Demand

Definition of Demand

 Demand in economics is the consumer's desire and ability to purchase a

good or service. It's the underlying force that drives economic
growth and expansion. Without demand, no business would ever bother
producing anything.
 Demand can mean either market demand for a specific good or
aggregate demand for the total of all goods in an economy.
 Types of Demand
1. Price demand
2. Income demand
3. Cross demand
Law of demand

 The law of demand states that as price increases (decreases) consumers

will purchase less (more) of the specific commodity, ceteris paribus. In
other words, there is an inverse relationship between the quantity
demanded and the price of a particular commodity.
Limitations of demand law

Price of substitute and

complementary
commodity
Income

tastes or preferences

Expectations

Hobby

Natural calamities
Political disturbance or
war
 Price of X product Quantity of X product
10 60
Demand 15 50
Schedule 20 40
The demand schedule
(demand curve) reflects the law 25 30
of demand.
30 20
The demand schedule is a table 35 10
or formula that tells you how
many units of a good or
service will be demanded at the
various prices, ceteris paribus.
For example, the schedule is
based on a survey of college
students who indicated how
many cans of cola they would
buy in a week, at various prices.
Demand curve
In economics, a demand curve is
a graph depicting the relationship
between the price of a certain
commodity and the quantity of
that commodity that is demanded
at that price.
the demand function is Qd = 1600
– 20p. From this we can arrive at
the intersepts for the graph – in this
equation, p = 80 – i.e. {when Qd is
zero, p must be 80 to make bP
1600} and a = 1600, so the
intersepts are p=80 and Qd= 1600.
We can then solve for any points
along the curve. For example, if
we make p=40, then Qd = 1600 –
40×20, which is 1600 – 800, which is
800, and so on..
Why demand curve slopes
downward?

There are at least three accepted explanations of why demand curves slope
downwards:
1. The law of diminishing marginal utility: This law suggests that as more of a
product is consumed the marginal (additional) benefit to the consumer falls,
hence consumers are prepared to pay less.
2. The income effect: If we assume that money income is fixed, the income effect
suggests that, as the price of a good falls, real income – that is, what consumers
can buy with their money income – rises and consumers increase their demand.
3. substitution effect: as the price of one good falls, it becomes relatively less
expensive. Therefore, assuming other alternative products stay at the same price,
at lower prices the good appears cheaper, and consumers will switch from the
expensive alternative to the relatively cheaper one.
Extension & Contraction of demand

 Changes in the price of a commodity causes movements along the

demand curve; such movements are called changes in the quantity
demanded.
 If price decreases, then we move down and to the right along the
demand curve; this is an increase in the quantity demanded which is
known as extension of demand.
 If price increases, then we move upward and to left along the demand
curve, this is a decrease in the quantity demanded which is called
contraction of demand.
Extension &
Contraction of
demand
Assuming other things such as
income, tastes and fashion, prices
of related goods remaining
constant, a demand curve DD has
been drawn. It will be seen in this
figure that when the price of the
good is OP, then the quantity
demanded of the good is OM.
Now, if the price of the good falls
to OP’ the quantity demanded of
the good rises to ON. Thus, there is
extension in demand by the
amount MN. On the other hand, if
price of the good rises from OP to
OP” the quantity demanded of the
good falls to OL. Thus, there is
contraction in demand by ML.
Increase and Decrease of demand

 Increase and decrease in demand are referred to change in demand

due to changes in various other factors such as change in income,
distribution of income, change in consumer’s tastes and preferences,
change in the price of related goods, while Price factor is kept constant
Increase in demand refers to the rise in demand of a product at a given
price. On the other hand, decrease in demand refers to the fall in
demand of a product at a given price.
 In case of increase in demand, the demand curve shifts to right, while in
case of decrease in demand, it shifts to left of the original demand curve.
Increase & Decrease in Demand
Consumer surplus
Consumer surplus is a measure
of the welfare that people gain
from consuming goods and
services
Consumer surplus is defined as
the difference between the
total amount that consumers
are willing and able to pay for a
good or service (indicated by
the demand curve) and the
total amount that they actually
do pay (i.e. the market price).
Consumer surplus is shown by
the area under the demand
curve and above the price.
Elasticity of demand

 Elasticity is an economics concept that measures the responsiveness of

one variable to changes in another variable.
 The elasticity(Price) of demand is the percentage change in the
quantity demanded of a good or service divided by the percentage
change in the price. This shows the responsiveness of the quantity
demanded to a change in price.
 The formula of elasticity of demand:
Types of elasticity of demand

 There are 3 types of elasticity:

1. Price elasticity
2. Income elasticity
3. Cross elasticity
 On the basis of demand there are 2 types of elasticity
1. Elastic demand
2. Inelastic demand
Income elasticity

 Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) is defined as the responsiveness of demand when a

consumer’s income changes. It is defined as the ratio of the change in quantity
demanded over the change in income.
 YED is useful for governments and firms to help them decide what goods to produce and
how a change in overall income in the economy affects the demand for their products,
i.e., whether it’s inelastic or elastic. YED can be positive or negative. This depends on the
type of good. A normal good has a positive sign, while an inferior good has a negative
sign.
 An inferior good has an Income Elasticity of Demand < 0.
A normal good has an Income Elasticity of Demand > 0.
Luxury goods usually have Income Elasticity of Demand > 1
0 < Income Elasticity of Demand < 1 are goods that are relatively inelastic.
Income Elasticity of Demand = 0 means that the demand for the good isn’t affected by a
change in income.
Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand

 CPE is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded of good

1 divided by the percentage change in the price of good 2. That is,
% 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 1
 Cross-price elasticity of demand = % 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 2
.

 Whether the cross-price elasticity is a positive or negative number depends on

whether the two goods are substitutes or complements.
 If CPE > o, then the two goods are substitutes. For example: Coke and Pepsi
 If CPE < o, then they are compliments. For example: Bread and Butter
 If CPE = 0, then they are unrelated. For example: Bread and soda.
Elastic & Inelastic demand

 The degree to which the quantity demanded of a commodity responds

to a change in its own price is known as ‘price elasticity of demand’.
 If a change in price leads to a relatively large change in quantity de-
manded, then demand for the commodity is said to be elastic. again, The
demand for a product is considered price elastic whenever the ratio of
percentage change of demand divided by the percentage change in
price is greater than one.
 If the change in quantity demanded is relatively small, demand is said to
be inelastic. The demand for a product is considered price elastic
whenever the ratio of percentage change of demand divided by
percentage change in price is less than one.
Distinguish between elastic & inelastic
demand

Elastic Demand Inelastic Demand

 Demand happens to be elastic for  Demand happens to be inelastic for
luxurious commodities necessary & semi necessary
commodities
 Elasticity is greater than 1
 Elasticity is less than 1
 Elastic demand curve is shallow
 Inelastic demand curve is steep
 Price and total revenue go on
opposite direction  Price and total revenue go on same
direction
 Substitute for the product is available
 Less or no Substitute for the product is
available
Consider the following numerical example:
Total Revenue Test

Total Quantity Price per unit Total Revenue Elasticity

1 7 7
2 6 12 }+5 Elastic

3 5 15 >+3 Elastic
>+1 Elastic
4 4 16
}-1 Inelastic
5 3 15
6 2 12 }-3 Inelastic
7 1 7 >-5 Inelastic
Supply

 Supply is the willingness and ability of producers to create goods and

services to take them to market.
 Supply is positively related to price given that at higher prices there is an
incentive to supply more as higher prices may generate increased
revenue and profits.
 Supply and stock are not the same thing. example of stock and supply will
be suppose a television manufacturer has 20000 television stock, out of
which the manufacturer supplies only 2000 television at prevailing market
price. Hence remaining 18000 units will be called stock and 2000 units will
be called as supply.
Differences

Supply Stock
 supply refers to the quantity which the  stock refers to total available quantity
seller is prepared to sell in the market with the seller at any given point of
at given price at any point of time. time.
 Supply can be increased and  stock at a particular point of time is
decreased depending on the price fixed and it cannot be increased or
prevailing in the market decreased,
 supply is dependent on the price  stock is not dependent on the price.
Law of supply

 The law of supply is  Qxs =Quantity supplied of

the microeconomic law that states commodity x by the producers.
that, all other factors being equal,
 Φ = Function of.
as the price of a good or service
increases, the quantity of goods or  Px = Price of commodity x.
services that suppliers offer will
increase, and vice versa.  Tech = Technology.

 The supply function can also be  S = Supplies of inputs.

expressed in symbols.  F = Features of nature.
 QxS = Φ (Px, Tech, Si, Fn, X,........)  X = Taxes/Subsidies
Here:
Supply Schedule & Supply curve

 Supply schedule shows a tabular representation of law of supply. It

presents the different quantities of a product that a seller is willing to sell at
different price levels of that product.
 The graphical representation of supply schedule is called supply curve. In
a graph, price of a product is represented on Y-axis and quantity supplied
is represented on X-axis.
S = f (P)
 equilibrium occurs at the point where the demand curve and the supply
curve intersect. At equilibrium, supply and demand are perfectly
balanced.
 The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity supplied is equal to
the quantity demanded.
 The equilibrium quantity is the amount at which the quantity supplied is
equal to the quantity demanded.
THANK YOU
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`v‡g †gvU Pvwn`vi cwigvY cvIqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvY †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv c„_K c„_K
Pvwn`v †iLv¸‡jvi f~wg ev Avbyf~wgK Aÿ n‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| wP‡Î, OX A‡ÿ wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY I OY A‡ÿ
wPwbi `vg i‡q‡Q| (i) As‡ki e we›`y Abyhvqx †fv³v ÔKÕ 15 UvKv `v‡g 35 †KwR Ges (ii As‡ki f we›`y‡Z †fv³v
ÔLÕ GKB `v‡g 25 UvKv †KwR wPwb wK‡b| myZivs wP‡Îi (iii) As‡k wPwbi evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY (35+25)=60
†KwR| g we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avevi, `vg n«vm †c‡j cÖ‡Z¨K †fv³vi Pvwn`v ev‡o, ZvB evRvi Pvwn`vI e„w×
cvq| j we›`y‡Z 10 UvKvq K I L †fv³vi wPwbi Pvwn`v †hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 70 †KwR cvIqv hvq| g
I j we›`yØq †hvM K‡i DD evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv cvB| evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv †`Lvq wKfv‡e `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi DVvbvgvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Pvwn`vi cwigvY DVvbvgv K‡i, hLb †fv³vi Rb¨ µ‡qi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ab¨vb¨
wba©viKmg~n AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-40
 A_©bxwZ

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Av‡gi GKwU KvíwbK Pvwn`v m~wP ˆZwi Kiæb Ges GB Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c:
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K †h
mviwYi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq Zv n‡”Q Pvwn`v m~wP|
 †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Pvwn`v m~wPi cÖKvkB n‡”Q Pvwn`v †iLv|
 evRvi Pvwn`v n‡”Q cÖwZwU `v‡g †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi mKj †fv³vi Pvwn`vi †hvMdj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
iægxi ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi c‡_ GKwU AvBmµx‡gi †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| GKw`b cÖPÛ Mi‡g ¯‹zj †_‡K Avmvi c‡_ iæwgi
AvBmµxg †L‡Z B”Qv Kij| wKš‘ Zvi Kv‡Q AvBmµxg †Kbvi g‡Zv ch©vß UvKv †bB|
1. iæwgi AvBmµxg †Kbvi B”Qv Pvwn`vi †Kvb kZ©wU c~iY K‡i?
K. AvBmµxg µ‡qi B”Qv L. AvBmµxg µ‡qi mvg_©¨
M. wbw`©ó `v‡g AvBmµxg µq Kivi B”Qv N. AvBmµx‡gi Dc‡hvM
2. iægxi AvBmµxg †Kbvi B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hv‡”Q bv KviY
i. AvBmµxg µ‡qi B”Qv †bB
ii. AvBmµxg µ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvg_© †bB
iii. UvKv e¨q K‡i AvBmµxg µq Kivi B”Qv †bB
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3. evRv‡i me †fv³vi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`vi mgwó‡K wK e‡j?
K. e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v L. evRvi Pvwn`v
M. mgwóK Pvwn`v N. mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-41

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.3 †hvMvb I †hvMvb wewa

(Supply and Law of Supply)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 †hvMv‡bi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †hvMvb wewa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†hvMvb
mvaviY A‡_© †hvMvb n‡”Q †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i gRy` cwigvY| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb ej‡Z †evSvq evRv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó
mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY mieivn _v‡K| †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i gRy` ej‡Z †evSvq GKwU wbw`©ó
mg‡q I GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g evRv‡i H `ªe¨wUi wK cwigvY mieivn i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †hvMvb n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g I
mg‡q we‡µZv †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i wK cwigvY gRy` wewµ Ki‡Z cÖ¯Z ‘ | A_©vr, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q wbw`©ó `v‡g we‡µZv
evRv‡i †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi †h cwigvY wewµ Kivi mvg_©¨ iv‡L Zv n‡”Q †hvMv‡bi cwigvY| A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb
kãwU `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Pvwn`vi gZ †hvMvbI w¯’i msL¨v bq| †hvMvb †`Lvq,
wKfv‡e `v‡gi mv‡_ mv‡_ †hvMv‡bi cwigvY cwiewZ©Z nq| GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q we‡µZv evRv‡i †h cwigvY †hvMvb
†`q Zv wbf©i K‡i `ªe¨wUi `v‡gi Dci Ges †hvMv‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ab¨vb¨ DcKiYmg~‡ni Dci|

†hvMvb wewa
Avgiv †`‡LwQ, †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× †c‡j we‡µZv‡`i H `ªe¨wU weµ‡q †ewk AvMÖn †`Lv hvq| †Kbbv, `vg e„w×
cvIqvq `ªe¨wU weµq jvfRbK n‡q _v‡K Ges `ªe¨wUi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq| `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
Gi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K Ô†hvMvb wewaÕ ejv nq| †hvMv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ wba©viKmg~n AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq, hLb
`ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× cvq ZLb `ªe¨wUi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq Ges hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm cvq ZLb †hvMv‡bi
cwigvYI n«vm cvq| myZivs †hvMvb wewa †`Lvq, evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ we‡µZv `ªe¨wUi wK cwigvY wewµ Ki‡Z
Pvq G `y‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†Kvb GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg 50 UvKv †_‡K K‡g 20 UvKv n‡j H `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb hw` 100 GKK †_‡K †e‡o 120
GKK nq Z‡e wK †hvMvb wewa Kvh©Ki n‡e| Avcbvi e³‡e¨i c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb ej‡Z †evSvq evRv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY
mieivn _v‡K|
 `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Gi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K Ô‡hvMvb wewaÕ ejv nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-42

 A_©bxwZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. †hvMv‡bi we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv
i. GKwU `ªe¨
ii. GKwU wbw`©ó mgq
iii. GKwU wbw`©ó `vg
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

Avcwb evmvq e‡m 3wU gvwUi dzj`vwb KviæKvh© K‡i evRv‡i wewµi Rb¨ wb‡q †M‡jb| †mLv‡b wM‡q Avcwb
Avcbvi cQ›`g‡Zv dzj`vwbi `vg bv cvIqvq 1wU dzj`vwb wewµ K‡i evwK 2wU dzj`vwb evwo‡Z wb‡q Avm‡jb|
2. evRv‡i Avcbvi dzj`vwb mieivn‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z wK e‡j?
K. Pvwn`v L. †hvMvb M. †fvM N. Drcv`b
3. Avcbvi AvPiY †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q
i. `vg Kg‡j †hvMvb K‡g
ii. `vg Kg‡j †hvMvb ev‡o
iii. `vg evo‡j †hvMvb ev‡o
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-43

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.4 †hvMvb m~wP I †hvMvb †iLv

(Supply Schedule and Supply Curve)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 †hvMvb m~wP †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evRvi †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†hvMvb m~wP
Pvwn`v m~wPi gZ †hvMvb m~wP‡K GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq hv `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨
m¤úK© †`Lvq| mviwb 4.4.1 G wPwbi †hvMvb m~wP †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
mviwb 4.4.1: wPwbi †hvMvb m~wP
cÖwZ †KwR wPwbi `vg (UvKvq) †hvMv‡bi cwigvY (†KwR) mswgkªY
5 50 a
10 60 b
15 70 c
20 80 d
25 90 e

mviwb 4.4.1 G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wPwbi `vg e„w× cvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvYI e„w× cv‡”Q, hLb
Ab¨vb¨ welq (hv we‡µZvi wewµi cwigvY‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i) AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Y
`vg

25
20
15
10
5
X
50 60 70 80 90 †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
wPÎ: 4.4.1: wPwbi †hvMvb †iLv

mviwb 4.4.2 Gi †hvMvbm~wP‡K Avgiv †hvMvb †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi| wPÎ 4.4.1 G OX A‡ÿ wPwbi
`vg I OY A‡ÿ wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wPwbi `vg I wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY- GB `yB‡qi wewfbœ
mswgkªY a, b, c, d, e GB we›`y¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk cvq| a, b, c, d, e GB we›`y¸‡jv †hvM K‡i evg †_‡K

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-44

 A_©bxwZ

Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMvb †iLv cvB| myZivs †hvMvb †iLv `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©‡K
cÖKvk K‡i| A_©vr, `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× †c‡j †hvMvb e„w× cvq Ges `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm †c‡j †hvMvb n«vm cvq|

evRvi †hvMvb †iLv

evRvi Pvwn`v †hgb me †fv³v ev †µZvi Pvwn`vi †hvMdj wVK †Zgwb evRvi †hvMvb me Drcv`K ev we‡µZvi
†hvMv‡bi †hvMdj| mviwY 4.4.2 G `yRb Drcv`K K I L Gi wPwbi †hvMvb m~wP †`qv Av‡Q| K I L Gi
†hvMvbm~wP †`Lvq, †h †Kvb `v‡g K I L wK cwigvY wPwbi †hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K evRvi †hvMvb G `yÕRb we‡µZvi
†hvMv‡bi †hvMdj|
mviwY 4.4.2: wPwbi evRvi †hvMvb m~wP
wPwbi `vg K Gi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY L Gi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY evRvi †hvMvb
(K + L)
5 20 10 30
10 30 15 45
15 40 20 60
20 50 25 75
25 60 30 90
Y Y Y

L †fv³vi †hvMvb †iLv evRvi †hvMvb †iLv

`vg

`vg

`vg
K †fv³vi †hvMvb †iLv
25 25 25
20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
S S S
O O X O X
10 20 30 40 50 60 X 10 15 20 25 30 †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 30 45 60 75 90 †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
†hvMv‡bi cwigvY wPÎ 4.4.2: wPwbi evRvi †hvMvb

K I L †fv³vi †hvMvb m~wP Abyhvqx wPÎ 4.2.2 G †hvMvb †iLv AuvKv n‡q‡Q| evRvi Pvwn`v †iLvi g‡Zv evRvi
†hvMvb †iLv cÖ‡Z¨K we‡µZvi c„_K c„_K †hvMvb †iLvi Avbyf~wgK †hvMdj| evRvi †hvMvb †iLv cÖwZwU `v‡g
evRv‡ii †gvU †hvMv‡bi cwigvY‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Avcwb av‡bi †hvMv‡bi GKwU KvíwbK †hvMvbm~wP ˆZwi Kiæb Ges Zv †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AuvKzb|

mvims‡¶c:
 †hvMvb †iLv `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©‡K cÖKvk K‡i|
 evRvi †hvMvb n‡”Q cÖwZwU `v‡g †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ ev †mevi mKj Drcv`K ev we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bi †hvMdj|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-45

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.4

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`‡L 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
†hvMv‡bi `vg (UvKv)

30

20

10

5 10 15
†hvMv‡bi cwigvY (†KwR)

1| Dc‡ii wP‡Î †hvMvb †iLv †KvbwU?

K. OX L. OY M. SS N. CS
2| wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q
i. `vg I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx m¤úK©
ii. `vg I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©
iii. †hvMvb †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-46

 A_©bxwZ

cvV 4.5 fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY

(Determination of Equilibrium Price and Quantity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ fvimvg¨ wba©viY

cvV 4.1 I 4.2 G Pvwn`v Ges cvV 4.3 I 4.4 G †hvMvb wb‡q c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb
Avgiv †`L‡ev, wKfv‡e Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cvi¯úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i `vg I cwigvY
wba©vwiZ nq|
evRv‡i wKfv‡e `vg wba©vwiZ nq Zv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †fv³vi Pvwn`v I we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges †`L‡Z n‡e †Kv_vq Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ci¯úi mgvb| mviwY 4.5.1 I wPÎ 4.5.1 G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i‡K
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
mviwY 4.5.1: wPwbi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY
`vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (†KwR †hvMv‡bi cwigvY DØ„Ë ev NvUwZ
cÖwZ gv‡m) (†KwR cÖwZ gv‡m)
5 80 30 NvUwZ
10 70 45 NvUwZ
15 60 60 fvimvg¨
20 50 75 DØ„Ë
25 40 90 DØ„Ë

wPÎ 4.5.1: Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi fvimvg¨

wPÎ 4.5.1 G evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv (DD) I evRvi †hvMvb †iLv (SS) ci¯úi‡K e we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q| GB e
we›`y‡Z evRvi fvimvg¨ we`¨gvb| fvimvg¨ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v †hLv‡b GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g Pvwn`vi cwigvY I
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-47
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

†hvMv‡bi cwigvY mgZvq †cŠu‡Q| Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi †Q`we›`y‡Z †h `vg we`¨gvb Zv n‡”Q fvimvg¨ `vg Ges `ª‡e¨i
cwigvY n‡”Q fvimvg¨ cwigvY| wP‡Î, fvimvg¨ `vg 15 UvKv (cÖwZ †KwR) Ges fvimvg¨ cwigvY 60 †KwR|
fvimvg¨ `v‡g †fv³v ev †µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z B”QzK Ges we‡µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡Z ivwR
_v‡K G `yÕ‡qi cwigvY mgvb _v‡K| GB fvimvg¨ `vg‡K gv‡S gv‡S market clearing price I ejv nq| KviY,
G `v‡g evRv‡i †µZv I we‡µZv DfqB mšÍyó _v‡K|
mvaviYZ †µZv I we‡µZv wµqv Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi fvimvg¨‡K wN‡i AvewZ©Z nq| hLb evRvi `vg fvimvg¨
`v‡gi mgvb bv nq ZLb wK n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_‡g a‡i †bB, evRvi `vg fvimvg¨ `v‡gi †P‡q †ewk| wP‡Î evRvi `vg hLb 20 UvKv ZLb wPwbi †hvMv‡bi
cwigvY 75 †KwR Ges wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 50 †KwR| A_©vr, wPwbi DØ„Ë 25 †KwR| GLv‡b †hvMvb`vi †h
cwigvY `ªe¨ †hvMvb w`‡Z B”QzK PjwZ `v‡g Zvi meUzKz wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| DØ„Ë Ae¯’v‡K ÔAwZwi³ †hvMvbÕ
(excess supply) ejv nq| hLb wPwbi evRv‡i ÔDØ„ËÕ †`Lv †`q ZLb wPwb we‡µZv DØ„Ë wPwb gRy` K‡i iv‡L|
G Ae¯’vq wPwb we‡µZvi Dci wPwbi `vg n«v‡mi Pvc m„wó nq| dj¯^iƒc, `vg n«vm cvq| G‡Z wPwbi †hvMv‡bi
cwigvY n«vm cvq Ges wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w× cvq| wPwbi `vg n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K hZÿY ch©šÍ bv evRvi
fvimv‡g¨ †cŠu‡Q|
GLb awi, evRvi `vg fvimvg¨ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg| wP‡Î wPwbi `vg hLb 10 UvKv ZLb wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 70
†KwR I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 45 †KwR| GLv‡b wPwbi NvUwZ 25 †KwR| †µZvi †h cwigvY wPwb µq Ki‡Z B”QzK
PjwZ `v‡g Zvi meUzKz µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gv‡S gv‡S G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ÔAwZwi³ Pvwn`vÕ (excess
demand) ejv nq| hLb `ª‡e¨i cÖvc¨Zvi Zzjbvq †µZvi msL¨v AwaK _v‡K ZLb we‡µZv `ªe¨ weµ‡q †Kvb
ai‡Yi ÿwZi m¤§yLxb bv n‡qB `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× K‡i| A_©vr `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi DaŸ©gyLx Pvc m„wó nq| hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg
e„w× cvq ZLb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm cvq Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e evRvi cybivq fvimvg¨
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| †µZv I we‡µZvi wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g evRvi `vg fvimvg¨ `v‡g DcbxZ nq| fvimvg¨
Ae¯’vq †µZv I we‡µZv DfqB mšÍyó _v‡K Ges `v‡gi Dci DaŸ©gyLx I wbgœgyLx †Kvb ai‡Yi Pvc _v‡K bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†Kvb Kvi‡Y evRvi `vg hw` fvimvg¨ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg ev †ewk nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Zvn‡j evRv‡i fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi
Dci wK cÖfve c‡o wb‡Ri fvlvq wjLyb|

mvims‡¶c:
 evRv‡i fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v †fv³v ev †µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z B”QzK Ges Drcv`K ev we‡µZv †h
cwigvY `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx _v‡KÑ G `yÕ‡qi cwigvY mgvb _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.5

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| fvimvg¨ `vg wba©vi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L
i. Dc‡hvM
ii. †hvMvb
iii. Pvwn`v
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-48

 A_©bxwZ

wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

`vg

†hvMv‡bi cwigvY
2| wPÎwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Q-
K. cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM †iLv L. fvimvg¨ `vg I fvimvg¨ cwigvY
M. †gvU Dc‡hvM †iLv N. wbi‡cÿ †iLv
3| E we›`y wb‡`©k K‡i
i. Pvwn`v = †hvMvb
ii. fvimvg¨ `vg I fvimvg¨ cwigvY
iii. †gvU I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-49

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.6 w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv

(Elasticity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’cKZvi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb |

g~jcvV-

cvV 4.1, 4.2 I 4.3 , 4.4 G Avgiv h_vµ‡g Pvwn`v I †hvMvb m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| †hLv‡b Wvbw`‡K wbgœMvgx Pvwn`v
†iLvi gva¨‡g †µZvi AvPiY Ges Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMvb †iLvi gva¨‡g we‡µZvi AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Avevi cvV 4.5 G Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi mgZvi gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB cv‡V Avgiv †`L‡ev `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wKfv‡e †µZv I we‡µZvi `ªe¨ µq I weµ‡qi cwigvY mvov
†`q| GB aviYvwU we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †h aviYvwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU n‡”Q w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv|

Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv

Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx, `ª‡e¨i `vg e„wׇZ Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm cvq I `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm †c‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w×
cvq| Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †`Lvq †h, `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q| GLv‡bI c~‡e©i
g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ welq AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wb‡gœv³ m~‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq-
Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b
Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, Ed =
`v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b
D`vniY¯^iƒc, wPwbi `vg hLb 5 UvKv ZLb wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY cÖwZ gv‡m 20 †KwR| GLb wPwbi `vg e„w×
†c‡q 6 UvKv n‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm †c‡q 12 †KwR n‡jv| wPwbi `vg 20% e„w× cvIqv‡Z Pvwn`vi cwigvY
40% n«vm cvq|
40%
myZivs, Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv (Ed) =  2%
20%
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 2 Gi Øviv †evSvq †h, `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`v wظY cwiewZ©Z nq| †h‡nZz `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi
cwigvY wecixZfv‡e m¤úwK©Z, G Kvi‡Y `v‡gi kZvswkK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b‡K
FYvZ¥K () wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Dc‡iv³ D`vni‡Y `v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b abvZ¥K msL¨v Ges Pvwn`vi
cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b FYvZ¥K msL¨v| dj¯^iƒc, Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, Ed=2 FYvZ¥K msL¨v nIqvi
K_v| Z‡e Avgiv GLv‡b w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î FYvZ¥K wP‡ýi cwie‡Z© abvZ¥K msL¨v ev Ed- Gi Ôcig
gvbÕ e¨envi Ki‡ev|
`ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix DcKiYmg~n †h †Kvb GKwUi cwieZ©‡b `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZUzKz
mvov †`q Zv †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq| wb‡P Avgiv †hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev|

†hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv

Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q Zv‡K †hvMv‡bi `vg
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ejv nq| †hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq-
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-50
 A_©bxwZ

†hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b

†hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, Es =
`v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b
D`vniY¯^iƒc, wPwbi `vg hLb 5 UvKv ZLb wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY cÖwZ gv‡m 20 †KwR| GLb wPwbi `vg e„w×
†c‡q 6 UvKv n‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q 25 †KwR nq| A_©vr wPwbi `vg 20% e„w× cvIqv‡Z †hvMv‡bi
cwigvb 25% e„w× cvq|
25%
myZivs †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, E S  =1.25
20%
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 1.25 Øviv †evSvq †h, 1 fvM `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b †hvMvb 1.25 fvM †ewk cwiewZ©Z nq|

mvims‡¶c
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q Zv‡K
Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ejv nq|
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q Zv‡K
†hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.6

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi m~Î †KvbwU?
Pvwn`vi kZKiv cwieZ©b Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b
K. L.
†hvMv‡bi kZKiv cwieZ©b `v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b

M. ‡hvMv‡bi kZKiv cwieZ©b N. `v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b

`v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b Pvwn`vi kZKiv cwieZ©b

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi m~wPwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
Av‡c‡ji `vg (UvKvq) Av‡c‡ji Pvwn`v (msL¨vq)
10 2
8 4
6 6
K. Pvwn`vi kZ©¸‡jv wK?
L. `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi wecixZgyLx m¤úK©wU eY©bv Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Kiæb|
N. Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wbgœMvgx nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| iwngv evwo‡Z nuvm cvjb K‡i evRv‡i wWg wewµ K‡i| GK WRb wW‡gi `vg 100 UvKv nIqvq †m evRv‡i GK
WRb wWg wewµ K‡i| c‡ii w`b wW‡gi `vg WRb cÖwZ 120 nIqvq †m `yB WRb wWg wewµ Kij| nVvr K‡i
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-51
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

MÖv‡g ARvbv †iv‡M A‡bK gyiMx gviv hvIqvq nuv‡mi wW‡gi `vg †e‡o WRb cÖwZ 140 UvKv n‡jv| ZLb iwngv
evwo‡Z wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ wWg bv †i‡L wZb WRb wWg wewµ K‡i w`j|
K. †hvMvb wK?
L. †hvMvb wewa ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
M. iwngvi wW‡gi †hvMvb m~wP ˆZwi K‡i †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K `vg I †hvMv‡bi †h m¤úK© †`Lv hvq ev¯Íe Rxe‡b wK Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i| e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
3| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
`ª‡e¨i `vg

`ª‡e¨i cwigvY

K. fvimvg¨ `vg wK?

L. fvimvg¨ cwigvY ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki P1 we›`y‡Z fvimvg¨ AR©b m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. fvimvg¨ †Kvb we›`y‡Z AwR©Z n‡e? wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cvV 4.1: 1| K 2| N 3| K
cvV 4.2: 1| K 2| M 3| L
cvV 4.3: 1| N 2| L 3| L
cvV 4.4: 1| M 2| M
cvV 4.5: 1| M 2| L 3| K
cvV 4.6: 1| L

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-52