1800)(300-150)
the minimum temperature at which V = 1.16x10^4 m^3 Ans
electricity can be produced from the
molten salt is 150°C?

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Problem 4: 2467/0700/1899/0060/1865
Consider a flywheel in the shape of a solid R = 0.65 m ⍵ = 2𝝿N/60
uniform disk of radius 0.65 m and mass of M = 140 kg I = 0.5*MR^2
140 kg. How fast would it need to spin to
10kg of gasoline = 140kWh
have the energy equivalent of 10 kg of
gasoline (3.6 gal), which is about 140 kWh. Estored = 0.5*I⍵^2 = 140 kWh
Estored = (0.5)(0.5*140*0.65^2)(2*𝝿*N/60)^2 =
(140*10^3*3600)
So N = (root((140*10^3*3600)/(0.5)*(0.5*140*0.65^2))
/ 2*pi) * 60
N = 55,749 rpm ANS

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 Energy planing .

Class Worksheet
Week 9
EES445 Renewable Energy
Problem 1: 1287/1048/2350/0421
(a) You will need to replace the existing windows in (a) F = P(1+i)^n
your house in 10 years. It is estimated that the new P = F/(1+i)^n
energy-efficient windows will cost $15,000 at that P = 15000/(1+0.04)^10
time. In order to raise money for this, how much P = 10,133 $ Ans
money do you need to invest in a bank that pays 4
percent annual interest?
(b) The compressor in your facility stopped working (b) P = $40,000
properly and you need replace it with a new one that I = 8%/12 = 0.08/12 = 1/150 per month
costs $40,000. You borrow this amount from a bank N= 5*12 = 60 months
at an annual interest rate of 8 percent compounded U = P (i/1-(1+i)^-n)
on a monthly basis. You will have to pay this back to U = 40,000((1/150)/1-(1+1/150)^-60)
the bank as equal monthly installments for a period U= 811 $ Ans
of 5 years. What is the amount of monthly
payments?

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Problem 2:0384/0525/8054/0060
(a) A solar photovoltaic system installed in a facility 2a) I = 0.045, U= 1200, N = 10
saves $1200 a year from the electricity it saves. Is F greater than 15,000? Yes/No
Can you buy another photovoltaic system in 10 F = U[(1+i)^N) - 1]/i
years that will cost $15,000, if you invest these F = 1200[((1+0.045)^10) -1]/0.045
annual savings in a bank with an annual interest F = 14745.85 < 15000
of 4.5 percent? Therefore F is not greater than 15000
(b) For which option, the inflation-taxation-adjusted
interest rate is greater? (a) Interest rate i = 2b) a) I = 0.06 e = 0.03 t =0.01
Iadj = (1-t)i-e/ 1+e =[ (1-0.01)0.06-0.03]/1+0.03= 0.0285
0.06, inflation e = 0.03, taxation t = 0.01, (b)
Real rate of return = 2.85 %
interest rate i = 0.08, inflation e = 0.04, taxation
b) (1-0.02)(0.08)-0.04/1+0.04 = 0.0369
t = 0.02. Assume that interest, inflation, and
Real rate of return = 3.69 %
taxation occur at the same period at constant
rates. Thus, option b has a greater rate of return.

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Problem 3: 0305/ 0205/0665/1899
Company A installs a biomass burning boiler system in their
facility, which costs $50,000 including labor. Calculations Company A:
indicate that this system will save $4000 per year from the Annual saving = A = 4000.
energy it R = rate of interest = 0.04.
N = number of years = 15.
saves for a period of 15 years. The salvage value of the S = salvage value = 5000.
equipment at the end of 15 years period is $5000. Company B Hence, FV = (4000/0.04) x {(1+0.04)^15-1} +
takes a different route, and invests $50,000 in a savings (5000/(1+0.04)^15
account. Taking the = 82,870.33
inflation-taxation-adjusted interest rate for both applications Company B:
to be 4 percent, determine which company will have more Final amount = Principal amount x (1+rate)^15
money after 15 years. Assume that annual savings due to using = 50,000 x (1+0.04)^15
the biomass system is also deposited into the same bank. = 90,047.
Answer: B will have more money.

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Problem 4: 0064/8096/2434/1170
A total of 250 incandescent lamps in a building i = 9% = 0.09
are to be replaced with 100 compact fluorescent n=3
lamps while providing the same amount of
P(1)= $800
lighting. The initial cost of this measure is $800 U(2)= $1300
including the cost of lamps and labor. It is
estimated that the high-efficiency fluorescent So, P(2)= 1300[(1-(1+0.09^(-3))/0.09]= 3290.68$
lighting will save $1300 per year from the
electricity they save. The lifetime of new lights is NPV = ?
3 years and the annual interest rate is 9 percent. => NPV = -P(1) + P(2) = - 800 + 3290.68 = 2490.68$
Determine the net present value and the
Benefit-cost ratio = Benefit/Cost = 2490.68/800 = 3.11
benefit-cost ratio of this investment. Also,
determine the net value of this investment if the If the time value of money is not considered
time value of money is not considered. => n=1=>P(2) = U(2) = 1300

NV = -800 + 1300 = 500$

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Problem 5: 0909/0547/1865/0520
A 30-MW geothermal power plant is to be n = 25 ; i = 0.035;
installed on underground hot water site. The P = 75e6 ; U1 = (75e6)(.035)/(1-(1.035)^{-25}) = 4,550,553
(P → U1)
initial cost of installing the power plant is
$75 million. The operating and maintenance
U2 = 50,000
expenses are $50,000 per year while the
U3 = 600,000
staff cost is $600,000 per year. The plant is Levelized annual cost LAC = U1+U2+U3 = 5,200,553 ;
expected to operate 8000 h/yr with an
average load factor of 0.8. The lifetime of the Annual Production AP = (30 MW)(0.8)(8000 hr/yr)
plant is expected to be 25 years. Taking the = 192,000 MWh/yr
annual interest rate to be 3.5 percent, = 192,000,000 kWh/yr
determine the unit product cost. UPC = LAC/AP
= 5,200,553/192,000,000 = 0.027 $/kWh
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Problem 6:0594/2467/0776/1535
a) Cost = $650
(a) A flat-plate solar collector is to be installed on the roof of a Energy save = $375 per year
house for hot water needs of the house. The collector costs $650 Interest rate = 7%
including material and labor. It is estimated that the collector will Discounted payback period(DPP)
save the house $375 per year from the energy it saves. Taking the DPP = (ln(1/1-(650x7%)/375)/ln(1+7%)
interest rate to be 7 percent, determine the discounted and simple DPP = 1.9118 years Ans
Simple payback period(SPP) = cost/energy save =650/375
payback periods. SPP = 1.733 years Ans

(b) In order to generate her own electricity, a homeowner decides to b)Cost = $8000
install a photovoltaic panel on the roof of her house. The panel costs Energy save = $110 per month
$8000 and it does not require any operating and maintenance Interest rate= i = 9%
expenses. It is estimated that the panel will save $110 per month - Simple pay back
n : number of months
from the electricity bill. Taking the interest rate to be 9 percent,
Simple Payback period = cost/payment per month
determine the discounted and simple payback periods. What would SPP= 8000/110 = 72.727 months= 6.061 years Ans
your answers be if the interest rate was zero percent? - Discount payback period
r : interest compounded monthly
r = 9%/12 = 0.0075 / month
DPP = (ln(1/1-8000x0.0075)/110)/ln(1+0.0075)= 105.52 months
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= 8.79 years Ans
Problem 6: 0064/0547/0520
A village with 55 households currently spends Electricity consumption by village = $4600 / $0.12 = 38,333.33 kWh/month
$4600 for electricity per month at a rate of H = 80 m
$0.12/kWh. To meet electricity needs of the
village, an engineer proposes to convert Flow rate = 350 L/min = 5.833*10^-3 m3/sec
mechanical energy of a waterfall in the
village into electricity by a hydraulic turbine. W_avail = Flow rate*water density*g*H = (1000)(9.81)(5.833*10^-3)(80)
The waterfall extends to a height of 80 m = 4578
from the ground level and the flow rate of the
waterfall is 350 L/min. Assuming a
W_electric = efficiency*W_avail =(0.82)(4578) = 3753.96
turbine-generator efficiency of 82 percent,
Monthly Electricity Production = W_electric*24*30 = 3753.96*24*30
determine if the proposed turbine can meet
the electricity needs of the village. Assume = 2,702,851.2 kWh/month
the operating and maintenance expenses are
negligible and the turbine can operate So, this proposed turbine can meet the electricity needs of the village.
non-stop throughout the year.