Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(7): 679-686, 2010

ISSN: 2040-7467
© M axwell Scientific Organization, 2010
Submitted Date: August 30, 2010 Accepted Date: September 30, 2010 Published Date: October 25, 2010

Application of Minimum Curvature Method to Wellpath Calculations

R. Amorin and E. Broni-Bediako

University of Mines and Technology, Petroleum Engineering Department, P. O. Box 237,
Tarkwa-Ghana

Abstract: A m ajor drawback o f direction al and horizo ntal w ell drilling is the numerous complex computations
required to be done while planning a well. These com putations are very stressful and time con suming especially
when done manually. One of the objectives of this study was to develop a user friendly Excel Spreadsheet
program that would make the computations of these well trajectory parameters easier, faster and accurate. An
Excel Spreadsheet program was developed employing the Minimum Curvature method (and for other five
methods) for wellpath design and plann ing. This w ould h elp increase the usage o f these trajectory methods
especially the M inimum C urvature method . The program is a ble to provide pictorial views both in the vertical
and horizontal plane of the trajectory of the drilling bit’s position in the wellbore. This w ould th erefore help
to minim ize risk and uncertainty surrounding h itting pred etermined target. Th is is possible because deviations
can easily be detected and the necessary directional corrections or adjustment be initiated to re-orient the
drilling bit to the right course befo re (planning p rocess) and during the drilling opera tions.

Key w ords: Adjustment, course, directional drilling, m inimum cu rvature , trajectory , wellpath

INTRODUCTION A major draw back of directional an d horizontal well

drilling is the numerous complex computations required
Directional drilling is the science and art of deviating to be done ahead of time before drilling resumes and also
a wellbore along a planned course to a subsurface target during drilling operations (Sawaryn, 2005). These
whose location is a given lateral distance and direction computations become very stressful and more complex
from the vertical (Bourgoyne et al., 1991). Directional when done manually. The programs available in the
drilling and horizontal wells represent an efficient way to market used for these computations are usually very
achieve or hitting special targets that may o r are very expensive to acquire, but the developme nt of a user-
difficult to reach using vertical wells (Tarek , 2000). friendly Excel Spreadsheet program which employs the
Directional drilling is relatively done to increase Minimum Curvature method for wellpath planning would
production rates, control w ater and gas conn ing, control help minimize the stress and time in executing these
sand produ ction and increase recovery rate complex computations. More importantly, an Excel
(Bourgoyne et al., 1991). There are many reservoirs Spreadsheet program is very flexible and can easily be
which can not be tapped by vertical wells or would be modified or updated at any point in time to meet the needs
uneconomical to exploit with vertical wells (Bourgoyne of the industry.
et al., 1991). Other reservoirs are also characterized by
vertical perm eability o r the pay zon es may be very thin Objectives of study: The objectives of this study are:
and producing with v ertical w ells wo uld req uire qu iet a C To deve lop a user friendly Excel Spreadsheet
number of them which would make vertical wells to be program that will make the computations of well
very unec onomical in such situations. The application of trajectory parameters easier, faster and accurate.
vertical wells in such formations could also result in lower C Use the Excel Spreadsheet program to evaluate and
ultimate recovery (T arek, 2000 ). In such low perm eability comp are some of the survey calculation method
formations, the only way out is to use directional and available for the industry. These methods are the
horizontal well technology which has over the years Tangential, Averagin g Angle, B alanced Tangential,
proved to enhance ultimate recovery (Bourgoyne Mercury, Radius of Curvature and the Minimum
et al., 1991). Due to the more economical nature of Curvature methods.
directional and horizo ntal w ells ove r vertical wells in
most cases, they are mostly the preferred technology in Directional drilling: Direc tional w ells are drilled with
offshore drilling technology (Bourgoyne et al., 1991). intentional control to hit a pre-determined target with the

Corresponding Author: R. Amorin, University of Mines and Technology, Petroleum Engineering Department, P. O. Box 237,
Tarkwa-Ghana
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aid of controlling inclination (angle) and azimuth Table 1: Comparison of accuracy of the six methods (Bourgoyne
et al., 1991)
(direction). Directional drilling is drilling in three
Diff. from No rth Diff. from
dimensions (3-D) (Bourgoyne et al., 1991 ). Method TVD actu al (ft) displacement actu al (ft)
Tangential 1628.61 - 25.38 998.02 43.09
Reasons for directional drilling: Directional drilling has Balanced tangential 1653.61 - 0.38 954.72 - 0.21
proven technically and economically feasible in a broad M ercury 1653.62 - 0.37 954.89 0.04
Angle -averaging 1654.18 0.19 955.04 0.11
range of geo logic se ttings, including tight gas, heavy oil,
Rad ius of crv ature 1653.99 0 954.93 0
and coalbed methane (Molvar, 2003). This m ethod is M inimum crvature 1653.99 0 954.93 0
proven to substantially increase producible reserves of oil
and gas. Because the increased productivity of directional the oil industry, more emphasis would be laid on in the
drilling com pensates for additional costs, directional next section than the other methods.
drilling is often more profitable than vertical drilling The Tangential, Balanced Tangential, Mercury and
(Mo lvar, 2003). Some of the reasons for or applications of Angle averaging, are app licable to wellbore trajectory
directional drilling are; (Bourgoyne et al., 1991; which follow s straight line cou rse w hiles the Rad ius of
Osisanya, 200 9). Curva ture is strictly applicable to a w ellbore trajectory
that follows a cu rved segm ent. The M inimum Curvature
C For economics/environmental Issues method is applicable to any trajectory p ath.
C To drill multiple wells from artificial structures, field
development offshore in deep waters or remote The minimum curvature method: In all the Minimum
locations Curvature methods, two adjacent survey points are
C To sidetrack any obstruction (‘junk’) in the original assumed to lie on a circular arc. This arc is located in a
wellbore plane and the orientation of which is defined by known
C To explore for add itional producing ho rizons in inclination and direction angles at the ends of the a rc
adjacent sec tors of the field (Bourgoyne et al., 1991). In 1985, the Minimum
C To re-drill well Curva ture method was recognized by the industry as one
C To put out fire resulting from blowout (relief wells) of the most accurate methods, but was regarded as
C To drill to reservoirs avoiding inaccessible locations cumbersome for han d calculation. The emergence of well-
C For salt dome drilling trajectory planning packages to help manage directional
C For fault controlling work in dense well clusters increased its popu larity. W ith
the application of the Minimum Curvature method,
Fundamental concepts / basis of directional drilling: toolface, interpolation, intersection with a target plane,
For any directional drilling, three compo nents are minimum and maximum true vertical depth (TVD) in a
measured at any given point in the wellbore in order to horizontal section , point closest to a circular arc, survey
determine its position. The technique of measurement of station to a target position with and without the direction
these three components is termed a survey. The depth, defined, nudges, and steering runs can be determined
drift angle (inclination) and azimuth are measured (Saw aryn, 2005 ).
(Osisanya, 200 9).
There are over eighteen methods available for MATERIALS AND METHODS
calculating or determining the trajectory of a wellbore
(Bourgoyne et al., 1991 ). The main difference in all the Program develop ment in excel spreadsh eet:
techniques is that one group uses straights lines Data input interface: The data input interface in the
approximations and the other assumes the wellbore is Excel Spreadsheet contains three sections which are:
more of a curve and is approximated with curved
segments. Listed in Table 1 are comparisons of six of the C The well description Input Data section requires the
methods in ascending order of preference and also input of description data such as Company Name,
complexity of techniques; Field Name, W ell Name, R eservoirs / Fluid type and
The tangential method shows considerable error for name of the Drilling Engineer in charge of operations
the northing, easting and elevation which makes it no C The Adjustm ent/Correction Input section requires the
longer preferred in the industry (Bourgoyne et al., 1991). input of adjustment or correctional data v alues such
The differences among the average angle, balanced as the
tangential, radius of curvature and m inimum curvature are B Lead A ngle and or
very small and any of the methods could be used for B The M agnetic Declination adjustment value(s)
calculating the trajectory. Because the Minimum These values are needed for the adjustment of the
Curva ture method is the most widely preferred method in spatial data. The lead and magnetic declination

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angles must be in degrees. The direction s for both the

lead and magnetic declination angle must be
specified. If the bit w alk is to the right, the word
‘Righ t’ should be selected from the drop-down menu
otherwise the w ord ‘Left’ should be selected for left
walk of bit to make the necessary adjustments. The
same approach is a pplicable to the mag netic
declination adjustmen t. If the magnetic declination is
to the West, the word 'West’ must be selected
otherwise the 'East’ should be selected for East
magnetic declination
C The Spatial and M eta Input Data section. This is
where data such as the
B Measured Depths
B Inclination angles
B Measured Bearings or unadjusted Azimuths
B Spatial data of the reference station and other meta
data of other stations are entered

The minimum curvature assumes that the hole is a (a)

spherical arc with a minimum curvature or a maximum
radius of curvature between stations. That is the wellbore
follows a smoothest possible circular arc between
stations. This methods involves very co mple x calculations
but with the advent of computers and programmable hand
calculators, it has become the most common and
acceptable method for the industry. Figure 1 (a) shows the
geom etry of the minimum curvature method and (b)
shows the effect of dogleg severity on ratio factor
W here in Fig. 1, $ is the dogleg severity, , is the
azimuth, " is the inclination angle. The doglegs in
directional holes bend the casing and induce added axial
stress (Chukwu, 2008). Except for large casings this is not
critical for most loads actually.
encountered when designing for this effect on tension (b)
(Chuk wu, 2008). Fig. 1: (a) A representation of the geometry of the Minimum
This is essentially the Balanced Tangential Method, Curvature method (b) A representation of the Minimum
with each result m ultiplied by a ratio factor (RF) as Curvature ratio factor (RF) (Bourgoyne et al., 1991).
follows:
The ratio of dividing the straight line section (Eq. 6 and 7)
)E = )MD /2 [sin I1 sin A 1 + sin I2 sin A 2 ] RF (1) with the curved section (Eq. 4 and 5) respectively, defines
the ratio factor, RF:
)N = )MD /2 [sin I1 sin A 1 + sin I2 sin A 2 ] RF (2)
RF = A 1B ' A 1Q = BA 2 ' QA 2
)V = )MD /2 [cos I 1 + cos I 2 ] RF (3)
= tan ($'2) '$'2 (8)
RF can be de rived from Fig. 1b as follows:
The straight line segments A 1B + BA 2 adjoin the segment RF = A 1B ' A 1Q = BA 2 ' QA 2
A 1Q + QA 2 at points A 1 and A 2. It can then be show n that: = tan ($'2) '$'2 (9)

A 1Q = O A 1 . $'2 (4) RF = 2 ' $i tan ($i ' 2) (10)

Q A 2 = O A 2 . $'2 (5) where, the dogleg angle $ is the overall angle change of
the drill pipe between any two stations is computed as:
A 1 B = O A 1 . tan( $'2) (6)
$i = cos G1 [cos (I 2 - I1) - sin I1 sin I2
B A 2 = O A 2 . tan( $'2) (7) [1 - cos(A 2 - A 1)]] (11)

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Table 2: Summary of equations used to generate the excel spreadsheet program

Method Equations
Tan gen tial 1 )E = )M D sin (I 2 ) sin (A 2 )
2 )N = )M D sin (I 2 ) cos (A 2 )
3 )V = )M D co s (I 2 )
Balanced tangential 1 )E = )MD /2 [sin I1 sin A 1 +sin I2 sin A 2 ]
2 )N = )MD /2 [sin I1 sin A 1 +sin I2 sin A 2 ]
3 )V = )MD /2 [cos I 1 + cos I 2 ]
M ercury 1 )E = ½ [)MD -STL] [sin I1 sin A 1 +sin I2 sin A 2 ] + (STL) sin I 2 sin A 2
2 )N = ½ [)MD -STL] [sin I1 cos A 1 +sin I2 cos A 2 ] + (STL) sin I 2 cos A 2
3 )V = ½ [)MD -STL] [cos I 1 + cos I 2 ] + (STL ) cos I 2
Angle averaging 1 )E = )M D sin (I A v g ) sin (A A v g )
2 )N = )M D sin (I A v g ) cos (A A v g )
3 )V = )M D co s (I A v g )
Radius of Curvature 1 )E = )MD (cos I 1 + cos I 2 ) (cos A 1 + cos A 2 ) '[ (I 2 - I 1 ) (A 2 - A 1 )]
2 )N = )MD (cos I 1 - cos I 2 ) (sin A 2 + sin A 1 ) '[(I 2 - I 1 )(A 2 - A 1 )]
3 )V = )MD (sin I 2 + sin I1 ) '[ (I 2 - I 1 )]
Minimum curvature 1 )E = )MD /2 [sin I1 sin A 1 +sin I2 sin A 2] R F
2 )N = )MD /2 [sin I1 sin A 1 +sin I2 sin A 2 ] R F
3 )V = )MD /2 [cos I 1 + cos I 2 ] R F
wh ere
RF = 2/ $i tan ($i /2) and
$i = cos G1 [cos (I 2 ! I 1 ) !sin I1 sin I2 [1 ! cos (A 2 ! A 1 )]]

Table 2: (continued) Equations for special cases for the radius of RF = 1 + $2'12 + $4'120 + $6'20160 (13)
curvature method
Special case Radius of curvature method
Case 1 1 )E = )MD sin I1 (cos A 1 - cos A 2 ) '[ (A 2 - A 1 )]
Once the $ and RF are determined, the spatial coordinates
if I1 = I 2 2 )N = )MD sin I1 (sin A 2 - sin A 1 ) '[ (A 2 - A 1 )] (easting, northing and elevation coordinates) can be
3 )V = )MD cos I 1 com puted .
Case 2 1 )E = )MD sin A 1 (cos I 1 - cos I 2 ) '[ (I 2 - I 1 )] In summary, Table 1 and 2 summarizes all the
if and A 1 = A 1 2 )N = )MD cos A 1 (cos I 1 - cos I 2 ) '[ (I 2 - I 1 )] equations that were used to generate the excel spreadsheet
3 )V = )MD (sin I 2 - sin I 1 ) '[ (I 2 - I 1 )] program to compute the wellpath trajectory coordinates
Case 3 1 )E = )MD (sin I 1 sin A 1 ) employing the six different methods listed in Table 1.
if I1 = I 2 2 )N = )MD (sin I 1 cos A 1 )
and A 1 = A 1 3 )V = )MD (cos I 1 )
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
or
$ = cos G1 [cos I2 cos I 1 - sin I 1 sin I2 Validation of the excel spreadsheet program: Two
[1 - cos(A 2 - A 1)]] (12) literature data were used in validating the excel
spreadsheet program. The first was the data used by
The condition of applyin g this ratio factor is that if Adams and Charrier, (1985) and the second was from
the dogleg angle is less than 0.25 radians, the n it Bourgoyne et al. (1991). Adams and Charrier (1985) used
reasonable to set the ratio factor to one (1) else the an Adams and R ountree compu ter prog ram in his
computation holds (Bourgoyne et al., 1991 ) This is
trajectory com putations. Th e inpu t data used in the
usua lly done to avoid singularity in straight hole. If the $
validation are shown in Appendix A (Table A and B) in
is approximately less than 15º, then the resultant error w ill
appendix. Table 3 and 4 show a comparative wellbore
be less than 1 pa rt in 10 9 (Amoco, 1999). The RF can also
be calculated using equations if the dogleg angle is less trajectory results summary from the excel spreadsheet
than approximately 15º, this is a truncated series program using the Adams and Charrier, (1985) and
expansion give n by the form (Am oco, 1999 ): Bourgoyne data.

Table 3: A comparative wellbore trajectory results summary from the excel spreadsheet program using the Adams and Ch arrier (1985) data
Trajectory methods Tru e ve rtical d epth (ft) Dif feren ce fro m ac tual (ft) Total displacement Dif feren ce fro m ac tual (ft)
Tangential 1582.12 62.86 1829.87 69.45
Balanced tangential 1518.42 - 0.84 1759.41 - 1.01
Angle-averaging 1,535.59 16.33 1776.82 16.40
Rad ius of cu rvature 1530.00 10.74 1771.47 11.05
M inimum curva ture 1519.26 0.00 1760.42 0.00
M ercury 1518.42 - 0.84 1759.41 - 1.01

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Table 4: A comparative wellbore trajectory results summary between the Bourgoyne et al. (1991) and the excel spreadsheet program
Tru e V ertical D epth Difference from Actual North Displacement Dif feren ce fro m A ctua l
(TV D) (f t) (TV D) (f t) (ND ) (ft) (ND ) (ft)
------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
Trajectory methods Bourg. Ex cel Bourg. Ex cel Bourg. Ex cel Bourg. Ex cel
Tangential 1,628.61 1628.61 -25.38 -25.38 998.02 998.01 43.09 43.08
Balanced tangential 1,653.61 1653.61 -0.38 -0.38 954.72 954.71 - 0.21 - 0.22
Angle-averaging 1,654.18 1654.18 0.19 0.19 955.04 955.04 0.11 0.11
Rad ius of cu rvature 1,653.99 1653.99 0.00 0.00 954.93 954.93 0 0.00
M inimum curva ture 1,653.99 1653.99 0.00 0.00 954.93 954.93 0 0.00
Mercury 1,153.62 1649.86 -0.37 -4.13 954.89 961.21 0.04 6.28

Fig. 2: A zoomed vertical plot of the excel spreadsheet program results using Bourgoyne data

Figure 2 and 3 shows a zoomed vertical and From this study the M inimu m C urvature method is
horizontal plots of the Excel Spreadsheet Program results the best method recommended for the calculating
using Bourgoyne data, respectively. wellbore calculations paths because it is applicable to any
trajectory path. This method is particularly useful when
General discussion: The advantages of using the Excel planning trajectory paths for drilling relief wells.
Spreadsheet compared to other available commercial
softw are packag es are that: CONCLUSION

C The Excel Spreadsheet program is cheaper C A user friendly Excel Spreadsheet program was
C It is also user-friendly (friendly data input interfaces) developed that incorporated the Tangential, Angle
C It is faster since it consumes lesser comp uter mem ory Averaging, Balanced Tang ential, Mercury, Rad ius of
C It can be easily modified to suit the needs of any Curva ture and the Minimum Curvature methods for
individual operator the comp utation of we ll trajectory from survey data
C Produces the same results as the ones obtained from C The deve loped user-friendly Excel Spreadsheet was
the commercial software packages validated using two data from the literature. R esults

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Fig. 3: A zoomed horizontal plot of the excel spreadsheet program results using bourgoyne data

obtained were fairly the same as obtained and very RECOMMENDATION

accu rate
C The program provides pictorial views both in the C The program should be constantly up-dated /grade d to
vertical and horizontal plane of the trajectory position fully meet the dynamic requirements of the industry
of the drilling bit in the w ellbore. These help to should the need be
minimize risk and uncertainty surrounding hitting C The Minimum Curvature Method should be
predetermined target since deviations can easily be embedded in survey calculations to enhance accuracy
detected and the necessary directional corrections or during planning process
adjustment initiated with less ease. The program C Engineers should adapt to the newly developed
computes the position at each survey station and program in their calculations of w ellpath parame ters
therefore be able to pred ict the length and d irection since is user-friendly , accurate, cheape r, faster, easily
from a survey station relative to the target position modifiable to suite operator’s need
C The differences in results obtained using the average
angle, balanced tangential, mercury, radius of A p p en d ix A :
Da ta input interface: Th e us e of m agn etic compass in bearing reading
curvature and minimum curvature method are very
requires a magnetic declination correction or adjustment to be effected
small hence any of the methods can be used for to the reading for attaining the correct azimuth which is a requisite to the
calculating the w ell trajectory computation of th e w ellbore coordinates. The directions for the lead
C The sensitivity of deviation from hitting a target of ang le must also be specified. If the bit walk and magnetic declination
each of the m ethod s may differ for different adjustment are specified, the necessary computations could then be
done. The true azimuth computation (corrected for azimuth and lead
operators. This may also be related to the area extent
angle) is given by:
of the target and that the accura cy of each m ethod is
very relative Nº = Nº (read) ± Mag netic Declination Angle ± Lead Angle (A1)

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Fig. A: A general interface of the excel spreadsheet data input section

The signs of the corrections are determined by the direction of the target coordinates. The unit of measurement of the coordinates or
mag netic declination and the le ad a ngle . Thu s, if the lead angle is to the meas ured dis tanc es m ust b e sele cted und er the 'units'. T he w ord 'Feet'
right, the c orrec tion is neg ative otherwise it is positive. Also, if the mu st be s electe d fo r un its in fe et.
mag netic dec linatio n is to westward, the sign is neg ative othe rwis e it is The final data needed to be entered are the Measured distances
positive. (MD ), Inclination angles (I) and Measure Bearings (A) w ith the ir
The target, initial or starting coordinates may be entered if needed, corresponding descriptive data such as the station ID. Both the
or else, zeros must be entered as the starting and or the same for the inclination and azimuth angles must be entered in de crees . The wh ole

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circle bearing reading approached must be adhered to when entering the R i, r i Radius of Curvature
azim uth angles. The general interface of the excel spreadsheet data input
RKB Rotary Kelly Bushing
s ec ti on is sh o wn in F ig . A .
STL Survey Tool Length
Table A: Survey Data Obtained from Adams and Charrier (1985) TOD Turn Off D epth
M easu red D epth , (ft) Hole A ngle (º) Azimu th (º) X i or M D Measured Displacement
3,000 2 N28E $, DL Dogleg S everity Angle
3,300 4 N10E
)E, M i Change in Easting
3,600 8 N35E
3,900 12 N25E )N, L i Change in Northing
5,000 15 N30E )V Change in Elevation
6,000 16 N28E
7,000 17 N50E REFERENCES
8,000 17 N20E
9,000 17 N30E
10,000 17 N25E Adam s, J.N. and T . Charrier, 1985. Drilling Engineering,
A Complete W ell Planning A pproach, P ennW ell
T a bl e B : Survey data and sum mary of com puted wellbo re trajectory Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp: 342-345.
results obtained from Bo urgoyne et al. (1991)
Amoco, B.P., 1999. Upstream Technology Group,
Dire ction : Due North
Su rvey Interv al: 100 ft
Directional Survey Handbook, BPA-D-004.
Rate of build: 3º/1 00 f t Appendix A, Mathematical Reference, pp: 1-2.
Total Inclination: 60º at 2,0 00 f t Bourgoyne, A.T., K.K . Millheim, M.E. Chenvert and
To tal ve rtical d epth Difference from F.S. Young, 1991. Applied Drilling Engineering,
north displacement difference from
SPE Textbook Series, 2: 351-366.
Calculation Method Ac tual (ft) Actu al (ft)
Tangential 1,628.61 - 25 .4 998.02 43.09
Chukwu, A.G., 2008. Drilling and Well Completion
Balanced Tangential 1,653.61 - 0.38 954.72 - 0.21 Lecture material, African University of Science and
Angle Averaging 1,654.18 0.19 955.04 0.11 Technology, Abuja-Nigeria, pp: 257.
Rad ius of C urvatu re 1,653.99 0 954.93 0 Molvar, E.M., 2003. Drilling smarter: Using minimum-
M inimum Cu rvature 1,653.99 0 954.93 0
footprint directional drilling to reduce oil and gas
Mercury* 1,153.62 - 0.37 954.89 0.04
*: A fifteen foot survey tool was used for the computation of the impacts in the Intermo untain W est. Bio diversity
Mercury Method Conserv ation A lliance, L aram ie, W Y, pp: 32.
Osisanya, O.S., 2009. Advanced Drilling Engineering
NOMENCLATURE Lecture Material, African University of Science and
Technology, A buja-N igeria, pp: 276 -279.
Symbol/Acronym Description Sawaryn, S.J., SPE, and J.L. Thorogood, 20 05. 'A
A i, ,, or K Azimuth Compendium of Directional Calculations Based on
BHA Bottom H ole A ssem bly the Minimum Curvature Method. SPE 84246-PA , 1st
BRT Below Rotary Table presented at the 2003 SPE Annual Technical
DFE Derrick Floor Elevation Conference and Exhibition, Denver. Colorado.
D i, D Mi, TVD True Vertical Distances R e t r i ev e d f r o m : h tt p : // w w w . o n e p e t r o . o r g /
DOT Downhole Orientation Tool mslib/serv l et /o n e pe t ro p re v ie w ? i d= SPE-110014-
I, "i, 2 Inclination Angles PA& soc=S PE (A ccessed date: June, 2009).
LA Lead Angle Tarek, A., 2000. Reservoir Engineering Handbook,
MWD Measurement While Drilling Second Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston,
ND North Displacement Texas, pp: 515, 615.

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