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Lec # 26 Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors have advantages over conventional DC motors like reduced sparking, lower maintenance needs, and longer operational lifetime. BLDC motors combine a small permanent magnet rotor with position sensors and an electronic switching circuit. This allows switching the current to stator coils based on rotor position, eliminating the need for brushes. Key components are the permanent magnet rotor, stator coils, position sensors, and electronic control circuit. The control circuit energizes coils to produce torque on the rotor and continuously switches the coils to keep the rotor rotating. BLDC motors are useful where reliability and low noise are important.

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Buriro Hayat
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161 views

Lec # 26 Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors have advantages over conventional DC motors like reduced sparking, lower maintenance needs, and longer operational lifetime. BLDC motors combine a small permanent magnet rotor with position sensors and an electronic switching circuit. This allows switching the current to stator coils based on rotor position, eliminating the need for brushes. Key components are the permanent magnet rotor, stator coils, position sensors, and electronic control circuit. The control circuit energizes coils to produce torque on the rotor and continuously switches the coils to keep the rotor rotating. BLDC motors are useful where reliability and low noise are important.

Uploaded by

Buriro Hayat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Brushless DC Motors (BLDC)

Engr. Noor Nabi Shaikh


Electrical Engineering, MUET, Jamshoro
Brushless DC Motor [necessity of a BLDC motor]
Conventional dc motors are used in applications where dc power sources are available, such as on aircraft
and automobiles.
The principal disadvantage is excessive sparking and brush wear. Small, fast dc motors are too small to
use compensating windings and interpoles, so armature reaction and L di/dt effects tend to produce
sparking on their commutator brushes.
In addition, the high rotational speed of these motors causes increased brush wear and requires regular
maintenance every few thousand hours.
In a low-pressure environment (such as at high altitudes in an aircraft), brush wear can be so bad that the
brushes require replacement after less than an hour of operation!
In some applications, the regular maintenance required by the brushes of these dc motors may be
unacceptable. Consider for example a dc motor in an artificial heart- regular maintenance would require
opening the patient's chest.
In other applications, the sparks at the brushes may create an explosion danger, or unacceptable RF noise.
For all of these cases, there is a need for a small, fast dc motor that is highly reliable and has low noise
and long life.
Such motors have been developed in the last 40 years by combining a small motor much like a permanent
magnetic stepper motor with a rotor position sensor and a solid-state electronic switching circuit.
These motors are called brushless dc (BLDC) motors because they run from a dc power source but do not
have commutator and brushes.
BLDC Working Principle
A brushless dc motor is shown in Figure. The rotor is similar to that of a permanent magnet stepper motor,
except that it is non-salient. The stator can have three or more phases (there are 4-phases in the circuit
shown) [a-a’, b-b’, c-c’, d-d’]

A simple brushless dc motor and its associated control unit. The inputs to The voltages applied to the stator coils.
the control unit consist of a dc power source and a signal proportional to the
current rotor position
The basic components of a brushless dc motor are:

1. A permanent magnet rotor


2. A stator with 3, 4, or more phase windings
3. A rotor position sensor (hall effect sensor)
4. An electronic circuit to control the phases of stator windings

A brushless dc motor energize one stator coil at a time with a constant dc voltage. When a coil is turned
on, it produces a stator magnetic field BS, and a torque is produced on the rotor given by;

 ind  k BR  BS
Which tends to align the rotor with the stator magnetic field. At
the time shown in Figure, the stator magnetic field BS points to
the left while the permanent magnet rotor magnetic field BR
points up, producing a CCW torque on the rotor. As a result the
rotor will tum to the left.
If coil a remained energized all of the time, the rotor would turn until the two magnetic fields are aligned,
and then it would stop, just like a stepper motor.
The key to the operation of a brushless dc motor is that it includes a position sensor, so that the control
circuit will know when the rotor is almost aligned with the stator magnetic field. At that time coil a will be
turned off and coil b will be turned on, causing the rotor to again experience a counterclockwise torque,
and to continue rotating. This process continues indefinitely with the coils turned on in the order a, b, c, d,
- a, - b, -c, - d, etc., so that the motor turns continuously.

▬ The control circuit can be used to control


+ VDC -
both the speed and direction of the motor.
▬ The net effect of this design is a motor that
runs from a dc power source, with full
control over both the speed and the direction
of rotation.
▬ Brushless dc motors are available only in
small sizes, up to 20W or so, but they have
many advantages in the size range over
which they are available.
BLDC OUTER ROTOR
Some major advantages of BLDC Motor are

1. Relatively high efficiency.


2. Long life and high reliability.
3. Little or no maintenance.
4. Very little RF noise compared to a dc motor with brushes.
5. Very high speeds are possible (greater than 50,000 r/min).

 The principal disadvantage is that a BLDC motor is more expensive than a comparable BDC motor
Ceiling Fan and BLDC motors

1. No commutator and brushes and hence no mechanical


wear and tear.
2. BLDC motors have improved precision in speed
control as it requires a micro-controller to keep the
motor sequence in a correct
3. Very little friction and so it is efficient than other
motors.

The disadvantages of BLDC motor include the


complexity in the motor’s construction, and it requires
complicated software control. Although the cost of a
motor is not as high as expected when the cost of the
controller is added it becomes expensive. In a few
applications, it requires special gearing arrangements for
high rpm operations.
Engineering project on BLDC motor [CEP]

1 - BLDC Motor Controller: How It Works, Design Principles & Circuit Examples
Design a controller to operate and control the speed of BLDC motor.

Brushless DC motors have some significant advantages over their competitors, such as brushed motors,
largely because of the electronic commutation. It allows the controller to switch the current promptly and
thus regulate the motor’s characteristics effectively.

Operating principle
Design features

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