U20CSCJ06 – Database Information Systems Laboratory

173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073

BHARATH INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

DATABASE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LAB RECORD

SUB CODE: U20CSCJ06

Name :
Year: II Semester: IV Batch:2021-2025
Section:

University Register No. U21

JUNE / JULY 2023

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 U20CSCJ06 – Database Information Systems Laboratory

173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

SUB CODE : U20CSCJ06

Name :
Year : II Semester : IV Batch:2021 – 2025 Section :

University Register No. U21

Certified that this is the bonafide record work done by the above student in the
DATABASE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LAB (Sub Code: U20CSCJ06) during the month June / July
2023.

Signature of Faculty In-Charge Signature of Head of Department

Submitted for the practical Examination held on ............................................ at Bharath Institute of Higher
Education & Research, Chennai-73.

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

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INDEX

S. DATE TITLE PAGE SIGN

NO. NO.
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGES (DDL)
1
COMMANDS IN RDBMS
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) IN
2
RDBMS
3 VIEWS
APPLY CONSTRAINT RULES TO THE STUDENT
4 TABLE BY SQL

5 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

6 SUB QUERIES
7 JOIN QUERIES
8 IMPLEMENT SEQUENCE AND SYNONYMS

9a PROCEDURES
9b FUNCTIONS
10 CURSOR
11 TRIGGERS
12
EXCEPTION HANDLING
13 CASE STUDY USING REAL LIFE DATABASE
APPLICATIONS
14
DATABASE CONNECTIVITY WITH FRONT &
BACK END TOOLS

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STUDY ON RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS)

INTRODUCTION TO SQL:

SQL (structured query language) is a database computer language designed for the
retrieval and management of data in relational database systems (RDBMS), database scheme
creation and modification, and database object access control management.

FEATURES OF SQL

SQL is both an easy –to-understand language and a comprehensive tool for managing data.
⮚ High-level. English-like structure

⮚ Interactive, ad hoc queries

⮚ Programmatic database access

⮚ Multiple views of data

⮚ Complete database language

⮚ Dynamic data definition

⮚ Client/server architecture

TYPES OF SQL COMMANDS

SQL is used to control all of the functions that a DBMS provides for its users, including:

Data definition, SQL lets a user define the structure and organization of the stored data and
relationship among the stored data items.

Data retrieval, SQL allows a user or an application program to retrieve stored data from the
database and use it.

Data manipulation, SQL allows a user or an application program to update the database by
adding new data, removing old data, and modifying previously stored data.
Access control, SQL can be used to restrict a user’s ability to retrieve, add, and modify data,
protecting stored data against unauthorized access.

Data sharing, SQL is used to coordinate data sharing by concurrent users, ensuring that they
do not interface with one another.

Data integrity, SQL defines integrity constraints in the database, protecting it from corruption
due to inconsistent updates or system failures.
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EX. NO:1 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS

DATE:

A Data Definition Language (DDL) statement are used to define the database
structure or schema.
Aim:
To study and execute the DDL commands in RDBMS.

DDL commands:

✴ CREATE

✴ ALTER

✴ DROP

✴ RENAME

✴ TRUNCATE

SYNTAX’S OF COMMANDSCREATE
TABLE:
To make a new database, table, index, or stored query. A create statement in SQL
creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS).

CREATE TABLE <table_name>

(
Column_name1 data_type ([size]),
Column_name2 data_type ([size]),
.
.
.
Column_name-n data_type ([size])
);
ALTER A TABLE:
To modify an existing database object. Alter the structure of the database.

To add a column in a table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

To delete a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP column column_name;

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DROP TABLE:

Delete Objects from the Database

DROP TABLE table_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE:

Remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

EXERCISE:

Create Table

SQL> create table employee

2(
3 empid varchar(10) primary key,
4 empname varchar2(20) not null,
5 gender varchar2(7) not null,
6 age number(3) not null,

7 dept varchar2(15) not null,

8 dob date not null,
9 doj date not null
10);
Table created.
SQL> create table salary
2(
3 empid varchar(10) references employee(empid),
4 salary number(10) not null,
5 dept varchar(15) not null,

6 branch varchar2(20) not null

7 );
Table created.

SQL> create table branchtable

2(
3 branch varchar2(20) not null,
4 city varchar2(20) not null
5 );

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Table created.

DESCRIBE TABLE

SQL> desc employee;

Name Null? Type

EMPID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

EMPNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)

GENDER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(7)

AGE NOT NULL NUMBER(3)

DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)

DOB NOT NULL DATE

DOJ NOT NULL DATE

SQL> desc salary;

Null? Type
Name

EMPID
SALARY VARCHAR2 (10)

NOT NULL NUMBER (10)

DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (15)

BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)
SQL> desc branchtable;
Name
Null? Type

BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

CITY NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

ALTER TABLE

Table altered.

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I. ADD:
SQL> alter table employee add(designation varchar2(15));

Table altered.

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SQL> alter table salary add(constraint nithi unique(empid));

Table altered.

II. MODIFY

SQL> alter table employee modify (designation varchar2(20));

Table altered.
RENAME TABLE

SQL> create table emp

2(
3 empid varchar2(10),

4 empname varchar2(20),

5 age number(3),

6 sex char

7 );

Table created.

SQL> rename emp to empl;

Table renamed.

SQL> desc empl;

Name Null? Type

EMPID VARCHAR2(10)

EMPNAME VARCHAR2(20)

AGE NUMBER(3)

SEX CHAR(1)

SQL> desc emp;

ERROR:

ORA-04043: object emp does not exist

Table altered.

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TRUNCATE TABLE DATA

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');

Enter value for no: 1

Enter value for name: arun
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for age: 22
Enter value for sex: m
old 1: insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex')
new 1: insert into emp values(1,'arun','it',22,'m')
1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');

Enter value for no: 2
Enter value for name: bala
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for age: 26
Enter value for sex: m
old 1: insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex')
new 1: insert into emp values(2,'bala','service',26,'m')
1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');

Enter value for no: 3

Enter value for name: chitra
Enter value for dept: sales
Enter value for age: 25
Enter value for sex: f
old 1: insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex')
new 1: insert into emp values(3,'chitra','sales',25,'f')
1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE SEX

1 arun it 22 m
2 bala service 26 m
3 chitra sales 25 f

SQL> commit;

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Commit complete.
SQL> truncate table emp;
Table truncated.
SQL> select * from emp;
no rows selected
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
DROP TABLE
SQL> drop table empl;
Table dropped.
SQL> desc empl;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object empl does not exist

RESULT:

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EX. NO:2 DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) IN RDBMS

DATE:

Data manipulation language allows the users to query and manipulate data in existing
schema in object. It allows following data to insert, delete, update and recovery data in schema
object.
Aim:

To study DML commands in RDBMS.

DML COMMANDS:

❖ INSERT

❖ UPDATE

❖ DELETE

❖ SELECT

QUERY:

Query is a statement in the DML that request the retrieval of data from database.

❖ The portion of the DML used in a Query is called Query language. The SELECT
statement is used to query a database

SYNTAX OF COMMANDSINSERT:
Values can be inserted into table using insert commands. There are two types of insert
commands. They are multiple value insert commands (using ‘&’ symbol) single value insert
command(without using ‘&’symbol)
Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…..);

(OR)

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,….) VALUES

(value1,value2,value3,…..);
UPDATE:

This allows the user to update the particular column value using the where clause
condition.

Syntax:

UPDATE <table_name> SET <col1=value> WHERE <column=value>;

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DELETE:

This allows you to delete the particular column values using where clause condition.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition>;

SELECT:

The select statement is used to query a database .This statement is used to retrieve the
information from the database. The SELECT statement can be used in many ways. They are:
1. Selecting some columns :
To select specified number of columns from the table the
Following command is used.
Syntax:

SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

2. Query All Columns:

To select all columns from the table * is used instead of column names.

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

3. Select using DISTINCT:

The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only different values (i.e. ) this
command does not select the duplicate values from the table.
Syntax:

SELECT DISTINCT column name(s) FROM table_name;

4. Select using IN:

If you want to get the rows which contain certain values, the best way to do it
is to use the IN conditional expression.

Syntax:

SELECT column name(s) FROM table_name WHERE

Column name IN (value1, value2,……,value-n);

5. Select using BETWEEN:

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BETWEEN can be used to get those items that fall within a range.

Syntax:

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE

Column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
6. Renaming:

The select statement can be used to rename either a column or the entire
table.
Syntax:
Renaming a column:

SELECT column name AS new name FROM table_name;

Renaming a table:

SELECT column name FROM table_name AS newname;

7. Sorting:

The select statement with the order by Clause is used to sort the contents
Table either in ascending or descending order.
Syntax:

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Condition ORDER BY

column name ASC/DESC;To Select by matching some patterns:
The select statement along with like clause I is used to match strings. The like
condition is used to specify a search pattern in a column.

Syntax:

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Column name LIKE “% or-“;

%: Matches any sub string.

- : Matches a single character.

1. SELECT INTO statement:

The SELECT INTO statement is most often used to create backup

copies oftables or for archiving records.

Syntax:
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Laboratory

SELECT
Column_na
me(s) INTO
variable_na
me(s) FROM
table_name
WHERE
condition.
2. To Select NULL
values:

We can use the

SELECT statement to
select the ‘null’ values
also.
For retrieving roes
where some of the
columns have been
defined as NULLs
there is a special
comparison operator of
the form IS
[NOT]NULL.
Syntax:
SELECT column name
FROM table_name
WHERE Column
name IS NULL;

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3.Select using AND, OR, NOT:

We can combine one or more conditions in a SELECT statement using thelogical

operators AND, OR, NOT.

Syntax:

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Condition1 LOGICAL

OPERATOR condition2;
EXERCISE:

INSERT COMMAND

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');

Enter value for empid: it9001

Enter value for empname: arunkumar
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 22
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for dob: 12-jan-1988
Enter value for doj: 23-oct-2006
Enter value for desig: manager old 1:
insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('it9001','arunkumar','male',22,'it','12-jan-1988','23-oct-2006'
1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: it9001
Enter value for empname: arunkumar
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 22Enter
value for dept: it
Enter value for dob: 12-jan-1988
Enter value for doj: 23-oct-2006
Enter value for desig: managerold
1: insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('it9001','arunkumar','male',22,'it','12-jan-1988','23-oct-2006'
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee
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values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: it9002
Enter value for empname: balakrishnan
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 27
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for dob: 27-mar-1983
Enter value for doj: 02-dec-2008
Enter value for desig: coordinatorold 1:
insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('it9002','balakrishnan','male',27,'it','27-mar-1983','02-dec-20
1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: acc9001
Enter value for empname: kannan
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 35
Enter value for dept: accounts
Enter value for dob: 28-dec-1975
Enter value for doj: 01-jan-1995
Enter value for desig: manager old 1:
insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi

new 1: insert into employee values('acc9001','kannan','male',35,'accounts','28-dec-1975','01-jan-1

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: acc9002
Enter value for empname: magudeshwaran
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 27
Enter value for dept: accounts
Enter value for dob: 25-aug-1983
Enter value for doj: 12-apr-2000

Enter value for desig: asst managerold 1:

insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi

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new 1: insert into employee values('acc9002','magudeshwaran','male',27,'accounts','25-aug-1983','1

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig'); Enter
value for empid: ser9001
Enter value for empname: jagadheesh
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 33
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for dob: 31-mar-1877
Enter value for doj: 3-jun-1999
Enter value for desig: manager old 1:
insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('ser9001','jagadheesh','male',33,'service','31-mar-
1877','3-jun
1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: ser9006
Enter value for empname: muruganandam
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 35
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for dob: 09-aug-1975
Enter value for doj: 02-mar-2000
Enter value for desig: painter
old 1: insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('ser9006','muruganandam','male',35,'service','09-aug-
1975','02-
1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
SQL> /
Enter value for empid: sal9001
Enter value for empname: suresh
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for age: 40

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Enter value for dept: sales

Enter value for dob: 12-jul-1970

Enter value for doj: 01-apr-1996

Enter value for desig: manager old 1:

insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('sal9001','suresh','male',40,'sales','12-jul-1970','01-apr-1996
1 row created.

SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: sal9006
Enter value for empname: sharmila
Enter value for gender: female
Enter value for age: 27
Enter value for dept: sales
Enter value for dob: 12-jan-1983
Enter value for doj: 09-aug-2007
Enter value for desig: executive
old 1: insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('sal9006','sharmila','female',27,'sales','12-jan-1983','09-aug-
1 row created.
SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);
Enter value for empid: it9002
Enter value for salary: 18000
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for branch: abt maruthi
old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')
new 1: insert into salary values('it9002',18000,'it','abt maruthi')
1 row created.

SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);

Enter value for empid: acc9001
Enter value for salary: 35000
Enter value for dept: accounts
Enter value for branch: cars india
old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')
new 1: insert into salary values('acc9001',35000,'accounts','cars india')
1 row created.

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SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);

Enter value for empid: acc9002

Enter value for salary: 26000
Enter value for dept: accounts
Enter value for branch: cars india
old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')
new 1: insert into salary values('acc9002',26000,'accounts','cars india')
1 row created.
SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);
Enter value for empid: ser9001
Enter value for salary: 35000
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for branch: chennai cars

old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')

new 1: insert into salary values('ser9001',35000,'service','chennai cars')

1 row created.

SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);

Enter value for empid: ser9006

Enter value for salary: 12000
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for branch: greenland cars

old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')

new 1: insert into salary values('ser9006',12000,'service','greenland cars')
1 row created.
SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);
Enter value for empid: sal9001
Enter value for salary: 40000
Enter value for dept: sales
Enter value for branch: abt maruthi

old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')

new 1: insert into salary values('sal9001',40000,'sales','abt maruthi')

1 row created.

SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);

Enter value for empid: sal9006

Enter value for salary: 17000
Enter value for dept: sales

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Enter value for branch: abt maruthi

old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')
new 1: insert into salary values('sal9006',17000,'sales ','abt maruthi')
1 row created.

SQL> select * from salary;

EMPID SALARY DEPT BRANCH

it9001 35000 it abt maruthi

it9002 18000 it abt maruthi

acc9001 35000 accounts cars india

acc9002 26000 accounts cars india
ser9001 35000 service chennai cars
ser9006 12000 service greenland cars
sal9001 40000 sales abt maruthi
sal9006 17000 sales abt maruthi

8 rows selected.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID EMPNAME GENDER AGE DEPT DOB

DOJ DESIGNATION

it9001 arunkumar male 22 it 12-JAN-8823-

OCT-06 manager
it9002 balakrishnan male 27 it 27-MAR-8302-
DEC-08 coordinator
acc9001 kannan male 35 accounts 28-DEC-7501-
JAN-95 manager
EMPID EMPNAME GENDER AGE DEPT DOB

DOJ DESIGNATION

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acc9002 magudeshwaran male 27 accounts 25-AUG-8312-

APR-00 asst manager
ser9001 jagadheesh male 33 service 31-MAR-7703-
JUN-99 manager
ser9006 muruganandam male 35 service 09-AUG-7502-
MAR-00 painter

EMPID EMPNAME GENDER AGE DEPT DOB

DOJ DESIGNATION

sal9001 suresh male 40 sales 12-JUL-7001-

APR-96 manager
sal9006 sharmila female 27 sales 12-JAN-8309-
AUG-07 executive
8 rows selected.

SQL> insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city');

Enter value for branch: abt maruthi

Enter value for city: chennai

old 1: insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city')

new 1: insert into branchtable values('abt maruthi','chennai')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from salary;

EMPID SALARY DEPT BRANCH

it9001 35000 it abt maruthi

it9002 18000 it abt maruthi
acc9001 35000 accounts cars india
acc9002 26000 accounts cars india
ser9001 35000 service chennai cars
ser9006 12000 service greenland cars

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sal9001 40000 sales abt maruthi

sal9006 17000 sales abt maruthi

8 rows selected.

SQL> insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city');

Enter value for branch: cars india
Enter value for city: vellore
old 1: insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city')
new 1: insert into branchtable values('cars india','vellore')
1 row created.

SQL> insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city');

Enter value for branch: chennai cars

Enter value for city: thambaram

old 1: insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city')

new 1: insert into branchtable values('chennai cars','thambaram')

1 row created.

SQL> insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city');

Enter value for branch: greenland cars

Enter value for city: kanchipuram

old 1: insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city')

new 1: insert into branchtable values('greenland cars','kanchipuram')

1 row created.
SQL> select * from branchtable;
BRANCH CITY

abt maruthi chennai

cars india vellore

chennai cars thambaram

greenland cars kanchipuram

UPDATE COMMAND

SQL> update employee set empname = 'arunprasanth' where empid='it9001';

1 row updated.

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SQL> update employee set designation='&designation' where empname='&empname';

Enter value for designation: supervisor

Enter value for empname: muruganandam

old 1: update employee set designation='&designation' where empname='&empname'

new 1: update employee set designation='supervisor' where empname='muruganandam'

1 row updated.
SQL> select empname,designation from employee;
EMPNAME DESIGNATION

arunprasanth manager

balakrishnan coordinator

kannan manager
magudeshwaran asst manager
jagadheesh manager

muruganandam supervisor

suresh manager

sharmila executive8 rows

selected.
SELECT COMMAND

To retrieve particular column SQL> select empname from emp;

EMPNAME
arun bala
bakyarajchitra
To retrieve all columns
SQL> select * from emp;

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE S

1 arun it 22 m
2 bala accounts 26 m
3 bakyaraj stores 30 m
4 chitra sales 24 f

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DELETE COMMAND

To delete particular record

SQL> delete emp where empid=1;

1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from emp;

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE S

2 bala accounts 26
m
3 bakyaraj stores 30
m
4 chitra sales 24 f

To delete all records

SQL> delete from emp;

3 rows deleted.
SQL> create table student (idno number, name varchar(10),branch varchar(4));
Table created.
SQL> desc student;

NAME NULL? TYPE

IDNO NUMBER

NAME VARCHAR2(10)

BRANCH VARCHAR2(4)

SQL> alter table student add degree varchar(10);

Table altered.
SQL> desc student;

NAME NULL? TYPE

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IDNO NUMBER

NAME VARCHAR2 (10)

BRANCH VARCHAR2 (4)

DEGREE VARCHAR2 (10)

SQL> alter table student modify degree

varchar(6);
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE

IDNO NUMBER

NAME VARCHAR2 (10)

BRANCH VARCHAR2 (4)

DEGREE VARCHAR2 (6)

SQL> insert into student (name, degree, branch, idno) values('ASHOK','BE','CSE',01);

1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values(02,'BHAVANA','CSE','BE');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values(&idno, &name, &branch, &degree);
Enter value for idno: 03
Enter value for name: 'CAVIN'
Enter value for branch: 'CSE'
Enter value for degree: 'BE'
old 1: insert into student values(&idno,&name,&branch,&degree)
new 1: insert into student values(03,'CAVIN','CSE','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for idno: 04
Enter value for name: 'DANNY'
Enter value for branch: 'IT'
Enter value for degree: 'BE'
old 1: insert into student values(&idno,&name,&branch,&degree)
new 1: insert into student values(04,'DANNY','IT','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> /

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Enter value for idno: 05

Enter value for name: 'HARRY'
Enter value for branch: 'IT'
Enter value for degree: 'BE'
old 1: insert into student values(&idno,&name,&branch,&degree)
new 1: insert into student values(05,'HARRY','IT','BE')
1 row created.

SQL> select * from student;

IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE

1 ASHOK CSE BE

2 BHAVANA CSE BE

3 CAVIN CSE BE

4 DANNY IT BE

5 HARRY IT BE

SQL> update student set degree='B.TECH' where branch='IT';

2 rows updated.
SQL> select * from student;

IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE

1 ASHOK CSE BE

2 BHAVANA CSE BE

3 CAVIN CSE BE

4 DANNY IT B.TECH

5 HARRY IT B.TECH

SQL> delete from student where idno=5;

1 row deleted.

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RESULT:

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EX. NO:3 VIEWS

DATE:

A View is a virtual relation that does not necessarily exist in the database but can be produced
upon request by a particular user, at the time of request.
Aim:

To write a SQL command to create a view for an existing table for security purpose
and manipulate that view table.

CREATING A VIEW:

Syntax:

CREATE VIEW <view_name> [(newcolumn_name [,…])] AS select [*/column_names]from

<existing_table_name> [WITH[CASCADE/LOCAL]CHECK OPTION];

The subselect is known as the defining query, if with check option is specified, SQL ensures that
if a row fails to satisfy the where clause of the getting query of the view, it is notadded to the underlying
base table of the view.

REMOVING A VIEW:

A view is removed from the database with the DROP VIEW statement.

Syntax:

DROP VIEW view_name [RESTRICT/CASCADE]

If CASCADE is specified, DROP VIEW deletes all related dependent objects, all objects that
reference the view.
If RESTRICT is specified and there are any other objects that depend for their existence on the
continued existence of the view being dropped, the command is rejected. The default setting is
RESTRICT.
A horizontal view restricts a user’s access to selected rows of one or more tables. Avertical
view restricts a user’s access to selected columns of one or more tables.

UPDATABLE VIEW:

For a view to be updatable, the DBMS must be able to trace any row or column backto its row
or column in the source table.

EXERCISE
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SQL> create view studentview as select * from student;View

created.

SQL> select * from studentview;

IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE

1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TECH

UPDATE VIEW

SQL> update studentview set degree='BE' where idno=4;1 row

updated.

SQL> select * from student;

IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE

1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE

3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT BE

SELECT

SQL> select * from studentview;

IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE

1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT BE

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DROP
SQL> drop table student;
Table dropped.

SQL> select * from studentview;select * from studentview

* ERROR at line 1:ORA-04063: view "SCOTT.STUDENTVIEW" has errors

RESULT:

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EX. NO:4 APPLY CONSTRAINT RULES TO THE STUDENT TABLE BY SQL

DATE:

Constraints is a mechanism used to prevent invalid data entry into the table. SQL
Constraints are used to specify the rules for the data in a table

Aim:

To write a SQL command to create a table and apply constraints for security purpose
and manipulate it.

CREATING TABLES WITH CONSTRAINTS:

NOT NULL

SQL> select * from student;

IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE

1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TECH

SQL> create table staff

(
idno number (4) not null,name
varchar(10),branch varchar(6)
);
Table created.

SQL> desc staff;

NAME NULL? TYPE

IDNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

NAME VARCHAR2(10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2(6)

SQL> insert into staff values (&idno, &name, &branch);

Enter value for idno: 1
Enter value for name: 'ABILASH'
Enter value for branch: 'CSE'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno, &name, &branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(1,'ABILASH','CSE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for idno: 2
Enter value for name: 'ANTON'
Enter value for branch: 'CSE'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno, &name, &branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(2,'ANTON','CSE')
1 row created.
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SQL> /
Enter value for idno:
Enter value for name: 'BENNY'
Enter value for branch: 'IT'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno,&name,&branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(,'BENNY','IT')
insert into staff values(,'BENNY','IT') *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00936: missing expression

UNIQUE
SQL> create table employee
(
rollno number unique,
name varchar(10),
salary number
);
Table created.

SQL> desc employee;

NAME NULL? TYPE

ROLLNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR(10)
SALARY NUMBER

SQL> insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary);

Enter value for rollno: 1
Enter value for name: 'anton'
Enter value for salary: 10290
old 1: insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values(1,'anton',10290)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for rollno: 2
Enter value for name: 'dharun'
Enter value for salary: 23322
old 1: insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values(2,'dharun',23322)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for rollno: 1
Enter value for name: 'aaron'
Enter value for salary: 32212
old 1: insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values(1,'aaron',32212)
insert into employee values(1,'aaron',32212)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001265) violated

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PRIMARY KEY
SQL> create table cars
(model number primary key,
name varchar(10),
cost number(6)
);
Table created.
SQL> desc cars;
NAME NULL? TYPE

MODEL NOT NULL NUMBER

NAME VARCHAR2(10)
COST NUMBER(6)

SQL> insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost);

Enter value for model: 1098
Enter value for name: 'omni'
Enter value for cost: 200000
old 1: insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost)
new 1: insert into cars values(1098,'omni',200000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for model: 9087
Enter value for name: 'qualis'
Enter value for cost: 500000
old 1: insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost)
new 1: insert into cars values(9087,'qualis',500000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for model: 1098
Enter value for name: 'innova'
Enter value for cost: 600000
old 1: insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost)
new 1: insert into cars values(1098,'innova',600000)
insert into cars values(1098,'innova',600000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001266) violated
CHECK CONSTRAINT:
SQL> create table employ
(
rno number(5),
name varchar(10),
salary number(10) constraint no_ck check(salary between 10000 and 30000)
);
Table created.

SQL> desc employ;

NAME NULL? TYPE

RNO NUMBER(5)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(10)
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SQL> insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary);

Enter value for rno: 1
Enter value for name: 'sachin'
Enter value for salary: 29000
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(1,'sachin',29000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for rno: 20
Enter value for name: 'rohit'
Enter value for salary: 10000
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno, &name, &salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(20,'rohit',10000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for rno: 15
Enter value for name: 'dhoni'
Enter value for salary: 40000
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(15,'dhoni',40000)
insert into employ values(15,'dhoni',40000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.NO_CK) violated

FOREIGN KEY
SQL> create table admin
(
stuid number constraint stuid_pk primary key,
name varchar(10),
permit number(6)
);
Table created.

SQL> desc admin;

NAME NULL? TYPE

STUID NOT NULL NUMBER

NAME VARCHAR2(10)
PERMIT NUMBER(6)

SQL> insert into admin values(&stuid, '&name', &permit);

Enter value for stuid: 1
Enter value for name: ASWIN
Enter value for permit: 80
old 1: insert into admin values(&stuid,'&name',&permit)
new 1: insert into admin values(1,'ASWIN',80)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for stuid: 2
Enter value for name: ROHIT
Enter value for permit: 67
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old 1: insert into admin values(&stuid,'&name',&permit)

new 1: insert into admin values(2,'ROHIT',67)
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for stuid: 4
Enter value for name: SANJAY
Enter value for permit: 45
old 1: insert into admin values(&stuid,'&name',&permit)
new 1: insert into admin values(4,'SANJAY',45)
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for stuid: 5
Enter value for name: KAMALINI
Enter value for permit: 35
old 1: insert into admin values(&stuid,'&name',&permit)
new 1: insert into admin values(5,'KAMALINI',35)
1 row created.

SQL> select * from admin;

STUID NAME PERMIT

1 ASWIN 80
2 ROHIT 67
4 SANJAY 45
5 KAMALINI 35

SQL> create table course

(
stuid number constraint sid_fk references admin(stuid),
branch varchar(6),
sec varchar(2)
);
Table created.

SQL> insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec');

Enter value for stuid: 1
Enter value for branch: CSE
Enter value for sec: A
old 1: insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec')
new 1: insert into course values(1,'CSE','A')
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for stuid: 2
Enter value for branch: CSE
Enter value for sec: A
old 1: insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec')
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new 1: insert into course values(2,'CSE','A')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for stuid: 4
Enter value for branch: IT
Enter value for sec: A
old 1: insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec')
new 1: insert into course values(4,'IT','A')
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for stuid: 6
Enter value for branch: CSE
Enter value for sec: A
old 1: insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec')
new 1: insert into course values(6,'CSE','A')
insert into course values(6,'CSE','A')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - parent key not found

SQL> delete from admin where stuid=5;

1 row deleted.
SQL> delete from admin where stuid=1;
delete from admin where stuid=1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - child record found

SQL> select * from admin;

STUID NAME PERMIT

1 ASWIN 80
2 ROHIT 67
4 SANJAY 45
SQL> select * from course;
STUID BRANCH SE

1 CSE A
2 CSE A
4 IT A

RESULT:

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EX. NO: 5 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

DATE:

Data Control Language statements are used to create a user area and manipulate that user in the
database.

Aim:
To study and execute the DCL commands in RDBMS.

DCL commands:

 CREATE
 GRANT
 REVOKE

CREATE USER

Syntax:
CREATE USER <user_name> IDENTIFIED BY <password>;
Example:
SQL> create user system identified by cse;
User created.

GRANT COMMAND

Syntax:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO <user_name>;
Example:
1) SQL> grant all privileges to system;
Grant succeeded.
2) SQL> grant all on employee to system;
Grant succeeded.

SQL> conn
Enter user-name:system
Enter password: ***
Connected.

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REVOKE COMMAND
Syntax:
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES FROM <user_name>;
Example:
SQL> revoke all privileges from system;
Revoke succeeded.

RESULT:

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EX. NO:6 SUB QUERIES

DATE:

Aim:
To write a SQL queries for retrieving data from a relation(s) using sub queries and joins.

Introduction:

Sub-queries are used to retrieve data from tables that depend on the values in the table itself.
Sub-queries can reside in the WHERE clause, the FROM clause, or the SELECT clause

NESTED SUB QUERIES:

Having a sub-query in the where or having clause of another sub query is called nested sub-queries.

PARALLEL SUB QUERIES

Parallel sub queries include more than one sub-query into a query.

EXERCISE:

SQL> create table employee1(empno number(10), empname varchar(10), dept char(10), salary
number(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary);

Enter value for empno: 100
Enter value for empname: raju
Enter value for dept: network
Enter value for salary: 40000
old 1: insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(100,'raju','network',40000)

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 101
Enter value for empname: ramu
Enter value for dept: testing
Enter value for salary: 45000
old 1: insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(101,'ramu','testing',45000)

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 103
Enter value for empname: rajesh
Enter value for dept: network
Enter value for salary: 35000
old 1: insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(103,'rajesh','network',35000)
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1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 104
Enter value for empname: ramya
Enter value for dept: testing
Enter value for salary: 10000
old 1: insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(104,'ramya','testing',10000)

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 105
Enter value for empname: ramesh
Enter value for dept: network
Enter value for salary: 60000
old 1: insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(105,'ramesh','network',60000)

1 row created.

SQL> select * from employee1;

EMPNO EMPNAME DEPT SALARY

100 raju network 40000

101 ramu testing 45000
103 rajesh network 35000
104 ramya testing 10000
105 ramesh network 60000

SQL> select * from employee1 where salary=(select max(salary) from employee1);

EMPNO EMPNAME DEPT SALARY

105 ramesh network 60000

SQL> select * from employee1 where salary=(select min(salary) from employee1);

EMPNO EMPNAME DEPT SALARY

104 ramya testing 10000

RESULT:

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EX. NO:7 JOIN QUERIES

DATE:

INTRODUCTION:
 Join is a query in which data is returned from two or more tables.
 The purpose of a join is to combine the data spread across tables

Syntax:
Select column_1, column_2, …..column_n
from table1, table2 [where <condition>];
SQL> create table emp(empno number(3),ename varchar2(20),deptno number(3));

Table created.

SQL> insert into emp values(111,'sai',311);

1 row created.

SQL> create table dept(empno number(3),deptname varchar2(20),deptno number(3));

Table created.

SQL> insert into dept values(111,'HR',311);

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT *FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- ----------
111 sai 311

SQL> SELECT *FROM DEPT;

EMPNO DEPTNAME DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- ----------
111 HR 311

SQL> SELECT EMP.EMPNO, ENAME, EMP.DEPTNO FROM EMP, DEPT WHERE

EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- ----------
111 sai 311

RESULT:

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EX. NO:8 IMPLEMENT SEQUENCE AND SYNONYMS

DATE:

INTRODUCTION:

 To generate sequence of numbers automatically

 It is not related to ONE table.
 It has two pseudo columns
1. currval -> it show current sequence value
2. nextval -> it shows comming sequence value
Sequences are stored in 'user_sequences' system table

Syntax:
create sequence <sequence_name>
start with <value>
minvalue <value>
increment by <value>
maxvalue <value>
cycle/nocycle;

EXERCISE:
SQL> create sequence my_seq1
start with 1
minvalue 1
increment by 1
maxvalue 5
nocycle;

Sequence created.

SQL> create table xyz(empno number(2));

Table created.

SQL> create table xyz1(empno number(2));

Table created.
SQL> insert into xyz values(my_seq1.nextval);
1 row created.

SQL> select * from xyz;

EMPNO

1
SQL> insert into xyz values(my_seq1.nextval);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from xyz;

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EMPNO

1
2

SQL> insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from xyz1;

EMPNO

3
SQL> insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from xyz1;

EMPNO

3
4

SQL> insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from xyz1;

EMPNO

3
4
5

SQL> insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval);

insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-08004: sequence MY_SEQ1.NEXTVAL exceeds MAXVALUE and cannot be instantiated
SQL> select my_seq1.currval from user_sequences;

CURRVAL

5
SYNONYMS:

An alias or alternative names can be given to any of the database objects like a table, view, stored procedure,
user-defined function, and sequence with the help of SQL Server Synonym.

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Whenever we create a SQL Server Synonym in a database, the synonym is referenced to a particular database
object and that database object is called base object. The location of the base object to which the synonym
is referenced can be either in the same database or in some other database in the same server or even on some
other instance running on another server.

Syntax:
1. CREATE SYNONYM [ name_of_schema. ] name_of_synonym
2. FOR name_of_base_object;

SQL> CREATE TABLE fruits(

2 fruit_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
3 quantity number(2)4
);

Table created.
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM fruit for fruits;

Synonym created.

SQL> select * from fruit

2;

no rows selected

SQL> select * from fruits;

no rows selected
SQL> select * from fruit;

FRUIT_NAME

QUANTITY

mango
3

SQL> select * from fruits;

FRUIT_NAME

QUANTITY

mango
3

RESULT:

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EX.NO:9a PROCEDURES

DATE:

Aim:
To implement PL/SQL program using procedures.
SQL> create table stud(rno number(2), mark1 number(3), mark2 number(3), total number(3), primary
key(rno));
Table created.
SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type

RNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)

MARK1 NUMBER(3)
MARK2 NUMBER(3)
TOTAL NUMBER(3)
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO MARK1 MARK2 TOTAL

1 80 85 0
2 75 84 0
3 65 80 0
4 90 85 0
SQL> create or replace procedure student (rnum number) is
2 m1 number;
3 m2 number;
4 total number;
5 begin
6 select mark1,mark2 into m1,m2 from stud where rno=rnum;
7 if m1<m2 then
8 update stud set total=m1+m2 where rno=rnum;
9 end if;
10 end;

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11 /
Procedure created.

SQL> exec student(1);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from stud;

RNO MARK1 MARK2 TOTAL

1 80 85 165
2 75 84 0
3 65 80 0
4 90 85 0
SQL> exec student(4);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO MARK1 MARK2 TOTAL

1 80 85 165
2 75 84 0
3 65 80 0
4 90 85 0

SQL> exec studd(2);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec studd(3);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO MARK1 MARK2 TOTAL

1 80 85 165
2 75 84 159
3 65 80 145
4 90 85 0

RESULT:

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EX. NO:9b FUNCTIONS

DATE:

Aim:
To implement PL/SQL program using functions.

SQL> create table stud

2(
3 rno number(5),
4 mark1 number(5),
5 mark2 number(5),
6 total number(5),primary key(rno)
7 );
Table created.
SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type

RNO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)

MARK1 NUMBER(5)
MARK2 NUMBER(5)
TOTAL NUMBER(5)

SQL> insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total);

Enter value for rno: 1
Enter value for mark1: 80
Enter value for mark2: 65
Enter value for total: 0
old 1: insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total)
new 1: insert into stud values(1,80,65,0)
1 row created.

SQL> insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total);

Enter value for rno: 2
Enter value for mark1: 77
Enter value for mark2: 56
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Enter value for total: 0

old 1: insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total)
new 1: insert into stud values(2,77,56,0)
1 row created.

SQL> insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total);

Enter value for rno: 3
Enter value for mark1: 89
Enter value for mark2: 90
Enter value for total: 0
old 1: insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total)
new 1: insert into stud values(3,89,90,0)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO MARK1 MARK2 TOTAL

1 80 65 0
2 77 56 0
3 89 90 0

SQL> create or replace function sfunc(rnum number) return number is

2 total stud.total%type;
3 m1 stud.mark1%type;
4 m2 stud.mark2%type;
5 begin
6 select mark1,mark2 into m1,m2 from stud where rno=rnum;
7 total:=m1+m2;
8 return total;
9 end;
10 /
Function created.

SQL> select sfunc(1) from dual;

SFUNC(1)

145
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SQL> select sfunc(2) from dual;

SFUNC(2)

133

SQL> select sfunc(3) from dual;

SFUNC(3)

179

RESULT:

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EX. NO:10 CURSOR

DATE:

AIM:
To study and execute cursor program in PL/SQL for fetch and manipulate the data.

SQL> create table cur_salary

2(
3 empid varchar(10),
4 empname varchar(15),
5 dept varchar(15),
6 salary number(10),
7 dno number(3)
8 );
Table created.

SQL> insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno);

Enter value for empid: it9001
Enter value for name: arunkumar
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for sal: 25000
Enter value for dno: 11
old 1: insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno)
new 1: insert into cur_salary values('it9001','arunkumar','it',25000,11)
1 row created.

SQL> insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno);

Enter value for empid: ser9003
Enter value for name: boobathi
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for sal: 20000
Enter value for dno: 22
old 1: insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno)
new 1: insert into cur_salary values('ser9003','boobathi','service',20000,22)
1 row created.
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SQL> select * from cur_salary;

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT SALARY DNO

it9001 arunkumar it 25000 11

ser9003 boobathi service 20000 22
sal8001 kumaresan sales 30000 33

SQL> declare
2 cempid cur_salary.empid%type;
3 cname cur_salary.empname%type;
4 cdept cur_salary.dept%type;
5 csalary cur_salary.salary%type;
6 coldsalary cur_salary.salary%type;
7 cursor c is select empid,empname,dept,salary from cur_salary where dno=&dno;
8 begin
9 open c;
10 loop
11 fetch c into cempid,cname,cdept,csalary;
12 exit when c%notfound;
13 update cur_salary set salary=csalary+csalary*0.05 where empid=cempid and salary>25000;
14 select salary into csalary from cur_salary where empid=cempid;
15 dbms_output.put_line('cempid'||''||'cname'||''||''||'old_salary='||''||'New Salary');
16 dbms_output.put_line(cempid||''||cname||''||to_char(coldsalary)||''||to_char(csalary));
17 end loop;
18 close c;
19 end;
20 /
Enter value for dno: 33
old 7: cursor c is select empid,empname,dept,salary from cur_salary where dno=&dno;
new 7: cursor c is select empid,empname,dept,salary from cur_salary where dno=33;
cempidcnameold_salary=New Salary
sal8001kumaresan31500
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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SQL> select * from cur_salary;

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT SALARY DNO

it9001 arunkumar it 25000 11

ser9003 boobathi service 20000 22
sal8001 kumaresan sales 31500 33

RESULT:

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EX. NO:11 TRIGGERS

DATE:

Aim:

To study and execute Triggers in RDBMS.

Definition & Syntax: -

TRIGGER:

A database trigger is a stored procedure that is fired when an insert, update or delete statement is issued
against the associated table. Database triggers can be used for the following purposes.
 To generate data automatically.
 To enforce complex integrity constraints. (e.g. Checking with sysdate, checking with data in
another table).
 To customize complex security authorizations.
 To maintain replicate tables.
 To audit data modifications.

Syntax for Creating Triggers

The syntax for creating a trigger is given below

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <trigger_name>

[BEFORE/AFTER] [INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE] ON <table_name>
[FOR EACH statement/FOR EACH row]
[WHEN <condition>]
PL/SQL block;

PARTS OF A TRIGGER
A database trigger has three parts, namely, a trigger statement, a trigger body and a trigger
restriction.
TRIGGER STATEMENT:
A trigger statement specifies the DML statements like update, delete and insert and it fires the
trigger body. It also specifies the table to which the trigger is associated.
TRIGGER BODY:
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Trigger body is a PL/SQL block that is executed when a triggering statement is issued.
TRIGGER RESTRICTION:
Restrictions on a trigger can be achieved using the WHEN clause as shown in the syntax for creating
triggers. They can be included in the definition of a row trigger, where in, the condition in the WHEN clause
is evaluated for each row that is affected by the trigger.
TYPES OF TRIGGER:
Triggers are categorized into the following types based on when they are fired:
 Before
 After
 For each row
 For each statement (default)

BEFORE /AFTER OPTIONS:

The before/after options can be used to specify when the trigger body should be fired with respect to
the triggering statement. If the user includes a BEFORE option, then, Oracle fires the trigger before executing
the triggering statement. On the other hand, if AFTER is used, then, Oracle fires the trigger after executing
the triggering statement.
FOR EACH ROW / STATEMENT:
When the for each row / statement option when included in the ‘create trigger’ syntax specifies that
the trigger fires once per row. By default, a database trigger fires for each statement.
Using a combination of the above options, we can assign 12 types of triggers to a database table.
 Before update row / statement
 Before delete row / statement
 Before insert row / statement
 After update row / statement
 After delete row / statement
 After insert row / statement

EXERCISE:
1. Write a PL/SQL program to create a trigger before the user inserts the data into the table.
2. Write a PL/SQL program to create a trigger before the user deletes the data from the table.
3. Write a PL/SQL program to create a trigger before the user changes the value of the salary of the employee.

ANSWERS:
SQL>create or replace trigger ins1 before insert on emp
begin
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raise_application_error (-20001,'you can’t insert a row');

end;

OUTPUT:
SQL>insert into emp values(&eid,'&name','&dob','&addr','&sex','&desig',&deptno,'&maritsta',&salary);
SQL>insert into emp *
values(&eid,'&name','&dob','&addr','&sex','&desig',&deptno,'&maritsta',&salary);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20001: you cant insert a row
ORA-06512: at "CSE382.ins1", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'CSE382.ins1'

SQL>create or replace trigger del1 before delete on emp

begin
raise_application_error (-20001,'you can’t delete a row');
end;

OUTPUT:
SQL>delete from emp where eid=4444;
delete from emp where eid=4444;
*
ORA-20001: you can’t delete a row
ORA-06512: at "CSE382.DEL1", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'CSE382.DEL1'

SQL> create trigger upd1 before update on emp for each row
2 begin
3 if :new.sal < 1000 then
4 raise_application_error(-20001,'salary can’t be low than this');
5 end if;
6 end;
7/
Trigger created.

SQL> update emp set sal=500 where dno=2;

update emp set sal=500 where dno=2
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*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20001: salary can’t be low than this
ORA-06512: at "CSE382.UPD1", line 3
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'CSE382.UPD1'

RESULT:

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EX. NO:12 EXCEPTION HANDLING

DATE:

An Exception is an error situation, which arises during program execution. When an error occurs exception
is raised, normal execution is stopped and control transfers to exception handling part. Exception handlers
are routines written to handle the exception. The exceptions can be internally defined (system-defined or
pre-defined) or User-defined exception.

1. PREDEFINED EXCEPTIONS:

DECLARE
E EMP%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=&DEPTNO;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(E.EMPNO||' '||E.ENAME||' '||E.JOB||' '||E.SAL||' '||E.DEPTNO);
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' NO EMPLOYEES ARE WORKING WITH EMPLOYEE
NUMBER');
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' MORETHAN ONE EMPLOYEE EXISTS ');
END;

SQL> insert into EMP values(111,'sai',;Manager',50000,011);

ERROR:
ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated

SQL> insert into EMP values(111,'sai','Manager',50000,011);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into EMP values(122,'anu','clerk',20000,012);

1 row created.

SQL>insert into EMP values(122,'abi','clerk',20000,012);

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SQL> select *from EMP;

EMPNO ENAME

JOB SAL DEPTNO

111 sai
Manager 50000 11

122 anu
clerk 20000 12

122 abi
clerk 20000 12

EMPNO ENAME

JOB SAL DEPTNO

122 abi
clerk 20000 12

122 abi
clerk 20000 12

SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 13
old 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=&DEPTNO;
new 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=13;
NO EMPLOYEES ARE WORING WITH EMPLOYEE NUMBER

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
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Enter value for deptno: 12

old 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=&DEPTNO;
new 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=12;
MORETHAN ONE EMPLOYEE EXISTS

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

2. USER DEFINED EXCEPTIONS:

SQL> DECLARE
VALUE_MISSING EXCEPTION;
A NUMBER(2):=&A;
B NUMBER(2):=&B;
C NUMBER(4);
BEGIN
IF A IS NULL OR B IS NULL THEN
RAISE VALUE_MISSING; -- CALLING EXCEPTION
END IF;
C:=A+B;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ADD OF TWO NUMBERS : '||C);
EXCEPTION
WHEN VALUE_MISSING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' COLUMN VALUES ARE MANDATORY ');
END;
/

Enter value for a:

old 3: A NUMBER(2):=&A;
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=;
Enter value for b:
old 4: B NUMBER(2):=&B;
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=;
A NUMBER(2):=;
*
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ERROR at line 3:
ORA-06550: line 3, column 19:
PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";" when expecting one of the following:
( - + case mod new not null <an identifier>
<a double-quoted delimited-identifier> <a bind variable>
continue avg count current exists max min prior sql stddev
sum variance execute forall merge time timestamp interval
date <a string literal with character set specification>
<a number> <a single-quoted SQL string> pipe
<an alternatively-quoted string literal with character set specification>
<an alternatively
ORA-06550: line 4, column 20:
PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";" when expecting one of the following:
( - + case mod new not null <an identifier>
<a double-quoted delimited-identifier> <a bind variable>
continue avg count current exists max min prior sql

SQL> /
Enter value for a: 10
old 3: A NUMBER(2):=&A;
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=10;
Enter value for b: 20
old 4: B NUMBER(2):=&B;
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=20;ADD
OF TWO NUMBERS : 30

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for a: NULL
old 3: A NUMBER(2):=&A;
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=NULL;
Enter value for b: 10
old 4: B NUMBER(2):=&B;
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=10;
COLUMN VALUES ARE MANDATORY
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
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SQL> /
Enter value for a: NULL
old 3: A NUMBER(2):=&A;
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=NULL;
Enter value for b: NULL
old 4: B NUMBER(2):=&B;
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=NULL;
COLUMN VALUES ARE MANDATORY

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

RESULT:

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EX.NO:13
DATE:
CASE STUDY USING REAL LIFE DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Aim:
To create a simple calculator using Jframe (Netbeans IDE)

Implementation:
private void jButton1ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
String n1= jTextField1.getText();
String n2= jTextField2.getText();
int num1=Integer.parseInt(n1);
int num2=Integer.parseInt(n2);
int res=num1+num2;
jTextField3.setText(res+"");

private void jButton2ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

String n1= jTextField1.getText();
String n2= jTextField2.getText();
int num1=Integer.parseInt(n1);
int num2=Integer.parseInt(n2);
int res=num1-num2;
jTextField3.setText(res+"");
}

private void jButton3ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

String n1= jTextField1.getText();
String n2= jTextField2.getText();
int num1=Integer.parseInt(n1);
int num2=Integer.parseInt(n2);
int res=num1*num2;
jTextField3.setText(res+"");
}

private void jButton4ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

String n1= jTextField1.getText();
String n2= jTextField2.getText();
int num1=Integer.parseInt(n1);
int num2=Integer.parseInt(n2);
int res=num1/num2;
jTextField3.setText(res+"");
}

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EX.NO:14
DATE:
Database connectivity with Front & Back End Tools
Aim:
To connect database with Oracle by JDBC

Implementation:

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Source Code:
Select Query:
try
{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

//step2 create the connection object

Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","cse2");

//step3 create the statement object

Statement stmt=con.createStatement();

//step4 execute query

ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));

//step5 close the connection object

con.close();
}catch(Exception e)

{
System.out.println(e);
}

Insert

try
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{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
//step2 create the connection object
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","cse2");
//step3 create the statement object
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
//step4 execute query
int x=stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp values(333,'ram')");
System.out.println(x+" row inserted");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e)

{
System.out.println(e);
}

Update

try
{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
//step2 create the connection object
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","cse2");
//step3 create the statement object
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
//step4 execute query
int x=stmt.executeUpdate("update emp set sname='siva' where sno=333");
System.out.println(x+" row updated");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e)

{
System.out.println(e);
}

Delete

try
{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
//step2 create the connection object
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","cse2");
//step3 create the statement object
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
//step4 execute query
int x=stmt.executeUpdate("delete from emp where sno=333");
System.out.println(x+" row deleted");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e)

{
System.out.println(e);
}
RESULT:

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