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11 - Stress Measures-Lesson1

The document discusses stress measures and the Cauchy stress tensor. It provides definitions and formulas for stress vectors, normal stress, shear stress, and the relationship between stress and the stress tensor. It also covers transforming stress components between different coordinate systems using the transformation law and direction cosines. An example demonstrates determining stress vectors and components on a plane and transforming stress components between two rectangular coordinate systems for a fiber-reinforced composite layer.

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emmanuel FOYET
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22 views

11 - Stress Measures-Lesson1

The document discusses stress measures and the Cauchy stress tensor. It provides definitions and formulas for stress vectors, normal stress, shear stress, and the relationship between stress and the stress tensor. It also covers transforming stress components between different coordinate systems using the transformation law and direction cosines. An example demonstrates determining stress vectors and components on a plane and transforming stress components between two rectangular coordinate systems for a fiber-reinforced composite layer.

Uploaded by

emmanuel FOYET
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stress Measures

Cauchy Stress Tensor


• Consider a material body supported at various points on
the surface, subjected to a number forces and cutted in a
point by planes with different orientation.

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• 𝐧: unit normal vector;
• A = A𝐧: area;
• df(𝐧): force on a small area 𝐧da located at the position x;

• Stress vector: point function of unit normal which


denotes the orientation of the surface Δa:

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• Normal stress tnn: component of t in the direction
of ;
• Shear stress tns: component of t normal to .

Newton’s third law

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Relationship between t and
• Consider an infinitesimal tetrahedron in Cartesian
coordinates:

•t : stress vectors in the outward


directions on the faces of the infinitesimal tetrahedron;
• Δa : areas.
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By Newton’s second law:

• Δv: volume of the tetrahedron;


• ρ: density;
• f: body force per unit mass;
• a: acceleration.
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Gradient theorem         

the total vector area of a closed surface is zero

•
•
•

•
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Substituting:

in the equation:

and dividing throughout by Δa

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When the tetrahedron shrinks to a point:

Terms in parenthesis: stress dyadic or stress tensor σ

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• Cauchy stress formula
• Cauchy stress tensor σ

Current force per unit deformed area

• Cauchy formula: Cartesian component form and matrix form:

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Rectangular Cartesian system:
• Stress vectors: 

• Stress tensor:

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• Stress vector t as the sum of vectors along and
perpendicular to the unit normal vector . 

• Component of stress vector t normal to the plane.

• Component of t perpendicular to 𝐧.

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Example
• Consider a rectangular Cartesian system ( ),
in which the components of the stress tensor at a
certain point of a continuum medium B are given
by:
[N/mm2]

Determine the stress vector t and its normal and


tangential components at the point on the plane:

passing through the point.


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The unit normal to the plane defined by
is given by:

The components of the stress vector are:

[N/mm2]

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The normal component of the stress vector t on
the plane is:
[N/mm2]

The tangential component is:


[N/mm2]

[N/mm2]

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Transformation of Stress Components
Cauchy stress second – order tensor components:
• Invariants:

• Transformation law:

: direction cosines

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Example
• Consider the unidirectional fiber – reinforced
composite layer:
• z – coordinate is normal to the plane of the layer;
• x – and y – coordinate are in the plane of the layer.

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• Consider a new rectangular coordinate system
( ), where:
• ‐ coordinate coincides with the z – coordinate;
• ‐ and ‐ coordinates are oriented at an angle of
θ to the x ‐ and y ‐ coordinates, respectively, so that
the x1‐axis is along the fiber direction:

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• Determine the transformation relationships
between the stress components , , ∙∙∙
referred to the (x, y, z) system and , , ∙∙∙
referred to the coordinates system ( ).

• Coordinates of a material point in the two coordinates


systems (z = 𝑥 ):

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• Inverse systems:

L is an orthogonal tensor
Defining , as the othonormal basis vectors in
coordinate systems (x 𝑥 ,y 𝑥 , z 𝑥 ) and (𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ):

3 x 3 matrix of direction cosines. 


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Rearranging the equations in terms of the column
vectors of stress components:

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Rearranging the equations in terms of the column
vectors of stress components:

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