ARITHMETIC MATERIAL

CONCEPT 1: NUMBER LINE

A number line is a representation of real numbers, both positive and negative.
How are the following inequalities showed on a number line?
Eg: x > - 2 , x < 4 , x ≥ - 2 , x ≤ 4 , -3 ≤ x < 4 , -3 < x < 4

Q1. Two numbers, A and B are represented on the number line as shown above.
What is the value of B-A?

CONCEPT 2: REAL AND NON- REAL NUMBERS

In mathematics, a real number is a value of continuous quantity that can
represent a distance along a line.

Eg. 4, 22/7, 0.63, 2√3 , 1.09 etc. NOT REAL NUMBER: 5/0, √−𝟔

CONCEPT 3: ABSOLUTE VALUE

In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus |x| of a real number x is
the non-negative value of x without regard to its negative or positive
sign. For any number a and positive number b:

1. |a| = b → a = b or a= -b
Eg. | x + 5 | = 15 Has 2 solutions, you solve it when it is positive and
then negative.
Positive → x + 5 = 15 Negative → - (x + 5) = 15

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 2. |a| < b → -b < a < b
Eg. |x + 5| < 15
Positive → x + 5 < 15 Negative → - (x + 5) < 15
3. |a| > b → a < -b or a > b
Eg. |x + 5| > 15
Positive → x + 5 > 15 Negative → - (x + 5) > 15

CONCEPT 4: INTEGERS 1
The integers are {……,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…}
The positive integers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ….}. The negative integers are
{…., -5, 4, -3, -2, -1}. The integer 0 is neither positive nor negative.
Note: Consecutive integers are numbers that follow each other in order. They
have a difference of 1 between every two numbers.
Consecutive integers are {……,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…}
Consecutive even integers are {……,-4, -2, 0, 2, 4…}
Consecutive odd integers are {……, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5…}

CONCEPT 5: INTEGERS 2

1. For any number a: a × 0 = 0.

eg. a = 2 2 x 0 = 0 a = -7, -7 x 0 = 0

2. If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
eg. a = 5 5 x b = 0, b = 0 b = 3 a x 3 = 0, a = 0

3. If wyz = 0, then x = 0 or y = 0

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 z = 2, y = 5
eg. w x 5 x 2 = 0, ∴ w = 0
Q1. The product of numbers from -6 through to 20?

CONCEPT 6: INTEGERS 3
1. The product of an even number of negative factors is positive

Eg. -1 x -3 = 3 -2 x -6 = 12 -3 x -4 = 12
2. The product of an odd number of negative factors is negatives
Eg. -1 x -3 x -2 = -6 -2 x -6 x -2 = -24 -3 x -4 x -1 = -12

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3. The reciprocal of any nonzero number a = .
𝑎
1
4. The product of any number and its reciprocal is 1: a x ( ) = 1
𝑎
5. The sum of two positive numbers is positive. eg. 3 + 4 = 7
6. The sum of two negatives numbers is negative. eg. -2 (+) -5 = -7
7. The sum of negative and positive, when negative is bigger, the answer is
negative. eg. 4 (+) -9 = -5
8. The sum of negative and positive, when positive is bigger, the answer is
positive. eg. - 3 (+) 8 = 5

CONCEPT 7 : MDAS / PEMDAS

RULES
1. Parenthesis: first do whatever appears in parenthesis, following PEMDAS
within the parenthesis also if necessary.
2. Exponents: next evaluate all terms with exponents
3. Multiplication and Division: then do all multiplication and divisions in order
from left to right - do not multiply first and then divide

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 4. Addition and subtraction: finally, do all additions and subtractions in order
from left to right – do not add first and then subtract.

Q1. 24 ÷ 6 x 4 = Q2. 24 ÷ (6 x 4) =

CONCEPT 8: REMINDER THEOREM

If p and k are positive integers and if r is the reminder when k is divided by p, then
(k= pm + r) where m is an integer.
Q1. How many positive integers less than 100 have remainder of 3 when divided
by 7?
Q2. When a certain odd number is divided by 5, the remainder is 1. Which digit
must be in the unit’s place of the odd number?

CONCEPT 9: LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE/GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

When integers are multiplied, each of the multiplied integers is called a factor or
divisor of the resulting product. For example, 2 x 3 x 10 = 60.
1. Prime number is an integer greater than 1 that has only two positive
divisors: 1 and itself. eg. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 etc……

2. Positive factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.

3. Prime factorization is a way of expressing a number as a product of its

prime factors. For example: 30. We know that 30 = 5 × 6, but 6 is not a
prime number. Therefore, prime factors of 30 are 2,3 and 5
4. The list of positive multiples of 12 has no end: 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48
…etc.; likewise, every nonzero integer has infinitely many multiples.

RULES
To find the GCF or LCM of two or more integers, first get their prime
factorizations.
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 1. The GCF is the product of all the primes that appear in each factorization,
using each prime the smallest number of times it appears in any
factorization.

108 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
GCF= (2 x 2 x 3) = 12

2. The LCM is the product of all the primes that appears in any of the
factorization, using each prime the largest of times it appears in any
factorization.

108 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
LCM= ( 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3) x (2 x 2 x 5) = 108 x 20 = 2160
3. The product of the GCF and LCM of two numbers is equal to the product of
the two numbers

GCF X LCM = A X B
12 X 2160 = 108 X 240
25,920 = 25,920

CONCEPT 10: EXPONENTS

For any positive integer’s n: 3
(v) √8 = 2, 3√8 = 3 𝑥 √8 = 8.48
(i) 0𝑛 = 0 eg. 05 = 0 1
(vii)√𝑥 = 𝑥 2
(ii) If a is positive, 𝑎𝑛 is
1
positive. 23 = 8 √4 = 42 = ± 2
(iii) If a is negative integer,
𝑎𝑛 is positive if n is even (viii)√𝑎 + 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 + √𝑏
and negative if n is odd
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(iv) √𝑥 ≠ 3√𝑥
(ix)√𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 - √𝑏

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(x)√𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 = √𝑎 x √𝑏 (xi)√𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 = √𝑎 ÷ √𝑏
1 1
(vi)(−2)3 = - 8 (−2)2 = 4 (xii)𝑎−1 = , 5−1 =
𝑎 5

(xiii)−102 ≠ 100 −102 = - 100 (−10)2 = 100

(xiv) a n x a m = a n + m (xv) a n x b n = (a x b) n
(xvi) (bn)m = bn⋅ m
𝑎𝒏 𝑎𝒏 𝑎
(xvii) =a n-m
(xviii) = ( 𝑏 )𝒏
𝑎𝒎 𝑏𝒏
𝒏 1
(xix) b1/n = √𝑏 (xx) b-n =
𝑏𝒏

CONCEPT 11: EVEN & ODD NUMBERS

The table below summarizes three important facts about even and odd
numbers, their sum, difference and multiplication.
+ and - even odd × even odd
Even even odd even even even
odd odd even odd even odd

+ and - 2 3 × 2 3
2 4/0 5/1 2 4 6
3 5/1 6/0 3 6 9

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CONCEPT 12: FRACTION AND DECIMAL

𝟏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
=
𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
1
Proper fraction: example (numerator less than denominator)
10
5
Improper fraction: example (numerator greater than denominator)
2
1
Mixed fraction: example 6 (whole number and a proper fraction)
3

RULES
1. To divide any number by a fraction, multiply the number by the reciprocal
of the fraction.
2 3
EG. 2÷ = 2 x = 3
3 2

2. To add or subtract fractions with the same denominator, add or subtract

the numerators and keep the denominator.
1 2 2 1
E.G. + = E.G. − =
3 3 3 3

3. To add or subtract fractions with multiple denominator, pick the bigger

denominator and work with it.
1 2 2 1
E.G. + = E.G. − =
4 16 3 6

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 4. To add or subtract fractions with the non-multiple denominator, multiply
the denominator.
1 2 2 1
E.G. + = E.G. − =
3 5 3 5

5. Simplifying Mixed Fraction: Add or subtract the whole numbers and apply
Basic F2 to all fractions.
1 2 1 2
Q1. 4 + 2 = Q2. . 4 − 2 =
4 3 4 3

6. Simplifying complex fraction: Apply knowledge from Basic F1, F2 and

OPERATIONS to solve the question.
2 5
Q3. (2 + ) / (3 - ) =
3 7

CONCEPT 13: DECIMALS

Fractions can be written in the decimal form.

1 / 10 = 0.1 5 / 100 = 0.05

CONCEPT 14: ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

1. If the number you are rounding off is followed by 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, round the

followed up number to 1 (one) and add to the number before or the
number you are rounding off.
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Examples:
4,827 rounded to the nearest ten is 4,830
5.389 to the nearest hundredth is 5.39

2. If the number you are rounding off is followed by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, simply

change all numbers after the number you are rounding off to 0 (zero).
Examples:
4,823 rounded to the nearest ten is 4,820
5.381 to the nearest hundredth is 5.380

CONCEPT 15: PERCENTS

RULES
1. 5% means 5 parts out of 100 divisions. “of” means multiplication
𝑎
a% of 100 means (=) 𝑥 100 = a
100
11.2
For example, 11.2% of 100 = 𝑥 100 = 11.2;
100

2. For any positive numbers a and b: a% of b= b% of a

3. The percent increase of a quantity is actual increase x 100%

original amount

Q1. If a person’s salary increases from $200 per week to $234 per week, what is
the percent increase in the person’s salary?

4. The percent decrease of a quantity is actual decrease x 100%

original amount

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Q2. If an athlete’s weight decreases from 160 pounds to 152 pounds, what is the
percent decrease in the athlete’s weight?

CONCEPT 16: RATIO AND PROPORTION

1
Ratio can be written as the following: 1 to 4, 1:4 ,
4
RULES
1. Applies to extended ratios as well. If a set of objects is divided into two
𝑎
groups in the ratio a: b, then the first group contains of the
𝑎+𝑏
𝑏
objects, the second of the objects.
𝑎+𝑏

2. Applies to extended ratios as well. If a set of objects is divided into three

𝑎
groups in the ratio a: b: c, then the first group contains of the
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑏
objects, the second of the objects
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑐
and the third of the objects.
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

A proportion is an equation that states that two ratios are equivalent.

Q1. Brigitte solved 24 math problems in 15 minutes. At this rate, how many
problems can she solve in 40 minutes?
Q2. If 3 apples cost 50 cents, how many apples can you buy for $20?
Q3. If 15 workers can pave a certain number of driveways in 24 days, how many
days will 40 workers take, working at the same rate, to do the same job?

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Q4. If 15 workers can pave 18 driveways in 24 days, how many days would it take
40 workers to pave 22 driveways?
Q5. A snail can move i inches in m minutes. At this rate, how many feet can move
in h hours?
Q6. A club had 3 boys and 5 girls. During a membership drive the same number
of boys and girls joined the club. How many members does the club have now if
the ratio of boys to girls is 3:4?

CONCEPT 17: AVERAGES

The average of a set of n numbers is the sum of those numbers divided by n:
Average = sum of the n Or simply A = sum
numbers n
n

RULES
1. If all the numbers in a set are the same, then that number is the average.

2. If the numbers in a set are not all the same, then the average must be
greater than the smallest number and less than the largest number.
Equivalently, at least one of the numbers is less than the average and at
least one is greater.

3. Assume that the average of a set of numbers is A. If a number, x is added to

the set and a new average is calculated, then the new average will be less
than, equal to or greater than A, depending on the whether x is less than,
equal to, or greater than A, respectively.

4. Whenever n numbers form an arithmetic sequence (one in which the

difference between any two consecutive terms is the same): (i) if n is odd,
the average of the numbers is the middle term in the sequences; and (ii) if n

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 is even, the average of the number is the average of the numbers is the
average of the two middle terms. Whether n is odd or even, the average of
the n numbers is equal to the average of the first and the last numbers.

Q1.On Monday, a person mailed 8 packages weighing an average (arithmetic

3 1
mean) of 12 pounds and on Tuesday, 4 packages weighing an average of 15
8 4
pounds. What was the average weight, in pounds, of all the packages the person
mailed on both days?

Q2. For the first 3 hours of the trip, Justin drove at 50 miles per hour. Then, due to
constructional delays, he drove at only 40 miles per hour for the next 2 hours.
What was his average speed, in miles per hour, for the entire trip?

Q3. Maryline's average (arithmetic mean) on 4 tests is 80. Assuming she can earn
no more than 100 on any test, what is the least she can earn on her fifth test and
still have a chance for an 85 average after seven tests?

Q4. If x + y = 6, y+ z = 7, and z + x = 9, what is the average (arithmetic mean) of x,

y, and z?

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 ARITHMETIC QUESTIONS
Exercise 1 on concept 1 and 3: Number line and Absolute

Which of the following statements are true?

1
1. 0 < −
7
2. – l – 23 l = 23
3. – 5 < 3.1

Exercise 2 on concept 6 and 7: Integer 3/ MDAS/ PEMDAS

(a) 15 – (6 – 4)( - 2)
(b) (2 – 17) ÷ 5
(c) (60 ÷ 12) – ( - 7 + 4)
(d) ( - 5)( - 3) – 15
(e) ( -85)(0) – ( - 17)(3)

Exercise 3 on concept 4 and 11: Integer 1 / Even and Odd numbers

1. Which of the integers 312, 98, 112, and 144 are divisible by 8?
2. If a, b, and c are consecutive positive integers and a < b < c, which of the
following must be true?
i. c–a=2
ii. abc is an even integer
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
iii. is an integer
3
3. If n is a positive integer, then n(n+1)(n+2) is

Exercise 4 on concept 8: Reminder Theorem

1. When the positive integer n is divided by 3, the remainder is 2, and when n

is divided by 5, the remainder is 1. What is the least possible value of n?

Exercise 5 on concept 4 and 9: Integer 1 / LCM and GCF

1. What is the prime factorization of 585?

2. What are the positive divisors of 372?
4. What are the prime divisors of 100?

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 5. Sum of prime numbers that are greater than 60 but less than 70 is?
If n is a prime number greater than 3, what is the remainder when
𝑛2 is divided by 12?

Exercise 6 on concept 6 and 10: Integer 3 and Exponents

(a) 34 − (−23 )
(b) (−2)4 (15 − 18)4
(c) (20 ÷ 5)2 (−2 + 6)3
(d) 0.1 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)3 =
(e) √(16)(20) + (8)(32) =
(f) If n = (33)43 + (43)33 , what is the units digit of n?

Which of the following statements are true?

1. √16 = 4
2. 7 ÷ 0 = 0
3. (−1)87 = −1
4. √(−3)2 < 0
5. (593 )(59)2 = 596
6. −√25 < −4

Exercise 7 on concept 10 and 11: Even and Odd numbers / Exponents

The integer c is even, and the integer d is odd. For each of the following integers,
indicate whether the integer is even or odd.
1. c + 2d
2. 2c + d
3. cd
4. 𝑐 𝑑
5. ( 𝑐 + 𝑑 )5
6. 𝑐 2 − 𝑑 2
7. If n is an integer, which of the following must be even.
a. n + 1
b. n + 2
c. 2n
d. 2n + 1
e. 𝑛2

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Exercise 8 on concept 12 and 13: FRACTION AND DECIMAL

Which of the following statements are true?

1
1. 0.3 <
3

21 3
2. =
28 4

1 1
3. >
2 17

Evaluate the following

1 1
1. 1 − 1 =
1+ 1+
3 2

1 2
2. 1- ( − )=
2 3

(0.0036)(2.8)
3. (0.04)(0.1)(0.003)
=

1 2 3 9
4. + [( 𝑥 ) ÷ 4] −
2 3 8 16

Exercise 9 on concept 15: PERCENTS

(a) 40% of 15
(b) 150% of 48
(c) 0.6% of 800
(d) 15 is 30% of which number?
(e) 11 is what percent of 55?

(f)A particular stock is valued at $40 per share. If the value increases by 20
percent and then decreases by 25 percent, what will be the value of the stock per
share after the decrease?

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(g)A glass was filled with 10 ounces of water, and 0.01 ounce of the water
evaporated each day during a 20 - day period. What percent of the original
amount of water evaporated during the period?
1 1
(h)When percent of 5,000 is subtracted from of 5,000 the difference is?
10 10

Exercise 10 on concept 16: RATIO AND PROPORTION.

1. There are a total of 20 dogs and cats at a kennel. If the ratio of the number
of dogs to the number of cats at the kennel is 3 to 2, how many cats are at
the kennel?
1
2. The ratio 2 to is equal to the ratio
3
a. 6 to 1
b. 5 to 1
c. 3 to 2
d. 2 to 3
e. 1 to 6

3. At a certain school, the ratio of the number second graders to the number
of fourth graders is 8 to 5, and the ratio of the number first graders to the
number of second graders is 3 to 4. If the ratio of the number of third
graders to the number of fourth graders is 3 to 2, what is the ratio of the
number of first graders to the number of third graders?

Exercise 11 on concept 17: AVERAGES

.
1. A student’s average (arithmetic mean) test score on 4 tests is 78. What
must be the student’s score on a 5th test for the student’s average score on
the 5 tests to be 80?

2. The average (arithmetic mean) of 10, 30, and 50 is 5 more than the
average of 20, 40, and?

3. In a small snack shop, the average revenue was $400 per day over a 10-
day period. During this period, if the average daily revenue was $360 for
the first 6 days, what was the average daily revenue for the last 4 days?

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