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1st and 2nd Class Notes

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows for dynamic web pages and client-side scripting. It is commonly used to add interactivity to web pages through functions that can interact with HTML elements and respond to user input like clicks or changes. JavaScript code can be included directly in HTML files or external .js files and is executed by web browsers to enhance the user experience on a website beyond what is possible with plain HTML.

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Komal Ransing
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© © All Rights Reserved
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40 views

1st and 2nd Class Notes

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows for dynamic web pages and client-side scripting. It is commonly used to add interactivity to web pages through functions that can interact with HTML elements and respond to user input like clicks or changes. JavaScript code can be included directly in HTML files or external .js files and is executed by web browsers to enhance the user experience on a website beyond what is possible with plain HTML.

Uploaded by

Komal Ransing
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is JavaScript?

Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and


most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow
client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an
interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java.
JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the
name LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the language has been
embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.
The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript
language.
∙ JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.
∙ Designed for creating network-centric applications.
∙ Complementary to and integrated with Java.

∙ Complementary to and integrated with Java.

∙ Complementary to and integrated with HTML.


∙ Open and cross-platform.
Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script
should be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be
interpreted by the browser.
It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs
that interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML
content.
The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional
CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the
user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all
the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.
JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are:
∙ Less server interaction: You can validate user input before sending the
page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on
your server.
∙ Immediate feedback to the visitors: They don't have to wait for a
page reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.
∙ Increased interactivity: You can create interfaces that react when the
user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
∙ Richer interfaces: You can use JavaScript to include such items as dragand-
drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site
visitors.
Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the
following important features:
∙ Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This
has been kept for security reason.
∙ JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no
such support available.
∙ JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities.
Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that
allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

Syntax
JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed
within the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within
you web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within
the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as
follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes:
∙ Language: This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML
(and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.

∙ Type: This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting


language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".
So your JavaScript syntax will look as follows.
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>

This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the
following code.
<html>
<body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write ("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

Whitespace and Line Breaks


JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript
programs. You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and
you are free to format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way
that makes the code easy to read and understand.

Semicolons are Optional


Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character,
just as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit
this semicolon if each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For
example, the following code could be written without semicolons.
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>

But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons:
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>
Note: It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,
variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE: Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in
JavaScript.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>cs</title>

</head>
<body>

<p id="demo"></p>

<script type="text/javascript">

var lastName, lastname;

lastname = "Khoday";

lastName = "Khan";

document.getElementById('demo').innerHTML=lastName;

</script>

</body>

</html>

Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments. Thus:
∙ Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and
is ignored by JavaScript.
∙ Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This
may span multiple lines.
∙ JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--.
JavaScript treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the //
comment.
∙ The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript
so it should be written as //-->.

PLACEMENT OF SCRIPT TAG


There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML
document. However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML
file are as follows:
∙ Script in <head>...</head> section.
∙ Script in <body>...</body> section.
∙ Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
∙ Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.
In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file
in different ways.
JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section
If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks
somewhere, then you will place that script in the head as follows.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
Click here for the result
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section


If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content
in the page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this
case, you would not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at
the following code.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<p>This is web page body </p>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections


You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as
follows.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

JavaScript in External File


As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find
that there are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple
pages of a site.
You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files.
The script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an
external file and then include it into your HTML files.
Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in
your HTML code using script tag and its src attribute.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="filename.js" ></script>
</head>
<body>
.......
</body>
</html>

To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your
JavaScript source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then
include that file as shown above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then
you can use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js
file.

function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}

JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the
set of data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be
represented and manipulated in a programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types:
∙ Numbers, e.g., 123, 120.50 etc.
∙ Strings of text, e.g. "This text string" etc.
∙ Boolean, e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of
which defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types,
JavaScript supports a composite data type known as object. We will cover
objects in detail in a separate chapter.
Note: Java does not make a distinction between integer values and floatingpoint
values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values.
JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by
the IEEE 754 standard.

JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables
can be thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers
and then refer to the data simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables
are declared with the var keyword as follows.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var money;
var name;
//-->
</script>

5. VARIABLES
You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var money, name;
//-->
</script>
Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do
variable initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time
when you need that variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value
2000.50 to it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of
initialization as follows.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var name = "Ali";
var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>
Note: Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life
of any variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable
twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold
a value of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell
JavaScript during variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold.
The value type of a variable can change during the execution of a program and
JavaScript takes care of it automatically.

JavaScript Variable Scope


The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined.
JavaScript variables have only two scopes.
∙ Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it can
be defined anywhere in your JavaScript code.
∙ Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function
where it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.
Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global
variable with the same name. If you declare a local variable or function
parameter with the same name as a global variable, you effectively hide the
global variable. Take a look into the following example.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
function checkscope( ) {
var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable
document.write(myVar);
}
//-->
</script>
It will produce the following result:
Local
JavaScript Variable Names
While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.
∙ You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable
name. These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For example,
break or boolean variable names are not valid.
∙ JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They
must begin with a letter or an underscore character. For
example, 123test is an invalid variable name but _123test is a valid
one.
∙ JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and
name are two different variables.
JavaScript Reserved Words
A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table.
They cannot be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or
any object names.
abstract
boolean
break
byte
case
catch
char
class
const
continue
debugger
default
delete
do
double
else
enum
export
extends
false
final
finally
float
for
function
goto
if
implements
import
in
Instanceof
int
interface
long
native
new
null
package
private
protected
public
return
short
static
super
switch
synchronized
this
throw
throws
transient
true
try
typeof
var
void
volatile
while
with

What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called
operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following
types of operators.
∙ Arithmetic Operators
∙ Comparison Operators
∙ Logical (or Relational) Operators
∙ Assignment Operators
∙ Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Let’s have a look at all the operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
1. + (Addition)
Adds two operands
Ex: A + B will give 30

2.- (Subtraction)
Subtracts the second operand from the first
Ex: A - B will give -10

3. * (Multiplication)
Multiply both operands
Ex: A * B will give 200
. OPERATORS
4 ./ (Division)
merator by the denominator
Ex: B / A will give 2

5. % (Modulus)
Outputs the remainder of an integer division
Ex: B % A will give 0

6. ++ (Increment)
Increases an integer value by one
Ex: A++ will give 11

7. -- (Decrement)
Decreases an integer value by one
Ex: A-- will give 9
Note: Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10
will give "a10".
Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var c = "Test";
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
a = a++;
document.write("a++ = ");
result = a++;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
b = b--;
document.write("b-- = ");
result = b--;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a % b = 3
a + b + c = 43Test
a++ = 33
b-- = 10
Set the variables to different values and then try...

Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
1. == (Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then
the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A == B) is not true.

2. != (Not Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values
are not equal, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.

3.> (Greater than)


Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of
the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A > B) is not true.

4. < (Less than)


Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of
the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true

5. >= (Greater than or Equal to)


value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right
operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.

6. <= (Less than or Equal to)


Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the
value of the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("(a == b) => ");
result = (a == b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a < b) => ");
result = (a < b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a > b) => ");
result = (a > b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a != b) => ");
result = (a != b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a >= b) => ");
result = (a >= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a <= b) => ");
result = (a <= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
(a <= b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

1. && (Logical AND)


If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A && B) is true.
2. || (Logical OR)
If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes
true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.
3. ! (Logical NOT)
Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the
Logical NOT operator will make it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var a = true;
var b = false;
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("(a && b) => ");
result = (a && b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a || b) => ");
result = (a || b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("!(a && b) => ");
result = (!(a && b));
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators:
Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then:
1. & (Bitwise AND)
It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer
arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.

2. | (BitWise OR)
It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer
arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.

3. ^ (Bitwise XOR)
It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer
arguments. Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or
operand two is true, but not both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.

4. ~ (Bitwise Not)
It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the
operand.
Ex: (~B) is -4.
5. << (Left Shift)
It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of
places specified in the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros.
Shifting a value left by one position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2,
shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.

6. >> (Right Shift)


Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by
the number of bits specified by the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.

7. >>> (Right shift with Zero)


This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted
in on the left are always zero.
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.

Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var a = 2; // Bit presentation 10
var b = 3; // Bit presentation 11
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("(a & b) => ");
result = (a & b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a | b) => ");
result = (a | b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a ^ b) => ");
result = (a ^ b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(~b) => ");
result = (~b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a << b) => ");
result = (a << b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("(a >> b) => ");
result = (a >> b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators:

1. = (Simple Assignment )
Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand
Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C

2. += (Add and Assignment)


It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to
the left operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A

3. -= (Subtract and Assignment)


It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A

4. *= (Multiply and Assignment)


It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

5. /= (Divide and Assignment)


It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result
to the left operand.

Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
6. %= (Modules and Assignment)
It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
Note: Same logic applies to Bitwise operators, so they will become <<=, >>=,
>>=, &=, |= and ^=.

Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("Value of a => (a = b) => ");
result = (a = b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("Value of a => (a += b) => ");
result = (a += b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) => ");
result = (a -= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("Value of a => (a *= b) => ");
result = (a *= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) => ");
result = (a /= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) => ");
result = (a %= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0

Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value
and then executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result ofthe
evaluation.

? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in
JavaScript.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");
result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");
result = (a < b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...
typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand,
which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the
operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand
is a number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the
evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.

Type String Returned by typeof


Number "number"
String "string"
Boolean "boolean"
Object "object"

Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var a = 10;
var b = "String";
var linebreak = "<br />";
result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is Numeric");
document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is Numeric");
document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one
out of a given set of paths. In such cases, you need to use conditional
statements that allow your program to make correct decisions and perform right
actions.
JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different
actions based on different conditions. We will be using if..else statement.
7. IF-
if Statement
The ‘if’ statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to
make decisions and execute statements conditionally.

Syntax
The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the


given statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement
would be not executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison operators
while making decisions.

Example
Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var age = 20;
if( age > 18 ){
document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Qualifies for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else Statement
The ‘if...else’ statement is the next form of control statement that allows
JavaScript to execute statements in a more controlled way.\

Syntax
The syntax of an if-else statement is as follows:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}
Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the
given statement(s) in the else block are executed.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var age = 15;
if( age > 18 ){
document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}else{
document.write("<b>Does not qualify for driving</b>");
}
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Does not qualify for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else if... Statement


The ‘if...else if...’ statement is an advanced form of if…else that allows
JavaScript to make a correct decision out of several conditions.

Syntax
The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows:
if (expression 1){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
}else if (expression 2){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
}else if (expression 3){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}
There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements,
where each if is a part of the else clause of the previous statement.
Statement(s) are executed based on the true condition, if none of the conditions
is true, then the else block is executed.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var book = "maths";
if( book == "history" ){
document.write("<b>History Book</b>");
}else if( book == "maths" ){
document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");
}else if( book == "economics" ){
document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");
}else{
document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");
}
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Maths Book
Set the variable to different value and then try...

You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to


perform a multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution,
especially when all of the branches depend on the value of a single variable.
Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles
exactly this situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else
if statements.
Syntax
The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and
several different statements to execute based on the value of the expression.
The interpreter checks each case against the value of the expression until a
match is found. If nothing matches, a default condition will be used.

switch (expression)
{
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;
case condition 2: statement(s)
break;
...
case condition n: statement(s)
break;
default: statement(s)
}

The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were
omitted, the interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the
following cases.

Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var grade='A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade)
{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
break;
case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");
break;
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
break;
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
break;
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
break;
default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")
}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...
Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following
code that uses switch-case statement without any break statement.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var grade='A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade)
{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")
}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...

The while Loop


The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in
this chapter. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement or code
block repeatedly as long as an expression is true. Once the expression become

false, the loop terminates.9. WHILE


Syntax
The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows:

while (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

Example
Try the following example to implement while loop.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var count = 0;
document.write("Starting Loop ");
while (count < 10){
document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}
document.write("Loop stopped!");
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

The do...while Loop


The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check
happens at the end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed
at least once, even if the condition is false.

Syntax
The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows:

do{
Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);

Note: Don’t miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.

Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var count = 0;
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
do{
document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}while (count < 5);
document.write ("Loop stopped!");

</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Loop Stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

The for Loop


The ‘for’ loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following
three important parts:
∙ The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting
value. The initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.
∙ The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If
the condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed,
otherwise the control will come out of the loop.
∙ The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your
counter.
You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.

Syntax
The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows:

for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement){


Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true
}

Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var count;
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
for(count = 0; count < 10; count++){
document.write("Current Count : " + count );
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write("Loop stopped!");
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...
The for...in loop is used to loop through an object's properties. As we have not
discussed Objects yet, you may not feel comfortable with this loop. But once you
understand how objects behave in JavaScript, you will find this loop very useful.

Syntax
The syntax of ‘for..in’ loop is:

for (variablename in object){


statement or block to execute
}

In each iteration, one property from object is assigned to variablename and


this loop continues till all the properties of the object are exhausted.

Example
Try the following example to implement ‘for-in’ loop. It prints the web browser’s
Navigator object.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var aProperty;
document.write("Navigator Object Properties<br /> ");
for (aProperty in navigator) //INBUILT PROPERTY
{
document.write(aProperty); //INBUILT
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write ("Exiting from the loop!");
//-->
</script>

11. FOR-IN LOOP


<p>Set the variable to different object and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Navigator Object Properties
serviceWorker
webkitPersistentStorage
webkitTemporaryStorage
geolocation
doNotTrack
onLine
languages
language
userAgent
product
platform
appVersion
appName
appCodeName
hardwareConcurrency
maxTouchPoints
vendorSub
vendor
productSub
cookieEnabled
mimeTypes
plugins
javaEnabled
getStorageUpdates
getGamepads
webkitGetUserMedia
vibrate
getBattery
sendBeacon
registerProtocolHandler
unregisterProtocolHandler
Exiting from the loop!
Set the variable to different object and then try...

JavaScript provides full control to handle loops and switch statements. There
may be a situation when you need to come out of a loop without reaching at its
bottom. There may also be a situation when you want to skip a part of your code
block and start the next iteration of the look.
To handle all such situations, JavaScript provides break and continue
statements. These statements are used to immediately come out of any loop or
to start the next iteration of any loop respectively.

The break Statement


The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is
used to exit a loop early, breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.

Example
The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while
loop. Notice how the loop breaks out early once x reaches 5 and reaches to
document.write (..) statement just below to the closing curly brace:

12. LOOP CONTROL


Condition
Conditional Code
Break
statement
true
false
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");
while (x < 20)
{
if (x == 5){
break; // breaks out of loop completely
}
x = x + 1;
document.write( x + "<br />");
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
5
Exiting the loop!
Set the variable to different value and then try...
We have already seen the usage of break statement inside a switch statement.

The continue Statement


The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next
iteration of the loop and skip the remaining code block. When
a continue statement is encountered, the program flow moves to the loop
check expression immediately and if the condition remains true, then it starts
the next iteration, otherwise the control comes out of the loop.

Example
This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop.
Notice how the continue statement is used to skip printing when the index held
in variable x reaches 5.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");
while (x < 10)
{
x = x + 1;
if (x == 5){
continue; // skill rest of the loop body
}
document.write( x + "<br />");
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Exiting the loop!

Using Labels to Control the Flow


Starting from JavaScript 1.2, a label can be used with break and continue to
control the flow more precisely. A label is simply an identifier followed by a
colon (:) that is applied to a statement or a block of code. We will see two
different examples to understand how to use labels with break and continue.
Note: Line breaks are not allowed between the ‘continue’ or ‘break’ statement
and its label name. Also, there should not be any other statement in between a
label name and associated loop.
Try the following two examples for a better understanding of Labels.

Example 1
The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");
outerloop: // This is the label name
for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
innerloop:
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++)

{
if (j > 3 ) break ; // Quit the innermost loop
if (i == 2) break innerloop; // Do the same thing
if (i == 4) break outerloop; // Quit the outer loop
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + " <br />");
}
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 2
Outerloop: 3
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 4
Exiting the loop!

Example 2
The following example shows how to implement Label with continue.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");


outerloop: // This is the label name
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
if (j == 3){
continue outerloop;
}
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + "<br />");
}
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 2
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Exiting the loop!

OBJECT CREATION:
JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. A programming
language can be called object-oriented if it provides four basic capabilities to
developers:
∙ Encapsulation: the capability to store related information, whether data
or methods, together in an object.
∙ Aggregation: the capability to store one object inside another object.
∙ Inheritance: the capability of a class to rely upon another class (or
number of classes) for some of its properties and methods.
∙ Polymorphism: the capability to write one function or method that works
in a variety of different ways.
Objects are composed of attributes. If an attribute contains a function, it is
considered to be a method of the object, otherwise the attribute is considered a
property.

Object Properties
Object properties can be any of the three primitive data types, or any of the
abstract data types, such as another object. Object properties are usually
variables that are used internally in the object's methods, but can also be
globally visible variables that are used throughout the page.
The syntax for adding a property to an object is:

objectName.objectProperty = propertyValue;

User-Defined Objects
All user-defined objects and built-in objects are descendants of an object called
Object.
var username="anu";

var person={

fisrtname:"anu",

lastname:"desai",

age: 50,

The new Operator


The new operator is used to create an instance of an object. To create an
object, the new operator is followed by the constructor method.
In the following example, the constructor methods are Object(), Array(), and
Date(). These constructors are built-in JavaScript functions.

var employee = new Object();


var books = new Array("C++", "Perl", "Java");
var day = new Date("August 15, 1947");

The Object ( ) Constructor


A constructor is a function that creates and initializes an object. JavaScript
provides a special constructor function called Object() to build the object. The
return value of the Object() constructor is assigned to a variable.
The variable contains a reference to the new object. The properties assigned to
the object are not variables and are not defined with the var keyword.

var person=new Object();

// person.fisrtname="anu";

// person.lastname="desai";

// person.age= 50;

OBJECT: JS OBJECT LITERALS


In javascript, object are king. if you understand objects,you understand javascript.

In javascript, almost "everything" id object.


Boolean can be object(if defined with a 'new' keyword)

Number can be object(if defined with "new" keyword)

String can be object ()

dates are always object

math are always object

Regular expressions are always object

Arrays are always object

functions are always object

objects are always object.

IN an object literal if we use '=' instead of ":" you will get error called invalid shaorthand
property initializer.

ex: age = 30(wrong) age:30.

A javascript literal is a comma- seperator list of name -value pair wrapped in curly braces.

OBJECT literals encapsulate data, enclosing it in a tidy package.

This minimizes the use of global variables which can cause problems when combining code.

the following is the demonstartion of object literal

---------------------------------------------------

TO ACCESS SINGLE OBJECT;

var EmpData={

name: 'anu',

age: 20,
company:'jspiders',

salary : 30000,

designation : 'nodejs developer',

skills : ["java","python","nodejs"]

};

EmpData.name="manu"; //overriding literal properties//

console.log(typeof EmpData);

console.log(EmpData["name"]);

console.log(EmpData["age"]);

console.log(EmpData.designation);

console.log(EmpData.skills[0]);

----------------------------------------------

TO STORE AND ACCESS MULTIPLE VALUES:

var EmpData=[{

name: 'anu',

age: 20,

company:'jspiders',

salary : 30000,

designation : 'nodejs developer',

skills : ["java","python","nodejs"]

},

name: 'manu',
age: 20,

company:'jspiders',

salary : 30000,

designation : 'nodejs developer',

skills : ["java","python","nodejs"]

},

name: 'tanu',

age: 20,

company:'jspiders',

salary : 30000,

designation : 'nodejs developer',

skills : ["java","python","nodejs"]

}];

console.log(EmpData);

-----------------------------------

object.enteries()

this method is used to return an array of a given objects own enumerable string-keyed property

[key,value] pair

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