Sample Exam – Answers

Sample Exam set A

Version 1.0

ISTQB® Certified Tester Syllabus

Foundation Level
Compatible with Syllabus version 4.0

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 Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Copyright Notice
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The ISTQB® Examination Working Group is responsible for this document.

This document is maintained by a core team from ISTQB® consisting of the Syllabus Working
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Acknowledgements
This document was produced by a core team from ISTQB®: Laura Albert, Wim de Coutere, Arnika
Hryszko, Gary Mogyorodi, (technical rewiever), Meile Posthuma, Gandhinee Rajkomar, Stuart Reid,
Jean-François Riverin, Adam Roman, Lucjan Stapp, Stephanie Ulrich, Yaron Tsubery and Eshraka
Zakaria.
The core team thanks the reviewers: Amanda Alderman, Alexander Alexandrov, Jürgen
Beniermann, Rex Black, Young jae.Choi, Nicola De Rosa, Klaudia Dussa-Zieger, Klaus Erlenbach.
Joëlle Genois, Tamás Gergely, Dot Graham, Matthew Gregg, Gabriele Haller, Chinthaka
Indikadahena, John Kurowski, Ine Lutterman, Isabelle Martin, Patricia McQuaid, Dénes
Medzihradszky, Blair Mo, Gary Mogyorodi, Jörn Münzel, Markus Niehammer, Ingvar Nordström,
Fran O'Hara, Raul Onisor, Dénes Orosz, Arnd Pehl, Horst Pohlmann, Nishan Portoyan, Ale Rebon
Portillo, Stuart Reid, Ralf Reissing, Liang Ren, Jean-Francois Riverin, Lloyd Roden, Tomas
Rosenqvist, Murian Song, Szilard Szell, Giancarlo Tomasig, Joanne Tremblay, François
Vaillancourt, Daniel van der Zwan, André Verschelling and Paul Weymouth for their suggestions and
input.
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Revision History

Sample Exam – Answers Layout Template used: Version 2.9 Date: August 10, 2022

Version Date Remarks

1.0 12.04.2023 Release version

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Table of Contents
Copyright Notice ............................................................................................................................. 2
Document Responsibility................................................................................................................. 2
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 2
Revision History .............................................................................................................................. 3
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ 4
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Purpose of this document ............................................................................................................ 6
Instructions .................................................................................................................................. 6
Answer Key..................................................................................................................................... 7
Answer Key for Additional Sample Questions ................................................................................. 8
Answers .......................................................................................................................................... 9
1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
2 ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
4 ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
5 ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
6 ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
7 ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
8 ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
9 ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
10 ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
11 ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
12 ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
13 ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
14 ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
15 ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
16 ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
17 ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
18 ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
19 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
20 ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
21 ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
22 ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
23 ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
26 ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
27 ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
28 ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
29 ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
30 ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
31 ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
32 ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
33 ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
34 ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
35 ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
36 ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
37 ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
38 ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
39 ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
40 ............................................................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix: Answers to Additional Sample Questions ..................................................................... 26
A1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
A2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
A3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

A4 ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
A5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
A6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
A7 ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
A8 ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
A9 ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
A10 ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
A11 ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
A12 ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
A13 ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
A14 ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
A15 ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
A16 ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
A17 ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
A18 ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
A19 ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
A20 ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
A21 ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
A22 ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
A23 ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
A24 ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
A25 ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
A26 ........................................................................................................................................................... 34

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Introduction

Purpose of this document

The example questions and answers and associated justifications in this sample exam have been
created by a team of subject matter experts and experienced question writers with the aim of:

• Assisting ISTQB® Member Boards and Exam Boards in their question writing activities
• Providing training providers and exam candidates with examples of exam questions

These questions cannot be used as-is in any official examination.

Note, that real exams may include a wide variety of questions, and this sample exam is not intended
to include examples of all possible question types, styles, or lengths, also this sample exam may
both be more difficult or less difficult than any official exam.

Instructions
In this document you will find:

• Answer Key table, including for each correct answer:

- K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value
• Answer Key table for additional questions, including for each correct answer:
- K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value
• Answer sets, including for all questions:
- Correct answer
- Justification for each response (answer) option
- K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value
• Additional answer sets, including for all questions [does not apply to all sample exams*]:
- Correct answer
- Justification for each response (answer) option
- K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value
* The first 40 questions and their answers are arranged according to the exam structure and rules
and therefore simulate a sample exam. The block “Answers to Additional Sample Questions”
contains the answers to additional questions that are not part of the sample exam but may help the
learner to gain a deeper knowledge in the related fields.

• Questions are contained in a separate document

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Sample Exam set A Software Testing
Sample Exam – Answers Qualifications Board

Answer Key
Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points
Number (#) Number (#)
1 c FL-1.1.1 K1 1 21 a FL-4.2.2 K3 1
2 a FL-1.2.1 K2 1 22 d FL-4.2.3 K3 1
3 a FL-1.3.1 K2 1 23 d FL-4.2.4 K3 1
4 b FL-1.4.1 K2 1 24 a FL-4.3.1 K2 1
5 b FL-1.4.2 K2 1 25 d FL-4.3.3 K2 1
6 a, e FL-1.4.5 K2 1 26 a FL-4.4.1 K2 1
7 b FL-1.5.1 K2 1 27 c FL-4.4.2 K2 1
8 d FL-1.5.2 K1 1 28 b FL-4.5.2 K2 1
9 d FL-2.1.2 K1 1 29 a FL-4.5.3 K3 1
10 c FL-2.1.3 K1 1 30 c FL-5.1.2 K1 1
11 d FL-2.1.5 K2 1 31 c, e FL-5.1.3 K2 1
12 c FL-2.1.6 K2 1 32 d FL-5.1.4 K3 1
13 a FL-2.2.1 K2 1 33 a FL-5.1.5 K3 1
14 b FL-2.2.3 K2 1 34 a FL-5.1.7 K2 1
15 a FL-3.1.2 K2 1 35 c FL-5.2.4 K2 1
16 d FL-3.2.1 K1 1 36 d FL-5.3.3 K2 1
17 b FL-3.2.4 K2 1 37 c FL-5.4.1 K2 1
18 d FL-3.2.5 K1 1 38 c FL-5.5.1 K3 1
19 c FL-4.1.1 K2 1 39 c FL-6.1.1 K2 1
20 40 K1 1

b FL-4.2.1 K3 1 b FL-6.2.1

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Sample Exam – Answers

Answer Key for Additional Sample Questions

Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points
Number (#) Number (#)
A1 a FL-1.1.2 K2 1 A14 b FL-3.2.3 K1 1
A2 d FL-1.2.2 K1 1 A15 c FL-4.2.2 K3 1
A3 d FL-1.2.3 K2 1 A16 d FL-4.3.2 K2 1
A4 d FL-1.4.3 K2 1 A17 c FL-4.4.3 K2 1
A5 c FL-1.4.4 K2 1 A18 b FL-4.5.1 K2 1
A6 d FL-1.5.3 K2 1 A19 d FL-5.1.1 K2 1
A7 a FL-2.1.1 K2 1 A20 b FL-5.1.4 K3 1
A8 c FL-2.1.4 K2 1 A21 b FL-5.1.6 K1 1
A9 b FL-2.2.2 K2 1 A22 c FL-5.2.1 K1 1
A10 a FL-2.3.1 K2 1 A23 a FL-5.2.2 K2 1
A11 c FL-3.1.1 K1 1 A24 d FL-5.2.3 K2 1
A12 d FL-3.1.3 K2 1 A25 a, d FL-5.3.1 K1 1
A13 b FL-3.2.2 K2 1 A26 b FL-5.3.2 K2 1

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
1 c a) Is not correct. It is impossible to prove that there are no defects anymore FL-1.1.1 K1 1
in the system under test. See testing principle 1
b) Is not correct. See testing principle 7
c) Is correct. Testing finds defects and failures which reduces the level of
risk and at the same time gives more confidence in the quality level of the
test object
d) Is not correct. It is impossible to test all combinations of inputs (see testing
principle 2)
2 a a) Is correct. It is important that testers are involved from the beginning of FL-1.2.1 K2 1
the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It will increase understanding
of design decisions and will detect defects early.
b) Is not correct. Both developers and testers will have more understanding
of each other's work products and how to test the code
c) Is not correct. If testers can work closely with system designers, it will give
them insight as to how to test
d) Is not correct. Testing will not be successful if legal requirements are not
tested for compliance

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
3 a a) Is correct. This principle means that if the same tests are repeated over FL-1.3.1 K2 1
and over again, eventually these tests no longer find any new defects.
This is probably why the tests all passed in this release as well
b) Is not correct. This principle says about the mistaken belief that just
finding and fixing a large number of defects will ensure the success of a
system
c) Is not correct. This principle says that a small number of components
usually contain most of the defects
d) Is not correct. This principle states that testing all combinations of inputs
and preconditions is not feasible
4 b a) Is not correct. Estimating the test effort is part of test planning FL-1.4.1 K2 1
b) Is correct. This is an example of defining test conditions which is a part
of test analysis
c) Is not correct. Using test techniques to derive coverage items is a part
of test design
d) Is not correct. Reporting defects found during dynamic testing is a part
of test execution
5 b i. Is true. The SDLC has an influence on the test process FL-1.4.2 K2 1
ii. Is false. The number of defects detected in previous projects may have
some influence, but this is not as significant as i, iii and iv
iii. Is true. The identified product risks are one of the most important factors
influencing the test process
iv. Is true. Regulatory requirements are important factors influencing the
test process
v. Is false. The test environment should be a copy of the production
environment but has no significant influence on the test process
Hence b is correct.

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
6 a ,e a) Is correct. This is done by the testers FL-1.4.5 K2 1
b) Is not correct. The product backlog is built and maintained by the product
owner
c) Is not correct. This is done by the development team
d) Is not correct. This is a managerial role
e) Is correct. This is done by the testers
7 b i. Is true. Having domain knowledge is an important tester skill FL-1.5.1 K2 1
ii. Is false. This is a task of the business analyst together with the business
representative
iii. Is true. Being a good team player is an important skill
iv. Is false. Planning and organizing the work of the team is a task of the test
manager or, mostly in an Agile software development project, the whole
team and not just the tester
v. Is true. Critical thinking is one of the most important skills of testers
Hence b is correct.
8 d a) Is not correct. The test automation approach is defined by testers with the FL-1.5.2 K1 1
help of developers and business representatives
b) Is not correct. The test strategy is decided in collaboration with the
developers
c) Is not correct. Testers, developers, and business representatives are part
of the whole team approach
d) Is correct. Testers will work closely with business representatives to
ensure that the desired quality levels are achieved. This includes
supporting and collaborating with them to help them create suitable
acceptance tests

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
9 d a) Is not correct; FL-2.1.2 K1 1
b) Is not correct;
c) Is not correct;
d) Is correct; this rule holds for all SDLC models
10 c a) Is not correct. It is more often used in behavior-driven development (BDD) FL-2.1.3 K1 1
b) Is not correct. It is the description of test-driven development (TDD)
c) Is correct. In acceptance test-driven development (ATDD) tests are
written from acceptance criteria as part of the design process
d) Is not correct. It is used in BDD
11 d a) Is not correct. Early review is an example of the shift left approach FL-2.1.5 K2 1
b) Is not correct. TDD is an example of the shift left approach
c) Is not correct. Early non-functional testing is an example of the shift left
approach
d) Is correct. Test scripts should be subject to configuration management,
so it makes no sense to create the test scripts before this process is set
up

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
12 c a) Is not correct. Retrospectives are more useful for identifying improvement FL-2.1.6 K2 1
opportunities and have little importance for clients
b) Is not correct. Business representatives are not giving feedback about the
product itself. Therefore, there is no financial gain to the organization
c) Is correct. Regularly conducted retrospectives, when appropriate follow
up activities occur, are critical to continual improvement of development
and testing
d) Is not correct. Courage and respect are values of Extreme Programming
and are not closely related to retrospectives
13 a The test basis for acceptance testing is the user’s business needs (1D). FL-2.2.1 K2 1
Communication between components is tested during component integration
testing (2B).
Failures in logic can be found during component testing (3A).
Business rules are the test basis for system testing (4C).
Hence a is correct.
14 b Because TC1 and TC3 failed in Execution 1 (i.e., test (1) and test (3)), test FL-2.2.3 K2 1
(4) and test (6) are confirmation tests.
Because TC2 and TC3 failed in Execution 2 (i.e., tests (5) and (6)), test (8)
and test (9) are also confirmation tests.
TC2 passed in Execution 1 (i.e., test (2)), so test (5) is a regression test.
TC1 passed in the Execution 2 (i.e., test (4)), so test (7) is also a regression
test.
Hence b is correct.

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
15 a a) Is correct. Defect management is not less expensive. Finding and fixing FL-3.1.2 K2 1
defects later in SDLC is more costly
b) Is not correct. This is a benefit of static testing
c) Is not correct. This is a benefit of static testing
d) Is not correct. This is a benefit of static testing
16 d a) Is not correct. Feedback can improve the test process, but if one only FL-3.2.1 K1 1
wants to improve future projects, the feedback does not need to come
early or frequently
b) Is not correct. Feedback is not used to prioritize requirements
c) Is not correct. The quality of changes can be measured in multiple ways
d) Is correct. Early and frequent feedback allows for the early
communication of potential quality problems

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
17 b Considering the attributes: FL-3.2.4 K2 1
• There is a role of a scribe – specified for walkthroughs, technical reviews,
and inspections; thus, the reviews being performed cannot be informal
reviews
• The purpose is to evaluate quality – the purpose of evaluating quality is
one of the most important objectives of a walkthrough
• The review meeting is led by the author of the work product – this is not
allowed for inspections and is typically not done in technical reviews. A
moderator is needed in walkthroughs and is allowed for informal reviews
• Individual reviewers find potential anomalies during preparation – all
types of reviews can include individual reviewers (even informal reviews)
• A review report is produced – all types of reviews can produce a review
report, although informal reviews do not require documentation
Hence b is correct.
18 d a) Is not correct. Adequate time for individuals is a success factor FL-3.2.5 K1 1
b) Is not correct. Splitting work products into small adequate parts is a
success factor
c) Is not correct. Avoiding behaviors that might indicate boredom,
exasperation, etc. is a success factor
d) Is correct. During reviews one can find defects, not failures

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
19 c a) Is not correct. This is a common characteristic of white-box test FL-4.1.1 K2 1
techniques. Test conditions, test cases, and test data are derived from a
test basis that may include code, software architecture, detailed design,
or any other source of information regarding the structure of the software.
b) Is not correct. This is a common characteristic of white-box test
techniques. Coverage is measured based on the items tested within a
selected structure and the technique applied to the test basis
c) Is correct. This is a common characteristic of experience-based test
techniques. This knowledge and experience include expected use of the
software, its environment, likely defects, and the distribution of those
defects is used to define tests
d) Is not correct. This is a common characteristic of black-box test
techniques. Test cases may be used to detect gaps within requirements
and the implementation of the requirements, as well as deviations from
the requirements

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
20 b “Small garden” and “large garden” can go only with “ground floor”, so we need FL-4.2.1 K3 1
two test cases with “ground floor” which cover these two “garden type”
partitions.
We need two more test cases to cover the two other “floor” partitions and a
remaining ”garden type” partition of “no garden”.
We need a total of four test cases:
TC1 (ground floor, small garden)
TC2 (ground floor, large garden)
TC3 (first floor, no garden)
TC4 (second or higher floor, no garden)
a) Is not correct.
b) Is correct.
c) Is not correct.
d) Is not correct.
21 a There are 12 boundary values for the final result values: 0, 50, 51, 60, 61, 70, FL-4.2.2 K3 1
71, 80, 81, 90, 91, and 100.
The test cases cover six of them (TC1 – 91, TC2 – 50, TC3 – 81, TC4 – 60,
TC5 – 70 and TC7 – 51).
Therefore, the test cases cover 6/12 = 50%.
a) Is correct.
b) Is not correct.
c) Is not correct.
d) Is not correct.

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
22 d a) Is not correct. A member without a missed deadline can get a discount FL-4.2.3 K3 1
and a gift T-Shirt after 15 bicycle rentals
b) Is not correct. A member without a missed deadline can get a discount
but no gift T-Shirt until they rented a bicycle 15 times
c) Is not correct. Non-members cannot get a discount, even if they did not
miss a deadline yet
d) Is correct. No discount as a non-member that has also missed a deadline,
but only members can receive a gift T-Shirt. Hence, the action is not
correct
23 d “test” and “error” transitions cannot occur in one test case. FL-4.2.4 K3 1
Neither can both “done” transitions.
This means we need at least three test cases to achieve transition coverage.
For example:
TC1: test, done
TC2: run, error, done
TC3: run, pause, resume, pause, done
Hence
a) Is not correct.
b) Is not correct.
c) Is not correct.
d) Is correct.

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
24 a a) Is correct. Since 100% statement coverage is achieved, every statement, FL-4.3.1 K2 1
including the ones with defects, must have been executed and evaluated
at least once
b) Is not correct. Coverage depends on what is tested, not on the number of
test cases. For example, for code “if (x==0) y=1”, one test case (x=0)
achieves 100% statement coverage, but two test cases (x=1) and (x=2)
together achieve only 50% statement coverage
c) Is not correct. If there is a loop in the code there may be an infinite number
of possible paths, so it is not possible to execute all the possible paths in
the code
d) Is not correct. Exhaustive testing is not possible (see the seven testing
principles section in the syllabus). For example, for code “input x; print x”
any single test with arbitrary x achieves 100% statement coverage, but
covers one input value
25 d a) Is not correct. The fundamental strength of white-box test techniques is FL-4.3.3 K2 1
that the entire software implementation is taken into account during
testing
b) Is not correct. White-box coverage measures provide an objective
measure of coverage and provide the necessary information to allow
additional tests to be generated to increase this coverage
c) Is not correct. White-box test techniques can be used to perform reviews
(static testing)
d) Is correct. This is the weakness of the white-box test techniques. They
are not able to identify the missing implementation, because they are
based solely on the test object structure, not on the requirements
specification

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Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
26 a a) Is correct. The basic concept behind error guessing is that the tester tries FL-4.4.1 K2 1
to guess what errors may have been made by the developer and what
defects may be in the test object based on past experience (and
sometimes checklists)
b) Is not correct. Although a testers who used to be a developer may use
their personal experience to help them when performing error guessing,
the test technique is not based on prior knowledge of development
c) Is not correct. Error guessing is not a usability technique for guessing how
users may fail to interact with the test object
d) Is not correct. Duplicating the development task has several flaws that
make it impractical, such as the tester having equivalent skills to the
developer and the time involved to perform the development. It is not error
guessing
27 c a) Is not correct. This is a new product. You probably do not have a checklist FL-4.4.2 K2 1
yet and test conditions might not be known due to missing requirements
b) Is not correct. This is a new product. You probably do not have enough
information to make correct error guesses
c) Is correct. Exploratory testing is most useful when there are few known
specifications and/or there is a pressing timeline for testing
d) Is not correct. Branch testing is time-consuming, and your management
is asking about some test results now. Also, branch testing does not
involve domain knowledge

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
28 b a) Is not correct. Retrospectives are used to capture lessons learned and to FL-4.5.2 K2 1
improve the development and testing process, not to document the
acceptance criteria
b) Is correct. This is the standard way to document acceptance criteria
c) Is not correct. Verbal communication does not allow to physically
document the acceptance criteria as part of a user story (”card” aspect in
the 3C’s model)
d) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria are related to a user story, not a test
plan. Also, acceptance criteria are the conditions that have to be fulfilled
to decide if the user story is complete. Risks are not such conditions
29 a a) Is correct. This test covers two acceptance criteria: one about editing the FL-4.5.3 K3 1
document and one about saving changes
b) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria cover the editor activities, not the
content owner activities
c) Is not correct. Scheduling the edited content for publication may be a nice
feature, but it is not covered by the acceptance criteria
d) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria state about reassigning from an editor
to the content owner, not to another editor
30 c a) Is not correct. Priorities for user stories are determined by the business FL-5.1.2 K1 1
representative together with the development team
b) Is not correct. Testers focus on both functional and non-functional
aspects of the system to be tested
c) Is correct. According to the syllabus, this is one of the ways testers add
value to iteration and release planning
d) Is not correct. Early test design is not part of release planning. Early test
design does not automatically guarantee the release of quality software

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
31 c, e a) Is not correct. Test environment readiness is a resource availability FL-5.1.3 K2 1
criterion; hence it belongs to the entry criteria
b) Is not correct. This is a resource availability criterion; hence it belongs to
the entry criteria
c) Is correct. Estimated defect density is a measure of diligence; hence it
belongs to the exit criteria.
d) Is not correct. Requirements translated into a given format result in
testable requirements; hence it belongs to the entry criteria
e) Is correct. Automation of regression tests is a completion criterion; hence
it belongs to the exit criteria
32 d In the three-point estimation technique FL-5.1.4 K3 1
E = (optimistic + 4*most likely + pessimistic)/6,
E = (2+(4*11)+14)/6 = 10.
Hence d is correct.
33 a Test TC 001 must come first, followed by TC 002, to satisfy dependencies. FL-5.1.5 K3 1
Afterwards, TC 003 to satisfy priority and then TC 004, followed by TC 005.
Hence:
a) Is correct.
b) Is not correct.
c) Is not correct.
d) Is not correct.
34 a Usability testing is in Q3 (1 – C) FL-5.1.7 K2 1
Component testing is in Q1 (2 – A)
Functional testing is in Q2 (3 – B)
Reliability testing is in Q4 (4 – D)
Hence a is correct.

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
35 c a) Is not correct. We do not accept the risk; concrete actions are proposed FL-5.2.4 K2 1
b) Is not correct. No contingency plans are proposed
c) Is correct. The proposed actions are related to testing, which is a form of
risk mitigation
d) Is not correct. Risk is not transferred but mitigated
36 d a) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria are the conditions used to decide FL-5.3.3 K2 1
whether the user story is ready. They cannot show work progress
b) Is not correct. Defect reports inform about the defects. They do not show
work progress
c) Is not correct. Test completion report can be created after the iteration is
finished, so it will not show the progress continuously within an iteration
d) Is correct. Burndown charts are a graphical representation of work left to
do versus time remaining. They are updated daily, so they can
continuously show the work progress
37 c a) Is not correct. Traceability is the relationship between two or more work FL-5.4.1 K2 1
products, not between different versions of the same work product
b) Is not correct. Maintenance testing is about testing changes; it is not
related closely to versioning
c) Is correct. To support testing, configuration management may involve the
version control of all test items
d) Is not correct. Requirements engineering is the elicitation,
documentation, and management of requirements; it is not closely related
to test script versioning

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
38 c a) Is not correct. The expected result is “the application should accept the FL-5.5.1 K3 1
provided input and create the user”. The actual result is “The application
hangs up after entering “Test input. $ä””.
b) Is not correct. There is a reference to the test case and to the related
requirement and it states that the defect is rejected. Also, the defect
status would not be very helpful for the developers
c) Is correct. We do not know in which test environment the anomaly was
detected, and we also do not know which application (and its version) is
affected
d) Is not correct. The defect report states that the anomaly is urgent, that it
is a global issue (i.e., many, if not all, test administration accounts are
affected) and states the impact is high for business stakeholders
39 c a) Is not correct. Test monitoring involves the ongoing checking of all FL-6.1.1 K2 1
activities and comparison of actual progress against the test plan. Test
control involves taking the actions necessary to meet the test objectives
of the test plan. No test data are prepared during these activities
b) Is not correct. Test analysis includes analyzing the test basis to identify
test conditions and prioritize them. Test design includes elaborating the
test conditions into test cases and other testware. Test data are not
prepared during these activities
c) Is correct. Test implementation includes creating or acquiring the
testware necessary for test execution (e.g., test data)
d) Is not correct. Test completion activities occur at project milestones (e.g.,
release, end of iteration, test level completion), so it is too late for
preparing test data

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
40 b a) Is not correct. Test automation does not introduce unknown regressions FL-6.2.1 K1 1
in production
b) Is correct. Wrong allocation of effort to maintain testware is a risk
c) Is not correct. Test tools must be selected so that they and their testware
can be relied upon
d) Is not correct. The primary goal of test automation is to reduce manual
testing. So, this is a benefit, not a risk

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Appendix: Answers to Additional Sample Questions

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number
Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A1 a a) Is correct. Debugging is the process of finding, analyzing, and removing FL-1.1.2 K2 1
the causes of failures in a component or system
b) Is not correct. Testing is the process concerned with planning,
preparation and evaluation of a component or system and related work
products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to
demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects. It is not
related to fixing causes of failures
c) Is not correct. Requirement elicitation is the process of gathering,
capturing, and consolidating requirements from available sources. It is
not related to fixing causes of failures
d) Is not correct. Defect management is the process of recognizing,
recording, classifying, investigating, resolving, and disposing of defects.
It is not related to fixing causes of failures
A2 d a) It is not correct. See justification d FL-1.2.2 K1 1
b) It is not correct. See justification d
c) It is not correct. See justification d
d) Is correct. Testing and quality assurance are not the same. Testing is the
process consisting of all software development lifecycle (SDLC)
activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation
and evaluation of a component or system and related work products to
determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that
they are fit for purpose and to detect defects. Quality assurance is
focused on establishing, introducing, monitoring, improving, and
adhering to the quality-related processes

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A3 d a) Is not correct. The root cause is the distraction that the programmer FL-1.2.3 K2 1
experienced while programming
b) Is not correct. Accepting invalid inputs is a failure
c) Is not correct. The error is the mistaken thinking that resulted in putting
the defect in the code
d) Is correct. The problem in the code is a defect
A4 d The testware under consideration is a test charter FL-1.4.3 K2 1
Test charters are the output from test design
Hence d is correct.
A5 c a) Is not correct. Performing the impact analysis will not give information FL-1.4.4 K2 1
about completeness of tests. Analyzing the impact analysis of changes
will help to select the right test cases for execution
b) Is not correct. Traceability does not give information about the estimated
level of residual risk if the test cases are not traced back to risks
c) Is correct. Performing the impact analysis of the changes helps in
selecting the test cases for the regression test
d) Is not correct. Analyzing the traceability between the test basis, test
objects and test cases does not help in selecting test data to achieve the
assumed coverage of the test object. Selecting test data is more related
to test analysis and test implementation, not traceability

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A6 d a) Is not correct. Quality should be the responsibility of everyone working on FL-1.5.3 K2 1
the project and not the sole responsibility of the test team
b) Is not correct. First, it is not a benefit if an external test team does not
meet delivery deadlines, and second, there is no reason to believe that
external test teams will feel they do not have to meet strict delivery
deadlines
c) Is not correct. It is bad practice for the test team to work in complete
isolation, and we would expect an external test team to be concerned with
changing project requirements and communicating well with developers
d) Is correct. Specifications are never perfect, meaning that assumptions will
have to be made by the developer. An independent tester is useful in that
they can challenge and verify the assumptions and subsequent
interpretation made by the developer
A7 a a) Is correct. In sequential development models, in the initial phases, testers FL-2.1.1 K2 1
participate in requirement reviews, test analysis, and test design. The
executable code is usually created in the later phases, so dynamic
testing cannot be performed early in the SDLC
b) Is not correct. Static testing can always be performed early in the SDLC
c) Is not correct. Test planning should be performed early in the SDLC
before the test project begins
d) Is not correct. Acceptance testing can be performed when there is a
working product. In sequential SDLC models the working product is
usually delivered late in the SDLC

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A8 c i. is true. Faster product release and faster time to market is an advantage FL-2.1.4 K2 1
of DevOps
ii. is false. Typically, we need less effort for manual tests because of the
use of test automation
iii. is true. Constant availability of executable software is an advantage
iv. is false. More regression tests are needed
v. is false. Not everything is automated and setting up a test automation
framework is expensive
Hence c is correct.
A9 b a) Is not correct. The fact that the requirement about the system’s FL-2.2.2 K2 1
performance comes directly from the client and that the performance is
important from the business point of view (i.e., high priority) does not
make these tests functional, because they do not check “what” the system
does, but “how” (i.e., how fast the orders are processed)
b) Is correct. This is an example of performance testing, a type of non-
functional testing
c) Is not correct. From the scenario we do not know if interacting with the
user interface is a part of the test conditions. But even if we did, the main
test objective of these tests is to check the performance, not the usability
d) Is not correct. We do not need to know the internal structure of the code
to perform the performance testing. One can execute performance
efficiency tests without structural knowledge

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A10 a a) Is correct. When a system is retired, this can require testing of data FL-2.3.1 K2 1
migration, which is a form of maintenance testing
b) Is not correct. Regression testing verifies whether a fix accidentally
affected the behavior of other parts of the code, but now we are talking
about data migration to a new system
c) Is not correct. Component testing focuses on individual hardware or
software components, not on data migration
d) Is not correct. Integration testing focuses on interactions between
components and/or systems, not on data migration
A11 c Only third-party executable code cannot be reviewed. Hence the correct FL-3.1.1 K1 1
answer is c.
A12 d i. These behaviors are easily detectable while the software is running. FL-3.1.3 K2 1
Hence, dynamic testing shall be used to identify them
ii. This is an example of deviations from standards, which is a typical defect
that is easier found with static testing
iii. If the software is executed during the test, it is dynamic testing
iv. Identifying defects as early as possible is the test objective of both static
testing and dynamic testing
v. This is an example of gaps in the test basis traceability or coverage, which
is a typical defect that is easier found with static testing
Hence d is correct.
A13 b a) Is not correct. In all types of reviews there is more than one role, even in FL-3.2.2 K2 1
informal ones
b) Is correct. There are several activities during the formal review process
c) Is not correct. Documentation to be reviewed should be distributed as
early as possible
d) Is not correct. Defects found during the review should be reported

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A14 b a) Is not correct. This is the task of the review leader FL-3.2.3 K1 1
b) Is correct. This is the task of the management in a formal review
c) Is not correct. This is the task of the moderator
d) Is not correct. This is the task of the scribe
A15 c There are three equivalence partitions: {..., 10, 11}, {12}, and {13, 14, ...}. FL-4.2.2 K3 1
The boundary values are 11, 12 and 13. In the three-point boundary value
analysis for each boundary, we need to test the boundary and both its
neighbors, so:
• for 11 we test 10, 11, 12
• for 12 we test 11, 12, 13
• for 13 we test 12, 13, 14
Altogether we need to test 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14
a) Is not correct.
b) Is not correct.
c) Is correct.
d) Is not correct.
A16 d a) Is not correct. In this case one test case is still needed since there is at FL-4.3.2 K2 1
least one (unconditional) branch to be covered
b) Is not correct. Covering only unconditional branches does not imply
covering all conditional branches
c) is not correct. 100% branch coverage implies 100% statement coverage,
not otherwise. For example, for an IF decision without the ELSE, one test
is enough to achieve 100% statement coverage, but it only achieves 50%
branch coverage
d) Is correct. Each decision outcome corresponds to a conditional branch,
so 100% branch coverage implies 100% decision coverage

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A17 c a) Is not correct. The book provides general guidance, and is not a formal FL-4.4.3 K2 1
requirements document, a specification, or a set of use cases, user
stories, or business processes
b) Is not correct. While you could consider the list as a set of test charters,
it more closely resembles the list of test conditions to be checked
c) Is correct. The list of user interface best practices is the list of test
conditions to be systematically checked
d) Is not correct. The tests are not focused on failures that could occur, but
rather on knowledge about what is important for the user, in terms of
usability
A18 b a) Is not correct. Collaborative user story writing means that all stakeholders FL-4.5.1 K2 1
create the user stories collaboratively, to obtain the shared vision
b) Is correct. Collaborative user story writing means that all stakeholders
create the user stories collaboratively, to obtain the shared vision
c) Is not correct. Collaborative user story writing means that all stakeholders
create the user stories collaboratively, to obtain the shared vision
d) Is not correct. This is the list of properties that each user story should
have, not the description of the collaboration-based approach
A19 d a) Is not correct. The paragraph contains information on test levels and exit FL-5.1.1 K2 1
criteria, which are part of the test approach
b) Is not correct. The paragraph contains information on test levels and exit
criteria, which are part of the test approach
c) Is not correct. The paragraph contains information on test levels and exit
criteria, which are part of the test approach
d) Is correct. The paragraph contains information on test levels and exit
criteria, which are part of the test approach

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A20 b a) Is not correct. This should be a team activity and not overruled by one FL-5.1.4 K3 1
team member
b) Is correct. If test estimates are not the same, but the variation in the
results is small, applying rules like “accept the number with the most
votes” can be applied
c) Is not correct. There is no consensus yet as some say 13, others say 8
d) Is not correct. A feature should not be removed only because the team
cannot agree on the test estimates
A21 b a) Is not correct. The test pyramid emphasizes having a larger number of FL-5.1.6 K1 1
tests at the lower test levels
b) Is correct. It is not true that near the top of pyramid, test automation
should be more formal
c) Is not correct. Usually component testing and component integration
testing are automated using API-based tools
d) Is not correct. For system testing and acceptance testing, the automated
tests are typically created using GUI-based tools
A22 c a) Is not correct. Risk impact and risk likelihood are independent FL-5.2.1 K1 1
b) Is not correct. Risk impact and risk likelihood are independent
c) Is correct. Risk impact and risk likelihood are independent
d) Is not correct. We need both factors to calculate risk level
A23 a i. Project risk FL-5.2.2 K2 1
ii. Product risk
iii. Product risk
iv. Project risk
v. Product risk
Hence a is correct.

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© International Software Testing Qualifications Board
Certified Tester, Foundation Level
Sample Exam set A
Sample Exam – Answers

Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number

Number Answer Objective of
(#) (LO) Points
A24 d a) Is not correct. This is an example of a risk monitoring activity, not risk FL-5.2.3 K2 1
analysis
b) Is not correct. This is an example of an architectural decision, not related
with testing
c) Is not correct. This is an example of performing a quantitative risk analysis
and is not related to thoroughness or scope of testing
d) Is correct. This shows how risk analysis impacts the thoroughness of
testing (i.e., the level of detail)
A25 a, d a) Is correct. The number of defects found is related to the test object quality FL-5.3.1 K1 1
b) Is not correct. This is the measure of the test efficiency not the test object
quality
c) Is not correct. The number of test cases executed does not tell us
anything about the quality; test results might do
d) Is correct. defect density is related to the test object quality
e) Is not correct. Time to repair is a process metric. It does not tell us
anything about the product quality
A26 b a) Is not correct. Impediments to testing can be high level and business- FL-5.3.2 K2 1
related, so this is an important piece of information for business
stakeholders
b) Is correct. Branch testing is a technical metric used by developers and
technical testers. This information is of no interest to business
representatives
c) Is not correct. Test progress is project related, so it may be useful for
business representatives
d) Is not correct. Risks impact product quality, so it may be useful for
business representatives

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