1

Plural noun (5) Tattoo at

Singen ñosa
* sñuuivñovriasiñ
Language focus:
 Present simple
 Present continuous (progressive)

Present simple
We use present simple to talk about:
1. facts or something that is true in general c. Éogors ,oÑuoigrauNnñmEH
o The earth goes round the sun. rider
o The library opens at 7.30 in the morning.
o Jan’s mom is a doctor.
o Your English is good. You speak very well.
o People wear masks in public places these days.

2. habits or how often we do things ioodni.n.si woo

o Yaya often posts her photo on Instagram. (not Yaya posts often)
o I never skip breakfast. (not I skip never)
o Jake always googles hotel information before his trip.
o We usually play online games on Sundays.
o I sometimes take a motorcycle taxi to work.

3. timetables and programs onions lbÑwoh,bnÉogÑWaA0H

o I have to go. My plane leaves at 11.30. (a transport timetable)
o Let’s hurry. The movie starts at 7 PM. (a movie timetable)
o Classes begin next week.
o The meeting is at nine o’clock tomorrow.
 2

Verbs
Positive Negative

-I/ You/ We/ work -I/ You/ We/ don’t

They do They (do not)
-Jane and Jet have -Jane and Jet work
-The books -The books do
have

-He/ She/ It works -He/ She/ It doesn’t

-Jane does -Jane (does not)
-The book has -The book

Verb to be
Positive Negative

-I am -I am not

-He/ She/ It -He/ She/ It

-Jane is -Jane is not
-The book -The book (isn’t)

-You/ We/ They -You/ We/ They are not

-Jane and Jet are -Jane and Jet (aren’t)
-The books -The books

Present continuous
We use present continuous to talk about

1. an activity that is going on at the time of speaking brian merinos

won
o Don’t make noise. The baby is sleeping right now.
o I can’t talk right now. I’m driving.
o Let’s go out now. It’s not raining any more. (not It doesn’t rain)

2. an action that is not happening at the time of speaking but it is in progress this week, this month, this

year this semester ,

Nosotros boom
o Nan is taking five courses this semester.
 3

o I’m reading a really good book right now. It’s about …

o - aren’t doing so well this year.
Start-ups

3. future plan blow@ WINDHAM

o I’m seeing a dentist next Tuesday at 3 PM.
bÑnoif
o Our company is mum
launching a new product next month.
o They are throwing a party tomorrow. (throw-informal)

Some verbs do not take the continuous tense because they describe conditions that exist. They have stative
meanings. We call them “stative verbs”. กริยาแสดงสภาวะที่เกี่ยวกับ ความรู้สึก, ความคิด, ความสัมพันธ์, ประสาทสัมผัส, สภาวะความเป็นอยู่
และ การวัดหรือการประมาณค่า
Examples:
*
like love believe want need
know understand remember forget

o I’m needing you. > I need you.

Note: YÑoÑwmgmf@5vwwmwÑwÑ29bdaneÑg
Stative verbs such as like or love are sometimes used in informal language to
describe a state at a particular moment.

o I’m loving the weather today!

o I’m liking this new feature!

_____________________________________

°
* Exercise 1 Required

Directions: Underline the correct verbs in the brackets to complete the sentences.
bbNnNO9Ñ
1. The hotel guest ( is waiting / wait ) for a taxi.
.

-
✓
✓
o
2. The teacher is busy now. She ( is preparing / prepares ) the lessons for us.
-

3. Pitchayut and Tanaka (are flying / fly) to Australia on Monday.

-
✓
4. Our neighbor Mrs. Lim often ( is visiting / visits ) us.
-
.
 4

÷
5. Janine ( is going / goes ) to school by bus every morning.
-

6. Those tourists ( are holding / hold ) a selfie stick.

=
7. I ( am taking / take ) Korean cooking class this semester.
-

8. Thai people (are celebrating / celebrate) Songkran every year.

-

9. We ( are listening / listen ) to the news on television every night. .

bbmVDÑÑ
10. Roy seldom ( is coming / comes ) late to the office.
urn
✓

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs in the brackets.

Dear Maya,

am writing(write) to you from Pattaya. Pattaya 2.________

I 1.__________ is (be)
are
a seaside town in Chonburi. Its beaches 3._________ (be) really beautiful.

wake
Every morning I 4. ___________( wake) up early to see the glorious
sunrise. I 5. ________
jog (jog) along the beach before breakfast. Now I 6. am sitting
________

( sit) on the beach. Nina 7. is sitting ( sit) next to me. We 8. ___________

_________ are
watching
( watch) a group of tourists. Some of them 9.___________
are ( learn) to parasail. It
learning
looks adventurous and fun to us! The others 10. are swimming( swim). Nina and
____________

I plan to swim later. Both of us 11. _____________

think (think) this place is wonderful.

I wish you could be here with us.

Love,

Pond
 5

Exercise 3 Supplement

Directions: Circle the correct verb forms to complete the passage.

NÑN8ÑbÑ
ndwownwnfgonoiafe.gg,
o_O
Photosynthesis in green plants ( 1) uses / use the energy from sunlight to

convert carbon dioxide, water and minerals into organic food. Photosynthesis ( 2)

ñ• 0
occur / occurs in the leaves of plants. The roots (3) takes / take in water from the
sins on

-0%+0
soil and this ( 4) goes / go up the stem to the leaves. Tiny holes in the leaf ( 5)

absorb / absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. The leaf (6) obtain / obtains light

8
energy from the sun's rays. The chloroplasts (7) trap / traps the light energy and

use it to manufacture food. The leaf ( 8) make / makes carbohydrates. These ( 9)

0
Widened
provide / provides nutrition for healthy plant growth. In the process of

o
photosynthesis, oxygen ( 10) escapes / escape through the tiny holes in the leaf's

surface into the atmosphere.

Exercise 4 Supplement

Directions: Circle the correct verbs to complete the dialogue.

stative verb
Manager : Ann, I (1) need / am needing the documents on the Eden Housing Project.

%
Ann : Just give me a minute, Sir. I (2) type / am typing them out now.

Manager : My meeting (3) are / 0

is scheduled for 4 p.m. today.

Ann : I'll have them ready. Mary and I (4 ) organise / are organising the file

now for you to take to your meeting. Mr. Long (5) finish / is finishing the

statistics and the sketches for your presentation.

0 0
Manager : I (6) require / requires all my notes as well. I (7) has / have a big job

ahead of me. All the important people (8) are coming / come today. I (9)
☐
 6

0 0
am thinking / think we (10) has / have a wonderful project. I hope the

clients like it too.

Exercise 5 Required

Directions: Rewrite the underlined sentences with the negative forms to make them logical or true.
0. The customers are unhappy. They like the bad food in the restaurant.
 They don’t like the bad food in the restaurant.
or
 They do not like the bad food in the restaurant.

1. We can hear you. We are listening to the music.

 We aren't listening to the music .

2. The Olympic Games take place every year.

 The Olympic Games don't take
place every year
.

3. Vegetarians eat meat.

 Vegetarians don't eat meat .

4. Mrs. Roberts drives to work. Her neighbor always gives her a lift.
 Mrs. Roberts doesn't drive to work .

5. Anna has the address of that veterinary clinic. Janet is the only one who has it.
 Anna doesn't have the address of that veterinary clinic .

Exercise 6 Supplement

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct present tense forms of the words in the box. Each
word may only be used once.

attend cover fly hope lead

record see take tell put

ñnoÑwÑoa
boatwas
leads
Peter (1) ______________ an adventurous life. His un C-
job as a photojournalist with an influential
an amazing life
 7

magazine (2) ___________

takes him to different parts of the world. He (3) __________
records on camera important
¥8bn enoiogmoroihignni
world events and sometimes this (4) ________________
puts his life in danger. His desire to publish pictures

of what he (5) _____________

sees and experiences brings him joy and sadness. His photographs (6)
ninnrincranas
tell
___________ the story of times of great happiness as well as suffering and how people react to such

situations.
bÑnÉdW97W
At the moment, he (7) is attending a cultural festival in South Korea. In two days' time he (8)
_________
Winn

flying
is__________to Romania to take some candid shots of the orphanages there. Next week, Peter (9)

isioiiiiiii.gr
______________ the Middle East on an assignment and he (10)_____________
hope to capture on film the

beauty of the desert and its wildlife.

__________________________________
 8

Language focus:
 a, an, the
 countable and uncountable nouns

A and An

Example:

Examples: a computer
www.onwoatn.oonbofeg
1. We use a or an with singular nouns only.

Singular nouns: a girl, an orange

2. We use a with singular nouns which begin with consonant sounds.

a hobby
in
a unit (sounds like ‘yu-nit’)
0
boffins:(de ion )
3. We use an with singular nouns which begin with vowel sounds.
silent "h
"

Examples: an orchid an exam an hour (sounds like ‘our’)

now donor air mask ÉSNOS

A noun is the name of a person, an animal, a plant, a place or a thing.
N d Yul
Example: a student, an ostrich, a rose, ①
o
a university, a laptop

rinñoounenoun
An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
Examples: a friendly boy, an interesting story, an interactive classroom
after v.tobe
adj before noun

Note:
* oiog§oioonbÑUsÑÑ9
Words beginning with consonant letters do not always begin with consonant sounds. In
the same way, words starting with vowel letters may not begin with vowel sounds.
 Identify the sound at the beginning of a word when deciding whether to use the
article a or an.
 9

You can go to online dictionaries to

check how a word is pronounced.
“Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries” is
recommended.

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct adjectives in the brackets.

efficient secretary. (efficient / hardworking)

1. I She is an __________

oval
2. I would like an __________ mirror for my bathroom. (oval / round)
noons:bown : old
* 3. This is a __________
unique armchair. (unique / unusual)

fascinating country. (exciting / fascinating)

4. Spain is a __________

* 5. He is an honorable
__________ man. (honorable / humble)

6. Nutthaphon has an __________

orange bicycle. (black / orange)
huge
7. That is a __________ house. (enormous / huge)

simple meal tonight. (ordinary / simple)

8. Let's have a __________

beautiful dress in the shop window. (attractive / beautiful)

9. I saw a __________

excellent essay by Nattapat. (delightful / excellent)

10. Miss Jones read us an _________
 10

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Circle a, an, or - (no article) to complete the paragraph.

Last month I had 1. ( a O

an - ) experience I will remember for the rest of my life. I attended

2. ( a ano o
- ) five-day camp in Selangor, Malaysia. It was 3. ( a an - ) international event. I met youths from

- ) countries. We had 5. (o
The United States, Canada, Fiji, Japan and other 4. ( a an o a an - ) wonderful time

getting to know one another. We went hiking, climbed 6. ( a ano

- ) rocks, jungle-trekked and played games.

On the fourth day, we held 7. ( a o

an - ) exhibition and treated guests to 8. ( a an o
- ) cultural performance.

We spent the last day in groups. We gave reports, shared our experiences and exchanged

9. ( a ano
- ) addresses. All of us felt sad that we had to part. I had 10. ( a an
o- ) autograph book with me

and I got all the other participants to sign in it.

------------------------------------------

The (1)
nÑÑ2 .hn
Aganwaañg"n§gµoh
" .

1. We use a or an when we speak of someone or something for the first time. We use the when we

mention that person or thing a second time.

Examples: I found a mobile just now. I believe that the mobile belongs to Nattakit.

Sujitta's favorite pet is a cat. She talks to the cat every day.

ÑabaneIyaaIÑobÑHaowgÑwlÑÑso%boooao)
2. We use the when it is clear to the listener or reader which person or thing we are referring to.

Examples: My car is at the workshop on Chaengwatthana Road.

Chonticha lives opposite the community mall. (the community mall in that area)
 11

ÑÉgbÑUo,iaieÑ%oeiaoÑwÉoÉn
3. We use the when there is only one such thing.

Examples: Look! There's a rainbow in the sky.

The air is polluted with PM 2.5 dust.

ooiooihiioiumiroiasñ; wound itoonoiuni
4. We usually use the before ordinal numbers.

Example: Panipak won the first gold medal for Thailand in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.

Note:

An ordinal number is a number like first, second, third or fourth which shows the position of something

in a list of items.

Exercise 3 Supplement

Directions: Fill in the blanks with a, an or the.

=
1. I can see ______
an The aeroplane is going to take off.
aeroplane on the runway. ______

2. Mr. Tanukit has _______

a The
new house. _________ house is on Phyathai Road.
bÑwduÑoIn8
3. Our ship crossed ______
the equator at 3 p.m. today.

4. I have to go to ___________
the post office on Chaengwattana Road to post __________
a parcel.
eigigifoicoeo
the 22nd of February. He will attend ______
5. Salim is going to Sri Lanka on _______ an art conference there.

the world in his hot-air balloon.

6. Mr. Branson plans to travel around ______

Exercise 4 Required

Directions: Rewrite the sentences. Put in a, an or the where necessary.

one such thing
1. Wind is blowing gently.
-

The wind is blowing gently

_______________________________________________________________________________
.
 12

2. Our Sports Day is on fourth of May.

Our Sports Day is on the fourth of May

_______________________________________________________________________________
.

YÑÑbbMdn adj -1N

adjoining
* at

3. Patrick chopped ⑥ axe. He piled firewood behind his house. Yanina

.

some firewood with big

→
Patrick chopped some firewoo-dwithafigaxe.me
piled firewood behind his
_______________________________________________________________________________

ÉHnrwwñ'o&
4. I need taxi because I am going to train station now.
house .

I need a taxi because I am going to the train station now

_______________________________________________________________________________ .

⑤
5. Dina has pictures of ape and panda. She likes picture of panda.

Dina has pictures of an ape and a panda She likes the picture of panda
_______________________________________________________________________________
.
.

-----------------------------------------------

The (2)

Gowri :
A proper noun is the special name given to one particular person, animal, plant, place or thing. It begins
with a capital letter.
*
1. We use the before some proper nouns such as:

NMÑYmdabbÑÑTaM8bdaÑogbbhV
(a) the names of oceans, rivers, seas and straits

Examples: the (river) Nile, the Mediterranean Sea

8001mi @aÑobnna0YboiÑ , ÉgaÑNNdÑ
(b) the names of most buildings,, landmarks, monuments and natural wonders

Examples: the National Museum, the Great Wall of China, the Washington Monument, the Great

Barrier Reef
ÉodmnÑ Footboard ..
n

(c) the names of places and people's title containing of

v v n n VIVA n n
Examples: the Bank of Thailand, The President of the United States (title), The Prime Minister of

Japan (title)

(d) the names of places and people ending in plural 0

's'
 ¢ÑMdound%
13

Mason @
,
Examples: the United States,
O the Philippines,
O the TaylorsO(= Taylor family)
-

'the
2. The following are some proper nouns which do not use midnight
the:

(a) the names of continents now

Examples: Australia, Africa, Europe

(b) the names of most countries and cities Nd :bhNgbÑ@ 9

Examples: Thailand, South Korea, Bangkok, Paris

(c) the names of streets Joann

Example: Vibhavadi Rangsit Road

(d) the names of people Jonas

Examples: Thanawat, Lisa

Exercise 5 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the where necessary.

building landmark
the Eiffel Tower when I was in ______ France for a tour last month.
,

1. I visited _______ -

bbUDWNñY
The
2. ________ 0Singapore lies south of ______ Peninsular Malaysia.
Republic of -

the Skrang River in ________ Sarawak.

3. Dyak people live along ________
UMW
-

/
4. ______ Prince Street is parallel to ______ Wellington Street
-
-

ÉeÑ1bbUW9VdÑWqhe
The Vice-Chancellor of ________ University of New South Wales is here.
5. ______

-------------------------------------
 14

Countable and uncountable nouns

sirloin
Some nouns can be counted and they are called countable nouns.
.
striation
Some nouns cannot be counted and they are called uncountable nouns.

www.vioioonwaaf * iÑ9ÑÑNhovnÑWÑfÑ
1. We use a or an before singular countable nouns. (We cannot use singular countable nouns alone without

a/the/my etc.)

Examples: I eat an apple every day.

A student is sharing her screen on Zoom.

2. We do not use a or an before uncountable nouns.Tiwa ,anÑunouhÑWWIÑ

Examples: I eat rice every day. I eat a rice every day.

3. An uncountable noun has only one form (rice). There is no plural.

But we can use a … of.

goin ñoñs nonaka
Example: a bowl / a packet / a grain of rice

I eat a bowl of rice every day.

4. We use the with uncountable nouns when it is clear to the listener or reader which things we are referring

to.
ñi9wouÑon9uu%nisiw
Example: The water in this jug tastes funny. (We are referring to the water in the jug

specifically.)

We do not use the with uncountable nouns when we are talking in general. IsHd+he9wbÉosn%V
Example: Plants need water to grow. (general) ññÑñosnowY
5. You can use plural countable nouns alone.

Example: I like bananas.

0 (= bananas in general)
 15

Exercise 6 Required

Directions: Complete the conversation. Put in a, an, the or- (no article).

Fahtima : Oh! I've scalded my hand. Do you have (1) ______ honey?
-

Anita : Yes, there's (2) ______

a
7 the
tub of (3) ______ honey in (4) ______ fridge.
-

belonging
Fahtima : Where's (5) ______
the honey? I don't see it anywhere.
an v

→ their
Anita the second shelf, in (7) ______
: It's on (6) ______ an orange tub.

Fahtima : Now, I just need (8) _______

d spoonful of (9) ______ honey.
-

Anita : Won't it be sticky?

Fahtima : Yes, but it'll bring relief. I always apply (10) ______ honey whenever I have a small burn.
-

It takes the pain away.

____________________________________
 16

Language focus:
 Past simple

Past simple
* wid b boo:@ v9Wooton
We use the simple past tense to show that an action happened in the past.

V. 2
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian

musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791.

He started composing at the age of five and wrote

more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years

old when he died.

We add 'ed' to regular verbs to form the simple past tense. Irregular verbs take different forms.
Examples: Tanya painted a beautiful scene yesterday. (regular verb - paint)
Little Nicky slept all morning. (irregular verb - sleep)

Regular verbs
The following are some ways of forming the past tense of regular verbs:
(a) base form of verb+ ed
Examples: clean + ed = cleaned (pronounced in 1 syllable ending with /d/ sound)
pick+ ed =picked (pronounced in 1 syllable ending with /t/ sound) Ñn -
line 8 lÑnÑ)
Note: Final -ed is pronounced /ɪd/ only after /t/ and /d/ sounds.
/ɪd/ adds a syllable to a word.
Example: waited = wait-tɪd needed = need-dɪd
(b) base form of verb ending in y > i+ ed
Examples: carry > i + ed = carried
 17

hurry >i + ed =hurried

bathroom ridden@ a
(c) base form of verb ending in a consonant+ the same consonant+ ed
Examples: drag + g + ed = dragged (pronounced in 1 syllable ending with /d/ sound)
stop + p + ed =stopped (pronounced in 1 syllable ending with /t/ sound)
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs take different forms.
Examples:
Base form awake bring catch dream eat

Past Tense awoke brought caught dreamt ate

Verb to be:
Pronouns I He/She/It We/You/They

Present Tense am is are

Past Tense was was were

Some irregular verbs do not change to form the simple past tense. They keep the base form.

Base form beat cut hit hurt let set

Past Tense beat cut hit hurt let set

Positive Negative

-I/ You/ We/ -I/ You/ We/

They/ He/ She/ It They/ He/ She/ It
-Jane worked -Jane did not work
-Jane and Jet did -Jane and Jet (didn’t) do
-The book had -The book have
-The books -The books
 18

Verb to be
Positive Negative

-I/ He/ She/ It -I/ He/ She/ It

-Jane was -Jane was not
-The book -The book (wasn’t)

-You/ We/ They -You/ We/ They were not

-Jane and Jet were -Jane and Jet (weren’t)
-The books -The books

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the past tense form of the verbs in the brackets. Some are
negative statements.
took off my coat. (take)
1 It was warm, so I _________
didn't enjoy much. (enjoy)
2 The film wasn’t very good. I ______________it
donors
didn't disturbher. (disturb)
3 I knew Sarah was busy, so I ____________
left
4 We were very tired, so we___________ the party early. (leave)
5 It was hard carrying the bags. They _____________
were really heavy. (be)
didn't sleep well. (sleep)
6 The bed was very uncomfortable. I ____________
=
" ""
didn't cost much. (cost)
7 This watch wasn’t expensive. It ____________ cost cost cost
flew
8 The window was open and a bird _____________ into the room. (fly) fly flew flown
didn't havetime to call you. (have)
9 I was in a hurry, so I __________
wasn't very clean. (be)
10 I didn’t like the hotel. The room __________

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the present tense or past tense form of the verbs in the
brackets. Some are negative statements.
 19

cleans (clean) himself every day after meals.

1. Our cat, Punch, __________
v. 2
cut
2. Linda _________ (cut) the flowers and arranged them in a vase.
slipped (slip) from Sue's hands but it _________
3. Last night, the dish _________ didn't break(break).

don't live (live) on land.

4. Marine animals ____________

dried (dry) the meat in the sun yesterday.

5. Anand __________

heard (hear) about the accident two weeks ago.

6. We _________

listen (listen) to music while I do my work.

7. I always _________

puts
8. John _________(put) all his tools in a box this morning.

assembled (assemble) downtown yesterday afternoon.

9. Many protestors __________

goes (go) to Hong Kong every year.

10. Dad ___________

weren't (be) in the party last night. They studied for the exam at the library.
11. They __________

Exercise 3 * mortar Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the present simple, present continuous or past tense form of
the verbs in the brackets.
Ravi : I (1) _______
turn today. sinews
%Ñ0VÑVVÑV
tidied (tidy) the kitchen last night and I (2) _______
'VÑbof
refuse (refuse) to do it again. It's your

!÷÷• knap
""
Sheila : You (3) ______________ (be) so unfair! I (4) ________ (spend) most of last week cleaning the
didn't bother(not bother) you because you (6) ________ (have) exams.
house. I (5) ____________
Ravi am
: I (7) ____________ (beg) you now, Sheila. Please do it for me just this once. I don't have the

morning.
am
typing
time. I (8) ____________ (type) out my Chemistry project. I have to hand it in tomorrow

try
Sheila : You always (9) ________ (try) to wriggle your way out of doing housework and somehow you

svcceeofr
(10) ________ (succeed). I'll let you off this time.

__________________________________
 20

Language focus:
Ndfb Dag
 Subject and predicate
 Finite and non-finite verb

Subject and predicate

 A sentence usually has a subject (what the sentence is about) and a predicate (the part of the
sentence which gives information about the subject).
Examples:
Subject Predicate
Mr. Tan drives well.
Lisa is a dancer.

 The subject usually comes before the predicate.

Examples: That boy can run fast. Can run fast that boy.

 The predicate must have at least one finite verb.

A verb that ends in 'ing' or is preceded by to (to+verb) is a non-finite verb.

Examples:
Sentences with only non-finite verbs Sentences with finite verbs

The bell ringing. The bell is ringing.

All of us to keep quiet. All of us have to keep quiet.

Note:
A finite verb changes its form according to the tense and subject of the sentence but a non-finite verb
remains the same.
Examples: My sister wants to go shopping. (Present tense)
My parents want to go shopping. (Present tense)
My sister wanted to go shopping yesterday. (Past tense)
My parents wanted to go shopping yesterday. (Past tense)
 The predicate may also contain
 21

o an object (the person or thing that the subject does something to) or
o a complement (describes quality or characteristic of the subject or object) or
o an adverbial (tells us when it happened, where it happened, and how it
happened)
The object or complement comes immediately after the verb.
Examples: - Ronaldo scored three goals.
subject verb object – what Ronaldo scored
- These artists are famous.

subject verb complement – what these artists are

The adverbial often appears at the end of the sentence: after the verb, object or complement.

Examples: - Mr. Simpsons drives dangerously.

subject verb adverbial

- The doctor treated the patient immediately.

subject verb object adverbial

- They were sick yesterday.

subject verb complement adverbial

Exercise 1 Required

Directions: Underline the predicates in the sentences.

1. My parents are out.
2. That calculator is too expensive.
3. We can return to our rooms.
4. Our neighbours, Mr. and Mrs. Hughes, like to grow flowers.
5. My friends and I are going to a party tonight.
6. Kathy's ambition is to be a pilot.
7. The little boy prepares his own breakfast every day.

8. Most trees in temperate climates shed their leaves in autumn.

9. Sports Day for our school was last Saturday.

10. You always make us laugh with your stories.

 22

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Rewrite each statement in a full sentence by inserting the word or words in the brackets
in one of the places marked /.

1. The teachers are marking / in the staffroom / . (our test papers)

___________________________________________________________________________

2. One of the scenes / in the movie / very frightening. (is)

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Grandpa was / a fine athlete / . (in his youth)

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Good managers / to be firm and fair to / everyone. (have)

___________________________________________________________________________

5. The children decorated / their kindergarten / . (beautifully)

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________
 23

Language focus:
 Present Perfect Tense

We form the present perfect tense in this way:

have/ has + past participle

We use present perfect to talk about:

1. something that happened (or never happened) before now, without stating the exact time of action

o They have moved into a new condo.

o Ploy has never skateboarded.
o I have already seen that movie. Jake hasn’t seen it yet.
o Jeeyon feels bad. She has just heard some bad news.
o Nicha started an e-mail to her teacher last night, but she still hasn’t finished it.
If you want to mention the specific time, you need to use the simple past.

Past Tense Present Perfect Tense

They moved into a new condo last month. They have moved into a new condo.
We visited the Science Museum yesterday. We have visited the Science Museum.
The bird in the cage flew away last week. The bird in the cage has flown away.

Note: These adverbs are frequently used with the present perfect in this context.

>> ever, never, already, yet, still, just

Note: In informal English, already, yet, and just are used with the simple past with no difference in
meaning.
I’ve just finished an e-mail to my teacher. = I just finished an e-mail to my teacher.
2. a situation that began in the past and continues to the present
o I have been here since 7 o’clock.
o The company has been in business since 1984.
o I have made a lot of new friends since I started here in August.
 24

o I have had this phone for three years.

o They have known each other for many years.

The verbs used in this context usually have stative meaning. (Refer to Unit 1 for verbs with stative
meaning)

Note: Since and for are used differently in these examples.

since + a particular time

for + a duration of time

3. an action in the past that has the result now

o I think my battery has run out. (= now my mobile isn’t working)

o Milly’s talent for rapping has made her a lot of money. (= now she’s quite rich)
o I’ve painted my room. (= I finished it yesterday. Now it looks amazing.)
o Tom has lost his key. (= he doesn’t have it now)
o He told me his name, but I’ve forgotten it. (= I can’t remember it now)

4. experiences and achievements

o I have eaten crocodile meat.

o I have passed my driving test. I took the test three times.
o I have met the president of the United States.
o I’ve been to South Africa.

We use the present perfect when talking about an experience or achievement that happened at some point
in the past. The date or time that it happened is not important. The focus is on the action, not when.

5. the first (or second or third or…) time something has happened

o This is the first time I have driven a car. (not drive)

o Kim has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens)

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Read the situations and complete the sentences using the present perfect. Choose from

these verbs.
 25

break disappear go up improve lose shrink stop

1. Prajak is looking for his key. He can’t find it. Prajak has lost his key.____________
2. Wanida’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English _______________________
3. My bag was here, but it isn’t here any more. My bag __________________________
4. Nicha can’t walk and her leg is in a cast. Nicha ___________________________
5. Last week the BTS fare was 35 baht. Now it is 45 baht. The BTS fare _____________________
6. It was raining ten minutes ago. It isn’t raining now. It ______________________________
7. I dried my jeans in a dryer. Now they’re too small for me. They ___________________________

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Fill in the blank with the words from the box. Write in the present perfect tense. Some
sentences are negative.

be be eat happen have meet play

1. What’s Tanya’s sister like? I’ve no idea. I __________________ her.

2. Is everything going well? Yes, we __________________ any problems so far.
3. Are you hungry? Yes. I ___________________ much today.
4. Can you play chess? Yes, but I ____________________ for ages.
5. Is Paris an interesting place? Absolutely. I ____________________ there twice.
6. I hear your computer crashed again. Yes, it’s the second time this ________________ this month.
7. Rajesh was late for work again this morning. Really? He _____________ late every day this week.

Exercise 3 Required

Directions: Complete the sentences with the simple past or the present perfect.
1. I (attend, not) ________________ any orientation sessions since I came here.
 26

2. Pond (go) ________________ to a party at Tina’s dorm last Saturday night.

3. Anna (arrive) ________________ here three days ago.
4. Anna (is) __________________ here since the 22nd.
5. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss, already) _________________
too many classes. You (miss) __________________ two classes last week.
6. This is the first time I (ride) __________________ a horse.
7. Thanakorn (download, never) ______________________ any pirated movies.
8. I (know) _______________________ Sheldon Cooper for ten years.
9. A: Is Leonard here?
B: No. He (arrive, yet) _________________________ .
10. The director really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he (call) _________________
three times. He (call) _________________ at 9.30, 11.30, and 1.30.

Exercise 4 Required

Directions: Underline the correct words in the brackets to complete the passage.

Tomorrow is Chinese New Year's Day. We 1 ( have been busy / were busy ) for the past two

weeks and now everything is ready. Emily 2 ( has hung / hanged ) up the new curtains. Maggie 3 ( has

washed / washed ) the floor on Tuesday and 4 ( has polished / polished ) all the silverware yesterday. We

5 ( have decorated / decorated ) the house with balloons two days ago. Little Cindy 6 ( has drawn / drew)

a beautiful poster for the New Year this morning. We 7 ( have invited / invited ) Mrs. Lim to welcome the

New Year with us. May 8 ( has baked / was baked ) a delicious fruit cake. I 9 ( bought / have bought ) a

small gift for Mrs. Lim and my little sister 10 ( tied / has tied ) a big bow on it. I 11 ( have even made /

even made ) my list of new year resolutions.

__________________________________
 27

Language focus:
 Personal pronouns as subjects and objects
 Possessive adjectives and pronouns
 Possessives: ’s/ of
 Demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns

Personal pronouns as subjects and objects

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. We use a pronoun in place of a noun so that we do not

have to repeat the noun.

o This is Mr. Porter. He is my teacher.

o Ella and I are good friends. We often go to school together.

Usage:

1. The pronoun must agree with the noun in number.

Singular pronouns replace singular nouns and plural pronouns replace plural nouns.

o Singular subject: Miles likes ice-cream. He especially likes chocolate ice-cream.

o Plural subject: Ava and I like ice-cream. We especially like vanilla ice-cream.

2. Pronouns used as the subject of a sentence must be in the subjective form.

Pronouns used as the object of a sentence must be in the objective form.

o They are good at computer programming. I asked them to program my laptop.

3. We use pronoun/ noun + and + I in subject position and pronoun/noun + and + me in object

position.

o You and I like tennis. I and you like tennis.

o Mrs. Ashoka wants to see you and me. Mrs. Ashoka wants to see me and you.
 28

Pronouns as subjects and objects

Pronouns as subjects Pronouns as objects

A. First person singular I me
(the speaker) I remember the puppy. The puppy remembers me.

B. First person plural we us

(the speakers) We teased the dolphin. The dolphin teased us.

C. Second person singular you you

(the person spoken to) You greeted Mr. Kenobi. Mr. Kenobi greeted you.
D. Second person plural you you
(the persons spoken to) You beat the new team. The new team beat you.
E. Third person singular he/she/it him/her/it
(the person or thing spoken about) He/She/It likes me. I like him/her/it.
F. Third person plural they them
(the persons or things spoken about) They love you. You love them.

Exercise 1 Required

Directions: Underline the error in each sentence and write the correct word in the space provided.

1. Please give Bella and I your address. _

2. Kay ordered roast lamb. They was delicious.

3. Jeeyun and me want to join the Adventure Club. _

4. I asked they to finish the work. They refused.

5. She helped me once so now I will help she.

 29

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.

Dad once owned a Morris Oxford car. 1 _________ was very dear to 2 _________. Mum,

however, disliked the car. 3__________ said it was too old. She asked Dad to sell 4 . But he

told 5 the car was priceless. Then, months later, Mum did something wonderful. It was the

day before Dad's birthday. 6 spoke to my sister and 7 quietly. She asked

8 to take Dad out for the day. And 9 did as she said. A surprise was waiting for

10 when 11 returned home. Mum was at the gate with two men. She was

giving 12 some money. In the driveway was Dad's Morris Oxford. 13 was

gleaming white and shining like never before.

Exercise 3 Supplement

Directions: Circle the correct pronouns.

The little boy hid in the shadows until the riders and their horses passed by. 1 (He / She)

wondered who 2 (they / we) were. The white robes they wore made 3 (them / us) look like ghost

riders. A cold feeling of fear caused 4 (him / them) to shiver.

He stumbled on in the darkness. A small flicker of light caught his eye. 5 (He / It) seemed

to be some distance away. He drew nearer and suddenly stopped when he heard voices. Several men,

covered completely in white, were talking to someone who was tied up. The boy recognised the men.

6 (He / They) had passed him earlier on horseback. 7 (He / We) tried to catch what they were saying.

" ... and 8 (he / we) are going to give 9 (him / you) one more chance to answer 10 (her / us). You'll
die if you don't talk." ·

The boy realised that he had to act quickly if he wanted to save the prisoner.

-----------------------------------------------------
 30

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

We use possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns to show ownership or relationship.

Usage:

1. A possessive adjective goes together with a noun. A possessive pronoun takes the place of a

possessive adjective and its noun.

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

my computer This is my Mine This computer is mine
our school ours
your file yours
his bicycle his
her calculator hers
its kennel - (no possessive pronoun form)
their house theirs

2. We do not use one after a possessive adjective.

o The guitar is her one. > The guitar is hers.

3. We use a possessive pronoun so that we do not repeat a noun.

o Your dress looks like my dress. > Your dress looks like mine.

4. Do not confuse its with it's.

Its is a possessive adjective. > The dog is sleeping in its doghouse.

It's is the short form for ‘It is’. > I like orange juice. It's my favourite drink.

Exercise 4 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with correct possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns.

1. Marie, I like 1.1 costume but I don't like Lena's. Why is 1.2 so plain?

2. Mr. Olin left 2.1 notes at home. I had to lend him 2.2 .

3. Sir, my mum has lost 3.1 bag. It seems like you've taken 3.2 by
 31

mistake. That small one on 3.3 trolley is 3.4 .

4. Officer, my husband and I are sure that this is 4.1 dog. He has been 4.2 for

years. Now the couple in the next street are claiming Rover is 4.3 . They lost

4.4 dog a month ago and unfortunately, it looks just like Rover.

Exercise 5 Supplement

Directions: Fill in the blanks with correct possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns.

Karen: Kate, did you take 1 gold sandals from the cupboard? I can't find 2 .
Kate: No, I didn't take 3 sandals, sis. You know that my feet are smaller than 4 .

Besides, all your shoes are low-heeled and 5 are high-heeled. You know I don't wear

low-heeled shoes.

Karen: This is strange. My cosmetics bag is open and 6 things seem to be missing.

Kate, have you been stealing my make-up?

Kate: I didn't steal your things. I would ask 7 permission if I wanted to borrow

something.

Mum: What's all the fuss about?

Karen: Mum, did anyone come into my room?

Mum: Only 8 dog Pinto. Oh wait. Carmen, 9 husband Ted and

10 little girls came by. They wanted to see your newly-decorated room.

Karen: Were the girls here by themselves?

Mum: Only for a while. Carmen wanted to show Ted our new pool. She told him she

wants one just like 11 .

-------------------------------------------
 32

Possessives: -’, -’s, of

1. We usually add ’s to a person or an animal to show ownership or relationship.

o the girl’s rings (ownership)

o her father’s boss (relationship)
o the dog’s kennel (ownership)
o the elephant’s trainer (relationship)

2. We usually add ’ to plural nouns ending in 's', and ’s to plural nouns not ending in 's' to show

ownership or relationship.

o the ladies' hats (plural - ladies)

o the girls' cousin (plural - girls)
o the children's shoes (plural- children)
o the men's leader (plural - men)
3. We usually use of to show relation or association with a plant, place or object.

o the branches of the tree

o the roof of the house

Notes:

Sometimes, it is possible to use ’s with plants, places and objects.

Example: the company's logo

Sometimes, it is possible to use of with people.

Example: the father of the bride

Exercise 6 Required

Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in the brackets. You have to use ’ , ’s or of in
your answers.

1. won the first prize in the poster competition. (the son / Mrs. Chong)

2. The players were unhappy with . (the decision / the referee)

3. are spacious. (the rooms / this house)

 33

4. Steve helped to check if are faulty. (the brakes / my bicycle)

5. Manchester United is . (the favourite team / my brothers)

6. I have always listened to . (the advice / my parents)

7. will be staying with her for a week. (mother-in-law / Alicia)

8. are worn out. (the soles / my sandals)

9. The chairman listened intently to . (the report / the manager)

10. is intriguing. (the title / your essay)

Exercise 7 Required

Directions: Circle the letters of the correct sentences. There may be more than one answer

for each question.

1. A. We watched the finals of the women singles at Wimbledon yesterday.

B. We watched the finals of the womens singles at Wimbledon yesterday.

C. We watched the finals of the women's singles at Wimbledon yesterday.

D. We watched the finals of the womens' singles at Wimbledon yesterday.

2. A. The boys older sister works as a nurse in a local hospital.

B. The boys' older sister works as a nurse in a local hospital.

C. The boy's older sister works as a nurse in a local hospital.

D. The boy older sister works as a nurse in a local hospital.

3. A. The passengers' bags were sent through a security check.

B. The passenger's bags were sent through a security check.

C. The passenger bags were sent through a security check.

D. The passengers bags were sent through a security check.

 34

4. A. The naval officers uniforms were dark blue with gold trimmings.

B. The naval officers' uniforms were dark blue with gold trimmings.

C. The naval officer's uniform was dark blue with gold trimmings.

D. The naval officer uniform was dark blue with gold trimmings.

5. A. My antique sewing machine's cover is made of blackwood.

B. The cover of my antique sewing machine is made of blackwood.

C. My antique sewing machines cover is made of blackwood.

D. The cover of my antique sewing machine's is made of blackwood.

-------------------------------------------

Demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those

1. We use this and that with singular nouns.

We use these and those with plural nouns.

o This/That boy is tall.

o These/Those boys are tall.

2. We use this and these to point to people and things that are near us.

We use that and those to point to people and things that are far from us.

3. This, that, these, and those point to specific people or things.

o Cats are playful. (cats in general)

o These cats are really playful. (referring to specific cats)

4. This, that, these, and those are demonstrative adjectives when they are followed by nouns.

They are demonstrative pronouns when they are not followed by nouns.

Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns

This laptop is old. This is an old laptop.
That zone is dangerous. That is a dangerous zone.
 35

5. A collective noun and the expression a pair of take singular verbs. We use this or that with them.

o This/That band of musicians is quite famous.

o This/That pair of sunglasses is mine.

Exercise 8 Required

Directions: Circle the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. 1.1 These / Those books on the table by the window over there are new arrivals. 1.2 This / That book

here is a bestseller.

2. Could you pass me 2.1 that / those pile of books?

3. 3.1 These / This is Mark's coat, not yours. Yours is 3.2 that / this one on the sofa there.

4. 4.1 This / These herd of buffaloes is quite tame.

5. Would you hand in 5.1 this / that assignment for me? I'm typing the last paragraph.

_______________________________________
 36

Language focus:
 can, may
 must

Modals are a type of auxiliary verb. Examples of modals are can, could, may, might, must, shall,
should, will, and would.

In this unit, we will focus on can, may, and must.

Can & may

1. Can and may are used to ask for permission and give permission.

May is usually considered more formal and polite than can.

o Can/May I use your telephone, please?

o The class is over and you can/may go home.

2. Can and may are also used to express the possibility of an action or event.

May is usually used to refer to a less likely possibility than can.

May is also used to suggest that the speaker or writer is not very certain about something.

o We can go for a holiday later this year. (definite possibility)

o We may go for a holiday later this year. (slight possibility)
o I may have the spare keys to the car in my bag.

3. Can is used to refer to the ability to do something.

o Stella can speak Japanese.

o Can he cook?

4. In a statement, we use can or may in this way:

Subject + can/ may + (not) + base form of main verb/ the verb to be

o You can/may leave tonight.

 37

o Kangaroos can/may be hostile if provoked.

o The news may not be true.
o You cannot focus on two things at the same time.

In a question, we use can or may at the beginning in this way:

Can/ May + subject + base form of main verb/ the verb to be

o Can/May I borrow your phone?

o Can/May we be your partners?

Notes:

Do not confuse may be with maybe.

May be is a verb.

o The teacher may be in the staff room. The teacher maybe in the staff room.

o That rumour may or may not be true.

Maybe is an adverb meaning 'perhaps'. It can also be the answer we give when we don't want

to say either ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

o Maybe he'll come, maybe he won't.

o Are you going to sell your house? - Maybe.

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Rearrange the words to form statements or questions.

1. can – home – take – we - you?

>

2. may – park - there - you.

>

3. help - I - may- sweep -you?

>
 38

4. aunt - can - clothes - make - my.

>

5. be - can - I – partner - your?

>

Exercise 2 Supplement

Directions: Circle the correct words in the brackets.

1.(Can / May) you tell me the way to the post office?

2. (We can / Can we) help you cook?

3. That building may (be / being) the university.

4. The little boy can (climb / climbs) trees very quickly.

5. You may (play / played) with Jeff this evening.

6. (Can / May) you run faster than Joanna?

7. May I (paid / pay) for our lunch?

8. (May we / We may) see your new kittens?

9. You can (rest / resting) now.

10. Can (be I / I be) your partner in the game?

Exercise 3 Required

Directions: Circle the letters of the sentences where can and may are used correctly. There

may be more than one answer for each question.

1. To offer to do something
A Can I go to Fay's fancy dress party?
 39

B Can I bring you a souvenir from Japan?

C May we help you across the street?

2. To mean 'possibility'

A That phone call may be from the hospital.

B You may do as you wish.

C The company may offer me a trip to Sweden.

3. To give permission.

A You can change the decor of the house if you like.

B You may take the day off on your birthday.

C You can hold the baby for a while.

4. To make a request
A May I have a word with you?
B Can you run fast without panting?
C Can you give me a room with a view of the sea?

5. To offer to do something
A May I make some chicken soup for you?
B Can we get you a snack from the canteen?
C Can you give me change for fifty dollars?

6. To mean 'to be able to'

A You can wear my jacket for the party.

B Five people can fit into the car.

C You can go to the dance but be back by 11 p.m.

 40

Exercise 4 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with some of the words in the box. Each word may be used more

than once.

can may maybe occupy occupies pass

past shoot shot take tape taped

1. your pet bird talk?

2. I won't promise you but I see you tonight.

3. That player can the ball right into the net.

4. He is so strong that he bend an iron bar.

5. they are planning a surprise.

6. May I your voices?

7. I'm certain you succeed.

8. You may my room while I’m away.

9. you lay the table please?

10. May we a short cut through your garden?

-----------------------------------------------------

Must
1. We use must to talk about necessity and obligation (law or rules).

o You must register before joining the webinar.

o I must wash the car tomorrow.
o You must be home by 11 o’clock.
 41

Notes:

We can also use ‘have (got) to’ to say that something is necessary or should be done. It is more

common in speech.

o Pim has to finish this essay today. She has to hand it in tomorrow.
o Nurses have to wear a uniform.

2. We use must to say that we are certain about something.

o This must be the most boring party I’ve ever been to.
o You must be proud of your children. They are both very well-behaved.

3. Must is used to recommend that somebody does something because you think it is a good idea.

o You must read this book.

o We must get together soon for lunch.

4. In a statement, we use must in this way:

Subject + must + (not) + base form of main verb/ the verb to be

o You must be a staff member to enter this area.

o Soldiers must keep their hair short.

In negative sentences must not is used to tell somebody not to do something.

o Passengers must not undo their seat belts until the signs have been switched off.
o You mustn’t leave the gate open.

In a question, we use must in this way:

Must + subject + base form of main verb/ the verb to be

o Must prefects wear ties every day?

o Must everyone be a member of a school society?

Notes:

There are no past or future forms of must. To talk about the past, you use had to for necessity and
must have + past participle for certainty.
 42

o I had to wait half an hour for a BTS yesterday.

o Oh, you’re back. You look exhausted. Your hiking trip must have been fun!

Exercise 5 Supplement

Directions: There are 5 incorrect sentences. Underline them and rewrite correctly.

Dear Mrs. Boyle,

You must forgives me for writing this note. First, I must telling you that you are a

good neighbor. You must understand that I don't want to quarrel with you. However, I

must raise one issue. Must your son really practiced his trumpet day and night? There's a

regulation that the neighborhood must being quiet at night. All of us must have enough

sleep to be fresh in the morning. Besides, you must knew that the notes your son plays

can't be called music yet. Please tell him not to play loudly even during the day.

Your neighbor,
Sally Chan

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Exercise 6 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with may, can, must, or must have.
1. you speak any foreign languages?
 43

2. That restaurant be very good. It’s always full of people.

3. I’m not sure where my phone is. It be in my backpack.

4. Bella did the opposite of what I asked her to do. She misunderstood what I said.

5. Congratulations on passing your exam. You be very pleased.

6. If you want, I lend you some money.

7. Mr. Spencer, I leave the class? I really need to use the restroom.
8. you do that? It is really annoying. Please stop.
9. You not leave your belongings unattended at the airport. It’s against the safety
regulations.
10. The writers on this website never cite their sources. Be careful. The information not
be true.

___________________________________________
 44

Language focus:
 Future simple

Talking about the future

There are several ways to talk about the future in English. Three common structures are
o will + base form of the verb
o be going to + base form of the verb
o the present continuous

There are slight differences between these structures. Sometimes, we can use two or three different forms
to express the same idea. However, there are some guidelines to follow.

1. Expressing future time and making a prediction

When a speaker thinks that something will be true or will occur in the future, either ‘will’ or ‘be going to’
can be used. So, you can say:
o Emily will graduate in June. or
Emily is going to graduate in June.
o Be careful! You will hurt yourself. or
Be careful! You’re going to hurt yourself.
o A: Are you busy this evening?
B: Well, I really haven’t made any plans. I’ll have dinner, of course. or
Well, I really haven’t made any plans. I’m going to have dinner, of course.

Note:
We often use will with:
probably: I’ll probably be home late tonight.
I’m sure: Don’t worry about the exam. I’m sure you’ll pass.
I think/ I don’t think: I think/ don’t think the exam will be very difficult.
 45

2. To say something is going to happen

We use ‘be going to’ + base form of the verb to say that something is going to happen. We believe this
because of the situation now.
o Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. It will rain.
(We can see that it is going to rain. The black clouds are in the sky now.)
o That man keeps looking down on his phone. He’s going to hit the wall. He will hit the wall.
o We’re going to be late. The meeting starts in five minutes and it takes 15 minutes to get there.
(It is clear now that we don’t have enough time to get there.)

3. Prior plan and planned decision

We use ‘be going to’ + base form of the verb to express a planned decision, or what we intend to do.

o I don’t want to stay here. Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to stay.
o Anna just won the lottery. She’s going to buy a new car.
o I’m going to work out tomorrow.

Note:

We can also use the present continuous to express plan or personal arrangements.

o My girlfriend’s birthday is next week. I’m giving her a skateboard.

o Ross is seeing Dr. Green at three this afternoon.
o Nalin is getting married next month.

Note:
We use the present simple when we talk about timetables and programs (for example,
transport or cinema times):
o I have to go. My plane leaves at 11.30.
o Classes begin next week.
o The meeting is at nine o’clock tomorrow.

4. Spontaneous decision
We use ‘will’ to express a spontaneous decision.

o A: What would you like to drink?

B: I’ll have orange juice, please.

o Oh, Mark left the door open. I’ll go and shut it.
 46

Compare: - ‘Anna is in hospital.’ ‘Really? I didn’t know. I’ll visit her.’ (spontaneous decision)

- ‘Anna is in hospital.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her this evening.’ (already

decided/ planned)

5. To offer, show willingness, make promise

We use ‘will’ to offer, show willingness, and make promise.

o You look really tired. I'll do the dishes for you.

o Thanks for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday.
o I won’t tell anyone what happened. I promise.
o A: I don’t understand this lesson.
B: Ask your teacher. She’ll help you.

Note:
‘Shall’ is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice
o Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
o The money is gone! What shall I do?
With the other persons (you, he, she, they) ‘shall’ is only used in literary or poetic situations
o "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, she shall have music wherever
she goes."

Note:
Expressing future time after when, before, after, as soon as, until

When referring to future time after these conjunctions (in the time clause), we use the present tense.

The future tense is used in the main clause.

o When the new park opens, I’ll go there every day. (Not: When the new park will open)

o Jane will call her mother as soon as she arrives at the airport. (Not: as soon as she will arrive)

o I will not go home until I finish the report. (Not: until I will finish)
 47

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Complete the sentences with will or won’t.

1. Can you wait for me? I be long.

2. There’s no point in asking Amanda for advice. She know what

to do.

3. I’m glad I’m meeting Emma tomorrow. It be good to see her

again.

4. I’m sorry about what happened yesterday. It happen again.

5. You don’t need to take an umbrella with you. I don’t think it

rain.

6. I’ve got some incredible news! You believe it.

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Read the situations and complete the sentences using will or be going to.

1. You want some coffee. You go to the kitchen to make some.

You say (to your friend): some coffee. Would you like
some? (I/make)

2. You’re speaking to a friend and arranging to meet. You suggest a time and place.

You say: you at 10.30 in the hotel lobby, OK?

(I/see)

3. You have decided to sell your car. You tell a friend of yours.

You say: I don’t need my car any more. it.

(I/sell)
 48

4. Your friend is worried because she has lost her driving license.

You say: Don’t worry. I’m sure it. (you/find)

5. 1) You have an old camera that is broken. You have decided to throw it away. You tell your friend.

You say: This camera is broken. it away. (I/throw)

2) Your friend loves and collects old cameras. He doesn’t want you to throw it away.

He says: Don’t throw it away! it. (I/have)

6. 1) Joe has to go to the airport tomorrow. He doesn’t know how to get there. Amy offers to take him.

Amy says: Don’t worry about getting to the airport, Joe. you. (I/take)

2) Later that day, Paul offers to take Joe to the airport. Joe tells him that it’s not necessary.

Joe says: Thanks, Paul, but me. (Amy/take)

Exercise 3 Supplement

Directions: Circle the correct verbs to complete the sentences.

1.These coming holidays, Irene (visited / is going to visit) her uncle in Australia.

2. Annie (drew / will draw) the plans for her new house three months ago.

3. We (donating / are going to donate) the money we raised to a children's home.

4. The company (will build / built) the factory at the end of this year.

5. The museum (opens/ will open) at ten tomorrow morning.

6. I (join / will join) the Environment Society this weekend.

7. Everyone (goes / is going) hiking this weekend.

8. Both of us (are going to attend / attend) the meeting tonight.

9. Wild geese (migrate / migrating) south for the winter.

 49

10. My daughter (is learning / learning) how to write.

Exercise 4 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct forms and tenses (Present Simple / Present

Continuous / Past Simple / Present Perfect / Future Simple) of the verbs in the brackets.

1. Please keep quiet. Dad (talk) on the phone now.

2. Where is Jim now? As soon as he (get) here, we (be) able to

start the meeting.

3. The fridge is empty, so Melissa (get) some food at the supermarket this
afternoon.

4. I (not draw) realistic portraits since I graduated from art school.

5. Songkran is Thailand’s most famous festival and (mark) the beginning

of traditional Thai New Year.

6. A: Oh! I haven't got enough money to pay!

B: Don’t worry. I (lend) you some.

7. It is five o’clock in the evening now and it (not stop) raining. The area

near the river (flood) tonight.

8. Are you baking a cake? It (smell) really amazing.

9. Susan’s husband (be) in the hospital for the past two weeks. So she

_______________________(not celebrate) her birthday tomorrow.

10. We (be) at a concert now. When it (end), we

(call) you right away.

 50

Language focus:
 The placement of adjectives
 The order of adjectives
 Adjectives ending in ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’
 Comparative adjectives

An adjective describes a noun and tells us about one of its qualities. An adjective is neither singular nor
plural. A final -s is never added to an adjective.

Examples of adjectives: young, old, beautiful, purple, Chinese, modern, excellent, busy, interesting,
interested.

Where do we place an adjective?

1. We usually place an adjective immediately before the noun that it describes.

o an active child
o a playful kitten
o a noisy market
o an expensive phone
o a trendy jacket

2. We place adjectives after be, get, become, seem, appear, look, feel, sound, taste, smell.

o These kittens are playful.

o The apple pie was delicious.
o She felt dizzy on the plane.
o The dinner smells nice.
o Your friends seem friendly.
 51

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Underline the adjectives in the sentences.

1. I prepared a special breakfast for Mum on her birthday.

2. The heavy box is already in the car.

3. Sue has an unusual hobby.

4. I feel hot. I'd like a cold drink.

5. This room is bright and spacious.

6. My tutor gave sound advice.

7. Digital watches are very accurate.

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form and an adjective from the

boxes.

feel look seem awful nervous interesting

smell sound taste nice upset wet

1. Helen this morning. Do you know what was wrong?

2. I can’t eat this. I’ve just tried it and it .

3. It’s normal to before an exam or an interview.

4. What beautiful flowers! They too.

5. You . Have you been out in the rain?

6. Cassie told me about his new job. It – much better than his old job.
 52

The order of adjectives

1. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together.

o My cousin lives in a nice new house.

o There was a beautiful large round wooden table in the living room.

Adjectives like new, large, round, wooden are fact adjectives. They give us information such as age,
size, colour.

Adjectives like nice and beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what the speaker thinks of
something or somebody.

2. Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.

opinion fact

a nice long summer holiday

an interesting young lady

delicious hot noodle soup

a beautiful large round wooden table

3. When we use two or more fact adjectives together, we usually put them in this order and we do not use
a comma or and:

Size  Age  Colour  Nationality  Material

o There is a small black plastic bag in a drawer.

o I met a tall young Japanese lady yesterday.
o Jan bought a piece of blue Thai silk from Bangkok.
o Ryan is wearing an old white cotton shirt.

Note:

When we use two adjectives from the colour group, we place ‘and’ between them. The word colour is not
used after a colour adjective.

o The pink and lilac dress is hers.

o This building is blue and white.
 53

Exercise 3 Supplement

Directions: Write the adjectives in the brackets in the correct position.

1. (red/ leather) gloves

2. an (American/ old) film
3. a (sunny/ lovely) day
4. a (metal/ black/ small) box
5. (new/ important) ideas
6. a (fat/ big/ black/ white) cat

Adjectives ending in ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’

We form some adjectives from verbs by adding ‘ing’ or ‘ed’ endings to them.

We use an adjective ending in ‘ing’ to describe a thing or situation.

We use an adjective ending in ‘ed’ to describe how a person or an animal feels.

o Flynn thinks politics is interesting. Flynn is interested in politics.

o It was surprising that Joe passed the exam. Everybody was surprised that Joe passed the exam.
o The movie was disappointing. We were disappointed with the movie.
o The news was shocking. I was shocked when I heard the news.

Exercise 4 Supplement

Directions: Complete each sentence using a word from the box.

amusing/amused annoying/annoyed boring/bored

confusing/confused disgusting/disgusted exciting/excited

exhausting/exhausted interesting/interested surprising/surprised

 54

1. You work very hard. It’s not that you’re always tired.

2. Some people get very easily. They always need something new.

3. The teacher’s explanation was . Nobody understood it.

4. The restroom here hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really .

5. I rarely go to the stadium to see the match. I’m not very in sport.

6. Please don’t get . I’m only a few minutes late.

7. The movie was really . I fell asleep in the cinema.

8. I’ve been working very hard all day and now I’m .

9. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m very about it.

10. Hassan is good at telling funny stories. He can be very .

Exercise 5 Required

Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form of verb to be where necessary and the

words in the brackets. Use the ‘ed’ or ‘ing’ ending.

1. The movie wasn’t as good as I had expected. (disappoint)

1.1 The movie .

1.2 I with the movie.

2. The performance was spectacular. (move)

2.1 We by the performance.

2.2 The performance .

3. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress)

3.1 This weather .

 55

3.2 This weather makes me .

3.3 It’s silly to get because of the weather.

4. I’m not happy with my job. (satisfy)

4.1 My job not .

4.2 I not with my job.

5. Emily is going to Paris next month. She’s never been there before. (excite)

5.1 It will be an experience for her.

5.2 Emily thinks going to Paris .

5.3 She about going to Paris.

Comparative adjectives

We can compare people and things by using as + adjective + as. We use this form to say that things are or
aren’t the same.

o I’m as tall as my brother.

o This book isn’t as good as that one.
o Are you as hungry as I am?

We use a comparative adjective to express how two people or things are different, and we use a
superlative adjective to show how one person or thing is different to all the others of its kind.

o Eric is shorter than Mark. (comparative adjective)

o Steve is the shortest among/of the three boys. (superlative adjective)

With one-syllable adjectives and some two-syllable adjectives, we usually use 'er' and 'est' endings for

their comparative and superlative forms.

o Jean's room is cleaner than mine.

o Anne's room is the cleanest in our house

We also use -er for two-syllable words that end in -y (-y → -ier).

Examples: lucky → luckier, early → earlier, easy → easier, pretty → prettier

With some two-syllable adjectives, adjectives of three or more syllables, and adjectives ending in 'ful', we
 56

use more and most for their comparative and superlative forms. We don’t use more or most together with
an -er or -est ending.

o Apartment 1A and 1B are more attractive than Apartment 1C.

o Apartment 1D is the most attractive of all.

There are some adjectives that are irregular and don’t follow these rules.

Examples: good – better – best, bad – worse – worst, far – further/ farther – furthest/ farthest, fun – fun –

fun

o Going out is more fun than staying at home.

o That was the most fun I’ve had in a long time!

Note:
There are some two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules (either form is correct).
Examples: clever, narrow, quiet, simple, friendly
o It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter/ more quiet?

Exercise 6 Supplement

Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of the verbs
in the brackets.

1. The antique desk is (heavy) than the modern one.

2. This patchwork quilt is the (lovely) of them all.

3. The (beautiful) twin sings well.

4. This restaurant has the (tasty) chicken pie in this area.

5.This is the (challenging) task in this course.

6. Abe's father is a (fast) driver than my father.

7. I am (knowledgeable) than you about the computer.

8. Alan looks (intelligent) than his brother.

 57

9. The (experienced) surgeon in that hospital operated on my grandmother.

10. My brother's room is a mess. It is (messy) than mine.

Exercise 7 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjectives in the brackets. Use the

comparative or superlative form where necessary.

1. That man's temper is 1.1 (bad) his wife's but their son George has
1.2 (bad) temper in the house.
2. Ken gets $50 a month as pocket money. Richard gets 2.1 (much) him.
He gets $70 a month.

3. It is not 3.1 (good) to borrow money. It is even 3.2 (bad) to

borrow money and then not return it.

4. This month, Helen made 4.1 (much) sales among the sales executives
in our company. That was surprising because the previous month she had done 4.2 ____________ (little)

work among them.

5. William has 5.1 (little) gardening experience than Peter but his flowerbeds are

5.2 (good) Peter's. In fact, Mr. Jones the landscape architect thinks William is

5.3 (good) all his other gardeners.

______________________________
 58

Language focus:
 Adverbs of manner
 Adverbs of time and place
 Adverbs of comparison

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs are words which tell us more about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs are usually placed

next to the words they describe.

• adverbs with verbs: China’s economy is growing rapidly.

• adverbs with adjectives: It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.

• adverbs with other adverbs: The post delivers parcels incredibly quickly.

Many adverbs are formed by adding the 'ly' ending to adjectives. These are usually adverbs of manner. An

adverb of manner tells us how something is done.

o A: How does he work? B: He works slowly.

o She closed the door softly behind her.

o They happily accepted the offer.

Note:

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too.

Examples: friendly lively elderly lonely lovely

Some adverbs do not take the 'ly' ending. They have the same form as adjectives.

Examples: far, fast, hard, high, last, late, long, low, near, straight
 59

o Hank is a fast swimmer. (fast – adjective) Hank swims fast. (fast – adverb)

o We had a late supper. (late – adjective) The show started late. (late – adverb)

Adverbs of manner can be placed:

• at the beginning of a sentence: Quietly she left the room.

• at the end of a sentence: I got up and dressed hurriedly.

• between the subject and the verb: I thoroughly washed my hands to prevent the spread of germs.

When the sentence has an object, we cannot place an adverb between the verb and its object.

Example: He crossed the road. (the road – object)

o He crossed carefully the road.

o Carefully he crossed the road.

o He crossed the road carefully.

o He carefully crossed the road.

Exercise 1 Supplement

Directions: Complete each sentence with an adverb. The first letters of the adverb are given.

1. We didn’t go out because it was raining he .

2 I had no problem finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea .

3 We had to wait a long time, but we didn’t complain. We waited pat .

4 Nobody knew that Simon was coming to see us. He arrived unex .
 60

5 Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg .

6 I don’t speak French very well, but I can understand per if people speak

sl and cl .

Exercise 2 Required

Directions: Circle the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. Ted is driving too fast. In fact he's driving (danger / dangerously).

2. The singers were (joyful / joyfully) when they sang the new anthem.

3. The speaker looked (stem / sternly) at the rowdy audience.

4. She appeared (tired / tiredly) after the long climb up the hill.

5. Adam felt (confident / confidently) when he walked into the interview.

6. "I don't want to come with you," she said (stubborn / stubbornly).

7. Farah wears (elegant / elegantly) suits to the office.

8. The men worked (hard / hardly) under the hot sun to repair the road.

9. "This movie is so sad," she said (tearful / tearfully) to me.

10. Our group performed (good / well) in the drama competition.

 61

Exercise 3 Required

Directions: Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each sentence.

absolutely badly completely changed cheap damaged

happily reasonably seriously enormous ill long

slightly unnecessarily unusually married planned quiet

1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive, but it was .

2. Will’s mother is in hospital.

3. This house is so big! It’s .

4. It wasn’t a serious accident. The car was only .

5. Our children are normally very lively, but they’re today.

6. When I returned home after 20 years, everything had .

7. The movie was . It could have been much shorter.

8. I’m surprised Amy and Joe have separated. I thought they were .

9. A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was .

Adverbs of time and place

An adverb of time tells us when something takes place.

o A: When will your aunt arrive? B: My aunt will arrive tomorrow.

 62

Examples of adverbs of time: again, just, now, recently

We often put adverbs of time at the end of sentences.

o Dad left for Tokyo today.

o We will reach the hotel soon.

Some adverbs of time can also be put at the beginning of sentences for emphasis.

o Today Dad left for Tokyo.

Other adverbs of time can be put in the middle of sentences just before the main verb.

o We will soon reach the hotel.

An adverb of place tells us where someone or something is.

o A: Where is my bag? B: Your bag is here.

Examples of adverbs of place: anywhere, away, downstairs, here, inside, near, somewhere, there

We usually put adverbs of place after the main verb and the object (if there is one).

o He will go out at 7 p.m.

o The men have carried the table upstairs. (the table – an object)

Exercise 3 Supplement

Directions: Cross out the adverbs that are in the wrong position.

1. He has just arrived just at the station.

2. We already have already spoken to the manager about the anti-smoking campaign.
 63

3. The rescue helicopter flew over the canyon over to search for the hikers.

4. Cora was recently offered recently a scholarship to study in the UK.

5. The doctor said that Henry's injury yet has not healed yet.

6. I will be meeting tomorrow Robin at the airport tomorrow.

7. Mrs. Hall anywhere can't find her dog anywhere.

8. Nowadays Grandma nowadays doesn't travel a lot.

9. Everywhere Ben looked everywhere for his missing wallet.

10. They parked nearby the car nearby and walked to the restaurant.

Exercise 4 Supplement

Directions: Rewrite the sentences and correct them.

1. We later will go to the Italian cafe.

>

2. We reached soon the village.

>

3. Uncle Bob lives now in an apartment.

>
 64

4. A hot-air balloon overhead flew.

>

5. She downstairs rushed and burst into the kitchen.

>

Adverbs of comparison

When we compare the actions of two people, we use comparative adverbs. When we compare the actions

of more than two people, we use superlative adverbs.

Comparative adverb Superlative adverb

o Emma runs faster than Joe. Emma runs the fastest in class.

o Linda dances more gracefully than me. Linda dances the most gracefully among us.

Short adverbs normally have comparative and superlative forms with -er and -est.

Examples: soon sooner soonest fast faster fastest hard harder hardest

near nearer nearest early earlier earliest late later latest

Adverbs with two or more syllables form the comparative and superlative with more and most.

o We need to treat the environment more carefully.

o Nita speaks English the most fluently among her classmates.

o It was the most beautifully designed chair.

Note:

Slowly is the usual adverb from the adjective slow.

In the comparative both slower and more slowly are used.

 65

o Can you speak slower/ more slowly?

We do not use two different comparative or superlative forms of adverbs together. Adverbs ending in 'er'

or 'est' cannot be used with more or most in the same sentence.

o They studied harder than us. They studied more harder than us.

Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Examples: well – better – best badly – worse – worst

much – more – most little – less – least

o David sang well at the concert.

o Soraya sang better than him at the concert.

o Ted sang the best among them.

Exercise 5 Supplement

Directions: Circle the correct adverbs to complete the sentences.

1. We worked fast and finished soonest / sooner than the other group.

2. He spoke more courteously / most courteously than the other waiter.

3. Among all my friends, David has travelled the more widely / most widely.

4. Sam did more badly / worse than his sister Nisha in the tennis tournament finals.

5. Lisa sang more sweetly / most sweetly than her sister.

6. My grandmother walks more briskly / most briskly than my father.

 66

7. Adam eats the more / most among his brothers.

8. Ben drives the more cautiously / most cautiously in my neighbourhood.

9. Among the gymnasts in the championship, Susie scored the least / less.

10. Little Ben cries more easily / most easily than his brother.

Exercise 6 Required

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb forms of the words in the brackets.

Among those who taught us, we loved our form teacher Miss Wong (1) (dear).

She scolded us (2) (thorough) from time to time but we knew that she wanted us to

do (3) (good) in our studies. Miss Wong stayed back (4) (often)

than her colleague Miss Gomez to give us extra coaching in Science and English. We had to work

(5) (hard) among all the classes. Her efforts paid off. Of all the classes in the school,

we did (6) (good). We will never forget how she coped (7) (patient)

with those students who were slow. She dealt (8) (gentle) with problem students as well.

They changed (9) (remarkable) after she had counselled them. Two weeks ago, my

class planned a wonderful farewell for her. At the party, Miss Wong said with a smile that she would miss

cheeky Joe (10) (terrible) among all her students.

________________________