Scribd
Upload
69 views

Unit4 - Congestion Control and QoS

Uploaded by

neha yarrapothu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views

Unit4 - Congestion Control and QoS

Uploaded by

neha yarrapothu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 52

Chapter 24

Congestion Control and


Quality of Service
-V VIKAS

24.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
24--1 DATA TRAFFIC
24

The main focus of congestion control and quality of


service is data traffic.
traffic. In congestion control we try to
avoid traffic congestion.
congestion. In quality of service, we try to
create an appropriate environment for the traffic
traffic.. So,
before talking about congestion control and quality of
service, we discuss the data traffic itself.
itself.

Topics discussed in this section:


Traffic Descriptor
Traffic Profiles

24.2
Figure 24.1 Traffic descriptors

24.3
Figure 24.2 Three traffic profiles

24.4
24--2 CONGESTION
24

Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the


network—
network —the number of packets sent to the network
network—
—
is greater than the capacity of the network
network—
—the
number of packets a network can handle
handle.. Congestion
control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to
control the congestion and keep the load below the
capacity..
capacity

Topics discussed in this section:


Network Performance

24.5
Figure 24.3 Queues in a router

24.6
24.7
Figure Packet delay and throughput as functions of load

24.8
24--3 CONGESTION CONTROL
24

Congestion control refers to techniques and


mechanisms that can either prevent congestion, before
it happens, or remove congestion, after it has
happened.. In general, we can divide congestion
happened
control mechanisms into two broad categories
categories:: open
open--
loop congestion control (prevention) and closed-
closed-loop
congestion control (removal).
(removal).

Topics discussed in this section:


Open-Loop Congestion Control
Closed-Loop Congestion Control

24.9
Figure Approaches to congestion control

24.10
Figure 24.5 Congestion control categories

24.11
Figure 24.6 Backpressure method for alleviating congestion

24.12
Figure 24.7 Choke packet

24.13
24--4 TWO EXAMPLES
24

To better understand the concept of congestion


control, let us give two examples:
examples: one in TCP and the
other in Frame Relay.
Relay.

Topics discussed in this section:


Congestion Control in TCP
Congestion Control in Frame Relay

24.14
Figure 24.8 Slow start, exponential increase

24.15
Note

In the slow-start algorithm, the size of


the congestion window increases
exponentially until it reaches a
threshold.

24.16
Figure 24.9 Congestion avoidance, additive increase

24.17
Note

In the congestion avoidance algorithm,


the size of the congestion window
increases additively until
congestion is detected.

24.18
Note

An implementation reacts to congestion


detection in one of the following ways:
❏ If detection is by time-out, a new slow
start phase starts.
❏ If detection is by three ACKs, a new
congestion avoidance phase starts.

24.19
Figure 24.10 TCP congestion policy summary

24.20
Figure 24.11 Congestion example

24.21
Figure 24.12 BECN

24.22
Figure 24.13 FECN

24.23
Figure 24.14 Four cases of congestion

24.24
24--5 QUALITY OF SERVICE
24

Quality of service (QoS) is an internetworking issue


that has been discussed more than defined.
defined. We can
informally define quality of service as something a
flow seeks to attain.
attain.

Topics discussed in this section:


Flow Characteristics
Flow Classes

24.25
Issues must be addressed to ensure quality of service

• What applications need from the network.


• How to regulate the traffic that enters the network.
• How to reserve resources at routers to guarantee performance.
• Whether the network can safely accept more traffic

24.26
Figure 24.15 Flow characteristics

24.27
Application Requirements

24.28
24--6 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS
24

In Section 24
24..5 we tried to define QoS in terms of its
characteristics.. In this section, we discuss some
characteristics
techniques that can be used to improve the quality of
service.. We briefly discuss four common methods
service methods::
scheduling, traffic shaping, admission control, and
resource reservation.
reservation.
Topics discussed in this section:
Scheduling
Traffic Shaping
Resource Reservation
Admission Control

24.29
Figure 24.16 FIFO queue

24.30
Figure 24.17 Priority queuing

24.31
Figure 24.18 Weighted fair queuing

24.32
Figure 24.19 Leaky bucket

24.33
Figure 24.20 Leaky bucket implementation

24.34
Note

A leaky bucket algorithm shapes bursty


traffic into fixed-rate traffic by averaging
the data rate. It may drop the packets if
the bucket is full.

24.35
Note

The token bucket allows bursty traffic at


a regulated maximum rate.

24.36
Figure 24.21 Token bucket

24.37
24--7 INTEGRATED SERVICES
24

Two models have been designed to provide quality of


service in the Internet
Internet:: Integrated Services and
Differentiated Services.
Services. We discuss the first model
here..
here

Topics discussed in this section:


Signaling
Flow Specification
Admission
Service Classes
RSVP
Problems with Integrated Services
24.38
Note

Integrated Services is a flow-based QoS


model designed for IP.

24.39
Figure 24.22 Path messages

24.40
Figure 24.23 Resv messages

24.41
Figure 24.24 Reservation merging

24.42
Figure 24.25 Reservation styles

24.43
24--8 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
24

Differentiated Services (DS or Diffserv) was


introduced by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) to handle the shortcomings of Integrated
Services..
Services

Topics discussed in this section:


DS Field

24.44
Note

Differentiated Services is a class-based


QoS model designed for IP.

24.45
Figure 24.26 DS field

24.46
Figure 24.27 Traffic conditioner

24.47
24--9 QoS IN SWITCHED NETWORKS
24

Let us now discuss QoS as used in two switched


networks:: Frame Relay and ATM
networks ATM.. These two networks
are virtual-
virtual-circuit networks that need a signaling
protocol such as RSVP
RSVP..

Topics discussed in this section:


QoS in Frame Relay
QoS in ATM

24.48
Figure 24.28 Relationship between traffic control attributes

24.49
Figure 24.29 User rate in relation to Bc and Bc + Be

24.50
Figure 24.30 Service classes

24.51
Figure 24.31 Relationship of service classes to the total capacity of the network

24.52

You might also like