Process

1. Process Control Block (PCB)

2. Process state transition diagram
3. Process Scheduling
4. Inter Process Communication (IPC) using shared memory and message passing
5. Preemptive and Non-preemptive scheduling
6. Scheduling algos: FCFS, SJF, RR
Process Synchronization
1. What is process Synchronization
2. Race condition
3. Effect of race condition (like data corruption, crashes, deadlock)
4. Types of race conditions
5. Prevention of race conditions(lock, semaphore, atomic operation, avoid global variable, message
passing etc)
6. Example of race conditions (like two employees in a company competing and accessing same
resource)
7. Prevention of race condition (version control system and check out check in system mechanism to
allow work on different copies of system and merging later implementation by company)
8. Accessing shared memory semaphore
9. Lock
10. Reading and writing files
11. Critical section problem.
Critical Section Problem
1. Deadlock: what is deadlock
2. Necessary conditions of deadlock
3. Deadlock prevention
4. Deadlock avoidance
5. Deadlock detection recovery: limitation of algorithm.

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1. **Process Control Block (PCB)**:

- A Process Control Block (PCB) is a data structure used by an operating system to store information
about a running process. It contains essential details such as the process's state, program counter,
registers, scheduling information, and more. PCBs are crucial for the management and control of
processes in a computer system.

2. **Process State Transition Diagram**:

- A Process State Transition Diagram is a visual representation that illustrates the various states a
process can go through during its lifecycle in an operating system. Common states include "New,"
"Ready," "Running," "Blocked," and "Terminated." The diagram shows how processes transition from
one state to another based on events or system calls.

3. **Process Scheduling**:
- Process Scheduling is the mechanism by which an operating system manages and allocates CPU
time to different processes. It aims to ensure fair and efficient utilization of CPU resources by
determining which process should execute next and for how long. Various scheduling algorithms are
used to achieve this.
4. **Inter Process Communication (IPC) using shared memory and message passing**:
- IPC is a set of mechanisms that allow processes to communicate and exchange data with each
other in a multi-process or multi-threaded environment. Two common IPC methods are:
- **Shared Memory**: In this method, processes can access a common area of memory to read
and write data, enabling fast communication but requiring synchronization.
- **Message Passing**: Processes exchange messages through the operating system, which provides
a reliable way to communicate but can be slower than shared memory.

5. **Preemptive and Non-preemptive Scheduling**:

- Preemptive Scheduling is a scheduling policy in which the operating system can interrupt a running
process and allocate the CPU to another process if a higher-priority process becomes available. This
ensures fairness and responsiveness.
- Non-preemptive Scheduling, on the other hand, allows a process to run until it voluntarily releases
the CPU. It is suitable for simple systems or when precise timing is essential.

6. **Scheduling Algorithms: FCFS, SJF, RR (First-Come-First-Serve, Shortest Job First, Round Robin)**:
- **FCFS (First-Come-First-Serve)**: In this algorithm, processes are executed in the order they arrive
in the ready queue. It is simple but can lead to poor response times for long-running processes.
- **SJF (Shortest Job First)**: SJF schedules the process with the shortest burst time first. It minimizes
waiting time and is efficient when burst times are known in advance.
- **RR (Round Robin)**: RR is a preemptive scheduling algorithm where each process is given a
fixed time slice (quantum) to execute. If a process doesn't finish within its quantum, it's moved to the
back of the queue. This ensures fairness and responsiveness.

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1. **Process Synchronization**:
Process synchronization is a fundamental concept in computer science and operating systems. It
refers to the coordination of multiple processes or threads to ensure they access shared resources or
execute critical sections of code in an orderly and controlled manner. The goal of process
synchronization is to prevent issues like race conditions, data corruption, and deadlock, which can
occur when multiple processes or threads access shared resources concurrently.

2. **Race Condition**:
A race condition is a situation in which the behavior of a system or program depends on the relative
timing of events, particularly when multiple processes or threads access shared resources
simultaneously without proper synchronization. This can lead to unpredictable and undesirable
outcomes, as the order of execution can vary, resulting in data inconsistencies or errors.

3. **Effects of Race Condition**:

Race conditions can have several adverse effects, including:
- **Data Corruption**: Concurrent access to shared data can lead to data being modified
unexpectedly, causing corruption.
- **Crashes**: Race conditions can trigger program crashes or unexpected behavior due to
inconsistent data.
- **Deadlock**: In some cases, processes can become deadlocked, where they're waiting indefinitely
for resources that are locked by other processes, leading to a system standstill.

4. **Types of Race Conditions**:

Common types of race conditions include:
- **Read-Write Race**: Multiple processes simultaneously read and write to shared data.
 - **Write-Write Race**: Multiple processes attempt to write to shared data concurrently.
- **Write-Read Race**: One process writes while another reads the same shared data
simultaneously.

5. **Prevention of Race Conditions**:

Race conditions can be prevented using various synchronization techniques such as locks,
semaphores, atomic operations, avoiding global variables, and message passing. These mechanisms
help ensure that only one process or thread can access a shared resource at a time.

6. **Example of Race Condition**:

Imagine two employees in a company trying to update the same customer's account balance
concurrently. If not properly synchronized, both employees might read the current balance, make
changes, and save it back without considering each other's updates, potentially leading to incorrect
and inconsistent account balances.

7. **Prevention of Race Condition (Version Control System)**:

Version control systems like Git employ mechanisms such as branching and merging to allow
developers to work on different copies of the codebase concurrently. Developers can then merge their
changes systematically, preventing race conditions in code collaboration.

8. **Accessing Shared Memory Semaphore**:

Accessing shared memory using a semaphore involves using semaphores to control access to shared
memory regions. A semaphore allows only one process or thread to access the shared memory at a
time, ensuring synchronization and preventing race conditions.

9. **Lock**:
A lock is a synchronization primitive that prevents multiple processes or threads from simultaneously
accessing a shared resource. Locks provide exclusive access, ensuring that only one process holds the
lock and can access the resource at any given time.

10. **Reading and Writing Files**:

Race conditions can also occur when multiple processes or threads attempt to read or write to the
same file concurrently. To prevent this, file locks or mutexes can be used to coordinate access to the
file.

11. **Critical Section Problem**:

The critical section problem is a classic synchronization problem. It refers to the need to ensure that
only one process or thread can execute a specific section of code (the critical section) at a time.
Synchronization mechanisms like locks and semaphores are used to solve the critical section problem
and prevent race conditions.

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1. **Deadlock:**
Deadlock is a situation in computer science and operating systems where two or more processes or
threads are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other(s) to release resources or take
some action. Essentially, it's a standstill where no progress can be made, and the system becomes
unresponsive.
2. **Necessary Conditions of Deadlock:**
Deadlocks typically occur when four necessary conditions are met simultaneously. These conditions
are:
- **Mutual Exclusion:** At least one resource must be held in a non-shareable mode. Only one
process can use the resource at a time.
- **Hold and Wait:** Processes must hold resources while waiting for additional ones to become
available.
- **No Preemption:** Resources cannot be forcibly taken away from a process; they must be
released voluntarily.
- **Circular Wait:** A circular chain of two or more processes exists, where each process is waiting
for a resource held by the next process in the chain.

3. **Deadlock Prevention:**
Deadlock prevention techniques aim to eliminate one or more of the necessary conditions for
deadlock to occur. Some common strategies include:
- **Mutual Exclusion:** Use resource-sharing if possible or design resources in a way that multiple
processes can access them concurrently.
- **Hold and Wait:** Require processes to request all necessary resources at once, or release
resources if additional ones cannot be obtained.
- **No Preemption:** Allow resources to be preempted if necessary by forcibly taking them from
a process.
- **Circular Wait:** Impose a total ordering of resource types and require processes to request
resources in order.

4. **Deadlock Avoidance:**
Deadlock avoidance involves dynamic monitoring of the resource allocation state to prevent
processes from entering into deadlock-prone situations. It relies on algorithms to ensure that resource
allocations are safe and will not lead to deadlock. Banker's Algorithm is one example of a deadlock
avoidance technique.

5. **Deadlock Detection and Recovery: Limitation of Algorithm:**

Deadlock detection and recovery involve periodically checking the system for deadlock and taking
actions to recover from it when detected. Some limitations of this approach are:
- **Resource Wastage:** Deadlock detection may cause a delay in identifying and resolving
deadlocks, leading to resource wastage.
- **Complexity:** Implementing a deadlock detection algorithm can be complex, especially in large
systems with many resources and processes.
- **Overhead:** Continuous monitoring for deadlock can consume system resources, affecting
system performance.
- **Recovery Complexity:** Recovering from a deadlock can be challenging, and it may involve
terminating processes, releasing resources, or even restarting the system, which can lead to data loss
or disruption of services.