Lecture-3

Programming
1) What is Computer programming?
Computer Programming is also known as programming or coding. Programming is a process which includes
processes such as coding, maintaining, updating, debugging, writing, designing (algorithm), etc.
2) How does programming work?
Programming contains a set of instructions for the computer to perform different tasks. In fact, those
instructions are executable commands, each having a different purpose.
3) What is debugging?
Debugging is the process of finding and removing errors in a program. In this process, the program is
thoroughly checked for errors. Then errors are pointed out and debugged.
4) Name different types of errors which can occur during the execution of a program?
There are three types of errors which can occur during the execution of a program Syntax Errors
Runtime Errors
Logical errors
5) When a syntax error occurs?
A syntax error occurs when the program violates one or more grammatical rules of the programming
language. These errors are detected at compile time, i.e., when the translator (compiler or interpreter)
attempts to translate the program.
6) When a runtime error occurs?
A runtime error occurs when the computer is directed to perform an illegal operation by the program such as
dividing a number by zero. Runtime errors are the only errors which are displayed immediately during the
execution of a program. When these errors occur, the computer stops the execution of the programming and
can display a diagnostic message that will help in locating the error.
7) When a logical error occurs?
The logical error happens when a program implements the wrong logic. The translator (compiler or
interpreter) does not report any error message for a logical error. These errors are the most difficult to locate.
8) What is a flowchart?
The flowchart is a pictorial representation of a program which helps in understanding the flow of control and
data in the algorithm.
9) What is an algorithm?
An algorithm is a finite set of steps which, if followed, accomplish a particular task. An algorithm must be
clear, finite and effective.
10) What do you understand by the term “Maintain and update the Program”?
Program maintenance is an ongoing process of upgrading the program to accommodate new hardware or
software requirements and introducing minor or great improvements. Essentially, it is the expansion,
updating and improvement of a program after its installation.
11) What are variables?
Variables are named memory locations (memory cells) which are used to store the program’s input and its
computational results during program execution. As the name suggests, the value of a variable may change
during the program execution.
12) What are reserved words?
Reserved words or keywords are the words, which have predefined meanings. They have predefined uses and
cannot be used or redefined for any other purpose in a programming language.
Examples
IF
ELSE
THEN
13) What are loops?
The loop is a structure which can repeat a set of statements up to a fixed number of times or until a certain
criterion is satisfied.
14) Name different types of loops.
Different types of loops are
FOR…NEXT Loop
WHILE…WEND Loop
Nested Loop
15) What is the use of FOR…NEXT Loop?
When it is known in advance how many times the loop must be repeated the FOR…NEXT Loop is the most
effective option. FOR…NEXT Loop is used to repeat a set of statements to a specific number of times.
16) What is the use of WHILE…WEND Loop?
The While loop keeps repeating an action until an associated condition becomes false. This is useful where the
programmer does not know in advance how many times the loop will be executed.
17) What is the use of Nested Loop?
Loop within a loop is called nested loop.
18) What is Documentation?
Documentation is a detailed description of a program’s algorithm, design, coding method, testing, and proper
usage. Documentation is valuable for the users who rely upon the program on a day-to-day basis, and for the
programmer who may be called on to modify or update it.
19) What is the working of a compiler?
A compiler is a unique program that can process statements which are written in a particular programming
language and can turn them into machine language or “code.” This is the working of a compiler. The compiler
does no compression …point me to a link which says so
20) What do we call the binary form of a target language?
The binary form of a target language is also called “Binary Code”.
21) What are constants?
A constant is a quantity whose value cannot be changed. Unlike a variable, the value stored in a constant can’t
be modified during program execution.
22) Name two types of constants.
Two types of constants are mentioned below:
Numeric Constants
String Constants
23) Define Numeric constants.
Numeric constants consist of integers, single precision, or double-precision numbers. Integer constants
represent values that are counted and do not have a fractional part, e.g., +56, -678
24) Define String constants.
A string constant is a sequence of alphanumeric characters enclosed in double quotation marks. The
maximum length of a string constant is 255 characters. For example, “New York.”
25) Define Operators.
Operators are symbols which are used to perform certain operations on a data. These include arithmetic,
relational, logical, and assignment operators.
26) What is an Array?
An array is a collection of contiguous memory locations which can store data of the same type.
27) What is subroutine?
A subroutine is a self-contained set of statements that can be used from anywhere in a program. The
subroutine performs its specific task and then returns control to the program that calls the subroutine.

28) What is the purpose of arithmetic operators?

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on values (numbers).
29) What is the purpose of relational operators?
Relational operators are used to compare two values. These operators always evaluate to true or false. They
always produce a non-zero value (in most case 1).

30) Define Low-level programming language.

In computer programming, the programming language which provides no generalization from the computer’s
“instruction set architecture” is called a low-level programming language. It usually directs to machine code
or assembly language.
31) Define High-Level programming language.
In computer programming, the programming language which provides high generalization from the
computer’s “instruction set architecture” is called a high-level programming language. To make the
development of a program easier as compared to a low-level programming language, it may use the natural
language elements.

32) What is Machine code?

Machine code is a language, which can be processed directly by a microprocessor without any need of the
previous transformation. Programmers never write programs directly in machine code.
33) Write a code in 32-bit x86 machine code to calculate the nth Fibonacci number.
8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000B9010000 008D0419
83FA0376 078BD98BC84AEBF1 5BC3
34) List some programming languages.
Some programming languages are listed below:
A+
A++
ACC
ALF
APL
BASIC
COBOL
35) What is reliability?
It is the proper working of software during a specific period of time. If a program doesn’t work properly
during the required period then it’s not reliable.
36) What is modeling language?
An artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in
an arrangement which is defined by a reliable number of rules. These rules are also used for interpretation of
the meaning of components in the structure.
37) Name some modeling languages.
Names of some modeling languages are listed below:
Business Process Modeling Notation
EXPRESS
Extended Enterprise Modeling Language
Flowchart
Fundamental Modeling Concepts
Jackson Structured Programming
Unified Modeling Language
Alloy (specification language
Systems Modeling Language
38) What is software testing?
Software testing a process in which software is tested under certain conditions to test the quality of a
program. Testing a program is also required to check whether the software provides a good user experience
or not.
39) Tell a few reasons of software testing.
A few reasons for software testing are mentioned below:
Proper working
Satisfying quality
Fulfills the requirements of the user
Can be implemented with the identical
40) What is Beta version?
The beta version of a software is that version which is not ready for release and can be changed after the
feedback from the users. Beta version comes after alpha version.
41) What is the working of logical operators?
Logical operators let us combine simple conditions to construct more complex ones (By conditions, we mean
an expression evaluating to true or false).
42) What is the purpose of the assignment operator?
The assignment operator is used to store a value, string or a computational result in a variable.
43) What is analyzing a program?
The process in which program is decomposed into sub-problems. Rather on concentrating the bigger problem
as a whole, we try to solve each sub-problem separately. This leads to a simple solution. This technique is also
known as top-down design.
44) What is the working on an algorithm?
Every algorithm performs at least following three steps:
Get data
Perform computation
Display results
45) How is the division by zero defined?
Division by zero is undefined.
46) What is the meaning of implementation of a program?
Once the program has been tested thoroughly, it must be installed or put into operation at the site where it
will be used. This is known as the implementation of the program.
47) What are numeric variables?
The variables which can store numeric values are called number variables. Numeric values include both
floating point numbers and whole numbers.
48) What are string variables?
A string can be defined as a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotations. A string variable can,
therefore, store a sequence of characters. The nature of character string is entirely different from the nature of
numeric values.
49) What are commands?
Commands are executable instructions which are operated in the direct mode. They do not require a
preceding line number. Incorrect info
50) What is the execution of a program?
Execution of the program refers to carrying out the instruction of the program. The program must be loaded
into memory (RAM) before execution.
OOP Related Questions:
1) What is OOPS?
OOPS is abbreviated as Object Oriented Programming system in which programs are considered as a
collection of objects. Each object is nothing but an instance of a class.
2) Write basic concepts of OOPS?
Following are the concepts of OOPS:
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
3) What is a class?
A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint/plan/template that describes the
details of an object.
4) What is an Object?
An object is an instance of a class. It has its own state, behavior, and identity.
5) What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is an attribute of an object, and it contains all data which is hidden. That hidden data can be
restricted to the members of that class.
Levels are Public, Protected, Private, Internal, and Protected Internal.
6) What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism is nothing but assigning behavior or value in a subclass to something that was already declared
in the main class. Simply, polymorphism takes more than one form.
7) What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is a concept where one class shares the structure and behavior defined in another class. If
Inheritance applied to one class is called Single Inheritance, and if it depends on multiple classes, then it is
called multiple Inheritance.
8) What are manipulators?
Manipulators are the functions which can be used in conjunction with the insertion (<<) and extraction (>>)
operators on an object. Examples are endl and setw.
9) Explain the term constructor
A constructor is a method used to initialize the state of an object, and it gets invoked at the time of object
creation. Rules for constructor are:
Constructor Name should be the same as a class name.
A constructor must have no return type.
10) Define Destructor?
A destructor is a method which is automatically called when the object is made of scope or destroyed.
Destructor name is also same as class name but with the tilde symbol before the name.
11) What is an Inline function?
An inline function is a technique used by the compilers and instructs to insert complete body of the function
wherever that function is used in the program source code.
12) What is a virtual function?
A virtual function is a member function of a class, and its functionality can be overridden in its derived class.
This function can be implemented by using a keyword called virtual, and it can be given during function
declaration.
A virtual function can be declared using a token(virtual) in C++. It can be achieved in C/Python Language by
using function pointers or pointers to function.
13) What is a friend function?
A friend function is a friend of a class that is allowed to access to Public, private, or protected data in that same
class. If the function is defined outside the class cannot access such information.
A friend can be declared anywhere in the class declaration, and it cannot be affected by access control
keywords like private, public, or protected.
14) What is function overloading?
Function overloading is a regular function, but it can perform different tasks. It allows the creation of several
methods with the same name which differ from each other by the type of input and output of the function.
Example

1 void add(int&amp; a, int&amp; b);

2
3 void add(double&amp; a, double&amp; b);
4
5 void add(struct bob&amp; a, struct bob&amp; b);
15) What is operator overloading?
Operator overloading is a function where different operators are applied and depends on the arguments.
Operator,-,* can be used to pass through the function, and it has its own precedence to execute
16) What is an abstract class?
An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not possible with an abstract
class, but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only an Abstract method. Java allows only abstract
method in abstract class while other languages allow non-abstract method as well.
17) What is a ternary operator?
The ternary operator is said to be an operator which takes three arguments. Arguments and results are of
different data types, and it depends on the function. The ternary operator is also called a conditional operator.
18) What is the use of finalize method?
Finalize method helps to perform cleanup operations on the resources which are not currently used. Finalize
method is protected, and it is accessible only through this class or by a derived class.
19) What are the different types of arguments?
A parameter is a variable used during the declaration of the function or subroutine, and arguments are passed
to the function body, and it should match with the parameter defined. There are two types of Arguments.
Call by Value – Value passed will get modified only inside the function, and it returns the same value whatever
it is passed into the function.
Call by Reference – Value passed will get modified in both inside and outside the functions and it returns the
same or different value.
20) What is the super keyword?
The super keyword is used to invoke the overridden method, which overrides one of its superclass methods.
This keyword allows to access overridden methods and also to access hidden members of the superclass.
It also forwards a call from a constructor, to a constructor in the superclass.
21) What is method overriding?
Method overriding is a feature that allows a subclass to provide the implementation of a method that
overrides in the main class. It will override the implementation in the superclass by providing the same
method name, same parameter, and same return type.
22) What is an interface?
An interface is a collection of an abstract method. If the class implements an interface, it thereby inherits all
the abstract methods of an interface.
Java uses Interface to implement multiple inheritances.
23) What is exception handling?
An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program. Exceptions can be of any type –
Runtime exception, Error exceptions. Those exceptions are adequately handled through exception handling
mechanism like try, catch, and throw keywords.
24) What are tokens?
A compiler recognizes a token, and it cannot be broken down into component elements. Keywords, identifiers,
constants, string literals, and operators are examples of tokens.
Even punctuation characters are also considered as tokens. Example: Brackets, Commas, Braces, and
Parentheses.
25) What is the main difference between overloading and overriding?
Overloading is static Binding, whereas Overriding is dynamic Binding. Overloading is nothing but the same
method with different arguments, and it may or may not return the equal value in the same class itself.
Overriding is the same method names with the same arguments and return types associated with the class
and its child class.
26) What is the main difference between a class and an object?
An object is an instance of a class. Objects hold multiple information, but classes don’t have any information.
Definition of properties and functions can be done in class and can be used by the object.
A class can have sub-classes, while an object doesn’t have sub-objects.
27) What is an abstraction?
Abstraction is a useful feature of OOPS, and it shows only the necessary details to the client of an object.
Meaning, it shows only required details for an object, not the inner constructors, of an object. Example – When
you want to switch on the television, it is not necessary to know the inner circuitry/mechanism needed to
switch on the TV. Whatever is required to switch on TV will be shown by using an abstract class.

28) What are the access modifiers?

Access modifiers determine the scope of the method or variables that can be accessed from other various
objects or classes. There are five types of access modifiers, and they are as follows:
Private
Protected
Public
Friend
Protected Friend
29) What are sealed modifiers?
Sealed modifiers are the access modifiers where the methods can not inherit it. Sealed modifiers can also be
applied to properties, events, and methods. This modifier cannot be used to static members.
30) How can we call the base method without creating an instance?
Yes, it is possible to call the base method without creating an instance. And that method should be “Static
method.”
Doing Inheritance from that class.-Use Base Keyword from a derived class.
31) What is the difference between new and override?
The new modifier instructs the compiler to use the new implementation instead of the base class function.
Whereas, Override modifier helps to override the base class function.
32) What are the various types of constructors?
There are three types of constructors:
– Default Constructor – With no parameters.
– Parametric Constructor – With Parameters. Create a new instance of a class and also passing arguments
simultaneously.
– Copy Constructor – Which creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.
33) What is early and late Binding?
Early binding refers to the assignment of values to variables during design time, whereas late Binding refers
to the assignment of values to variables during run time.
34) What is ‘this’ pointer?
THIS pointer refers to the current object of a class. THIS keyword is used as a pointer which differentiates
between the current object with the global object. It refers to the current object.
35) What is the difference between structure and a class?
The default access type of a Structure is public, but class access type is private. A structure is used for
grouping data, whereas a class can be used for grouping data and methods. Structures are exclusively used for
data, and it doesn’t require strict validation, but classes are used to encapsulate and inherent data, which
requires strict validation.
36) What is the default access modifier in a class?
The default access modifier of a class is Private by default.

37) What is a pure virtual function?

A pure virtual function is a function which can be overridden in the derived class but cannot be defined. A
virtual function can be declared as Pure by using the operator =0.
Example –

1 Virtual void function1() // Virtual, Not pure

2
3 Virtual void function2() = 0 //Pure virtual
38) What are all the operators that cannot be overloaded?
Following are the operators that cannot be overloaded -.
Scope Resolution (::)
Member Selection (.)
Member selection through a pointer to function (.*)
39) What is dynamic or run time polymorphism?
Dynamic or Run time polymorphism is also known as method overriding in which call to an overridden
function is resolved during run time, not at the compile time. It means having two or more methods with the
same name, same signature but with different implementation.
40) Do we require a parameter for constructors?
No, we do not require a parameter for constructors.
41) What is a copy constructor?
This is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. There will always be only
one copy constructor that can be either defined by the user or the system.
42) What does the keyword virtual represented in the method definition?
It means we can override the method.
43) Whether static method can use nonstatic members?
False.
44) What are a base class, subclass, and superclass?
The base class is the most generalized class, and it is said to be a root class.
A Subclass is a class that inherits from one or more base classes.
The superclass is the parent class from which another class inherits.
45) What is static and dynamic Binding?
Binding is nothing but the association of a name with the class. Static Binding is a binding in which name can
be associated with the class during compilation time, and it is also called as early Binding.
Dynamic Binding is a binding in which name can be associated with the class during execution time, and it is
also called as Late Binding.
46) How many instances can be created for an abstract class?
Zero instances will be created for an abstract class. In other words, you cannot create an instance of an
Abstract Class.
47) Which keyword can be used for overloading?
Operator keyword is used for overloading.
48) What is the default access specifier in a class definition?
Private access specifier is used in a class definition.
49) Which OOPS concept is used as a reuse mechanism?
Inheritance is the OOPS concept that can be used as a reuse mechanism.
50) Which OOPS concept exposes only the necessary information to the calling functions?
Encapsulation

 How do you find the missing number in a given integer array of 1 to 100?
 How do you find the duplicate number on a given integer array?
 How do you find the largest and smallest number in an unsorted integer array?
 How do you find all pairs of an integer array whose sum is equal to a given number?
 How do you find duplicate numbers in an array if it contains multiple duplicates?
 How are duplicates removed from a given array in Java?
 How is an integer array sorted in place using the quicksort algorithm?
 How do you remove duplicates from an array in place?
 How do you reverse an array?
 How are duplicates removed from an array without using any library?

 How do you print duplicate characters from a string?

 How do you check if two strings are anagrams of each other?
 How do you print the first non-repeated character from a string?
 How can a given string be reversed using recursion?
 How do you check if a string contains only digits?
 How are duplicate characters found in a string?
 How do you count a number of vowels and consonants in a given string?
 How do you count the occurrence of a given character in a string?
 How do you find all permutations of a string?
 How do you reverse words in a given sentence without using any library method?
 How do you check if two strings are a rotation of each other?
 How do you check if a given string is a palindrome?
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner