PROPERTIES OF

A WELL-
WRITTEN TEXT

Hello!
Objectives
 Identify the properties of a
well-written text;
 Distinguish a well-written
texts to other texts; and
 Evaluate a written text based
on its properties;
 Hey Jack! L
recall what et’s Bulusan lake is a developed tourist site with a
you have
learned so fa trail around its 2-kilometer circumference, and
r! Let’s
determine th
e pattern
boating facilities on its 33-meter deep waters. It has
used in the scenic tranquility brought about by its deep
underline
words. emerald green waters.

Have you ever had an

ice cream headache? In 1965, the first
That starts when a observations of Mars
painful sensation were done by the
resonates in you head American spacecraft
after eating something Mariner 4, which flew
cold on a hot day. This near the planet to
pain is produced by collect data and take
the dilation of a nerve photographs. Four
center in the root of years later, more data
your mouth. were collected by
Mariners 6 and 7. 3

Hey Jack! L DESCRIPTION

recall what et’s Bulusan lake is a developed tourist site with a
you have
learned so fa trail around its 2-kilometer circumference, and
r! Let’s
determine th
e pattern
boating facilities on its 33-meter deep waters. It has
used in the scenic tranquility brought about by its deep
underline
words. emerald green waters.

Have you ever had an NARRATION

ice cream headache? In 1965, the first
That starts when a observations of Mars
painful sensation were done by the
resonates in you head American spacecraft
after eating something Mariner 4, which flew
cold on a hot day. This near the planet to
pain is produced by collect data and take
the dilation of a nerve photographs. Four
center in the root of years later, more data
your mouth. were collected by
CAUSE AND EFFECT Mariners 6 and 7. 4
 At this poin
t, yo
1 know how to u already
distinguish
different pat
terns of
paragraph d
evelopment. 2
How about
writing an I can’t. Can you
effective par
agraph? Can help me Jill?
you do it?

3
Of
course
4
Let’s start!

Properties of a Well-written text

Mecha
zation nics
Organi

Langu Cohesion and Coherence

age U
sed
6
 1. ORGANIZATION
7

Label 1-5, let’s arrange the statements from beginning to end

________
2 1. In fact, many of teenagers and adults across the world
considered themselves an army.

________ 2. However, despite this, many people still consider K-pop

4 as just a marketing strategy rather than showing pure
talents.
________
5 3. Whether people are pro K-pop or not, these idols have
been an inspiration to some.

________
1 4. Musically, the impact of K-pop has been growing rapidly.

________
3 5. Fans are usually hooked by their upbeat music, colorful
visuals, and powerful stage performance.
 1 Did you arra
nge
all statemen
ts
correctly?
2
n
That is a
of G R E A T! 
example
ING a
ORGANIZ
text. 3

One property of a
well-written text
is
ORGANIZATION.

Instruction: Think of three words that describe the word ‘organization’

sequential

logical Organizatio structural

n

Organization
 is a manner in which ideas in the text are logically and
accurately arranged.
 Three characteristics of an
Organized text

11

Topic
1. LOGICAL sentence
LITERATURE
 All ideas must conform to the purpose in writing a
text.

FICTION
NON-
FICTION
Literature has two main classification. Fiction is
a literary work based on imagination rather than on fact.

-sci-fi Examples of this are sci-fi novels, comics, and fairy

novels
-Journal
-comics
-fairy
-Blogs tales. Nonfiction is a literary work based on a real
tales
event or setting. Examples of this are journals and blogs.
Discussion: The supporting details or the entire content of the text must be related to the topic
sentence or the main idea of the text. Always remember that a paragraph must only have one
thought/idea. Do not write anything you have in mind that does not make sense when put together in
a text. To avoid this, you may first draft your ideas in a graphic organizer before writing a text.
 Let’s do this! Instruction: Determine the appropriate supporting
detail and conclusion to the given topic sentence
TOPIC SENTENCE
Online chats have several advantages on people nowadays.
Discussion: The topic sentence only focus
SUPPORTING DETAIL on the positive side of online chats.
a. Online chats are one of those modern communication media.
b. Online chats make or break a good communication process.
Discussion: The conclusion of the paragraph must
CONCLUSION restate the topic sentence not to repeat it.
a. Nothing is really impossible in the modern communication.
b. Online chats have several advantages on people nowadays.

2. SEQUENTIAL
 A text must always have a clear text direction.

Text directions:
1. From beginning to end 6. From end to beginning
2. From positive to negative 7. From negative to positive
3. From brief examples to 8. From explanations to
explanation brief examples
4. From cause to effect 9. From effect to cause
5. From more significant 10. From least significant
to least significant to more significant

Discussion: A paragraph must always have a sense of direction just like a driver taking a route going
to school. As a writer, you must also know where to start and how to end your paragraph. Text
directions help you sequence your thoughts while writing. These mostly depend on the pattern to be
used in the text.
Text directions: Sample signal words:
1. From beginning to end first, second, third, lastly

2. From positive to negative It is… however, but, despite

3. From brief examples for instance, in fact…

to explanation

4. From cause to effect reasons…lead to

5. From more significant also, aside from

to least significant

Let’s do this!
STEPS TO I know you help
COOK
CHOPSUEY your parents in
preparing food for
the family, can you
Step 1: _______ provide the steps
in cooking
Step 2: _______ Chopsuey? You
may have more
than three steps.
Step 3: _______
 Topic
2. SEQUENTIAL sentence
STEPS TO
COOK Text direction
CHOPSUEY
 From beginning to end

Chopsuey is an easy-to-cook dish for all ages.

Step 1: _______
Here’s how to do it. First, preheat the pan. Second,
sauté garlic and onion. Third, put the fresh shrimps.
Step 2: _______
Once it is cooked, put mixed vegetables and wait for

Step 3: _______ few minutes. Serving it with quail eggs on top makes
the dish just perfectly fine!

Discussion: This is an example of a text with good sequence. Imagine if the instruction is not
sequenced well, how will a cook be able to serve a delicious meal?

3. STRUCTURAL
 provides a specific part or framework to
organize an idea.

It consists of the following:

Beginning: introduction
Middle: supporting details
End: conclusion, summary, final message

Discussion: This is the basic structure in writing a paragraph. Introduction usually consist of a topic
sentence or the main idea of the text. The middle part is where you write the content or discussion of
the text. The conclusion provides a short ending statement about the topic.
3. STRUCTURAL
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an “aura”. This
appears as a rainbow of light around the body that can be seen by
individuals with clairvoyant abilities. The colors change depending on
one’s mood, health and thoughts. Some scientists believe that the
existence of the aura has something to do with the electromagnetic
fields produced by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether auras
are real or not, the fact remains that there are forces everywhere that
are real even though we cannot see them.

3. STRUCTURAL
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an “aura”. This
appears as a rainbow of light around the body that can be seen by
individuals with clairvoyant abilities. The colors change depending on
one’s mood, health and thoughts. Some scientists believe that the
existence of the aura has something to do with the electromagnetic
fields produced by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether auras
are real or not, the fact remains that there are forces everywhere that
are real even though we cannot see them.

BEGINNING MIDDLE END

Topic statement Definition and Evidence Ending message

about “aura” of “aura” about “aura”
 It’s time for a
recorded task!

Instruction: Read the text below and describe how it violates logic, sequence, and
structure of a well-written text. Write it in a ½ sheet of paper crosswise. Please use
the format below.

Every human like to wonder by nature. We wonder where our next meal is coming from or whether we
have enough money to go out the next weekend. We wonder whether we might all catch a virus or
disease. We also need to take care of our environment and car pollution is a major problem. Most large
cars are gas guzzles and the gas is even getting more and more expensive. We must manage our
finances wisely even in this time of global economic crises. No wonder we are unhappy.

Name: ______________________ Section: _____________

TASK 1: ORGANIZATION
__________________________________________________
___________(Write your answer in paragraph form. Make sure to be
organized in writing your evaluation)________________.
2. COHESION AND COHERENCE
23

Let’s try this!

Instruction: Create a sentence out of the words provided
below. You may add some words to make it complete.

Name
Job Title

Name Name
Job Title Job Title
Possible answer:

Name
Job Title
 Let’s try this!
Instruction: Create a sentence out of the words provided
below. You may add some words to make it complete.

Name
Job Title

Name Name
Job Title Job Title
Possible answer:

Name
Job Title

Let’s try this!

Instruction: Create a sentence out of the words provided
below. You may add some words to make it complete.

Name
Job Title

Name Name
Job Title Job Title
Possible answer:

Name
Job Title
 Let’s try this!
Instruction: Create a sentence out of the words provided
below. You may add some words to make it complete.

Name
Job Title

Name Name
Job Title Job Title
Possible answer:

Name
Job Title

Name
Job Title

Name Name
Job Title Job Title

Name
What do you call these connecting words?
Job Title

We call it conjunctions and the act of connecting sentences and/or

ideas is what we call COHERENCE and COHESION.
 Name
Job Title

Name Name
Job Title Job Title

Name
Job Title

Let’s try this!

Instruction: Identify the appropriate parts of grammar for the given examples.

beyond Synony
, Nouns ms
He, She, alongsid
e
It A
d
Suddenly, Conjunctions
v
Indeed e
Prono
uns r
Beautiful: b
ions
sings: dance
s: Pretty Preposit s
sleeps
Parallelisms
but, or,
Teacher, and
Mr. Ramos
30
 1 Did you ans
w er
all items
correctly?
2
r
em em b e
Always r ll Very Good!
th at n o t a d s 
g w or
connectin tions.
nc
are conju 3
Nouns, Pronouns,
Synonyms, Prepositions,
Adverbs, and Parallel
words can also be
connecting words.

Five Methods to Achieve a

Good Cohesion

32
 Some job employers are
worried on the lack of oral
communication skill among new
applicants. They are concerned that
this basic skill will decline as people
rely more heavily on technology.
However, I believe that technology,
especially social media, can also be
a mean to enhance related skills
such as speaking, listening, and
asking questions.

Some job employers are

worried on the lack of oral These
communication skill among new highlighted
applicants. They
They are concerned that words are all
this basic skill will decline as people connecting
technology
rely more heavily on technology. words but not
However, I believe that technology,
However, all are
especially social media, can also be conjunctions.
a mean to enhance related skills Let’s find out
speaking, listening,
such as speaking, listening, and
and how.
asking questions.
asking
 1
Some job employers are Reference words
worried on the lack of oral It connects subject,
communication skill among new topic, or important
applicants. They are concerned that detail of the text by
replacing the word.
this basic skill will decline as people
rely more heavily on technology.
However, I believe that technology, It commonly uses
especially social media, can also be pronouns and
general terms.
a mean to enhance related skills
such as speaking, listening, and Discussion: A pronoun signifies
that the sentence is connected to
asking questions. the previous sentence.

2
Some job employers are Synonym
worried on the lack of oral It connects subject,
communication skill among new topic, or important
applicants. They are concerned that detail through
this basic skill will decline as people similar word.
rely more heavily on technology.
However, I believe that technology, It uses similar
especially social media, can also be words.
a mean to enhance related skills Discussion: Sometimes
succeeding sentences have
such as speaking, listening, and similar thoughts but to avoid
obvious repetition, you may
asking questions. simply replace a word with
another similar word.
 3
Some job employers are Transitional
worried on the lack of oral Signal
communication skill among new It connects the
relationship between
applicants. They are concerned that sentences.
this basic skill will decline as people Negative sentence
rely more heavily on technology.
However, I believe that technology,
However, Positive sentence

especially social media, can also be It uses conjunctions and

a mean to enhance related skills adverbs.

such as speaking, listening, and Discussion: To avoid abrupt shift

of different ideas (example
asking questions. negative to positive idea), always
use an appropriate conjunction.

4
Some job employers are Repeated word
worried on the lack of oral It connects subject,
communication skill among new topic, or important
applicants. They are concerned that detail through
this basic skill will decline as people repetition of the
rely more heavily on technology. word.
technology
However, I believe that technology, It uses the same
especially social media, can also be word or base form.
a mean to enhance related skills
Discussion: Repeating an
such as speaking, listening, and important word from the previous
sentence may connect one
asking questions. sentence to another.
 5
Some job employers are Parallelism
worried on the lack of oral It connects
communication skill among new patterns on words,
applicants. They are concerned that phrase, or
this basic skill will decline as people sentence.
rely more heavily on technology. It used the same
However, I believe that technology, pattern/structure.
especially social media, can also be Discussion: The highlighted
words are all gerund words. They
a mean to enhance related skills all end with -ing form. This is an
speaking,listening,
such as speaking, listening, and
and example of parallelism. When
words have same pattern, it may
asking questions.
asking signify same action, case, mood,
or event.

Discussion: Here are two examples of parallelism. In

the sonnet, day and may have same ending sound
Shall I compare thee to a and so with the words temperate and date.
In Emily’s poem, the first two lines start with How
summer’s day? and the last two lines start with To.

Thou art more lovely and

more temperate: I’m Nobody! Who are you?
Rough winds do shake the Emily Dickinson
darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath How dreary – to be –
Somebody!
all too short a date;
How public – like a Fog –
Sonnet 18 To tell one’s name – the
William Shakespeare livelong June –
To an admiring Bog!
Let’s do this!
Instruction: Determine the method used in the text. The underline words
serve as the clue.

1. Medical researchers seek new discoveries in the

treatment of human disease by experimenting on
animals. This practice is called inhumane by
antivivisectionists. Reference word
2. If we win, we will have found our victory. If we lose,
we will have deserved our defeat. Parallelism
3. Elders must enjoy everything they have worked
hard for despite some claims that senior citizens are
too old to be carefree. Synonym

Questions to achieve coherence

There are connecting words but are you satisfied with the idea of
the text? How can we improve this?

Cohesion
My sleeping dog heard footsteps. So, he went
outside to see who was coming.
col
Sleeping quietly in a cold floor, my dog
quietly
Coherence d rushe outsid
suddenly heard footsteps and quickly rushed
d e
outside to see who was coming.
Adverbs Adjectives Verb Preposition
 1 Based on th
e given
sample texts
, what is
the differen
ce
between co
hesion
and coheren
ce? Coh
2
es
bas ion o
ic nly
sen conn prov
Coh ten ect ide
i s
det erenc ces w on of
aile ep hile
dc r
onn ovide
ide e in
as. ction -
of

Cohesion Coherence
It is the It is the
manner of manner of
connecting connecting
sentences, ideas to form
phrases, or a complete
words. text.
 It’s time for a
recorded task!

Instruction: Read the text below and describe how it violates good cohesion and
coherence. Write it in a ½ sheet of paper crosswise. Please use the format below.

The hotel is famous. It is one of the most well-known hotels in the country. The
latest international dancing competition was held at the hotel. The hotel spent a lot
of money to advertise the event. The hotel wanted to gain international reputation.
Not many people attended the event.

Name: ______________________ Section: _____________

TASK 2: COHESION AND COHERENCE
__________________________________________________
___________(Write your answer in paragraph form. Make sure to write
it with good cohesion and coherence)________________.
 3. LANGUAGE USE
47

Scenario: The mother told the teacher that her daughter is sick.
48

!I
m o rning you Hold on fo
Good ke to tell r second M r a
d li hte a’am!
woul my daug week.
that way last the
ed a ed to
pass as rush s so
w a
She pital. I w now it (The teacher
hos u t I k
ve
v o usb t I ga immediately called a
ner t h a
good t. police.)
was er a sho
h

(The mother was

confused by the
teacher’s response)
 1
W h at w as w
rong
with the mo
2 r e th e ther’s
If you we statement?
ow will
m o th er , h yo u r
ct
yo u co r r e
t to
statem en
nfusion?
clarify co
3
The mother needs
to learn how to use
words correctly.
This is called
LANGUAGE USE.

50

 It refers to the communicative

meaning of language.
Language
use  It enables writers to effectively
communicate ideas without
confusing the reader.
 TONES OF WRITING 51

SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

Discussion:
C_ _T_ _ Discussion:
CULTURE LLOGIC
__I_
E Sometimes,
Sometimes,
our thoughts
our thoughts
in writing are
- Biases in writing are
influenced by - Facts
influenced by
- Judgment our culture or
those existing - Information
knowledge
- Opinion exposure to a
from different - Statement
particular
- Feelings environment.
sources of - Truth
information.
This is called
This is called
a subjective
an objective
tone.
tone.

LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE 52

PERSONAL ACADEMIC TECHNICAL

STANDARD

Let us deliberate on
Please allow me to
Hey! Let’s have a talk. the issue of judicial
discuss my report.
rights
 LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE 53

PERSONAL
 The choice of words is too simple.
Example: go out, okay, alright, fine, etc.

 New words/terms may be used.

Example: ‘G’ (game); ‘sheesh’ (fast)

 Written communication is informal.

Example: Writing a personal diary.

 It has less polite language.

Hey! Let’s have a talk Example: Yeah! Whatever!

LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE 54

ACADEMIC
 Choice of words are well-thought of
Example: Please take my sincere apology.

 Words are commonly learned first in

school.
Example: analyze, evaluate, inform, etc.

 Written communication is formal.

Example: Writing a biography.
Please allow me to
 It shows politeness.
discuss my report
Example: May I… Pardon… I would like to
 LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE 55

TECHNICAL  The choice of words must be accurate.

Example: diagnose, interpolate

 Words are commonly learned in

specialized setting.
Example: Respiratory system (in medicine)
Thermodynamics (in engineering)
 Written communication is highly formal.
Example: Writing an agreement contract
Let us deliberate on  It shows high regards to respect.
the issue of judicial
Example: Your honor; The President
rights.

TYPES OF WRITTEN WORKS BASED ON 56

LEVEL OF FORMALITY

INFORMAL FORMAL HIGHLY FORMAL

Creative writing Articles, Textbooks, Research papers,

(poetry and News, Academic Books or articles
fiction) papers, and all related to law,
particularly on other informative medicine, science,
entertainment written works. and all other
purposes. technical written
works.
 SIGNAL WORDS FOR EACH LEVEL OF FORMALITY
57

INFORMAL FORMAL HIGHLY

FORMAL
Time after that, and to begin with, subsequently,
Sequence then, next afterwards, at previously
the same time,
meanwhile
Addition Also, and in addition, equally,
moreover, importantly
furthermore,
besides,
similarly

SIGNAL WORDS FOR EACH LEVEL OF FORMALITY

58

INFORMAL FORMAL HIGHLY

FORMAL
Cause/ so for the therefore, as a consequently,
Effect effect… result, thus accordingly,
hence
Comparis also, too, like as well as, resemblance
on both…..and, to, in common
neither…nor, with
likewise, in like
manner
 SIGNAL WORDS FOR EACH LEVEL OF FORMALITY
59

INFORMAL FORMAL HIGHLY

FORMAL
Contrast But, or, not However, Conversely,
nevertheless, on the
yet, on the contrary, in
other hand, at opposition to,
the same time, in contrast to
though,
whereas,
unlike,
otherwise

SIGNAL WORDS FOR EACH LEVEL OF FORMALITY

60

INFORMAL FORMAL HIGHLY

FORMAL
Example like for example, as an
for instance illustration
Summary / Finally, last, as in summary, in
Conclusion a whole conclusion
 PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 61

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
1. Use clear Bullying is something Bullying must be
and concise that can be handled by the
sentences. prevented by the parents and school
students but this has staffs even if the
students can prevent
to be handled by
it by themselves.
parents and school
staff.

PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 62

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
2. Avoid Although children are Although children
redundancies. taught not to obtain are told not to take
free gifts from gifts from strangers,
strangers, at the many still do.
present moment
many still remain.

Discussion: A gift is always free, no need to say ‘free gift’ The word
‘still’ means ‘remain’. When you put them together it becomes
redundant.
 PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 63

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
3. Avoid Once upon a time A beautiful princess
clichés. there lived a in a castle was
beautiful princess in about to get
a castle. She is married to a prince
about to get married in the North.
to a prince in the
North.

Discussion: Cliché is an overly familiar words used in any form of communication.

PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 64

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
4. Avoid Online graduation Online graduation
wordiness. was suggested last was suggested last
March due to the fact March because the
that the entire nation entire nation was in
was in a lockdown. a lockdown.

Discussion: The phrase ‘due to the fact that’ is not wrong; it is just
wordy. Too much words may confuse readers so it is advised to use
a shorter alternative word.
 PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 65

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
5. Avoid The speaker The speaker
highfalutin hackslavered during stammered during
words. his speech when he his speech when
learned that he was he learned that he
running out of time. was running out of
time.

Discussion: Highfalutin words may be used on some creative writing

especially if the text requires exaggeration. However, for formal
writing, simple but accurate words must be apply.

PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 66

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
6. Although There's a book on A book is on the
may be used, the table. table.
avoid
overusing,
“There” and
“It”. Drop it.
 PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 67

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
7. Use precise We're going to build We will build an
vocabulary. a country in which no inclusive society.
Be accurate. one is left out.
Be condensed.

Discussion: The first example is not wrong. It can be used for

creative writing. However, if the tone of the writing is objective and it
requires formality, the second statement is better.

PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 68

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
8. Be We should simply We should simply
consistent in accept that fate is accept that fate is
pronoun point simply an illusion; simply an illusion;
of view (POV). you must not leave we must not leave
our intuition for our intuition for
something that does something that
not exist. does not exist.
1st POV – I, my, mine, we, us, our…
2nd POV – you, your, yours…
3rd POV – it, he, she, they, his, her, hers, their, them…
 PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 69

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
9. Avoid sexist Every employee All employees
language. should submit his should submit their
credentials. credentials.

Discussion: In grammar, demonstrative pronoun ‘every’ is considered singular so

replacing it with another pronoun requires singular form as well. In the politics of
language, the pronoun used for any neutral gender is always male gender. Example:
The person in front of me is classic. He is timeless. The word ‘person’ (neutral gender)
is replaced by a male pronoun, ‘he’. It is the same principle with the example ‘every
employee’. To avoid this, you rather use pronouns in plural form to hide the gender.

PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE 70

PRINCIPLE NOT CLEAR CLEAR AND

CONCISE
10. Use Yes, diskettes are Diskettes may be
appropriate like a thing of the outdated, but they
level of past, but they’re still are still fascinating.
formality. cool today.

Discussion: The first example can be used on oral communication or

written works with dialogues such as readers’ theather.
 It’s time for a
recorded task!

Instruction: Read the text below and describe how it violates the rule of language
use. Write it in a ½ sheet of paper crosswise. Please use the format below.

Letter to the patient’s family:

Dear Ramos,
As for now we are taking care of your wife and giving her usual medicines and injections. She will be
okay maybe next week and after that, we will send her home. Some suggestions are there which
you need to follow which includes drinking plenty of liquids, humidify the air, use saline nasal rinses,
get adequate rest, have medicine in proper time and focus on your diet. Please pay your bill ASAP.

Name: ______________________ Section: _____________

TASK 3: LANGUAGE USE
__________________________________________________
___________(Write your answer in paragraph form. Make sure to write
a standard language.)________________.
 4. MECHANICS
73

Let’s try this!

Correct the underlined
1. People who love to do good deeds do not usually
words using proper like complements.
spelling, abbreviation,
capitalization, Compliments
grammar, etc.

2. There is never a bad day when I watch my favorite

TV series, the big bang theory.

Big Bang Theory

3. My cousin has all good traits a person can ever

have. She definitely got it both from her parents’
FDA.
DNA 74
 4. French people kisses each other on the street as
their greetings.
kiss

5. For the next 2 years, I will be travelling some parts

of Europe.
two

6. Agriculture must be prioritized by the government,

not to mention, it is the most essential key in the
economic success.
–not to mention
75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
Column 9
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G
Let’s try this! 5 B A N D W H E A T I E
Find the missing word
in each given direction. 6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
7 K N I T T S I I L B O
8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 76
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
Row 4
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G
5 B A N D W H E A T I E
6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
7 K N I T T S I I L B O
8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 77

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
Row 8
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G
5 B A N D W H E A T I E
6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
7 K N I T T S I I L B O
8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 78
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
Column 2
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G
5 B A N D W H E A T I E
6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
7 K N I T T S I I L B O
8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 79

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
Column 7
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G
5 B A N D W H E A T I E
6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
7 K N I T T S I I L B O
8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 80
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
Row 14
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G
5 B A N D W H E A T I E
6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
7 K N I T T S I I L B O
8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 81

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 G E N D E R A S C I E
2 O J A C K R B E A T S
3 A S S I S T B A P P Y
4 G R A M M A R L I N G

Parts 5 B A N D W H E A T I E
6 E M P T Y O V O A L D
of 7 K N I T T S I I L B O
Mechanics 8 P U N C T U A T I O N
9 O M M S O C T E Z I P
10 L B N B L Y I I A B E
11 I E O S E B O T T E R
12 C R L T Y R N D I U S
13 E A T I O N M O O N D
14 N I S P E L L I N G N 82
 Mechanics
 focuses on the technicalities of the
structure. It determines errors on
subject-verb agreement,
prepositions, tenses, the grammar,
spelling, capitalization,
abbreviations and acronyms, the
use of numbers as part of the
statement, and the punctuation
marks

83

1. Spelling
 is a process of naming the letters of the
word. Words are often spelled the same as
it is pronounced. However, there are some
letters that has produces different sounds.
Example:
C can sound /k/ or /s/

G can sound /g/ or /j/

84
Rule 1
Q is always followed by a ‘u’.
Example: Queen Quail Quartz
Rule 2
Words do not end with v. We often add a silent e
at the end of the word.
Example: have love save
Rule 3
Often, three or four succeeding vowels are
confusing.
Example: continuous bureau queued

85

Rule 4
Watch out for homophones or words with the
same sound but spelled differently.

Example:

break brake cite site

86
2. Capitalization
 is the act of writing the first letter of the word
in uppercase while the rest of the letters are
in lowercase.
Rule 1
Titles (note: except pronoun, preposition, and
article found in the middle of the title).
Example: The Fault in our Stars; Earth
and Life Sciences; Lupang Hinirang
Rule 2
Proper noun
Example: Manila, Juan, Ateneo, English
87

Rule 3
Proper adjectives
Example: Filipino, Christian, Arabic
Rule 4
Pronoun ‘I’
My teacher made video clips so I can
understand the lesson better.
Rule 5
Historical periods, events, or documents
Example: World War II; Death March

88
3. Abbreviation
 is shortened form of a word or phrase.
Rule 1
It is necessary to write the full name of an institution or
organization before the abbreviation (note: When
writing its full name, capitalize the first letter of each
word).
The Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) is now closely coordinating with
Local Government Uni t s ( LGUs) i n hel pi ng t he
community.
Rule 2
No need to write the full name of a commonly used
abbreviation.
I am re-watching my old time favorite TV show. 89

4. Number
 is a quantity or amount expressed in words
or figures.

Rule 1
Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled
out.
Example:
Our band has four members. Two of them
are my sisters.

90
Rule 2
Numbers higher than ten should be written in
figures. However, if it is placed in the first part,
it should be spelled out.

Example:
 There are roughly 50,000 die-hard fans who
went to the concert.
 Twenty of those got hurt during the concert.

91

Rule 3
Rule no. 1 and 2 must be followed; however,
the manner numbers are written in a text
should still be consistent.

Example:
 The ‘idols’ received 18 flowers and 5
chocolates.
 The ‘idols’ received eighteen flowers and
five chocolates.

92
5. Punctuation marks
 are signs commonly used to convey
meaning to the text.
Rule 1
Use semicolon (;) to separate two independent
clauses that are closely related in thought.
The new released rock music is so rich;
rich. the sound of
The sound of the instruments is both
the instruments is both cool and heavy.cool and heavy.

Rule 2
Use hyphen (-) to separate or join words.
I rented a two-storey building.
93

Rule 3
Use en dash (–) to show range
The pageant will run from 8:00 – 11:00
p.m.
Rule 4
Use em dash (—) or parenthesis ( ) to show
sudden break of thought or an informal written
speech.
Ana jumped in excitement (not to mention
giggles while jumping) when she heard that
her favorite Hollywood actor will visit the
Philippines soon—who wouldn’t be?.
94
 Rule 5
Use colon (:) or em dash (—) for listing.

Example:
 The three Philippine main islands are:
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
 The three Philippine main islands—Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao—are all rich in
natural resources.

95

6. Grammar
 is the study of the way the sentences of a
A noun is language are constructed. (Note: to learn
plural when more about the rules in grammar, review the
there is s/es. subject-verb agreement, parts of the speech,
verb tense, etc.)
A verb is
Rule 1
plural when
there is no The subject and the verb must agree with one
s/es. another in number (singular or plural).
 The dog chases the cat.
 The dogs chase the cat.

96
Rule 2
A phrase or clause between subject and verb
does not change the number of the subject.
Example:
A student who goes to different public
libraries for research is considered smart.

97

Rule 3
A collective noun (group, class, team, etc.) is
singular if they are acting as one.
Example:
The team has good strategy.

Rule 4
A collective noun (group, class, team, etc.) is
plural if they are acting as individuals.
Example:
The team members have different tasks to
make for the upcoming project.
98
When you are confused whether the mechanics of the text is correct or not,
you may do these simple steps
1. Read the paragraph out loud so you can
hear all the sounds in the paragraph
including pauses.
2. Ask yourself some questions.
 Are the sentence-breaks natural or
unnatural? If it is unnatural, can you say
that it has something to do with the
punctuation mark used?
 Do all words sound good when spoken?
If not, what are those awkward or
uncertain sounds you hear while reading
every word of the paragraph?
99

 Have you seen unfamiliar or odd words?

Are these words found in dictionaries?
 Do you know what the abbreviation
stands for? If yes, do you think all
people know it as well?

3. Carefully scrutinize each sentence in the

paragraph.
4. You may create a list of all the features of
mechanics violated in the paragraph.

100
 It’s time for a
recorded task!

Instruction: Read the text below and describe how it violates the rule of mechanics.
Write it in a ½ sheet of paper crosswise. Please use the format below.

Ever since I am a child, I have had a vision of my dream house. It stands in a place
where the sea meets the sky-a perfect location to relax. Also, you will see 3 dogs
playing in the garden surrounded with beautiful flowers. Inside the house, there are
furniture, photographs, and paintings of a famous Filipino painter, malang. There
are also a courtyard where you can rest after a day’s hard work.

Name: ______________________ Section: _____________

TASK 4: MECHANICS
__________________________________________________
___________(Write your answer in paragraph form. Make sure to write
a mechanically correct text.)________________.
 Hey Jack!
1 Let’s see if 2
you really le are
lesson today
arn your Of course! Those
. Can Organiz ati on ,
you site all
of a well-wri
properties Cohesion and
uage
tten text? Coherence, Lang
use an d Me ch an ics

3
Great!
4 Thank y
o
It’s rea u Jill!
lly nice
to learn
n
things! ew

How about
you? Can yo
answer thes u
e questions
on your note
book?

1. What are the importance of

writing a well-written text?
2. What will happen to the readers if
the text are not well-written?
Provide examples/instances.
3. What is the most challenging
property that requires you more
practice and why?
Thank you for
participating in our
learning journey!

I’m sure you did great!

See you soon! 

105