Blockchain interaction in sending

Ethereum
Author: Sahil Bansal
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Panipat Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Haryana, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract-
If you are actively using internet and like to surf what’s going around, you definitely come up with
the word blockchain. So, I believe that blockchain has the power to revolutionize the internet.
basically, what blockchain do is it makes the whole system completely decentralized which means
there is no one in the middle you can directly send funds from one address to another address
irrespective of banks. In this paper a model is proposed through which you can store your and send
ethers over the Ethereum blockchain with the minimum gas consumed. We have referred certain
papers to come up this project, Transaction fees optimization in the Ethereum blockchain and
Blockchain challenges and opportunities.

Keywords:
Ethereum, Solidity, Smart-contracts, Blockchain, Ethers, State Transition System, Merkle Trees.

List of Abbreviations:
BC: Blockchain, Eth: Ethereum, EVM: Ethereum Virtual Machines, pow: proof of works, pos: proof
of states, dApps: decentralized applications.

1. Introduction:
If you've read anything about technology or digital transformation, you've probably heard a lot
about blockchain. After removing the hype, I believe that blockchain technology, like big data and
the internet, will change many businesses. Looking at the benefits of blockchain, one of the most
significant advantages is that you receive a history of all transactions/activity; it's essentially a
database with history, if you will. Furthermore, there is no central community in charge of the
blockchain; it is fully decentralised, thus there is no single point of access for hackers. So, in
essence, "blockchain is a distributed ledger structured as a linked list of blocks." Each block has an
order set in terms of transactions A typical approach secures the link from a block to its
predecessor using cryptographic hashes."
So, taking this into account we have made a system through which we can send digital currency
from one account to another account irrespective of any fraudulent it’s completely decentralized
and all the transactions that are done can be stored on Ethereum blockchain forever it means no
one can change it or replace it *from the blockchain. So, we prepared this model using sol as our
backend work and for front-end we use react and java script along with HTML and Css. Then we
deploy our sol smart contract on the Ethereum virtual machine. As we know that Ethereum
blockchain is very popular blockchain with over 3,00,000 nodes are connected with the blockchain
which results in the slow transaction and high gas fees. so, we proposed a model in which you can
store your transaction over a Ethereum blockchain with minimum cost and in less amount of time.

2. Literature review

The Blockchain showed up in the New York Times in 2013 alongside Beck Coin, which was
additionally named "Expression of the year" by Oxford Dictionary. Bitcoin began with Bitcoin
(AShared Electronic Cash System) published by Satoshi Nakamoto in October 2008.Since January
2009, it has been utilized as a web-based virtual cash that unreservedly exchanges between nodes by
means of P2P without a middle person. Recently many researchers have published their research in
this field with their own perspective or point of view. Satpal Singh Kushwaha and Sandeep Joshi
has showed how attackers breach the security of smart contract they stated that even a small
mistake can cause you a loss in millions. They also provide some techniques to keep in mind while
writing smart contracts in order to prevent the security breach. Li Duan and Kejia Zhang has
provide the preserved methods in detail for providing security for different types of attacks on
blockchain. Michael Pacheco and Gustavo A. Oliva has presented their word on the blockchain
transaction’s whether the Ethereum transaction must be fast or slow the result of their research is
to make the system which is time and cost effective. In 2020 Seong-kyu Kim and Jun-ho-huh has
developed an auto chain platform which uses expert automatic algorithm used for house renting it’s
basically a Dapp which stores all the house record and buyers’ details on the Ethereum blockchain.
Rabia Musheer Aziz and Mohammed Farhan Baluch has designed a machine learning algorithm
which uses machine learning approach to detect fraud on Ethereum Mainent

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 React Hooks
React Hooks are new functionsalities introduced in React 16.8. Hooks enable developers to leverage
state and other capabilities without having to write a class. Developers can reuse stateful code using
Hooks without having to update the component system. Furthermore, Hooks help to improve
rendering performance and provide a new approach to mix existing React ideas such as props,
state, and so on.
The following are some common built-in Hooks in React:

 useState: acknowledges an underlying state worth and returns an ongoing stateful

worth as well as the capability used to refresh the state.
 useEffect: acknowledges a capability that executes secondary effects that are not allowed
in the capability part's fundamental body. The principal contention to useEffect is a
capability, while the subsequent contention is discretionary. The capability is executed
after each time the render is done; be that as it may, there are a couple of ways of
changing the prerequisites for running the incidental effects to smooth out the
interaction.
 useContexts: gets a React setting object as a contention. createContexts and returns the
worth "prop" of the.Provider> part as the setting's ongoing setting esteem. useContexts
empowers you to collaborate with the Contexts API and convey information without
providing any prop.

listing1: react hooks.

A key standard is that Hooks must be conjured from inside React utilitarian parts at the high level,
as well as from custom Hooks.

3.2 Writing Sol smart contract

There are three primary types of Transactions, functionss that control what happens within a
contract
  addsToBlockchain: This is the most useful functions in smart contract that is displayed in
Listing 3.

Listing 2. functions addsToBlockchain.

The functions is a public functions that returns nothing. When the addsToBlockchain
functions is invoked from React, parameters such as receiver, amount, message, and
keyword are sent to it.

 getAllTransactions: Listing 3 shows the getting all transactions functions.

Listing 3. getAllTransaction functions.

It is a public functions, which is also a read-only that returns list of transactions in the
form of array which is stored in an array
 getTransactionCount: Getting the transaction count functions is shown in Listing 5.

Listing 4. getTransactionCount functions

It is a read-only public functions which returns the number of transactionCount.

3.3 Connecting smart contract to React

All interactions are saved in the TransactionContexts.js file. To connect to the blockchain, the
React contexts API was utilised, which allows the logic to be written in one location rather than
across all components.
To interact with a smart contract, the functions shown in Listing 8 was used to retrieve an instance
of an Ethereum contract.

Listing 5. Functions to fetch the contract.

 checkIfWalletIsConnected: at the start of the programme, the async method is called to see
connected account in rendering the UI. Listing 9 displays the functions's code.

Listing 6. functions for checkIfWalletIsConnected

Method eth accounts in the functions that returns an list of arrays containing the address
of current connected account. If there is a connected account, the first thing is to set the
current account, and the functions also returns all transactions record in the
getAllTransaction() functions.
 connectWallet: As demonstrated in Listing 10, the use of this functions is to connect with
the MetaMask wallet.
 Listing 7. connectWallet functions
When this function is invoked using the method eth request Accounts, MetaMask is
launched in web browser. It gives an array which containing all the address that are
connected to the programme, and the functions is used to set the current address to the
first address.

 sendTransaction: This function is used to send the transaction on Ethereum blockchain.

This function provide access of all the function that is used in sending ethers and storing
data over Ethereum blockchain.
.

Listing 8. Sending Transaction action.

To obtain the transaction hash or id, the addsToBlockchain method was invoked. If the transaction
is complete, the loading state was set to true. And once it finishes its work, the loading state is
altered to false, and the transactions was successfully recorded.
In TransactionContexts.jsx, TransactionProvider the parental functions to three above capabilities,
requirements to get {children} boundary from the props and returns TransactionContexts.Provider

Listing 9. Component for TransactionContexts.Provider.

3.4 Recovering the lists of transaction

In TransactionContexts, two functions was created. The objective of jsx is to list the transactions.

 checkIfTransactionsExist: determines all the current transactions which is stored in system.

 getAllTransactions: it basically returns all the transaction that was done in a Sol smart
contract using the functions.
use Effect Hooks is utilized by the boundaries check If Wallet Is Connected and check If
Transactions Exist since they should be named toward the beginning of the app to accumulate
information and rendering the UI.

Listing 10. How transaction was rendered in the card.

All current account transaction extracted after TransactionContexts. Each transactions is shown in
a transaction Ethereum card with its characteristics during the loop.

3.5 Gas fees

On the Ethereum blockchain, "gas" is the fee or pricing value needed to complete a transaction or
carry out a contract. The gas is used to distribute Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) resources so
that decentralised applications like smart contracts can self-execute in a safe but decentralised
manner. It is priced in small fractions of the cryptocurrency ether (ETH), also known as gwei and
occasionally termed nanoeth.
The network's miners, who can refuse to execute a transaction if the gas price does not match their
threshold, and users of the network looking for processing capacity establish the exact price of the
gas through supply and demand.

3.6 how to reduce gas spent on Ethereum

transaction
You can use the following patterns in your code to cut back on gas use.

 Short- circuiting:
We can employ the short-circuiting technique when an operation uses either || or &&. In order
for the higher-cost action to be bypassed (short-circuited) if the first operation evaluates to true,
the lower-cost operation must come first in this pattern.

Listing11: short circuiting.

 Unnecessary libraries:
Libraries can contain a sizable amount of code that is unnecessary for your contract because
they are frequently only imported for a select few usage. It is best to include functionality
imported from a library into your contract if you can do so securely and successfully.
 Listing 12. Example containing library

Listing 13. Example without having library

 Explicit functions visibility:

Explicit functions visibility frequently has advantages for gas optimization and smart
contract security. To save gas each time the functions is called, specifically naming external
functions compels the functions parameter storage location to be set as calldata.

 Proper data types:

Some data types in Sol smart contract are more expensive than others. Knowing the type
that is most effective to employ is crucial. Here are some guidelines for data type usage.

 When possible, type uint should be substituted for type string.

 Storage of type uint256 requires less gas than uint8.
 Type bytes are preferable to byte[].
 Use the fewest number of bytes from bytes 1 to bytes 32 if the length of bytes can be
restricted.
 It is less expensive to use type bytes32 than type string.

4. Conclusion
The project's purpose was to research decentralised technology blockchain and its main
components, such as smart contracts, as well as to develop a cryptocurrency transfer application
that allows users to send transactions in a quick and simple manner.
Consequently, a React application was created that connects to the blockchain and interacts with
smart contracts using Solidity. Each transaction submitted by the user was accompanied with a Gif
and was permanently recorded on the Ethereum network. The application served as a basic
illustration of how blockchain may be used to provide transparency and trust while also reducing
transaction time and cost. Overall, the project was a success because the author met the objectives
outlined at the outset. this dissertation According to this study, incorporating the blockchain
concept into a React application aided in efficiently assimilating the theories. The application,
which is currently hosted on localhost, can be deployed to the domain for further development.
Using this application, the user can send Ethereum via the blockchain using their own Meta mask
account. Because bitcoin is frequently associated with a significant risk of scam or deception, it is
advised that the application's security and dependability be improved.
Using this application, a user can send transaction from one account to another account across the
globe easily quickly and without spending much on gas fees. In this project we uses many ways
through which we can reduce the cost of sending Ethereum in simple words we write the cost
efficient functions for reducing the gas fees which the fees used for sending Ethereum. We
implement all those techniques inside our sol smart contract.

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