EXPERIMENT NO.
01
ANALYSIS OF DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
1. OBJECTIVE:
i. To calculate the vertical deflection of the cantilever beam for both its vertical and horizontal
positions
ii. To measure the vertical and the horizontal deflections of the cantilever beam for both its
vertical and horizontal position.
iii. To compare the calculated and the measured deflections for both potions of beam.
2. APPATATUS:
(i) Slide calipers (ii) Steel scale (iii) Unsymmetrical cantilever apparatus
3. SPECIMEN: Beam with I profile has a free length of 500 mm
4. PROCEDURE:
I. Loose calming lever to rotate beam to desired angular position. Secure clamping
lever again.
II. Attach and align dial gauges
III. Preload beam to eliminate setting. Apply maximum desired load and relive load
again.
IV. Use adjusters to zero dial-gauge pointers.
V. Load beam and read off pointer deflection.
5. Data Table:
Installation Vertical deflection, w in mm Horizontal deflection, v in mm
Position
Horizontal Measured Corrected Calculated Measured Calculated
Vertical
6. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
7. DISCUSSIONS:
2
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
SLENDER COLUMN TEST FOR DIFFERENT END CONDITIONS
1. OBJECTIVE:
i. To determine the critical load or buckling load of slender columns
ii. To compare the experimental and the theoretical critical loads
iii. To draw the column strength curves.
2. APPARATUS:
i. Slide calipers ii. Column testing apparatus iii. Steel scale iv. Weights
3. SPECIMEN:
i. High tensile steel column of different lengths
4. PROCEDURE:
i. Measure the length and the mean diameter of the column to be tested.
ii. Place the column in the column testing apparatus with the both end hinged condition so
that it (column's end) can rotate easily but held in position.
iii. Apply load by placing equal weights on both pans. Give a small side force to deflect
(laterally) the column. Increase the load if the column straightens back upon removal of the
side force.
iv. Continue the process until the applied load is just sufficient to hold the column in a bend
condition. Record this load as the critical load.
v. Perform the experiment for four such columns with different lengths
vi. Repeat the above steps (i) to(v) for two more end conditions:
vii. (a) One end hinged and one end fixed (b)Both end fixed.
viii. Record the results in the table provided in the next section and draw the column strength
curves including the theoretical buckling curves.
3
7. GRAPHS
8. DISCUSSIONS
4
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
i. Determine the slenderness ratio
(a) of a square column having a height breadth ratio of 10 (h/b=10)
(b) of a circular column having a height diameter ratio of 10 (h/b=10)
ii) The resistance offered by a slender column is a function of what property of the material?
iii) A column has the cross-sections shown. If the proportional limit is 30,000 psi, find out
the length at which it can be just called a slender column. Find out the same for a material
whose proportional limit is 40,000 psi. For both cases the modulus of elasticity of the material
is 30 106 psi.
5
EXPERIMENT NO: 3 TENSION TEST OF MILD STEEL SPECIMEN
1. OBJECTIVES:
i. To test a mild steel specimen to failure under tensile load.
ii. To draw stress-strain diagram.
iii. To study the failure characteristics of mild steel.
iv. To determine the following properties of the mild steel specimen.
2. APPARATUS:
i. Extensometer ii. Punch gage iii. Slide calipers iv. Elongation scale
3. MACHINE
i. The universal testing machine.
4. SPECIMEN:
Standard round specimen (ASTM E8)
5. PROCEDURE:
i. Measure the diameter of the specimen by slide callipers and draw a neat sketch of the
specimen.
ii. Record extensometer constant and gage length.
iii. Fix the specimen in position
iv. Fix the extensometer with the specimen
v. Apply load and read the extensometer at a convenient interval of load (say 500 lbs)
vi. When yield point is reached, stop loading and remove the extensometer (since
extensometer would have reached its maximum dial reading by now; elongation beyond
this point (YP) is taken by means of an elongation scale).
vii. Start loading again and take reading by the elongation scale at regular intervals. In this
way, increase load gradually till a waist is formed in between the marked points and the
specimen breaks.
viii. Record the maximum and the breaking load.
ix. Remove the broken specimen and measure smallest cross-sectional area and the final
length (Lf) between the gage marks (see figure below) by fitting the two ends of the
broken test piece together,
x. Note the characteristics of the fractured surfaces and draw a sketch of the failed
specimen.
6
6. REPORT OF TENSILE TEST FOR MILD STEEL SPECIMEN:
Gage length_____________: Measured diameter ____________
Original cross-sectional area _______________
Observation Load Extensometer Elongation Elongation Stress Strain Remarks
No in lbs Reading % in inches in psi in/in
From your test results
(i) draw complete stress-strain diagram
(ii) draw the stress-strain diagram up to the vield point in an enlarged scale and
(iii) fill in the following (with appropriate unit):
Proportional limit ________________ Yield stress ________________
Ultimate strength _________________ Breaking stress ______________
Modulus of elasticity ______________ Modulus of resilience ____________
Ductility: a) % elongation ______________ b) % reduction in area ___________
7
7. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
8. GRAPH:
9. DISCUSSIONS:
8
Experiment No. 04
Torsion Test on Mild Steel or Brass Specimen
OBJECTIVES:
To carry out a torsion test to destruction in order to determine for a specimen
i. The modulus of rigidity
ii. The shear stress at the limit of proportionality
iii. Shear stress at the yield point
iv. Maximum shear of failure
APPARATUS:
1. Torsion Testing Machine
2. Torsion Meter
3. Slide Calipers
SPECIMEN:
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the overall length and diameter of the test section of the specimen.
2. Draw a line down the length of the test section of the specimen with a pencil or a chock;
this serves as a visual aid to the degree of twist being put on the specimen during loading
3. Mount the specimen firmly in the Torsion Testing Machine. For each increment of strain
record the following:
i. angle of twist of the specimen in degrees.
ii. applied torque
iii. angle of twist over the 50 millimeter or 2.00 inch gauge length in radians, as
recorded by the dial gauge indicator.
iv. when the elastic limit has been passed continue to test to destruction with
ever increasing increments of strain, recording for each strain increment:
a) angle of twist in degrees
b) applied torque
4. Plot a torque-twist (T - ) graph and determine the properties of the specimen.
5. Plot the shear stress-shear strain curve and determine the properties of the specimen.
9
DIAGRAM:
DATA TABLE:
Gauge length of the specimen I=
Diameter of the specimen d=
Polar moment of inertia I=
Angle of Angle of Shear stress,
Observation Torque, T (in
twist, (in twist, (in
No N-m) Shear strain,
degree) radian)
(in N/m2)
1
2
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10
Shear stress,
Angle of Angle of Shear strain,
Observation Torque, T (in
twist, (in twist, (in
No N-m)
degree) radian)
(in N/m2)
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
11
Shear stress,
Angle of Angle of Shear strain,
Observation Torque, T (in
twist, (in twist, (in
No N-m)
degree) radian)
(in N/m2)
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
12
RESULTS:
The modulus of rigidity:
The shear stress at the limit of proportionality:
Shear stress at the yield point:
Maximum shear of failure:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
GRAPH:
DISCUSSIONS:
13
EXPERIMENT NO. 05
COMPRESSION TEST ON TIMBER SPECIMEN
OBJECTIVES: Main objectives of this experiment are:
i. To draw stress-strain diagram.
ii. To study the failure characteristics of the specimen.
iii. To determine the properties (such as elastic limit, proportional limit, yield point, yield
strength, ultimate compressive strength and modulus of rigidity) of the specimen.
APPARATUS:
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2. Dial gauge
3. Slide calipers
SPECIMEN:
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the size of the specimen with a slide callipers.
2. Set upper and lower compression platens.
3. Place test specimen on the lower compression platen.
4. Up or down crosshead to the certain position (distance between test specimen and upper
compression palate in about 30 - 50 mm) by cross head push button.
5. Close left and right control values
6. Operate pump by pump on switch..
7. Lift ram by open right valve slightly.
8. Close right valve again one more before upper compression platen is touch to specimen.
9. By turning rack rods set the pointer of dynamometer to “Zero” point.
10. Upper compression plate is touched to test specimen.
11. When pointer is start move, adjust right control valve and perform testing by optional ram
speed.
12. Completed of necessary testing, close right control valve.
13. Then gradually open left control valve.
14. Fully open left side control valve and close it when pointer is returned to "zero".
15. Stop the pump by switch.
16. Note the characteristics of the fractured surfaces and draw the extended surfaces of the
failed specimen and show me failure plane.
17. Plot a the stress-strain curve and determine the properties of the specimen.
14
DIAGRAM:
DATA TABLE:
Gage length:
Original cross-sectional area:
Observation Load (in kN) Deformation Stress (in Strain Remarks
No. (in mm) MPa) (mm/mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
15
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
RESULTS:
Proportional limit:
Yield or proof stress:
Ultimate strength:
Breaking stress:
Modulus of elasticity:
Modulus of resilience:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
GRAPH:
DISCUSSIONS:
16
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
Fill in the blanks or tick ( ) the correct choice as appropriate:
1. The failure took place in a plane inclined by ______ degree with the axis of the specimen.
2. The timber specimen failed due to:
a. Compression b. Bending c. Shear
3. ____________ method was used to estimate the __________ strength (of the specimen)
identified as the onset of the inelastic action.
4. For timber specimen the compressive strength parallel to the grain would be _________
than that of perpendicular to the grain.
5. Modulus of elasticity is a measure of:
a. Strength b. Stiffness c. both
17
EXPERIMENT NO.6
FATIGUE TEST OF MILD STEEL SPECIMEN
OBJECTIVE: To find the endurance limit of the specimen
APPARATUS:
i) Fatigue testing machine, ii) Stop watch, lii) Slide Caliper
SPECIMEN: Mild Steel Specimen
PROCEDURE:
i) Insert the test piece in the bearing house of the machine and measures its
diameter.
ii) By using a dial gauge and rotating the test piece check the eccentricity which
should not be generally 0.30 mm
iii) Apply suitable load by adjusting the jockey weight.
iv) Set the revolution counter to zero.
v) Start the motor of the machine and record the number of revolutions after which the
specimen fails.
vi) Take one record and the r.p.m. indicate is make to zero.
vii) Increase the load and test other specimen in a similar way,
viii) in each test calculate the stress applied.
ix) The load applied various time various load.
x) Plot a curve between o and log n (where N denotes cycle)
Obs. No Load (Newton) Number of cycles (N) Time of failure Endurance limit
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
DISCUSSION:
18
S-N Fatigue Properties
There are two general types of fatigue tests
conducted. One test focuses on the nominal
stress required to cause a fatigue failure in some
number of cycles. This test results in data
presented as a plot of stress (S) against the
number of cycles to failure (N), which is known
as an S-N curve. A log scale is almost always
used for N.
The data is obtained by cycling smooth or
Number of cycles (N) notched specimens until
failure. The usual procedure is to test the first
specimen at a
high peak stress where failure is expected in a fairly short number of cycles. The test stress is
decreased for each succeeding specimen until one or two specimens do not fail in the specified
numbers of cycles, which is usually at least 107 cycles. The highest stress at which a runout
(non-failure) occurs is taken as the fatigue threshold. Not all materials have a fatigue threshold
(most nonferrous metallic alloys do not) and for these materials the test is usually terminated
after about 108 or 5 108 cycles.
Since the amplitude of the cyclic loading has a major effect on the fatigue performance, the S-
N relationship is determined for one specific loading amplitude. The amplitude is express as
the R ratio value, which is the minimum peak stress divided by the maximum peak stress.
(R= min/ max). It is most common to test at an R ratio of 0.1 but families of curves, with each
curve at a different R ratio, are often developed.
A variation to the cyclic stress controlled fatigue test is the cyclic strain controlled test. In this
test, the strain amplitude is held constant during cycling. Strain controlled cyclic loading is
more representative of the loading found in thermal cycling, where a component expands and
contracts in response to fluctuations in the operating temperature:
It should be noted that there are several short comings of S-N fatigue data. First, the conditions
of the test specimens do not always represent actual service conditions. For example,
components with surface conditions, such as pitting from corrosion, which differs from the
condition of the test specimens will have significantly different fatigue performance.
Furthermore, there is often a considerable amount of scatter in fatigue data even when carefully
machined standard specimens out of the same lot of material are used. Since there is
considerable scatter in the data, a reduction factor is often applied to the S-N curves to provide
conservative values for the design of components.
19
Fatigue (material) Characteristics of fatigue
In materials science, fatigue is the progressive and localized •The process starts with dislocation movements, eventually forming
structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic persistent slip bands that nucleate short cracks.
loading. The maximum stress values are less than the ultimate tensile •Fatigue is a stochastic process, often showing considerable scatter
stress limit of the material. even in controlled environments.
•The greater the applied stress range, the shorter the life.
Fatigue life •Fatigue life scatter tends to increase for longer fatigue lives.
ASTM defines fatigue life, Nf, as the number of stress cycles of a Damage is cumulative. Materials do not recover when rested.
specified character that a specimen sustains before failure of a •Fatigue life is influenced by a variety of factors, such as temperature,
specified nature occurs surface finish, microstructure, presence of oxidizing or inert
chemicals, residual stresses, contact fretting, etc.
Why do a fatigue Test? •Some materials (e.g., some steel and titanium alloys) exhibit a
In many applications, materials are subjected to vibrating or theoretical fatigue limit below which continued loading does not lead
oscillating forces. The behavior of materials under such load to failure.
conditions differs from the behavior under a static load. Because the •In recent years, researchers (see, for example, the work of Bathias,
material is subjected to repeated load cycles (fatigue) in actual use, Murakami, and Stanzl-Tschegg) have found that failures occur below
the theoretical fatigue limit atvery high fatigue lives (109 to 1010
designers are faced with predicting fatigue life, which is defined as
cycles). An ultrasonic resonance technique is used in these
the total number of cycles to failure under specified loading
experiments with frequencies around 10-20 kHz.
conditions. Fatigue testing gives much better data to predict the
•High cycle fatigue strength (about 103 to 108 cycles) can be described
inservice life of materials.
by stress-based parameters. A load-controlled servohydraulic test rig
is commonly used in these tests, with frequencies of around 20-50 Hz.
High-cycle fatigue Other sorts of machines-like resonant magnetic machines-can also be
Historically, most attention has focused on situations that require used, achieving frequencies up to 250 Hz. •Low cycle fatigue
more than 104 cycles to failure where stress is low and deformation (typically less than 103 cycles) is associated with widespread
primarily elastic. plasticity; thus, a strain-based parameter should be used for fatigue
life prediction. Testing is conducted with constant strain amplitudes
The S-N CURVE typically at 0.01-5 Hz.
In high-cycle fatigue situations, materials performance is commonly
characterised by an S-N curve, also known as a Wöhler curve. This
is a graph of the magnitude of a cyclical stress (S) against the
logarithmic scale of cycles to failure (N).
EXPERIMENT NO. 07
Impact Test of Mild steel and Brass Specimen
Objective: To determine the energy absorbed in fracturing Brass and Mild steel specimen.
Apparatus:
(i) Slide caliper
(ii) Impact testing machine
Specimen:
(i) Brass, Groove-V
(ii) Brass, Groove-T
(iii) Mild Steel, Groove-V
(iv) Mild Steel, Groove-T
Theory:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during
plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always reveal the
susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test.
Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several
engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied
loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notched bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore,
the impact test measures the energy necessary to facture a standard notch bar by applying and
impact load. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems
directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of con
paring toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under different
conditions. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the
material occurring due to lowering of temperature.
Procedure:
i) Measure the lateral dimensions of the specimen at a fall section and at the notch.
ii) Set the pointer to read minimum on the graduated disc and note down the initial error as
explained in
(iii) Set the hammer block in the position 'A' and the pointer along with the carrier, in the
position 'a' (see figure below) and then release it. When the hammer block stops swinging,
the pointer should be in position 'b', if not read the initial error bb'=i (this is to fbe used for
high scale)
iv) In the same way as described in ` iii' determine the initial error for the low scale.
v) Place and position the sample appropriately in the vise.
vi) Raise the pendulum and fix it in proper position. Release the pendulum and record the
energy absorbed.
vii) The corrected energy absorbed by the specimen is then found taking into consideration of
the initial error determined earlier. Note the condition of the failed specimen (whether broken
or not).
viii) Repeat steps (V) to (vii) for each of the specimen supplied.
22
Data table of impact test:
Type of Material X- Scale Initial error Energy Corrected Remarks
specimen of the section used (i) absorbed(E) energy
specimen area (E-i)
Charpy M.S
simple C.I
beam
Izod M.S.
cantilever
C.I
beam
Charpy M.S
tension C.I
rod
Calculation:
Discussion:
Conclusion:
23
