EREV-12: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW

Multiple choice - SHADE the letter of the best answer (100 pts)
1 What is the maximum frequency of the original analog signal if a 48kbps PCM transmission system uses 8-bit code words?
a) 4 kHz b) 3 kHz c) 6 kHz d) 8 kHz
2 The T-carrier PCM system uses what non-uniform PCM standard?
a) Ψ-law b) β-law c) A-law d) μ-law
3 What do you call the term for the amount of deviation that an information signal causes a parameters of a carrier to be changed?
a) percent modulation b) modulation depth c) modulation index d) modulation factor
4 To convert an analog signal into a digital bit stream using PCM, what is the first step that needs to be performed?
a) quantization by time b) encoding c) quantization by amplitude d) decoding
5 Using the logarithmic formula for the A-law, what value for A will result to a purely linear or uniform quantization or 1:1 compression ratio?
a) 255 b) 100 c) 1 d) 0
6 What type of signal is outputted by the first step in the PCM technique?
a) PPM b) PAM c) PCM d) PWM
7 If there are 65,536 quantization levels in a PCM system, how many bits are required to represent the code word for each sample?
a) 12-bits b) 10-bits c) 16-bits d) 24-bits
8 The process of decompressing a received PCM signal at the receiver is called ___________.
a) expanding b) compressing c) delimiting d) companding
9 What digital modulation scheme outputs the following signals: f1(t) = 15 sin (ωct+π) and f2(t) = 25 sin (ωct+π) What digital modulation scheme is implemented?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
10 What is the other name for the ON-OFF KEYING modulation scheme?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
11 In the circular constellation diagram for QPSK, how many signal points are visible or displayed?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
12 Quantization noise is mainly a problem in what modulation technique?
a) PAM b) PWM c) PPM d) PCM
13 What is the signal rate of an 8-PSK digital modulation system that transmits at a binary data rate of 60 kbps?
a) 20 kilobaud b) 40 kilobaud c) 10 kilobaud d) 80 kilobaud
14 QAM is a combination of what two basic digital modulation techniques?
a) QPSK and BFSK b) FSK and PSK c) ASK and PSK d) ASK and FSK
15 A 4-bit per sample PCM system accepts signals with a maximum frequency of 24 kHz, the bit transmission rate is ___________
a) 56 kbps b) 48 kbps c) 64 kbps d) 96 kbps
16 Which digital modulation scheme is most commonly used in infrared remote control systems?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
17 What PCM compression system is primarily used in North-American countries and Japan?
a) Ψ-law b) β-law c) μ-law d) A-law
18 The two carriers in a quadrature modulator are shifted how many degrees out of phase from each other?
a) 180 degrees b) 45 degrees c) 60 degrees d) 90 degrees
19 What is the maximum download speed of a V.92 dial-up modem?
a) 48 kbps b) 64 kbps c) 56 kbps d) 98 kbps
20 What audio codec is primarily designed for use in GSM (2G) and UMTS (3G) cellular communications?
a) AMR b) WAV c) MP3 d) AAC
21 Which class of signal amplifier conducts less than 180 degrees of the input signal?
a) Class B b) Class A c) Class D d) Class C
22 What digital modulation scheme outputs the following signals: f1(t) = 35 sin (nt+π/2) and f2(t) = 35 sin (mt+π/2) What digital modulation scheme is implemented?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
23 Which of the following is the main advantage of a PCM system?
a) less prone to noise b) lesser bandwidth requirement c) capability to multiplex d) less power requirement
24 Among the given choices below, which digital modulation technique uses the most bandwidth?
a) BFSK b) BPSK c) DPSK d) BASK
25 What is the maximum upload speed of a V.90 standard compliant modem?
a) 48.0 kbps b) 33.6 kbps c) 56.6 kbps d) 64.0 kbps
26 Non-uniform quantization is used in PCM systems in order to what?
a) reduce the required bandwidth b) simplification of quantization c) improve SNR of low level signals d) increase the max SNR
27 What digital modulation scheme outputs the following signals: f1(t) = 5 cos (wt) and f2(t) = 5 sin (wt) What digital modulation scheme is implemented?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
28 This type of modem requires the user to use the actual telephone number of the subscriber in order to make a data connection.
a) Wi-Fi b) Fiber c) DSL d) dial-up
29 An analog signal can carry 16 bits per signal element. If the total data rate is 256 kbps, what is the baud rate?
a) 24,000 baud b) 16,000 baud c) 32,000 baud d) 48,000 baud
30 In a PCM system, if the number of bits used to represent each sample is increased from 3 to 6, the final output bitrate requirement will be increased by what factor?
a) x8 b) x4 c) x3 d) x2
31 What digital modulation technique is used in broadband ADSL modem applications?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
32 To recover the analog audio signal from a PWM switching amplifier output, what circuit is used?
a) band-stop filter b) band-pass filter c) high-pass filter d) low-pass filter
33 What digital modulation technique uses convolutional codes to generate a new bit stream sequence that has a different bit-rate compared to the original data stream?
a) PCM b) QAM c) TCM d) PWM
34 The ITU-T recommendation number G.721 refers to what digital communication system?
a) 64-QAM b) ADPCM c) DQPSK d) BASK
35 What does the acronym ISDB stand for?
a) Integrated Systems Data Broadband b) International Services Data Broadcasting c) International Services Digital Broadcasting d) Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
36 What digital modulation scheme is used in the original 2G (GSM) cellular communication standard?
a) BFSK b) 8QAM c) GMSK d) QPSK
37 This modulation technique has become a standard for ADSL which combines QAM and FDM.
a) DSU b) DDS c) DMT d) TDM
38 MPEG-4 is also referred to as what ITU-T standard?
a) H.262 b) H.246 c) H.264 d) H.248
39 If the total bitrate of digital communication system is 60 kbps, while the signal rate is 12,000 baud. What digital system is used in this case?
a) 32-QAM b) 16-PSK c) 8-PSK d) 16-QAM
40 Which DSL technology is designed to be used as an alternative to the T1-line carrier?
a) ADSL b) VDSL c) HDSL d) ADSL Lite
41 Which digital modulation technique is most prone to noise and has the highest probability of error in transmission?
a) FSK b) PSK c) QAM d) ASK
42 In PCM a system, the quantization noise depends upon ___________________.
a) sampling rate & input frequency b) frequency of the input signal c) sampling rate & no. of quantization levels d) sampling rate
43 In the OSI model, which of the following elements or functions is NOT governed by the Physical Layer?
a) collision detection b) pulse shaping c) signal regeneration d) impedance matching
44 In which lower OSI layer does the ARQ protocol belong?
a) session b) physical c) network d) data link
45 The International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI is composed of a total of how many digits?
a) 13 b) 15 c) 16 d) 12
 46 How many data bit patterns are available in the 8B6T block coding technique?
a) 478 b) 256 c) 222 d) 512
47 4D-PAM5 uses how many voltage levels?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
48 What line coding technique is used as basis or reference for the B8ZS and HDB3 scrambling techniques?
a) CMI b) NRZ c) AMI d) Manchester
49 What does HDB3 stand for?
a) high-density bipolar three-zero substitution b) high-definition biphase three-zero substitution c) high-definition bipolar three-zero substitution d) high-density biphase three-zero simplification
50 What does B8ZS stand for?
a) biphase eight-zero substitution b) binary eight-zero simplification c) bipolar eight-zero substitution d) binary eight-zero substitution
51 If an NRZ-Inverted system transfers 10 kbps of data, what is the average signal rate?
a) 15,000 baud b) 5,000 baud c) 20,000 baud d) 50,000 baud
52 This term describes the difference in the number of transmitted "0" and the number of transmitted "1" in a binary transmission system.
a) disparity b) discrepancy c) parity d) discriminant
53 The ISO is a non government organization for creating international standards. What does ISO stand for?
a) International Standard Organization b) International Organization for Standardization c) International Organizational Standards d) International Organization of Standards
54 Binary modulation is used in which type of signal amplifier?
a) Class A b) Class AB c) Class AD d) Class C
55 What is the process of adding additional information when data is traveling thru the different layers in the OSI?
a) encapsulation b) scrambling c) encryption d) decryption
56 Checksums are calculated using what type of binary arithmetic?
a) modulo division b) two’s complement c) one’s complement d) polynomial functions
57 In this error correction procedure, the receiver is responsible for correcting the error, without the need for retransmission.
a) forward error correction b) reverse error correction c) backward error correction d) continuous error correction
58 Using VRC, the parity check code cannot detect what type of bit errors?
a) two-bit errors b) single bit errors c) even number of bit-errors d) odd number of bit-errors
59 In block coding, if n=5, what is the maximum possible Hamming distance between the transmitted and the received code words? (where n = number of transmitted bits)
a) 9 b) 4 c) 5 d) 7
60 Error coding schemes are divided into what two broad categories?
a) convolution and polynomial b) block and convolution c) linear and non-linear d) block and linear
61 When using Hamming Codes, how many parity bits are needed to be added if the original data to be transmitted is 15-bits wide?
a) 5 parity bits b) 4 parity bits c) 6 parity bits d) 3 parity bits
62 Among the error detection codes listed below, which is among them is the most basic and most primitive?
a) Hamming codes b) Cyclic redundancy codes c) Repetition codes d) Parity codes
63 LRC and VRC uses what binary code to detect errors?
a) Hamming codes b) Parity bits c) CRC d) 1's complement
64 How many bits are required for transmitting the result of throwing a regular dice once?
a) 0.585 b) 1.585 c) 2.585 d) 3.585
65 How much information is being transmitted by a channel which transmits 100 different symbols?
a) 4.62 bits/symbol b) 2.58 bits/symbol c) 6.64 bits/symbol d) 5.62 bits/symbol
66 A binary stream source outputs 0's four times as often as 1's , how much information is being transmitted as 1's ?
a) 1.585-bits b) 0.585-bits c) 0.464-bits d) 0.257-bits
67 Source-2 transmits 16 equiprobable symbols, while Source-1 transmits only 4. What is the relationship of the entropy for both sources?
a) H2 = 1 / H1 b) H1 > H2 c) H1 < H2 d) H1 = H2
68 This term is used to quantify the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process.
a) certainty b) redundancy c) probability d) entropy
69 You asked your friend for his car plate number. He told you that it is FGW5062 . How much information was given to you?
a) 21.58-bits b) 23.25-bits c) 32.90-bits d) 27.39-bits
70 This encryption methods uses the same “key” for encryption and decryption.
a) symmetric encryption b) asymmetric encryption c) non-linear encryption d) block encryption
71 In GSM security process, what identification number is stored in the SIM card?
a) IMSI b) IMEI c) Kc d) Ki
72 In GSM security process, what identification number is stored in the mobile phone?
a) IMSI b) IMEI c) SRES d) RAND
73 What technique or method is most commonly used to decode the received messages that were encoded using convolutional codes or Trellis Coded Modulation?
a) Huffman Coding Algorithm b) Arithmetic Coding Algorithm c) Secure Hash Algorithm d) Viterbi Algorithm
74 The practice of secure communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of the “data” to undertand the message.
a) authorization b) authentication c) cryptography d) verification
75 In the GSM mobile security management, what encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the actual voice data?
a) A3 algorithm b) A5 algorithm c) A8 algorithm d) A5 and A8 algorithm
76 In cellular communciations, the mobile devices connect to the cellular network by first receiving a network signal from the __________.
a) BTS b) VLR c) EIR d) MSC
77 These are the three encryption algorithms commonly used in the GSM standard for mobile communications.
a) A3, A5 and A8 algorithm b) A4, A6 and A8 algorithm c) A2, A5 and A8 algorithm d) A3, A5 and A7 algorithm
78 What term is used to denote the amount of frequency difference or separation between the Uplink and Downlink frequencies in a mobile wireless communication system.
a) front-to-back ratio b) duplex distance c) guard band d) bandwidth
79 Which of the following are characterized as an analog multiplexing technique?
a) FDM and WDM b) TDM and CDM c) FDM and TDM d) FDM and CDM
80 What multiplexing technique does analog cable television use?
a) CDM b) FDM c) TDM d) WDM
81 What is the standard Line Rate of E1 Carrier?
a) 1.024 Mbps b) 3.152 Mbps c) 4.096 Mbps d) 2.048 Mbps
82 The modern Spread Spectrum Technology that we use today in modern communication systems, is actually based on what form of multiplexing?
a) CDM b) FDM c) TDM d) WDM
83 This term refers to an international telecommunication protocol standard that defines how the network elements in a PSTN exchange information and control signals.
a) ATM b) SS7 c) SDH d) SONET
84 The spread codes used in CDM are based on what type of coding scheme?
a) Hadamard Codes b) Walsh Codes c) Chip Codes d) Hamming Codes
85 AMPS and TACS belong to what cellular generation technology?
a) 4th Generation b) 3rd Generation c) 1st Generation d) 2nd Generation
86 HSPA (or High-speed packet access) is a network data technology used in what cellular technology generation?
a) 4th Generation b) 3rd Generation c) 1st Generation d) 2nd Generation
87 Wireless Bluetooth communications uses what basic type of Spread Spectrum technique?
a) DHSS b) DCSS c) FHSS d) CSS
88 What is another term for code division multiplexing technique?
a) frequency hopping b) chirp modulation c) direct sequence d) spread spectrum
89 A TDM based communication technology where the timeslots are not fixed as they are assigned dynamically as needed.
a) ISDN b) ATM c) PDH d) SDH
90 What is the process of changing (or transferring) the frequency range of a particular signal without changing the information content.
a) frequency scaling b) frequency transposition c) frequency inversion d) frequency translation
91 In what layer in the OSI Model does Multiple Access Techniques are being categorized?
a) Layer 1 b) Layer 2 c) Layer 3 d) Layer 4
92 What do we call the "code sequence" used in CDMA?
a) token b) chip c) packet d) medal
93 Which frequency band is utilized by Bluetooth?
a) 1900 MHz b) 1800 MHz c) 2100 MHz d) 2400 MHz
94 How many different orbits does the GPS satellite system use?
a) 10 b) 6 c) 8 d) 4
95 Which modulation technique is used by GSM?
a) QPSK b) 64-QAM c) GMSK d) 8-FSK
96 What type of satellite orbit passes above or nearly above both poles of the Earth on each revolution?
a) GEO b) inclined c) equatorial d) polar
97 IEEE-802.11ac is also known as __________?
a) WiFi-5 b) WiFi-6 c) WiFi-6E d) WiFi-4
98 A process in mobile communications in which a call or a data session is transferred from one cell site to another without disconnecting the session.
a) transfer location b) roaming c) Handoff d) authorization
99 What is the period of a GEO satellite?
a) 12 hours b) more than 12 hours c) less than 12 hours d) 24 hours
100 The period of a satellite, the time required for a satellite to make a complete trip around the Earth, is determined by which law?
a) Shannon's Law b) Euler's Law c) Kepler's Law d) Moore's Law