WELCOME TO

OUR EVENT
1. POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION SUMMIT
OCTOBER 20–21, 2020 | ONLINE
 Transformer Vector Group
Compensation in Numerical Relays

Name: - Mohamed Rashad

Company: - alfanar – alfanar Engineering Services
Position: - Senior Technical Trainer
Experience: - 10 Years
Field of Experience: -
 Testing and Commissioning of MV, HV and EHV substations in utilities
and Oil& Gas Sectors, including Switchgear Components, GIS, Power
Transformers and Protection Systems.
 Conducting Training on Protection Relays, Switchgear Schemes, Power
Transformer Testing and Solar PV System Design.
 Transformer Vector Group
Compensation in Numerical Relays

12
0
11 1

10 A 2

9 3
a

8 4

7 5
6
 Transformer Vector Group
Compensation in Numerical Relays

 How to Read the Transformer Vector Group

 Why Different Transformer Vector Groups?
 Dyn3 Transformer
 Transformer Differential Protection System
 How to derive the Vector Group Compensation Matrix
 Transformer Differential Protection Stability Condition
 Application on SEL487E Transformer Differential Relay using CMC356
Transformer Vector Group
The Three Phase Transformer windings can be connected several ways. Based on the
windings’ connection, the vector group of the transformer is determined.

“Secondary” Phase Displacement of Sec. windings with reference

“Primary” Winding Connection to the Prim. Winding
Winding Connection
Number X 30°

D yn 3
Sec. Neutral
Connected
Why Different Transformer Vector Groups

The Different Transformer VGs are used in many cases and for different purposes as : -

1. Removing the Odd-Harmonics drawn by the Non-Linear Loads or the Magnetizing

Currents.
2. Providing a closed path for the 3rd harmonics and inhibit its appearance at the
Primary Lines as in Delta Windings.

3. Providing a path for the ground current to indicate the ground faults as in Star
Windings.

The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important for: -

1. Calculating the Transformer Differential Protection settings
2. Connecting two or more transformers in parallel in order to avoid large circulating
current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.
 Transformer Windings Connection for Dyn3
V W U
IA Ia

90° A2 B2 C2

a1 a2
Ia’
A1 B1 C1

IC A1 A2
IB Ic Ib
a1 b1 c1

a2 b2 c2

u v wn
 Transformer Differential Protection System

Subtractive Polarity Dyn3 Subtractive Polarity

CT Starpoint Towards the

Protected Object
A c

a1 a2
a
C
A1 A2
B b
 Transformer Differential Protection System

Dyn3

Down Stream
Up Stream

CT Starpoint Towards the

Protected Object

Protection Relay – Terminal “W” Protection Relay – Terminal “X”

Polarity Setting = Toward Line Polarity Setting = Toward Line
 Power Transformer Data

Dyn3

Power Transformer “Step Down” Protection System: -

 Power = 60 MVA

 VH.S = 132kV IH.S = 262.43 A CTH.S = 3000/1

 VL.S = 13.8kV IL.S = 2510.22 A CTL.S = 300/1

 Transformer Normal Loading Condition

IP1
Dyn3 IP2

IS1 IS2

High Voltage Side Low Voltage Side

IA = 262.43 A ∟0° Ia = 2510.22 A ∟180-90° “∟90° “

IB = 262.43 A ∟240° Ib = 2510.22 A ∟180-210° “∟-30° ”
IC = 262.43 A ∟120° Ic = 2510.22 A ∟180-330° “∟-150° “

The Secondary current flow to the relay would be: -

High Voltage Side Low Voltage Side
IA = 0.8747 A ∟0° Ia = 0.8367 A ∟90°
IB = 0.8747 A ∟240° Ib = 0.8367 A ∟-30°
IC = 0.8747 A ∟120° Ic = 0.8367 A ∟-150°
 Transformer Normal Loading Condition

Transformer Differential Calculations Considerations

Different Current Magnitudes Tap Changer that would affect Angle Phase Shift and Phase
the current magnitude Mismatching
 Could be compensated by
using the per unit values in  Connecting the VT to the Relay  Using the Vector Group

the calculations in order to change the base Compensation Matrix

current automatically
 Connecting the Transformer
Tap Changer BCD with the
value of the voltage change for
each tap
Transformer Differential Protection Stability Condition

Dyn3

Imeasured (A)
Irelay (pu) = 𝑥𝑥 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎]
Inominal(A)

S (KVA)
Inominal (A) = v
√3 x Vside(KV) x CT𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Transformer Differential Protection Stability Condition

Compensation matrix

High Voltage Side Low Voltage Side

D0 Y3
1 0 0 0 -1 1
1
0 1 0 ----- 1 0 -1
√3
0 0 1 -1 1 0

IA (PU) Cos [K*30°] Cos [(K+4)*30°] Cos [(K-4)*30°] IA/Inom

2
IB (PU) = ----- Cos [(K-4)*30°] Cos [K*30°] Cos [(K+4)*30°] IB/Inom
3
IC (PU) Cos [(K+4)*30°] Cos [(K-4)*30°] Cos [K*30°] IC/Inom
 Transformer Differential Protection Stability Condition

Dyn3

IA (PU) 1 0 0 0.8747 / 0.8747 ∟0° 1 ∟0°

High Voltage Side IB (PU) = 1 0 1 0 X 0.8747 / 0.8747 ∟240° = 1 ∟240°

IC (PU) 0 0 1 0.8747 / 0.8747 ∟120° 1 ∟120°

Ia (PU) 0 -1 1 0.8367/ 0.8367 ∟90°

1 1 ∟180°
Low Voltage Side Ib (PU) = ----- 1 0 -1 X 0.8367/ 0.8367 ∟-30° = 1 ∟60°
√3
Ic (PU) -1 1 0 0.8367/ 0.8367 ∟-150° 1 ∟-60°
 Transformer Differential Protection Stability Condition

Dyn3

Differential Current = Vectorial Summation for Transformer Currents

IH.S + IL.S
Idiff A (PU) 1 ∟0° 1 ∟180° 0

Differential Values Idiff B (PU) = 1 ∟240° + 1 ∟60° = 0

Stability
Idiff C (PU) 1 ∟120° 1 ∟-60° 0
IA Ib Ic

IC IB Ia
Stability During External Single Phase Fault
Dyn3

Single Phase to
A c Ground Fault L1 to G

a1 a2
a
C
A1 A2
B b

Assume that the fault current is Single phase to ground and The Fault Value
equals to = 2 X Transformer Full Load Current
 Stability During External Single Phase Fault
Dyn3

Ia (PU) 0 -1 1 2 x 0.8367 0 ∟180°

1 ∟180°
Low Voltage Side Ib (PU) = ----- 1 0 -1 X
0.8367
= 2/√3 ∟180°
√3 0∟-150°
Ic (PU) -1 1 0 0∟-150° 2/√3 ∟0°

IA (PU) 1 0 0 0 ∟0° 0 ∟0°

2 x 0.8747
High Voltage Side IB (PU) 0 1 0 X ∟0° =
= 1 √3 x 0.8747 2/√3 ∟0°

2 x 0.8747
IC (PU) 0 0 1 ∟180° 2/√3 ∟180°
√3 x 0.8747
 Stability During External Single Phase Fault

Dyn3

Differential Current = Vectorial Summation for Transformer Currents

IH.S + IL.S

Idiff A (PU) 0 ∟0° 0 ∟180° 0

Differential Values Idiff B (PU) = 2/√3 ∟0° + 2/√3 ∟180° = 0

Stability
Idiff C (PU) 2/√3 ∟180° 2/√3 ∟0° 0
 We can derive the
Compensation Matrix
by another way
Dyn Transformers Compensation Matrix
A c

a1 a2
a
C
A1 A2
B b

V𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 V𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋

IA  IB∟0º & IC∟180º & IH.S = xI = xI
V𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 a √3 x V𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 L.S

0
... ... Ia 0
1
----- 1 ... ... X 0 Ia /√3
√3
=
-1 ... ... 0 - Ia /√3
Dyn Transformers Compensation Matrix
A c

a1 a2
a
C
A1 A2
B b

IB  IC∟0º & IA∟180º

... -1 ... 0 - Ib /√3

1
----- ... 0 ... X Ib 0
√3
=
... 1 ... 0 Ib /√3
Dyn Transformers Compensation Matrix
A c

a1 a2
a
C
A1 A2
B b

IC  IA∟0º & IB∟180º

... ... 1 0 Ic /√3

1
----- ... ... -1 X 0
√3
= - Ic /√3

... ... 0 Ic 0
Dyn Transformers Compensation Matrix
A c

a1 a2
a
C
A1 A2
B b

0 -1 1 Ia
1
----- X
1 0 -1 Ib
√3
-1 1 0 Ic
What about a YNd3 Transformer
Vector Group??
YNd Transformers Compensation Matrix
YNd3

Phase to Phase
Fault c to b

C a

A2 A1
A
b
a2 a1

B c
 YNd Transformers Compensation Matrix
YNd3

Phase to Phase
Fault c to b
IA (PU) 1 0 0 Ifault / In ∟0° 1 ∟0°

IB (PU) 0 1 0 =
High Voltage Side = 1 X
0 ∟240° 0

IC (PU) 0 0 1 0 ∟120° 0

Ia (PU) 0 -1 1 0
1 2/3 ∟180°
Low Voltage Side Ib (PU) = ----- 1 0 -1 X (Ifault//√3) / In ∟0° = 1/3 ∟180°
√3
Ic (PU) -1 1 0 (Ifault//√3) / In ∟180° 1/3 ∟0°
 YNd Transformers Compensation Matrix
YNd3

Phase to Phase
Fault c to b
IA (PU) 2 -1 -1 Ifault / In ∟0° 2/3 ∟0°
1
IB (PU) =
High Voltage Side = ----- -1 2 -1 X
0 ∟240° 1/3 ∟180°
3
IC (PU) -1 -1 2 0 ∟120° 1/3 ∟180°

Ia (PU) 0 -1 1 0
1 2/3 ∟180°
Low Voltage Side Ib (PU) = ----- 1 0 -1 X (Ifault//√3) / In ∟0° = 1/3 ∟0°
√3
Ic (PU) -1 1 0 (Ifault//√3) / In ∟180° 1/3 ∟0°
 Application on SEL487E Relay
Transformer Differential Test using CMC356
SEL487E Relay Transformer Differential Settings
 Application on SEL487E Relay
Transformer Differential Test using CMC356
THANK YOU
Questions?