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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 1343 (1980): Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete

[CED 2: Cement and Concrete]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक सा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 Hkkjrhe ekud
iwoZizcfyr daØhV — jhfr lafgrk
( nwljk iqujh{k.k )

Indian Standard
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision )

ICS 91.080.40; 91.100.30

© BIS 2012
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

November 2012 Price Group 14

IS 1343 : 2012
IS 1343 : 2012

Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
This standard was first published in 1960. The standard was subsequently revised in 1980 with a view to
keeping abreast with the rapid development in the field of concrete technology and also to bring in further
clarifications and modifications in the light of experience gained while applying the provisions of the earlier
version of the Code to practical situations.
The format and arrangement of clauses in the Code was then changed from the earlier version and the matter
was divided into four sections as follows:
Section 1 General
Section 2 Materials, workmanship, inspection and testing
Section 3 General design requirements
Section 4 Structural design: Limit state method
During the revision in 1980, an attempt was made to unify the codal provisions between prestressed concrete
structures and reinforced concrete structures, as was necessary. Many of the provisions in Section 2 Materials,
workmanship, inspection and testing, and Section 3 General design requirements of IS 456 were applicable to
prestressed concrete structures also and, therefore, only reference was made to such provisions in this Code.
In some clauses, the Code recommended reference to specialist literature, since the current knowledge on some
aspects of design had not yet crystallized. This had also been done in order to avoid burdening the Code with a
lot of details which may not be required for the design of great majority of structures.
While deciding on the symbols used in the Code, the recommendations of ISO 3898 : 1976 ‘Bases for design of
structures — Notations — General symbols’ had been taken into consideration. However, considering the
convenience of the users of the Code, the familiar symbols of the old version were retained to the extent
possible.
The first revision incorporated a number of important changes. The major changes in the revision were on the
following lines:
a) The concept of limit state which provides a rational approach, taking into account variations in
material strengths and loads on semi-probabilistic basis, had been introduced. This, in fact, was a
rationalization of the ultimate load method, covered in the earlier version.
b) Provision for intermediate degrees of prestress (partial prestress) had been included. Consequently, the
Code covered 3 types of structures, the types being associated with the permissible tensile stress in
concrete.
c) The method of design for shear and torsion had been completely revised, incorporating the results of
the latest research on the subject.
d) Recommendations regarding transmission length of prestressing tendons had been elaborated.
e) Recommendations for ensuring lateral stability during handling and erection had been modified.
f) Considerations regarding durability had been detailed with guidance concerning minimum cement
content and maximum water-cement ratio for different environmental conditions, including types of
cement to be used for resisting sulphate attack. Limitations on total chloride and sulphate content of
concrete had also been given.
IS 456 has since been revised as IS 456 : 2000 ‘Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( fourth
revision)’. In IS 456, major changes have been incorporated in provisions relating to materials, workmanship,
inspection and testing, and general design requirements. In view of the attempt at unification between provisions

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IS 1343 : 2012

of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete codes, these changes are relevant to prestressed concrete code
also. Considering this aspect as also the need for a complete review of the provisions of the Code in light of the
latest international developments and the improved practices being followed now, a full scale revision of the
Code has been brought out. In this revision, the following major changes have been incorporated:
a) As mentioned, the provisions have been aligned with the revised IS 456.
b) It has been clarified in this Code that the Code does not cover the specific requirements for bridges.
c) The clause on terminology has been reviewed and some new definitions such as anchorage device,
cable, relaxation and sheathing have been added apart from modifications in other definitions such as
on tendon.
d) Section 2 has been completely modified in line with IS 456 as applicable to prestressing and other
changes have been incorporated as follows:
1) All the references to materials for making prestressed concrete have been updated.
2) Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation seven ply strand has also been covered as prestressing
steel.
3) Provisions on modulus of elasticity have been modified.
4) The grades of concrete have been specified up to M 80 from the existing M 30 to M 60.
5) Provisions on creep and shrinkage of concrete have been revised.
6) Durability requirements have been covered exhaustively in line with IS 456 as applicable to
prestressed concrete; the maximum cement content has been specified as 450 kg/m 3.
7) The assumed standard deviation has been specified as 5.0 N/mm2 for concrete mix proportioning.
8) Provisions on assembly of prestressing and reinforcing steel and on prestressing have been
thoroughly revised in line with the present improved practices, and details on protection of
prestressing steel, sheathing and anchorages have been incorporated.
9) Sampling and strength test of designed concrete mix has been modified in line with IS 456.
e) Section 3 and Section 4 have been modified as follows:
1) The provisions have been brought in line with IS 456 as applicable.
2) The design provisions have been updated in line with the latest practices.
In the Code, it has been assumed that the design of prestressed concrete structures is entrusted to a qualified
engineer, and that the execution of the work is carried out under the direction of an experienced supervisor.
The Committee, responsible for the formulation of this Code, has taken into consideration the views of
stakeholders and has related the standard to the manufacturing and trade practices followed in this country in
this field. Cognizance has been taken of provisions of the publications of Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi,
wherever required.
The composition of the technical Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex E.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 :
1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

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 IS 1343 : 2012

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 GENERAL
PAGE
1 SCOPE 1
2 REFERENCES 1
3 TERMINOLOGY 1
4 SYMBOLS 2

SECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING

5 MATERIALS 3
5.1 Cement 3
5.2 Mineral Admixtures 3
5.3 Aggregates 3
5.4 Water 3
5.5 Chemical Admixtures 3
5.6 Prestressing and Untensioned Steel 3
5.7 Storage of Materials 4
6 CONCRETE 4
6.1 Grades 4
6.2 Properties of Concrete 4
7 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE 7
8 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 7
8.1 General 7
8.2 Requirements for Durability 7
9 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING 11
9.1 Mix Proportion 11
9.2 Design Mix Concrete 11
10 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE 12
10.1 Quality Assurance Measures 12
10.2 Batching 12
10.3 Mixing 13
11 FORMWORK 13
12 ASSEMBLY OF PRESTRESSING AND REINFORCING STEEL 13
12.1 Prestressing Steel 13
12.2 Sheathing Ducts 15
12.3 Untensioned Steel 15
13 PRESTRESSING 15
13.1 Prestressing Equipment 15
13.2 Procedure for Tensioning and Transfer 16
13.3 Grouting 18
13.4 Grouting Operations 19
14 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTING AND CURING 23
15 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS 23
15.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions 23

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IS 1343 : 2012

PAGE
16 SAMPLING AND STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE MIX 23
17 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 23
18 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES 23

SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

19 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 24
19.1 General 24
19.2 Effects of Prestress 24
19.3 Deductions for Prestressing Tendons 24
19.4 Instability During Erection 24
19.5 Prestressing Requirements 24
19.6 Considerations Affecting Design Details 26

SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: LIMIT STATE METHOD

20 SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS 29
20.1 Limit State Design 29
20.2 Limit State of Collapse 29
20.3 Limit States of Serviceability 29
21 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 30
21.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials 30
21.2 Characteristic Loads 30
21.3 Design Values 30
21.4 Partial Safety Factors 30
22 ANALYSIS 30
22.1 Analysis of Structure 30
23 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE 31
23.1 Limit State of Collapse: Flexure 31
23.2 Limit State of Collapse: Compression 32
23.3 Limit State of Collapse: Tension 32
23.4 Limit State of Collapse: Shear 32
23.5 Limit State of Collapse: Torsion 34
24 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY 35
24.1 Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection 35
24.2 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking 36
24.3 Limit State of Serviceability: Maximum Compression 36
ANNEX A LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS 38
ANNEX B SHEATHING DUCTS FOR PRESTRESSING 39
B-1 MILD STEEL SHEATHING DUCTS 39
B-2 CORRUGATED HDPE SHEATHING DUCTS 39
B-3 TESTS ON SHEATHING DUCTS 40
B-3.1 Workability Test 40
B-3.2 Transverse Load Rating Test 40
B-3.3 Tension Load Test 40
B-3.4 Water Loss Test 40
B-4 TESTS ON CORRUGATED HDPE SHEATHING DUCTS 41
B-4.1 Bond Test 41
B-4.2 Compression Test for the Loss of Wall Thickness 43

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 IS 1343 : 2012
B-5 SPECIFICATION FOR SHEATHING DUCT JOINTS 44

PAGE

ANNEX C TESTING OF SYSTEMS WITH MECHANICAL ANCHORAGES 46

C-1 STATIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY 46
C-1.1 Test Specimen 46
C-1.2 Test Procedure 46
C-1.3 Measurements and Observations 47
C-1.4 Test Requirements 47
C-2 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY 48
C-2.1 Test Specimen 48
C-2.2 Test Procedure 48
C-2.3 Measurements and Observations 48
C-2.4 Steel Requirements 48
C-3 LOAD TRANSFER TEST 48
C-3.1 Test Specimen 48
C-3.2 Test Procedure 49
C-3.3 Measurements and Observations 50
C-3.4 Requirements 50

ANNEX D MOMENTS OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR AND T-SECTIONS 51

ANNEX E COMMITTEE COMPOSITION 52

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 IS 1343 : 2012

Indian Standard
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision )
SECTION 1 GENERAL

1 SCOPE results are expected to fall (see 21.1).

1.1 This standard deals with the general structural use
of prestressed concrete. It covers both work carried
out on site and the manufacture of precast prestressed
concrete units.
1.2 Special requirements of structures such as pipes
and poles covered in respective standards have not
been covered in this standard; these standards shall be
used in conjunction with this standard. This standard
does not cover specific provisions regarding bridges.

2 REFERENCES
The standards given in Annex A contain provisions
which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication,
the editions indicated were valid. All the standards
are subject to revision and parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to investigate
the possibility of applying the most recent edition of
the standards indicated in Annex A.

3 TERMINOLOGY
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given
in IS 4845, IS 6461 (Parts 1 to 12) and the following
shall apply.
3.1 Anchorage Device — In post-tensioning, the
hardware used for transferring the post-tensioning
force from the tendon to the concrete in anchorage
zone.
3.2 Bonded Member — A prestressed concrete in
which tendons are bonded to the concrete either
directly or through grouting.
3.3 Bonded Post-tensioning — Post-tensioned
construction in which the annular spaces around the
tendons are grouted after stressing, thereby bonding
the tendon to the concrete section.
3.4 Cable — A group of wires or bars or strands or
rods.
3.5 Characteristic Load — Load which has 95
percent probability of not being exceeded during the
life of the structure (see 21.2).
3.6 Characteristic Strength — Strength of material
below which not more than 5 percent of the test
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IS 1343 : 2012
3.7 Column or Strut — A compression member,
the effective length of which exceeds three times the
least lateral dimension.
3.8 Creep — Time dependent deformation due to
sustained load.
3.9 Creep Coefficient — The ratio of creep strain to
elastic strain in concrete.
3.10 Final Prestress — The stress which exists
after substantially all losses have occurred.
3.11 Final Tension — The tension in the
prestressing tendon corresponding to the state of the
final prestress.
3.12 Initial Prestress — The prestress in the
concrete at transfer.
3.13 Initial Tension — The maximum stress
induced in the prestressing tendon at the time of the
stressing operation.
3.14 Post-tensioning — A method of prestressing
concrete in which prestressing steel is tensioned
against the hardened concrete.
3.15 Prestressed Concrete — Concrete in which
permanent internal stresses are deliberately
introduced, usually by tensioned steel, to counteract
to the desired degree the stresses caused in the
member in service.
3.16 Pre-tensioning — A method of prestressing
concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before
concreting.
3.17 Relaxation — Time dependent increase in
steel strain at constant stress.
3.18 Sheathing — A material encasing a
prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the tendon
with the surrounding concrete during concrete
placement to provide corrosion protection.
3.19 Short Column — A column, the effective
length of which does not exceed 12 times the least
lateral dimension.
3.20 Slender Column — A column, the effective
length of which exceeds 12 times the least lateral
dimension.
3.21 Shrinkage Loss — The loss of stress in the

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 IS 1343 : 2012

prestressing steel resulting from the shrinkage of the

Fd = design load
concrete.
f = characteristic strength of material
3.22 Stress at Transfer — The stress in both the fci = cube strength of concrete at transfer
prestressing tendon and the concrete at the stage
when the prestressing tendon is released from the fck = characteristic compressive strength of
concrete
prestressing mechanism.
fcp = compressive stress at centroidal axis due to
3.23 Tendon — A steel element, such as a wire, prestress or average intensity of effective
cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements prestress in concrete
used to impart prestress to concrete when the element
fcr = modulus of rupture of concrete (flexural
is tensioned. tensile strength)
3.24 Transfer — The act of transferring the stress in fd = design strength
prestressing tendons from the jacks or pre-tensioning fp = characteristic strength of prestressing steel
bed to the concrete member. fpe = maximum prestress after losses
3.25 Transmission Length — The distance required fpi = maximum initial prestress
at the end of a pre-tensioned tendon for developing fpu = ultimate tensile stress in the tendons
the maximum tendon stress by bond. ft = maximum principal tensile stress
4 SYMBOLS fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement
IL = imposed load
For the purpose of this standard, the following letter
M = bending moment
symbols shall have the meaning indicated against
each; where other symbols are used, they are m = modular ratio
explained at the appropriate place: P = load due to prestressing effect
s = spacing of stirrups
A = area
T = torsional moment
B = breadth of beam
V = shear force
bw = breadth of web or rib
D = overall depth of beam Vc = ultimate shear resistance of concrete
DL = dead load Vco = ultimate shear resistance of a section
uncracked in flexure
d = effective depth of beam
Vcr = ultimate shear resistance of a section
dt = effective depth of beam in shear cracked in flexure
Ec = short term modulus of elasticity of concrete WL = wind load
EL = earthquake load u = depth of neutral axis
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel f = partial safety factor for load
e = eccentricity m = partial safety factor for material
F = characteristic load m = percentage reduction in moment
Fbst = bursting tensile force c = shear stress in concrete
 = diameter of tendon or bar

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IS 1343 : 2012

SECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING

5 MATERIALS have no relation whatsoever with the characteristic

5.1 Cement guaranteed by the ‘Statutory Quality Marking’ as
relevant to that cement. Consumers are, therefore,
The cement used shall be any of the following, and advised to go by the characteristics as given in the
the type selected should be appropriate for the corresponding Indian Standard Specification or seek
intended use: specialist advice to avoid any problem in concrete
a) 33 grade ordinary Portland cement making and construction.
conforming to IS 269, 5.2 Mineral Admixtures
b) 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
conforming to IS 8112, Mineral admixtures used shall conform to 5.2 of IS 456.
c) 53 grade ordinary Portland cement 5.3 Aggregates
conforming to IS 12269,
d) Rapid-hardening Portland cement All aggregates shall comply with the requirements of
conforming to IS 8041, IS 383.
e) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455, 5.3.1 Heavy weight aggregates may also be used
f) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based) provided the engineer-in-charge is satisfied with the
conforming to IS 1489 (Part 1), data on the properties of concrete made with them.
g) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay NOTE — Some of the provisions of the standard would require
based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2), modification when these aggregates are used. Specialist
literature may be consulted for guidance.
h) Hydrophobic cement conforming to IS 8043,
j) Low heat Portland cement conforming to 5.3.2 Size of Aggregates
IS 12600, and The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate
k) Sulphate resisting Portland cement should be as large as possible within the limits
conforming to IS 12330. specified but in no case greater than one-fourth of the
Other combinations of Portland cement with mineral minimum thickness of the member, provided that the
admixtures (see 5.2) of quality conforming to relevant concrete can be placed without difficulty so as to
Indian Standards laid down may also be used in the surround all prestressing tendons and reinforcements
manufacture of concrete provided that there are thoroughly and fill the corners of the form. For most
satisfactory data on their suitability, such as work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable.
performance test on concrete containing them. The nominal maximum size of the aggregate shall be
5.1.1 Low heat Portland cement conforming to 5 mm less than the spacing between the tendons,
IS 12600 shall be used with adequate precautions sheathings, ducts or untensioned steel, where
with regard to removal of formwork, etc. provided.

5.1.2 High alumina cement conforming to IS 6452 or 5.4 Water

supersulphated cement conforming to IS 6909 may
be used only under special circumstances with the The requirements of water used for mixing and
prior approval of the engineer-in-charge. Specialist curing shall conform to the requirements given in
literature may be consulted for guidance regarding the 5.4 of IS 456. However, use of sea water is
use of these types of cements. prohibited.

5.1.3 The attention of the engineer-in-charge and 5.5 Chemical Admixtures

users of cement is drawn to the fact that quality of
various cements mentioned in 5.1 is to be determined Chemical admixtures shall be used according to 5.5
on the basis of its conformity to the performance of IS 456.
characteristics given in the respective Indian Standard
Specification for that cement. Any trade-mark or any 5.6 Prestressing and Untensioned Steel
trade name indicating any special features not 5.6.1 Prestressing Steel
covered in the standard or any qualification or other
special performance characteristics sometimes 5.6.1.1 The prestressing steel shall be any one of the
claimed/ indicated on the bags or containers or in following:
advertisement alongside the ‘Statutory Quality
a) Plain hard-drawn steel wire (cold-drawn
Marking’ or otherwise
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 IS 1343 : 2012
stress relieved wire) conforming to IS 1785
(Part 1),
b) Indented wire conforming to IS 6003,

5
 IS 1343 : 2012

c) High tensile steel bar conforming to IS 2090,

6 CONCRETE
d) Uncoated stress relieved strand conforming
to IS 6006, and 6.1 Grades
e) Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation seven
The concrete shall be in grades designated as per
ply strand conforming to IS 14268.
Table 1.
5.6.1.1.1 All prestressing steel shall be free from
welded joints and splits, harmful scratches, surface Table 1 Grade of Concrete
flaws; rough, jagged and imperfect edges and other (Clauses 6.1, 9.2.2 and 21.1)
defects likely to impair its use in prestressed concrete. Sl Grade Designation Specified Characteristic
No. Compressive Strength of 150 mm Size Cube at 28 Days in
6.1.1.1 Mechanical properties N/mm2
(1) (2) (3)
Data in respect of modulus of elasticity, relaxation i) M 30 30
loss at 1 000 h at mean temperature of 20 °C, ii) M 35 35
minimum ultimate tensile strength, stress strain iii) M 40 40
iv) M 45 45
curve, etc shall necessarily be obtained from v) M 50 50
manufacturer. Prestressing steel shall be subjected to vi) M 55 55
acceptance tests prior to actual use on the works. The vii) M 60 60
modulus of elasticity value, as per acceptance tests, viii) M 65 65
ix) M 70 70
shall conform to the design values which shall be x) M 75 75
within a range not more than 2.5 percent between the xi) M 80 80
maximum and the minimum.
6.1.1.1.1 For design purposes, the minimum
NOTES
requirements given in the relevant Indian Standards
1 In the designation of concrete mix M refers to the mix and
may be adopted.
the number to the specified compressive strength of 150 mm
5.6.2 Untensioned Steel size cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2.
2 For pre-tensioned prestressed concrete, the grade of concrete
5.6.2.1 The reinforcement used as untensioned steel shall be not less than M 40.
shall be any of the following: 3 Except where specifically mentioned otherwise, for concrete
grade greater than M 60, design parameters given in the
a) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars standard may not be applicable and the values may be obtained
conforming to IS 432 (Part 1). from specialized literatures and experimental results.

b) High strength deformed steel bars 6.1.2 The characteristic strength of concrete is
conforming to IS 1786. defined as the strength of the concrete below which
c) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to not more than 5 percent of the test results are
IS 1566. expected to fall.
5.6.2.2 All reinforcement shall be free from loose 6.2 Properties of Concrete
mill scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or
any other substances which may destroy or reduce 6.2.1 Increase in Strength with Age
bond. Sand blasting or other treatment is There is normally a gain of strength beyond 28 days.
recommended to clean reinforcement. The quantum of increase depends upon the grade and
Special precautions like coating of reinforcement type of cement, curing, environmental conditions, etc.
may be required for reinforced concrete elements in The design should be based on 28 days characteristic
exceptional cases and for rehabilitation of structures. strength of concrete unless there is an evidence to
Specialist literature may be referred to in such cases. justify a higher strength for a particular structure due
Reduction in design bond strength of coated bars to age.
shall be looked into. 6.2.1.1 The rate of increase of compressive strength
5.6.2.3 The modulus of elasticity of steel shall be with age shall be based on actual investigations.
taken as 200 kN/mm2. The characteristic yield 6.2.2 Tensile Strength of Concrete
strength of different steels shall be assumed as the
minimum yield stress/0.2 percent proof stress The flexural and splitting tensile strength shall be
specified in the relevant Indian Standard. obtained as per IS 516 and IS 5816 respectively.
When the designer wishes to use an estimate of the
5.7 Storage of Materials flexural strength from the compressive strength, the
following formula may be used:
Storage of materials shall be as per IS 4082.
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 IS 1343 : 2012
fcr = 0.7
fck

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 IS 1343 : 2012

where
Grade of Concrete Autogenous Shrinkage
fcr = flexural strength, in N/mm2; and 6
(ca × 10 )
fck = characteristic compressive strength of
concrete, in N/mm2. M 30 35
M 35 45
6.2.3 Elastic Deformation M 45 65
The modulus of elasticity is primarily influenced by M 50 75
the elastic properties of the aggregate and to a lesser M 60 95
extent by the conditions of curing and age of the
concrete, the mix proportions and the type of cement. 6.2.4.3 The drying shrinkage strain develops slowly,
The modulus of elasticity is normally related to the as it is a function of migration of the water through
compressive strength of concrete. the hardened concrete.
6.2.3.1 The modulus of elasticity for concrete may be The final value of the drying shrinkage strain, cd,
assumed as follows: may be taken equal to kh.cd Values of cd may be
Ec = 5 000 fck taken from the table given below for guidance. These
values are expected mean values, with a coefficient of
where
variation of about 30 percent.
Ec = short-term static modulus of elasticity, in
N/mm2; and fck Unrestrained Drying Shrinkage Values
(cd × 106) for Concrete with Portland
fck = characteristic compressive strength of Cement, for Relative Humidity
MPa
concrete, in N/mm2.
Actual measured values may differ by ±20 percent 50 Percent 80 Percent
from the values obtained from the above expression. (1) (2) (3)
6.2.4 Shrinkage 25 535 300
50 420 240
The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the 75 330 190
constituents of concrete, size of the member and NOTE — The values for the other designated grades may be
environmental conditions. For a given humidity and obtained by interpolation.
temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete is most
influenced by the total amount of water present in the kh is a coefficient depending on the notional size h0, as
concrete at the time of mixing and, to a lesser extent, given below:
by the cement content.
h0 kh
6.2.4.1 The total shrinkage strain is composed of two mm
components, the autogenous shrinkage strain and the
drying shrinkage strain. 100 1.0
200 0.85
The value of the total shrinkage strain, cs is given by: 300 0.75
   500 0.70
cs cd ca
where
6.2.4.4 The development of autogenous shrinkage with
cs = total shrinkage strain; time may be taken as:
cd = drying shrinkage strain; and ca (t) = as (t).ca
ca = autogenous shrinkage strain. where
6.2.4.2 The autogenous shrinkage strain develops

–0.2 t , where t is in days.

during hardening of concrete; the major part develops
as (t) = 1 – exp
in the early days after casting. Autogenous shrinkage
6.2.4.5 The development of the drying shrinkage strain
is a linear function of concrete strength. It should be
in time may be taken as:
considered specifically when new concrete is cast
against hardened concrete. cd (t) = ds (t, ts). kh.cd
In the absence of accurate field/laboratory data, the 
following values may be considered in design: ds t, ts 
(t  ts )  0.04 h30
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 IS 1343 : 2012
(t  ts )

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 IS 1343 : 2012

where
h0 = notional size of the member, in mm =
t = age of the concrete at the moment 2Ac/u,
considered, in days; Ac = cross-sectional area, and
ts = age of the concrete at the beginning of u = perimeter of the member in contact
drying shrinkage, in days; normally this is with the atmosphere.)
at the end of curing; and
(fcm) = a factor to allow for the effect of
h0 = notional size of the cross-section, in mm concrete strength on the notional creep
= 2Ac/u, where Ac is the concrete cross- coefficient
sectional area and u is the perimeter of that 16.8
part of the cross-section which is exposed =
to drying. fck  8

6.2.5 Creep (t0) = a factor to allow for the effect of

concrete age at loading on the notional
Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the factors creep coefficient
listed in 6.2.4 on the stress in the concrete, age at
loading and the duration of loading. As long as the 1
=
stress in concrete does not exceed one-third of (0.1  t00.20 )
characteristic compressive strength, creep may be
Where end results are not sensitive to precise values
assumed to be proportional to the stress.
calculated as given above, the values given in table
below can be considered as final creep co-efficient
for

6.2.5.1 The creep co-efficient f design for normal weight concrete of grades between
ecc (t)
t, = e (t ) M 30 and M 60, subject to condition that the
t0 ci 0
compressive stress does not exceed 0.36 fck at the age
where of loading, and mean temperature of concrete is
cc between 10°C and 20°C with seasonal variation
(t) = creep strain at time t > t0, between –20°C to 40°C. For temperature greater than
ci(t0) = initial strain at loading, and 40°C the co-efficient given may be increased by
t0 = initial time of loading. 10 percent, in the absence of accurate data.
The creep coefficient  (t, t0) is given by: Age at Creep Co-efficient 0(70 yr,t0) of an
 (t, t ) =  .(t, t ), Loading Ordinary Structural Concrete After 70
years
0 0 0 t0 of Loading
where (days)
o = notional creep co-efficient to which the Under Dry Under humid
creep co-efficient reaches Atmospheric Atmospheric
asymptotically with time (this can be Conditions Conditions (Outdoor)
taken as value reached in 70 years), and (RH 50%) (RH 80%)
Notional Size (2Ac/u) Notional Size (2Ac/u)
 (t, t0) = co-efficient describing development of
creep with time (see 6.2.5.2). 50 150 600 50 150 600
mm mm mm mm mm mm
The notional creep co-efficient 0 is given by: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
0 = where
RH.(fcm).(t0) 1 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.0
7 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.1
RH =
28 3.1 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6
a factor to allow for the effect of relative 90 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3
humidity on/100
the notional creep coefficient 365 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
1  RH
= 1 for f  45 MPa
ck 6.2.5.2 The development of creep with time may be
0.1.3 h0
taken as  (t, t0) = (t, t0) ,
 
= 1 RH .1  for fck > 45 MPa È t -
1 
/100 .2 t0 ˘
0.3
0.1.3 h
10
 IS 1343 : 2012
 Í ˙
0 b (t, t0 ) b  (t  t )
 
(RH = relative humidity of the ambient Î H 0 ˚
environment in percent,

11
IS 1343 : 2012

where
8 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
t = age of concrete in days at the moment
considered, 8.1 General
t0 = age of concrete at loading in days, A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily
(t–t0) = duration of loading in days, in the working environment during its anticipated
exposure conditions during service life. The materials
H = a coefficient depending on the relative and mix proportions specified and used should be
humidity (RH in percent) and the notional such as to maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to
member size (h0 in mm). protect embedded metal from corrosion.
È j RH ˆ ˘
18
8.1.1 One of the main characteristics influencing the
durability of concrete is its permeability to the ingress
˙h0 +250 £ 1 of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate
= 1.5 Í1+ Á1.2 0 500
˜¯ ÍÎ Ë RH ˙˚ and other potentially deleterious substances.
for fck  45 MPa
Impermeability is governed by the constituents and
È j RH ˆ ˘
18
workmanship used in making the concrete. With
˙h0 250a3  1500a3 normal-weight aggregates a suitably low permeability
= 1.5 Í1 Á1.2 is achieved by having an adequate cement content,
Î Ë RH
0 ˙˚
Í
˜
¯
for fck  45 MPa sufficiently low free water-cement ratio, by ensuring
RH = relative humidity expressed as complete compaction of the concrete, and by
percent adequate curing.
RH0 = 100 (that is, 100 percent relative The factors influencing durability include,
humidity) a) the environment;
1, 2, 3 = coefficients to consider the influence b) the cover to embedded steel;
of the concrete strength, c) the type and quality of constituent materials;
 45 0.7  45 0.2 d) the cement content and water-cement ratio of
 =   ,  =   the concrete;
f 8 , 8
f
 ck   ck
e) workmanship, to obtain full compaction and
 45 0.5  efficient curing; and

 =   8 f) the shape and size of the member.
 fck  
The degree of exposure anticipated for the concrete
6.2.6 Thermal Expansion that the concrete is of adequate workability for the
placing conditions of the concrete and can properly be
The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on
compacted with the means available. Suggested ranges
nature of cement, the aggregate, the cement content,
of values of workability of concrete are given in IS
the relative humidity and the size of sections. The
456.
values of coefficient of thermal expansion for
concrete with different aggregates may be taken as
below:

Type of Aggregate Coefficient of Thermal

Expansion for Concrete/°C
-5
Quartzite 1.2 to 1.3 × 10
-5
Sandstone 0.9 to 1.2 × 10
-5
Granite 0.7 to 0.95 × 10
-5
Basalt 0.8 to 0.95 × 10
-5
Limestone 0.6 to 0.9 × 10

7 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
The concrete mix proportions chosen should be such
12
 IS 1343 : 2012
during its service life together with other relevant
factors relating to mix composition, workmanship,
design and detailing should be considered. The
concrete mix to provide adequate durability under
these conditions should be chosen taking account the
accuracy of current testing regimes for control and
compliance as described in this standard.

8.2 Requirements for Durability

8.2.1 Shape and Size of Member
The shape or design details of exposed structures
should be such as to promote good drainage of water
and to avoid standing pools and rundown of water.
Care should also be taken to minimize any cracks
that may collect or transmit water. Adequate curing
is essential to avoid the harmful effects of early loss
of moisture. Member profiles and their intersections
with other members shall be designed and detailed in
a way to ensure easy flow of concrete and proper
compaction during concreting.
Concrete is more vulnerable to deterioration due to
chemical or climatic attack when it is in thin
sections, in sections under hydrostatic pressure
from one side

13
IS 1343 : 2012

only, in partially immersed sections and at corners

corrosion depends upon an adequate thickness of
and edges of elements. The life of the structure can be
good quality concrete.
lengthened by providing extra cover to steel, by
chamfering the corners or by using circular cross- 8.2.3.2 The nominal cover to the reinforcement shall
sections or by using surface coatings which prevent be provided as per 26.4 of IS 456.
or reduce the ingress of water, carbon dioxide or
8.2.4 Concrete Mix Proportions
aggressive chemicals.
8.2.4.1 General
8.2.2 Exposure Conditions
The free water-cement ratio is an important factor in
8.2.2.1 General environment
governing the durability of concrete and should
The general environment to which the concrete will always be the lowest value. Appropriate value for
be exposed during its working life is classified into minimum cement content and the maximum free
five levels of severity, that is, mild, moderate, severe, water-cement ratio are given in Table 4 for different
very severe and extreme as described in Table 2. exposure conditions. The minimum cement
content and maximum water-cement ratio apply to
8.2.2.2 Abrasive
20 mm nominal maximum size aggregate. For other
Specialist literatures may be referred to for durability sizes of aggregate they should be changed as given in
requirements of concrete surfaces exposed to abrasive Table 5.
action, for example, in case of machinery and metal
8.2.4.2 Maximum cement content
types.
Cement content in excess of 450 kg/m 3 should not be
8.2.2.3 Freezing and thawing
used unless special consideration has been given in
Where freezing and thawing actions under wet design to the increased risk of cracking due to drying
conditions exist, enhanced durability can be obtained shrinkage in thin sections, or to thermal stresses in
by the use of suitable air entraining admixtures. thicker sections.
When concrete lower than grade M 50 is used under
these conditions, the mean total air content by volume 8.2.5 Mix Constituents
of the fresh concrete at the time of delivery into the 8.2.5.1 General
construction should be:
For concrete to be durable, careful selection of the
mix and materials is necessary, so that
deleterious
constituents do not exceed the limits.
Nominal Maximum Size Entrained Air 8.2.3.1 The protection of the steel in concrete against
Aggregate Percentage
mm
20 5±1
40 4±1

Since air entrainment reduces the strength, suitable

adjustments may be made in the mix design for
achieving required strength.
8.2.2.4 Exposure to sulphate attack
Table 3 gives recommendations for the type of
cement, maximum free water-cement ratio and
minimum cement content, which are required at
different sulphate concentrations in near actual
ground water having pH of 6 to 9.
For the very high sulphate concentrations in Class 5
conditions, some form of lining such as polyethylene
or polychloroprene sheet; or surface coating based on
asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy, or polyurethane
materials should also be used to prevent access by the
sulphate solution.
8.2.3 Requirement of Concrete Cover
14
 IS 1343 : 2012
8.2.5.2 Chlorides in concrete
Whenever there is chloride in concrete there is an
increased risk of corrosion of embedded steel. The
higher the chloride content, or if subsequently exposed
to warm moist conditions, the greater the risk of
corrosion. All constituents may contain chlorides
and concrete may be contaminated by chlorides from
the external environment. To minimize the chances
of deterioration of concrete from harmful chemical
salts, the levels of such harmful salts in concrete
coming from concrete materials, that is, cement,
aggregates, water and admixtures, as well as by
diffusion from the environment should be limited. The
total amount of acid soluble chloride content (as Cl)
in the concrete at the time of placing shall be not
more than 0.4 kg/m3 of concrete.
The total acid soluble chloride content should be
calculated from the mix proportions and the
measured chloride contents of each of the
constituents. Wherever possible, the total chloride
content of the concrete should be determined.
8.2.5.3 Sulphates in concrete
Sulphates are present in most cements and in some
aggregates; excessive amounts of water-soluble

15
IS 1343 : 2012

Table 2 Environmental Exposure Conditions

(Clause 8.2.2.1)
Sl No. Environment Exposure Conditions
(1) (2) (3)
i) Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions, except those situated in coastal areas.
ii) Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst
wet. Concrete exposed to condensation and rain.
Concrete continuously under water.
Concrete in contact or buried under non-aggressive soil/ground water.
Concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt air in coastal area.
iii) Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or occasional freezing whilst wet or severe
condensation.
Concrete completely immersed in sea water.
Concrete exposed to coastal environment.
iv) Very severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or severe freezing conditions whilst
wet. Concrete in contact with or buried under aggressive sub-soil/ground water.
v) Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone and splash zone.
Members in direct contact with liquid/solid aggressive chemicals.

Table 3 Requirements for Prestressed Concrete Exposed to Sulphate Attack

(Clauses 8.2.2.4 and 9.1.2)

Sl Class Concentration of Sulphates, Expressed as SO3 Type of Cement Dense, Fully Compacted
No. Concrete, Made with 20 mm
In Soil In Ground Water Nominal Maximum Size
Aggregates Complying
Total SO3 SO3 in 2:1 Water: with IS 383
Soil Extract
Percent g/l g/l Minimum Maximum Free
Cement Content Water-Cement
kg/m3 Ratio
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) 1 Traces (<0.2) Less than 1.0 Less than 0.3 Ordinary Portland cement or 280 0.55
Portland slag cement or
Portland pozzolana cement
ii) 2 0.2-0.5 1.0-1.9 0.3-1.2 Ordinary Portland cement or 330 0.50
Portland slag cement or
Portland pozzolana cement
Super sulphated cement or 310 0.50
sulphate resisting Portland
cement
iii) 3 0.5-1.0 1.9-3.1 1.2-2.5 Super sulphated cement or 330 0.50
sulphate resisting Portland
cement
Portland pozzolana cement or 350 0.45
Portland slag cement
iv) 4 1.0-2.0 3.1-5.0 2.5-5.0 Super sulphated or sulphate 370 0.45
resisting Portland cement
v) 5 More than 2.0 More than 5.0 More than 5.0 Sulphate resisting Portland 400 0.40
cement or supersulphated
cement with protective coatings

NOTES
1 Cement content given in this table is irrespective of grades of cement. Suitable adjustment may be made in the minimum cement
content specified in case of use of aggregate other than 20 mm nominal maximum size.
2 Use of supersulphated cement is generally restricted where the prevailing temperature is above 40°C.
3 Supersulphated cement gives an acceptable life provided that the concrete is dense and prepared with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 or
less, in mineral acids, down to pH 3.5.
4 The cement contents given in col 6 of this table are the minimum recommended. For SO 3 contents near the upper limit of any class,
cement contents above these minimum are advised.
5 For severe conditions, such as thin sections under hydrostatic pressure on one side only and sections partly immersed,
considerations should be given to a further reduction of water-cement ratio.
6 Where chloride is encountered along with sulphates in soil or ground water, ordinary Portland cement with C3A content from 5
to 8 percent shall be desirable to be used in concrete, instead of sulphate resisting cement.

16
 IS 1343 : 2012

Table 4 Minimum Cement Content, Maximum

a) A high moisture level, within the concrete;
Water-Cement Ratio and Minimum Grade of
Concrete for Different Exposures with b) A cement with high alkali content, or
Normal Weight Aggregates of 20 mm another source of alkali; and
Nominal Maximum Size c) Aggregate containing an alkali reactive
(Clauses 8.2.4.1 and 9.1.2) constituent.
Sl Exposure Prestressed Concrete Where the service records of particular cement/
No. aggregate combination are well established, and do
Minimum Maximum Minimum not include any instances of cracking due to alkali-
Cement Content Free Water Grade of
kg/m3 Cement Ratio Concrete
aggregate reaction, no further precautions should be
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) necessary. When the materials are unfamiliar,
i) Mild 300 0.55 M 30 precautions should take one or more of the following
ii) Moderate 300 0.50 M 30 forms:
iii) Severe 320 0.45 M 30
iv) Very severe 340 0.45 M 35 a) Use of non-reactive aggregate from alternate
v) Extreme 360 0.40 M 40 sources.
NOTES b) Use of low alkali ordinary Portland cement
1 Cement content prescribed in this table is irrespective of the having total alkali content not more than
grades and types of cement and it is inclusive of additions 0.6 percent (as Na2O equivalent).
mentioned in 5.2. The additions such as fly ash or ground
granulated blast furnace slag may be taken into account in the Further advantage can be obtained by use of
concrete composition with respect to the cement content and fly ash conforming to IS 3812 (Part 1) or
water-cement ratio if the suitability is established and as long granulated blast furnace slag conforming
as the maximum amounts taken into account do not exceed
the limit of pozzolana and slag specified in IS 1489 (Part 1) IS 12089 as part replacement of ordinary
and IS 455 respectively. Portland cement (having total alkali content
2 The minimum cement content, maximum free water-cement as Na2O equivalent not more than 0.6
ratio and minimum grade of concrete are individually related percent), provided fly ash content is at least
to exposure.
20 percent or slag content is at least 50
percent.
Table 5 Adjustments to Minimum Cement
c) Measures to reduce the degree of saturation
Contents for Aggregates Other Than 20 mm
of the concrete during service such as use of
Nominal Maximum Size
impermeable membranes.
(Clause 8.2.4.1)
d) Limiting the cement content in the concrete
Sl Nominal Maximum Adjustments to Minimum mix and thereby limiting total alkali content
No. Aggregate Size Cement Contents in Table 4
mm kg/m3 in the concrete mix. For more guidance
(1) (2) (3) specialist literatures may be referred.
i) 10 + 40 8.2.6 Concrete in Aggressive Soils and Water
ii) 20 0
iii) 40 30 8.2.6.1 General
The destructive action of aggressive waters on
sulphate from these or other mix constituents can concrete is progressive. The rate of deterioration
cause expansion and disruption of concrete. To decreases as the concrete is made stronger and more
prevent this, the total water-soluble sulphate content impermeable, and increases as the salt content of the
of the concrete mix, expressed as SO3 should not water increases. Where structures are only partially
exceed 4 percent by mass of the cement in the mix. immersed or are in contact with aggressive soils or
The sulphate content should be calculated as the total waters on one side only, evaporation may cause
from the various constituents of the mix. serious concentrations of salts with subsequent
deterioration, even where the original salt content of
8.2.5.4 Alkali-aggregate reaction
the soil or water is not high.
Some aggregates containing particular varieties of silica
NOTE — Guidance regarding requirements for concrete
may be susceptible to attack by alkalis (Na2O and exposed to sulphate attack is given in 8.2.2.4.
K2O) originating from cement or other sources,
producing an expansive reaction which can cause 8.2.6.2 Drainage
cracking and disruption of concrete. Damage to At sites where alkali concentrations are high or may
concrete from this reaction will normally only occur become very high, the ground water should be
when all the following are present together: lowered by drainage so that it will not come into
direct contact with the concrete.
17
IS 1343 : 2012
Additional protection may be obtained by the use of
impermeable barriers.

18
 IS 1343 : 2012

8.2.7 Compaction, Finishing and Curing

a) Type of aggregate,
Adequate compaction without segregation should be b) Maximum cement content, and
ensured by providing suitable workability and by c) Whether an admixture shall or shall not be
employing appropriate placing and compacting used and the type of admixture and the
equipment and procedures. Full compaction is conditions of use.
particularly important in the vicinity of construction
and movement joints and of embedded water bars and 9.2 Design Mix Concrete
reinforcement.
9.2.1 As the guarantor of quality of concrete used in
Good finishing practices are essential for durable the construction, the constructor shall carry out the
concrete. mix design and the mix so designed (not the method
of design) shall be approved by the employer within
Overworking the surface and the addition of water/
the limitations of parameters and other stipulations
cement to aid in finishing should be avoided; the
laid down by this standard.
resulting laitance will have impaired strength and
durability and will be particularly vulnerable to 9.2.2 The mix shall be designed to produce the grade
freezing and thawing under wet conditions. of concrete having the required workability and a
characteristic strength not less than the appropriate
It is essential to use proper and adequate curing
values given in Table 1. The target mean strength of
techniques to reduce the permeability of the concrete
concrete mix should be equal to the characteristic
and enhance its durability by extending the hydration
strength plus 1.65 times the standard deviation.
of the cement, particularly in its surface zone (see
also provisions on curing under 14. 9.2.3 Mix design done earlier not prior to one year
may be considered adequate for later work provided
9 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING there is no change in source and the quality of the
materials.
9.1 Mix Proportion
9.2.4 Standard Deviation
The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure the
workability of the fresh concrete and when concrete The standard deviation for each grade of concrete
is hardened, it shall have the required strength, shall be calculated separately.
durability and surface finish.
9.2.4.1 Standard deviation based on test strength of
9.1.1 The determination of the proportions of cement, sample
aggregates and water to attain the required strengths
a) Number of test results of samples — The
shall be made by designing the concrete mix; such
total number of test strength of samples
concrete shall be called ‘Design mix concrete’.
required to constitute an acceptable
9.1.2 Information Required record for calculation of standard deviation
shall be not less than 30. Attempts should be
In specifying a particular grade of concrete, the
made to obtain the 30 samples, as early as
following information shall be included:
possible, when a mix is used for the first
a) Grade designation, time.
b) Type of cement, b) In case of significant changes in concrete —
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregates, When significant changes are made in the
d) Minimum cement content (for design mix production of concrete batches (for example,
concrete), changes in the materials used, mix design,
equipment or technical control), the standard
e) Maximum water-cement ratio, deviation value shall be separately
f) Workability, calculated for such batches of concrete.
g) Exposure conditions as per Tables 3 and 4, c) Standard deviation to be brought up to date
h) Maximum temperature of concrete at the — The calculation of the standard deviation
time of placing, shall be brought up to date after every
j) Method of placing, and change of mix design.
k) Degree of supervision. 9.2.4.2 Assumed standard deviation
9.1.2.1 In appropriate circumstances, the following Where sufficient test results for a particular grade of
additional information may be specified: concrete are not available, the value of standard
deviation shall be assumed to be 5.0 N/mm2 for
design of mix in the first instance. As soon as the
19
IS 1343 : 2012
results of

20
 IS 1343 : 2012

samples are available, actual calculated standard

c) record of site inspection of workmanship,
deviation shall be used and the mix designed properly.
field tests;
10 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE d) non-conformance reports, change orders;
e) quality control charts; and
10.1 Quality Assurance Measures
f) statistical analysis.
10.1.1 In order that the properties of the completed
NOTE — Quality control charts are recommended wherever
structure be consistent with the requirements and the the concrete is in continuous production over considerable
assumptions made during the planning and the period.
design, adequate quality assurance measures shall be
taken. The construction should result in satisfactory 10.2 Batching
strength, serviceability and long-term durability so as To avoid confusion and error in batching,
to lower the overall life-cycle cost. Quality assurance consideration should be given to using the smallest
in construction activity relates to proper design, use practical number of different concrete mixes on any
of adequate materials and components to be supplied site or in any one plant. In batching concrete, the
by the producers, proper workmanship in the quantity of both cement and aggregate shall be
execution of works by the contractor and ultimately determined by mass; admixture, if solid, by mass;
proper care during the use of structure including liquid admixture may however be measured in
timely maintenance and repair by the owner. volume or mass; water shall be weighed or measured
10.1.2 Quality assurance measures are both technical by volume in a calibrated tank (see also IS 4925).
and organizational. Some common cases should be For large and medium project sites the concrete shall
specified in a general Quality Assurance Plan which be sourced from readymixed concrete plants or from
shall identify the key elements necessary to provide on site or off site batching and mixing plants
fitness of the structure and the means by which they (see IS 4926).
are to be provided and measured with the overall
purpose to provide confidence that the realized 10.2.1 The grading of aggregate should be controlled
project will work satisfactorily in service fulfilling by obtaining the coarse aggregate in different sizes
intended needs. The job of quality control and quality and blending them in the right proportions, the
assurance would involve quality audit of both the different sizes being stocked in separate stock-piles.
inputs as well as the outputs. Inputs are in the form of The material should be stock-piled for several hours
materials for concrete; workmanship in all stages of preferably a day before use. The grading of coarse
batching, mixing, transportation, placing, compaction and fine aggregate should be checked as frequently as
and curing; and the related plant, machinery and possible, the frequency for a given job being
equipments; resulting in the output in the form of determined by the engineer-in-charge to ensure that
concrete in place. To ensure proper performance, it is the specified grading is maintained.
necessary that each step in concreting which will be 10.2.2 The accuracy of the measuring equipment
covered by the next step is inspected as the work shall be within ±2 percent of the quantity of cement
proceeds (see also 18). being measured and within ±3 percent of the quantity
10.1.3 Each party involved in the realization of a of aggregate, admixtures and water being measured.
project should establish and implement a Quality 10.2.3 Proportion/type and grading of aggregates
Assurance Plan, for its participation in the project. shall be made by trial in such a way so as to obtain
Supplier’s and sub-contractor’s activities shall be densest possible concrete.
covered in the plan. The individual Quality Assurance
Plans shall fit into the general Quality Assurance 10.2.4 It is important to maintain the water-cement
Plan. A Quality Assurance Plan shall define the ratio constant at its correct value. To this end,
tasks and responsibilities of all persons involved, determination of moisture content in both fine and
adequate control and checking procedures, and the coarse aggregates shall be made as frequently as
organization and maintaining adequate possible, the frequency for a given job being
documentation of the building process and its results. determined by the engineer-in- charge according to
Such documentation should generally include, weather conditions. The amount of the added water
shall be adjusted to compensate for any observed
a) test reports and manufacturer’s certificate variations in the moisture contents. For the
for materials, concrete mix design details; determination of moisture content in the aggregates, IS
b) pour cards for site organization and 2386 (Part 3) may be referred to. To allow for the
clearance for concrete placement; variation in mass of aggregate due to variation in
their moisture content, suitable adjustments in the

21
IS 1343 : 2012
masses of aggregates shall also be made.

22
 IS 1343 : 2012

10.2.5 No substitutions in materials used on the work

12.1.2 Arrangement and Positioning
or alterations in the established proportions, except as
permitted in 10.2.4 shall be made without additional 12.1.2.1 All prestressing steel shall be carefully and
tests to show that the quality and strength of concrete accurately located in the exact positions shown in the
are satisfactory. design drawings. The permissible tolerance in the
location of the prestressing tendon shall be ±5 mm.
10.3 Mixing Curves or bends in prestressing tendon required by
Concrete shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer (see the designer shall be gradual and the prestressing
also IS 1791 and IS 12119). The mixers shall be tendon shall not be forced around sharp bends
fitted with water measuring (metering) devices. The exceeding 1 in 6 both in plan and elevation or be
mixing shall be continued until there is a uniform formed in any manner which is likely to set up
distribution of the materials and the mass is uniform undesirable secondary stresses. The minimum radius
in colour and consistency. If there is segregation after of curvature for curved cables shall be specified to
unloading from the mixer, the concrete should be ensure that bursting of side cover both perpendicular
remixed. to the plane of curvature and in the plane of the ducts
do not take place.
10.3.1 As a guidance, the mixing time shall be at least
12.1.2.2 The relative position of prestressing steel in
2 min for conventional free fall mixers. For other
a cable shall be maintained by suitable means such as
types of more efficient mixers, manufacturers’
sufficiently rigid and adequately distributed spacers.
recommendations shall be followed.
12.1.2.3 The internal cross-sectional area of duct shall
10.3.2 Workability should be checked at frequent generally be 2.5 to 3 times the nominal area of
intervals (see IS 1199). prestressing tendons to ensure free flow of grout.
10.3.3 Dosages of retarders, plasticizers and 12.1.2.4 The method of fixing and supporting the
superplasticizers shall be restricted to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 steel in the mould or the formwork shall be such that
percent respectively by mass of cementitious it is not displaced during the placing or compaction
materials unless a higher value is agreed upon of the concrete or during tensioning of the steel.
between the manufacturer and the constructor
based on performance test. 12.1.2.5 The type of fixtures used for positioning the
steel shall be such that it does not give rise to friction
11 FORMWORK greater than that assumed in the design.
11.1 The provisions of 11 of IS 456 shall generally 12.1.3 Jointing
apply. In addition, 11.1.1 shall also apply.
12.1.3.1 Coupling units and other similar fixtures
11.1.1 Moulds for pre-tension work shall be used in conjunction with the prestressing steel shall
sufficiently strong and rigid to withstand, without have an ultimate tensile strength of not less than the
distortion, the effects of placing and compacting individual strengths of the wires or bars being joined.
concrete as well as those of prestressing in the case of
12.1.3.2 High tensile wire other than hard-drawn wire
manufacture by the individual mould process where
may be joined together by suitable means provided
the prestressing tendon is supported by the mould
the strength of such joints is not less than the
before transfer.
individual strengths of the wires being joined. Hard-
12 ASSEMBLY OF PRESTRESSING AND drawn wire used in prestressed concrete work shall be
REINFORCING STEEL continuous over the entire length of the tendon.
12.1.3.3 High tensile steel bars may be joined
12.1 Prestressing Steel together by means of couplings, provided the strength
12.1.1 Straightness of the coupling is such that in a test of destruction,
the bar shall fail before the coupling.
12.1.1.1 The wire or strand, as supplied, shall be self-
straightening when uncoiled. 12.1.3.4 Welding shall not be permitted in
prestressing steel.
12.1.1.2 In the case of high tensile alloy steel bars,
any straightening shall be carried out by mechanical 12.1.4 Cutting
means. Bars shall not be bent when their temperature 12.1.4.1 All cutting to length and trimming of the
is less than 10°C. ends of wires or strands shall be done by suitable
12.1.1.3 In no case heat shall be applied to facilitate mechanical cutters. Under factory conditions flame
straightening or bending of prestressing steel. cutting may be permitted.
23
IS 1343 : 2012

12.1.4.2 Bars shall preferably be ordered to the exact specifications, installation process, etc, specialist
length required. Any trimming required shall be done literature should be referred to.
only after the bar has been tensioned and the grout
has set; it shall then be carried out in accordance
with 12.1.4.1.
12.1.5 Protection of Prestressing Steel, Sheathing
and Anchorages
In all constructions of the post-tensioned type
whether prestressing is subsequently bonded or not
bonded with concrete, the anchorages, prestressing
steel sheathing material forming ducts in concrete and
anchorages shall be given adequate protection against
corrosion at all stages of construction and during
service life.
12.1.5.1 Construction with unbonded steel embedded
in concrete
For protection of sheathing material forming ducts,
the durability requirements shall be followed.
Furthermore, the internal surface of duct, prestressing
steel and anchorage shall be protected by following
methods in suitable combination depending upon
severity of environment and extent of layers of
protection considered desirable:
a) Coating of steel and duct by reactive metals
like zinc (Zn) or zinc plus aluminium (Zn +
Al) preferably applied by hot dipping
method.
b) Use of non-corroding sheath material like
high density polyethylene and fibre
reinforced plastic.
c) Coating of steel by non-reactive materials
like epoxy (factory applied).
d) Covering individual uncoated steel or coated
steel strands/wires in sheaths formed by
extrusion process in factory using non-
corroding material like HDPE or similar.
The space between sheathing and duct can be
filled with corrosion inhibiting materials like
grease and wax.
e) In case of large size prestressing units use of
protective and replaceable corrosion
inhibition material for grouting the ducts
such as grease, wax polyurethane foam,
wherein any corrosive trace elements are
controlled to remain within acceptable
limits. Systems for checking the efficacy of
the method during service life and provisions
for replacing/ making up loss of filler
material shall be incorporated.
f) External parts of anchorages and projecting
cables should be covered by suitable casing
and protected by suitable material and
method.
For selection of appropriate method, material
24
 IS 1343 : 2012
12.1.5.2 Construction with unbonded steel and
anchorages not embedded in concrete (external
prestressing elements)
The methods given in 12.1.5.1 shall be applicable
for this type of construction also. In addition, the
material, strength and environmental resistance of
the ducts forming external enclosure shall provide
adequate mechanical strength and stability against
environmental attack, including solar radiation. The
ducts should be strong enough to resist pressure
from the grouting operations.
12.1.5.3 Construction with post-tensioned bonded
prestressing steel
Internal prestressing sheathing material as well as
prestressing steel is protected by dense alkaline
concrete cover, which shall be of quality and
thickness as specified. The steel inside ducts is best
protected in long terms by cement grouts which are
properly executed following recommendations given
in 13. The protection by grouting can be further
augmented by use of methods given below:
a) Use of coated steel using Zn, Zn + Al or
epoxy.
b) Use of non-corroding impervious sheathing
material like HDPE is beneficial. However,
bond between sheathing and concrete and
sheathing and grout shall be adequate as
needed by design. This method is
particularly suitable in presence of
migrating water or variable drying/wetting
condition of concrete of severe external
penetration of corrosive agents.
External parts of anchorages and projecting cables
should be covered by suitable casing and protected
by suitable material and method.
12.1.5.4 Protection during construction period
a) The prestressing steel, sheathing and
anchorages shall be manufactured,
transported and stored at site in such a way
as to provide them with adequate corrosion
protection. Use of proper packaging and
provision of externally applied
passivating agents, oil films, etc, which is
carried over in factory itself is
recommended.
b) If prestressing steel/metallic sheathing
material is left unprotected at site or
embedded in concrete during construction
period longer than two weeks, it shall be
protected by flushing with oil-water
mixture (for example, cutting oil) with
periodic re- flushing at not more than three
months interval.
c) After stressing, the sheaths/steel shall be
25
IS 1343 : 2012

provided with permanent protection as soon 12.1.8 Grouped Cables

as possible, preferably within one week. While
12.1.8.1 Cables or ducts may be grouped together
providing protection by pressure grouting of
vertically in groups of not more than two.
cement, care should be taken that the
neighbouring cables are not penetrated by
grout. In case of doubt such cables shall be
grouted in immediate sequence before the
earlier grout could have set. If the earlier
stressed cables are not grouted to avoid this
problem, they should be protected by
periodic flushing by oil-water mixture as
given in (b).
12.1.6 Nominal Cover to Prestressing Steel
12.1.6.1 Nominal cover
Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover. It
is the dimension used in design and indicated in
drawings.
12.1.6.2 Nominal cover to meet the durability
requirements
12.1.6.2.1 Minimum values of the nominal cover
which should be provided in post-tensioned work
shall be the minimum clear cover from
sheathing/duct at least equal to the diameter of
sheathing/duct.
12.1.6.2.2 In pre-tensioned work, the cover of
concrete measured from the outside of the
prestressing tendon shall be as per Table 16 of IS
456.
12.1.6.3 Nominal cover to meet specified period of
fire resistance
Minimum values of nominal cover of normal-weight
aggregate concrete to be provided to all
reinforcement including links to meet specified
period of fire resistance shall be as given in Table
16A of IS 456.
12.1.7 Spacing
12.1.7.1 In the case of single wires used in pre-
tension system, the minimum clear spacing shall not
be less than the greater of the following:
a) 3 times diameter of wire, and
b) Nominal maximum size of aggregate plus
5 mm.
12.1.7.2 In the case of cables or large bars, the
minimum clear spacing (measured between
sheathings/ ducts, wherever used) shall not be less
than the largest of the following:
a) 40 mm,
b) Maximum size of cable or bar, and
c) Nominal maximum size of aggregate plus
5 mm.
26
 IS 1343 : 2012
12.1.8.2 The minimum clear horizontal spacing
between groups of cables or ducts of grouped cables
shall be greater of the following:
a) 40 mm, and
b) Nominal maximum size of aggregate
plus 5 mm.
The vertical distance between groups shall not be
less than 50 mm. In case there is possibility of
obstruction of flow of concrete or in case of severe
exposure condition, horizontal grouping should be
avoided.

12.2 Sheathing Ducts

The sheathing ducts shall be either of mild steel as
per B-1 or HDPE as per B-2. They shall be in as
long lengths as practical from handling and
transportation considerations without getting
damaged. They shall conform to the requirements
specified in B-3 and B-4 and a test certificate shall
be furnished by the manufacturer. The tests
specified in B-4 are to be performed as part of
additional acceptance tests for prestressing systems
employing corrugated HDPE sheathing ducts and are
not meant for routine site testing purposes.

12.3 Untensioned Steel

12.3.1 Provisions for assembly of reinforcement
given in IS 456 shall apply.
12.3.2 The requirements of cover and spacing
between bars shall conform to IS 456.

13 PRESTRESSING

13.1 Prestressing Equipment

13.1.1 Tensioning Apparatus
13.1.1.1 The requirements of 13.1.1 shall apply to
both the pre-tensioned and the post-tensioned
methods of prestressing concrete except where
specifically mentioned otherwise.
13.1.1.2 Prestressing steel may be tensioned by
means of hydraulic or mechanical jacks.
The tension apparatus shall be such that it facilitates
measurement and control of application of force.
The tensioning apparatus should be independently
supported so that it does not induce any undesirable
secondary stresses.
13.1.1.3 The anchorage provided for the temporary
gripping of tendons on the tensioning apparatus shall
be secure and such as not to damage the tendon.
13.1.1.4 Devices attached to the tensioning
apparatus for measuring the applied force shall be
such that they do not introduce errors exceeding 5
percent.
27
IS 1343 : 2012

13.1.2 Temporary Gripping Device

stages, re-stressing for adjustment of force
Prestressing tendons may be gripped by wedges, or for monitoring of force, if required, etc.
yokes, double cones or any other approved type of b) Calculated amount of tensile force and
gripping devices. The prestressing wires may be corresponding expected elongation of each
gripped singly or in groups. Gripping devices shall be tendon when methods described in (a) are
such that in a tensile test, the wire or wires fixed by followed.
them would break before failure of the grip itself. c) Minimum requirements of strength of
13.1.3 Releasing Device concrete at transfer (see also 16.2), stressing
sequence with respect to age of concrete or
The releasing device shall be so designed that during stage of construction, requirements with
the period between the tensioning and release, the respect to grouting operations of
tension in the prestressing elements is fully neighbouring tendons.
maintained by positive means, such as external
d) Method(s) of measuring force and elongation.
anchorages. The device shall enable the transfer of
prestress to be carried out gradually so as to avoid e) Tolerances/limits of variation from design
large difference of tension between wires in a tendon, requirements stated in (a) and (b) beyond
severe eccentricities of prestress or the sudden which reference should be made to the
application of stress to the concrete. designer (In the absence of any specified
provision provided by the designer, method
13.1.4 Anchorage Device described in 13.2.1.3 may be adopted for
13.1.4.1 The anchorage device may be patented or acceptance).
otherwise, which complies with the requirements laid f) Assumptions made in calculation of force-
down under 13.1.4.2 to 13.1.4.5. elongation relationship should be given.
These include effective ‘E’ value of tendon,
13.1.4.2 The anchoring device shall be strong enough cross- sectional area of tendon, co-efficient
to resist in all respects a force equal to at least the of friction and wobble factor between tendon
breaking strength of the prestressing tendon it and duct, assumed slip in anchoring devices,
anchors. if any, efficiency of prestressing jacks where
13.1.4.3 The anchorage shall transfer effectively and force is measured indirectly by pressure
distribute, as evenly as possible, the entire force from gauges on jacks, corrections to elongation
the prestressing tendon to the concrete without due to changes in gripping length
inducing undesirable secondary or local stresses. beyond anchorages during stressing and
any other relevant information.
13.1.4.4 The anchorage shall be safe and secure
against both dynamic and static loads as well as 13.2.1.2 Any slack in the prestressing tendon shall
against impact (see Annex C). first be taken up by applying a small initial tension.
The initial tension required to remove slackness shall
13.1.4.5 The anchorage shall have provision for the
be taken as the starting point for measuring
introduction of a suitable protective medium, such as
elongation. Further increase of tension shall be
cement grout, for the protection of the prestressing
carried out in suitable steps and corresponding
steel unless alternative arrangements are made.
elongations noted. The ‘force-elongation’ relationship
13.2 Procedure for Tensioning and Transfer shall be recorded in tabular and/or graphical form.
The magnitude of initial effective elongation
13.2.1 Stressing corresponding to initial tension applied to remove
13.2.1.1 The tensioning of prestressing tendons shall slackness shall be obtained from the recorded and
be carried out in a manner that will induce a smooth linearized portion of measured tension- elongation
and even rate of increase of stress in the tendons. The relationship and added to the measured elongation to
prestressing shall be controlled by measuring both the give the total elongation. Alternatively, the same
force applied to the tendon and the elongation of the correction can be carried out graphically as shown in
tendon. Fig. 1.
Stressing schedule shall be incorporated in the 13.2.1.3 In practice, the force and elongation of
design, which may include the following: tendon may not exactly match with the expected
values given in stressing schedule. In such cases
a) Details of equipment and procedure for
either the force (or the elongation) will be achieved
applying prestress, specification of one end
first and the other value lag behind. In such cases the
or simultaneous stressing from both ends of
force (or elongation) shall be further increased, but
tendons, stressing in single stage or multiple
not exceeding 5 percent of the design value till the
28
 IS 1343 : 2012
elongation (or force), which

29
IS 1343 : 2012

FIG. 1 DETERMINATION OF ACTUAL ELONGATION

had lagged behind reaches the design value. If, even determined from the calibration curve. Further,
after reaching 5 percent extra value of the force (or whenever there is a breakage of tendons, the
elongation), the other lagged quantity does not reach calibration shall be carried out before reuse of the
the design value, reference should be made to the gauges. The pressure gauges shall be accurate within
designer for review and corrective action. 2 percent of their full capacity.
13.2.1.4 When two or more prestressing wires or
13.2.2.3 In measuring the extension of prestressing
strands are to be tensioned simultaneously by the
steel, any slip which may occur in the gripping device
same tensioning apparatus, care shall be taken to
shall be taken into consideration.
ensure that all such tendons are of the same length
from grip to grip. 13.2.3 Breakage of Wires
13.2.1.5 The placement of tendons and the order of The breakage of wires in any one prestressed
stressing and grouting shall be so arranged that the concrete member shall not exceed 2.5 percent during
prestressing steel, when tensioned and grouted, does tensioning. If the breakages are more than 2.5 percent,
not adversely affect the adjoining ducts. it shall be examined and corrective actions taken.
Wire breakages after anchorage, irrespective of
13.2.2 Measurement of Prestressing Force
percentage, shall not be condoned without special
13.2.2.1 The force induced in the prestressing tendon investigations.
shall be determined by means of gauges attached to
the tensioning apparatus as well as by measuring the 13.2.4 Transfer of Prestressing Force
extension of the steel. It is essential that both methods 13.2.4.1 The transfer of the prestress shall be carried
are used jointly so that the inaccuracies to which each out gradually so as to avoid large differences of
is singly susceptible are minimized. Due allowance tension between wires in a tendon, severe
shall be made for the frictional losses in the eccentricities of prestressing force and the sudden
tensioning apparatus. application of stress to the concrete.
13.2.2.2 All dynamometers and pressure gauges 13.2.4.2 Where the total prestressing force in a
including master gauge shall be calibrated by an member is built up by successive transfers to the
approved laboratory immediately prior to use and force of a number of individual tendons on to the
then at intervals not exceeding 3 months and true concrete, account shall be taken of the effect of the
force successive prestressing.
30
 IS 1343 : 2012

13.2.4.3 In the long line and similar methods of a) All ducts should have grout opening at both
prestressing, when the transfer is made on several ends. For this purpose special openings should
moulds at a time, care shall be taken to ensure that
the prestressing force is evenly applied on all the
moulds, and that the transfer of prestress to the
concrete is uniform along the entire length of the
tension line.

13.3 Grouting
The purpose of grouting is to provide permanent
protection to the post-tensioned steel against
corrosion and to develop bond between the
prestressing steel and the surrounding structural
concrete. The grout ensures encasement of steel in an
alkaline environment for corrosion protection and by
filling the duct space, it prevents water collection and
freezing.
13.3.1 Materials
13.3.1.1 Water
Only clean potable water free from impurities
conforming to 5.4 shall be permitted. No sea or creek
water is to be permitted.
13.3.1.2 Cement
Cement used for preparation of grout shall be in
accordance with 5.1.
13.3.1.3 Sand
It is not recommended to use sand for grouting of
prestressing tendons. In case the internal diameter of
the ducts exceeds 150 mm, use of sand may be
considered. Sand, if used, shall conform to IS 383
and shall pass through IS Sieve No. 150. The mass of
sand in the grout shall not be more than 10 percent of
the mass of cement, unless proper workability can be
ensured by addition of suitable plasticizers.
13.3.1.4 Chemical admixtures
Chemical admixtures conforming to IS 9103 may be
used if tests have shown that their use improves the
properties of grout that is, increasing fluidity,
reducing bleeding, entraining air or expanding the
grout. Admixtures shall not contain chlorides,
nitrates, sulphides, sulphites or any other products
which are likely to damage the steel or grout. When an
expanding agent is used, the total unrestrained
expansion shall not exceed 10 percent. Aluminium
powder as an expanding agent is not recommended
for grouting because its long-term effects are not free
from doubt.
13.3.1.5 Sheathing
For requirements of sheathing, 12.2 shall be referred.
13.3.1.6 Grout openings or vents

31
IS 1343 : 2012
be provided where such openings are not pumped shall be 0.3 MPa
available at end anchorages. For draped
(curved) cables, crown points should have a
grout vent. For draped cables longer
than 50 m grout vents or drain holes may be
provided at or near the lowest points. It is a
good practice to provide additional air
vents at suitable intervals. All grout
openings or vents should include provisions
for preventing grout leakage.
b) Standard details of fixing couplers, inlets,
outlets and air vents to the duct/anchorage
shall be followed as recommended by the
supplier of the system of prestressing.
Ducts should be securely fastened at close intervals.
All unintended holes or openings in the duct shall be
repaired prior to concrete placing. The joints of the
couplers and the sheathing should be made water
proof by use of tape or similar suitable system
capable of giving leak proof joints. Grout openings
and vents shall be securely anchored to the duct and
to either the forms or to reinforcing steel to prevent
displacement during concreting operations due to
weight, buoyancy and vibrations.
Ducts require very careful handling as, being of thin
metal, they are susceptible to leakage due to
corrosion in transit or storage, or due to
tearing/ripping in handling particularly when
placed adjoining to reinforcing steel, by pulling
apart of joints while inserting tendons prior to
concreting, or by accidental puncturing while
drilling for form ties/inserts or by sparks from
welding being done close by. Care shall be taken to
avoid any damage by rough use of internal vibrator.
Such local damage shall be repaired using tape to
make it water tight to prevent ingress of slurry from
the fresh concrete.
13.3.2 Equipment
13.3.2.1 Grout colloidal mixer
It is essential that the grout is maintained in a
homogenous state and of uniform consistency by use
of suitable agitator so that there is no separation of
cement during entire grouting process. It is,
therefore necessary that the grout be continuously
mixed in a colloidal mixer with a minimum speed of
1 000 rpm and travel of discharge not exceeding 15
m/s.
13.3.2.2 Grout pump
The pump should be positive displacement type and
should be capable of injecting the grout in a
continuous operation and not by way of pulses. The
grout pump shall be fitted with a pressure gauge to
enable pressure of injection to be controlled. The
minimum pressure at which grout should be
32
 IS 1343 : 2012

and the grout pump shall have a relief arrangement Cubes shall
for bypass of the grout in case of built up of pressure
beyond 1.0 MPa. The capacity of the grout pump
should be such as to achieve a forward speed of grout
of around 5 to 10 m/min. The slower rates are
preferable as they reduce the possibility of occurrence
of voids. If the capacity of the pump is large, it is
usual to grout two or more cables simultaneously
through a common manifold.
Use of hand pumps for grouting is not recommended.
Use of compressed air operated equipment for
injection is prohibited as it is likely that there will be
some air entrapped in grout.
13.3.2.3 Water pump
Before commencement of grouting, a stand-by direct
feed high pressure water pump should be available at
site for an emergency.
In case of any problem in grouting the ducts, such
pump shall immediately be connected to the duct and
all grout flushed by use of high pressure water
flushing. It is, therefore, necessary to have adequate
storage of clean potable water for operation of the
water pump for such emergencies.
13.3.2.4 Grout screen
The grouting equipment should contain a screen
having a mesh size of IS Sieve No. 106 (IS Sieve No.
150, if sand is used). Prior to introduction into the
grout pump, the grout should be passed through such
screen. This screen should be easily accessible for
inspection and cleaning.
13.3.2.5 Connections and air vents
Standard details of fixing inlets, outlets, and air vents
to the sheathing and/or anchorage should be followed
as recommended by specialist supplier of the system
of prestressing. In general, all connections are to be
of the ‘Quick couple’ type and at change of diameters
suitable reducers are to be provided.
13.3.3 Properties of the Grout
Water-cement ratio should be as low as possible,
consistent with workability. This ratio should not
normally exceed 0.45.
The temperature of the grout after accounting for the
ambient temperature of the structure shall not exceed
25 °C.
Before grouting, the properties of the grout mix
should be tested in a laboratory depending on the
facilities available. Tests should be conducted for
each job periodically. The recommended test is
described below.
The compressive strength of 100 mm cubes of the
grout shall be not less than 27 MPa at 28 days.
33
IS 1343 : 2012
be cured in a moist atmosphere for the first 24 h and with oil free compressed air.
subsequently in water. These tests shall be
conducted in advance to ascertain the suitability of
the grout mix.
Chlorides from all sources, that is, cement, water,
sand, fillers and admixture should not exceed 0.1
percent by mass of the cement.
13.3.4 Mixing of Grout
Proportions of materials should be based on field
trials made on the grout before commencement of
grouting, but subject to the limits specified above.
The materials should be measured by mass.
Water should be added to the mixer first, following
by cement, and sand, if used. Admixture, if any,
may be added as recommended by the manufacturer.
Mixing time depends upon the type of the mixer but
will normally be between 2 and 3 min. However,
mixing should be for such a duration as to obtain
uniform and thoroughly blended grout, without
excessive temperature increase or loss of expansive
properties of the admixtures. The grout should be
continuously agitated until it is injected. Once
mixed, no water shall be added to the grout to
increase its fluidity. Hand mixing is not permitted.

13.4 Grouting Operations

13.4.1 General
a) Grouting shall be carried out as early as
possible but not later than 2 weeks of
stressing a tendon. Whenever this
stipulation cannot be complied with for
unavoidable reasons, adequate temporary
protection of the steel against corrosion by
methods or products which will not impair
the ultimate adherence of the injected grout
should be ensured till grouting. The sealing
of the anchorage ends after concreting is
considered to be a good practice to prevent
ingress of water. For structures in
aggressive environment, sealing of the
anchorage ends is mandatory.
b) Any traces of oil if applied to steel for
preventing corrosion should be removed
before grouting operation.
c) Ducts shall be flushed with water for
cleaning as well as for wetting the surfaces
of the duct walls. Water used for flushing
should be of same quality as used for
grouting. It may, however, contain about 1
percent of slaked lime or quick lime. All
water should be drained through the lowest
drain pipe or by blowing compressed air
through the duct.
d) The water in the duct should be blown out
34
 IS 1343 : 2012

As blowing out water from duct for cables

other end. The grout may be allowed to flow
longer than 50 m draped up at both ends by
freely from the other end until the
compressed air is not effective, outlet/vent
consistency of the grout at this end is the
provided at or near the lowest point shall be
same as that of the grout at the injection end.
used to drain out water from duct.
When the grout flows at the other end, it
e) The connection between the nozzle of the should be closed off and build up of pressure
injection pipe and duct should be such that commenced. Full injection pressure at about
air cannot be sucked in. 0.5 MPa shall be maintained for at least 1
f) All outlet points including vent openings min before closing the injection pipe. It is a
should be kept open prior to commencement recommended practice to provide a stand
of injection grout. pipe at the highest point of the tendon profile
g) Before grouting, all air in the pump and hose to hold all water displaced by sedimentation
should be expelled. The suction circuit of or bleeding. If there is a build up of pressure
the pump should be air-tight. much in excess of 1.0 MPa without flow of
grout coming at the other end, the grouting
13.4.2 Injection of Grout operation shall be discontinued and the
a) After mixing, the grout shall be kept in entire duct flushed with high pressure water.
continuous movement. Also, the bypass system indicated in
b) Injection of grout be continuous and should 13.3.2.2 is essential for further safety.
not be interrupted. f) In the case of cables draped downwards for
c) For vertical cable or cables inclined more example, in cantilever construction
than 60° to the horizontal, injection shall be simultaneous injection from both ends may
effected from the lowest anchorage or vent of be adopted (see Fig. 2).
the duct. g) Grout not used within 30 min of mixing
d) The method of injection shall ensure should be rejected.
complete filling of the ducts. To verify this, h) Disconnection is facilitated if a short length
it is advisable to compare the volume of the of flexible tube connects the duct and injection
space to be filled by the injected grout with pipe. This may be squeezed and cut off after
the quantity or grout actually injected. the grout has hardened.
e) Grouting should be commenced initially 13.4.3 Precautions and Recommendations for
with a low pressure of injection of up to 0.3 Effective Grouting
MPa increasing it until the grout comes out
at the a) In cold and frosty weather, injection should be

Stage 1—Blow Through with Compressed Air.

2A

Stage 2—Fill Duct with Water 2B

FIG. 2 PROCEDURE FOR GROUTING OF CABLES DRAPED DOWNWARDS (Continued)

35
IS 1343 : 2012

Stage 3—Commence Grouting Simultaneously from Both Ends.

Remove Intermediate Plugs at Intervals to Check Flow.
2C

Stage 4—Plug Intermediate Vents After Grout Flows.

2D

Stage 5—When Water Flowing Out of Top Vent Takes on Colour of Cement, Stop Pumping.
Grout from One End Continue Grounting from the Other End.
2E

Stage 6—If Grout Begins to Flow from Top Vent, Stop Pumping and Restart from Other End.
If Clear Water Flows from Top Vent Continue Grouting.
2F

FIG. 2 PROCEDURE FOR GROUTING OF CABLES DRAPED DOWNWARDS (Continued)

36
 IS 1343 : 2012

Stage 7—When Pumping from Both Ends in Turn Causes Grout to Flow from Top Vent.
2G

Stage 8—Plug All Vents and Increase Pump Pressure at Both Ends to 0.5 MPa.
Hold this Pressure for Atleast One Minute.
2H
FIG. 2 PROCEDURE FOR GROUTING OF CABLES DRAPED DOWNWARDS

postponed unless special precautions are hammering

taken. If frost is likely to occur within 48 h
after injection, heat shall be applied to the
member and maintained for at least 48 h
after injection so that the temperature of the
grout does not fall below 5°C. Prior to
commencement of grout, care shall be taken
to ensure that the duct is completely free of
frost/ice by flushing with warm water but not
with steam.
b) When the ambient temperature during the
day is likely to exceed 40°C, grouting should
be done in the early morning or late evening
hours.
c) When the cables are threaded after
concreting, the duct shall be temporarily
protected during concreting by inserting a
stiff rod or a rigid PVC pipe or any other
suitable method.
d) During concreting, care shall be taken to
ensure that the sheathing is not damaged.
Needle vibrators shall be used with extreme
care by well experienced staff only, to
ensure the above requirements.
e) It is a good practice to move the cables in
both directions during the concreting
operations. This can easily be done by light
37
IS 1343 : 2012
the ends of the wires/strands during
concreting. It is also advisable that 3 h to 4
h after concreting, the cable should be
moved both ways through a distance of
about 200 mm. With such movement, any
leakage of mortar which has taken place in
spite of all precautions loses bond with the
cables, thus reducing the chance of
blockages. This operation can also be
done by fixing prestressing jacks at one
end pulling the entire cable and then
repeating the operation by fixing the jack at
the other end.
f) The cables to be grouted should be
separated by as much distance as possible.
g) In case of stage prestressing, cables
tensioned in the first stage should not
remain ungrouted till all cables are stressed.
It is a good practice, while grouting any
duct in stage prestressing, to keep all the
remaining ducts filled up with water
containing 1 percent lime or by running
water through such ducts till the grout has
set. After grouting the particular cable, the
water in the other cables should be drained
and removed with compressed air to
prevent corrosion.

38
 IS 1343 : 2012

h) Care should be taken to avoid leaks from

15 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS
one duct to another at joints of precast
members. 15.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions
j) End faces where anchorages are located are
vulnerable points of entry of water. They During hot or cold weather, the concreting should be
have to be necessarily protected with an done as per the procedure set out in IS 7861 (Parts 1
effective barrier. Recesses should be packed and 2).
with mortar concrete and should preferably
16 SAMPLING AND STRENGTH TEST OF
be painted with water proof paint.
CONCRETE MIX
k) After grouting is completed, the projecting
portion of the vents should be cut off and the 16.1 The provisions given in 15.1 to 15.4 of IS 456
face protected to prevent corrosion. shall apply.
Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken as
14 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTING
per IS 1199 and cubes shall be made, cured and tested
AND CURING
at 28 days in accordance with IS 516.
14.1 Provisions given in IS 456 shall apply. In
16.2 In addition to the tests required as per IS 456,
addition, the provisions given in 14.1.1 and 14.1.2
additional cube tests should be conducted at
shall also apply.
appropriate intervals to ensure that the concrete
14.1.1 Jointing of Butted Assemblies strength in the member at transfer conforms to the
design requirements.
14.1.2 The joints of butted assemblies shall be made
of either cement grout or cement mortar or concrete. 17 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Cement grouting shall be used for joints up to 12 mm
The provisions of IS 456 shall apply.
thick. For joints thicker than 12 mm and up to 75
mm, cement mortar shall be used. The mortar which 18 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES
may be made of one part cement and one-and-a-half
parts sand shall be of a dry consistency and shall be The provision of IS 456 shall apply, except for the
packed hard in layers so that it rings true. Where following:
joints exceeding 75 mm are encountered, the joint a) The test load specified in 17.6.2 of IS 456
shall be made up of concrete. Use of epoxy may be shall be limited to full dead load of the
permitted with the approval of engineer-in-charge. structure plus design imposed load.
14.1.2.1 The stressing operations may be carried out b) For Type 1 and Type 2 structures (see
in case of mortar joints immediately after placing the 20.3.2), if within 24 h of removal of the
mortar but the stress in the mortar shall not exceed imposed load, the structure does not
7.0 N/mm2. In the case of grouted joints and concrete recover at least 85 percent of the
joints, the allowable stress in the first 24 h after deflection under superimposed load, the
placing of the grout or concrete in the joint shall test may be repeated after a lapse of 72 h. If
approximate as closely as possible to the strength of the recovery is less than 90 percent, the
the grout or concrete used. structure shall be deemed to be
unacceptable.
14.1.2.3 The holes for the prestressing tendons shall c) For Type 3 structures (see 20.3.2), if within
be accurately located and shall be in true alignment 24 h of the imposed load, the structure does
when the units are put together. not recover at least 75 percent of the
14.1.2.4 Full tensioning shall not be carried out until deflection under superimposed load, the test
the strength of the concrete or mortar in the joint has may be repeated after a lapse of 72 h. If the
reached twice the stress at transfer. recovery is less than 80 percent, the
structure shall be deemed to be
unacceptable.

39
IS 1343 : 2012

SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

19 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS such ducts placed at an angle have been

19.1 General grouted prior to stressing of tendons,
50 percent of area of such ducts can be
The general design requirements for design of considered as effectively available.
prestressed concrete structures shall be as per 18 to
19.4 Instability During Erection
24 of Section 3 of IS 456 except as modified and
supplemented in 19.2 to 19.6.5. In evaluating the slenderness effects during lifting of
slender members, the following factors require
19.2 Effects of Prestress consideration:
The effects of prestress shall also be taken into a) Member geometry,
account in assessing loads and forces.
b) Location of lifting points,
19.3 Deductions for Prestressing Tendons c) Method of lifting, and
d) Tolerances in construction.
The deductions for prestressing tendons as in 19.3.1
shall be considered for the determination of area, All beams, which are lifted on vertical or inclined
centroid and moment of inertia of the cross-section. slings, shall be checked for lateral stability and lateral
moment on account of tilting of beam due to
19.3.1 In calculating area, centroid and moment of
inaccuracies in location of lifting points, and due to
inertia of a cross-section, deduction (or addition in
the lateral bow.
case of transformed area of tendons) for prestressing
tendons shall be made as follows: For calculating the factor of safety against lateral
a) In the case of pre-tensioned members, where instability (i) references may be made to specialist
literature; the factor shall not be less than two.
the prestressing tendons are single wires
distributed on the cross-section or strands of For determining the lateral moment due to tilting,
wires of relatively small cross-sectional realistic values which are not likely to be exceeded in
area, allowance for the prestressing tendons practice shall be assumed for the eccentricity of
need not be made. Where allowance is lifting points and the lateral bow. The maximum
made, it shall be on the basis of (m – 1) tensile stress for i/(i – 1) times the lateral moment
times the area of the prestressing tendons, m due to tilting shall not exceed 1.5 N/mm2.
being the modular ratio.
b) In the case of post-tensioned members, 19.5 Prestressing Requirements
deductions shall invariably be made for 19.5.1 Maximum Initial Prestress
prestressing tendons, cable ducts or sheaths
and such other openings whether they are At the time of initial tensioning, the maximum tensile
formed longitudinally or transversally. stress, fpi immediately behind the anchorages shall not
These deductions need not, however, be exceed 76 percent of the ultimate tensile strength, fpu
made for determining the effect of loads of the wire or bar or strand.
applied after the ducts, sheaths or openings 19.5.2 Losses in Prestress
have been grouted or filled with concrete.
Where such deductions are not made, a While assessing the stresses in concrete and steel during
transformed area equivalent to (m – 1) times tensioning operations and later in service, due regard
the area of the prestressing tendon shall shall be paid to all losses and variations in stress from
be taken in calculation, m being the creep of concrete, shrinkage of concrete, relaxation of
modular ratio. steel, the shortening (elastic deformation) of concrete
NOTE — m shall be calculated as E s/E c; for values of
at transfer, and friction and slip of anchorage. Unless
Es and Ec, see 5.6.1.2.1 and 6.2.3.1 respectively. otherwise determined by actual tests, allowance for
Wherever necessary, creep effects shall also be taken these losses shall be made in accordance with the
into consideration.
values specified under 19.5.2.1 to 19.5.2.6.
c) In case of multi-directional prestressing, loss
of area due to presence of ungrouted ducts/ 19.5.2.1 Loss of prestress due to creep of concrete
sheaths placed at an angle to the prestressing The loss of prestress due to creep of concrete under
tendons under consideration may be made at load shall be determined for all the permanently
full area (100 percent) of such ducts. In case, applied loads including the prestress.

40
 IS 1343 : 2012

The creep loss due to live load stresses, erection

19.5.2.4 Loss of prestress due to elastic shortening of
stresses and other stresses of short duration may be
concrete
ignored. The loss of prestress due to creep of concrete
is obtained as the product of the modulus of elasticity This type of loss occurs when the prestressing
of the prestressing steel and the ultimate creep strain tendons upon release from tensioning devices cause
of the concrete fibre integrated along the line of the concrete to be compressed. This loss is
centre of gravity of the prestressing tendon at the proportional to the modular ratio and initial stress in
section at which creep loss is being calculated for the concrete and shall be calculated as below,
bonded tendons. In case of unbonded tendons, the assuming that the tendons are located at their
creep loss is a product of modulus of elasticity of centroid:
prestressing steel and creep strain calculated by
integrating and averaging creep stress along the line a) For pretensioning, the loss of prestress in the
of centre of gravity between the anchorage points. tendons at transfer shall be calculated on a
modular ratio basis using the stress in the
The total creep strain during any specific period shall adjacent concrete.
be assumed for all practical purposes, to be the creep b) For members with post-tensioned tendons
strain due to sustained stress equal to the average of which are not stressed simultaneously, there
the stresses at the beginning and end of the period. is a progressive loss of prestress during
transfer due to the gradual application of the
19.5.2.2 Loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete
prestressing forces. This loss of prestress
The loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete should be calculated on the basis of half the
shall be the product of the modulus of elasticity of product of the stress in the concrete adjacent
prestressing steel and the shrinkage strain of concrete to the tendons averaged along their lengths
calculated as per 6.2.4. and the modular ratio. Alternatively, the loss
of prestress may be exactly computed based
19.5.2.3 Loss of prestress due to relaxation of steel on the sequence of tensioning.
The relaxation losses in prestressing steels vary with 19.5.2.5 Loss of prestress due to slip in anchorage
type of steel, initial prestress, age and temperature
and, therefore, shall be determined from experiments. Any loss of prestress which may occur due to slip of
When experimental values are not available, the wires during anchoring or due to the strain of
relaxation losses may be assumed as given in Table 6. anchorage shall be allowed for in the design.
19.5.2.6 Loss of prestress due to friction
Table 6 Relaxation Losses for Prestressing Steel
at 1 000 h at 20 ± 2°C The design shall take into consideration all losses in
prestress that may occur during tensioning due to
friction between the prestressing tendons and the
surrounding
Sl No. concrete or any fixture attached to the steel or concrete.
Initial Stress Relaxation Loss, Percent
For straight or moderately curved structures, with
Normal Relaxation Low Relaxation
(1) (2) (3) (4) curved or straight cables, the value of prestressing
force Px at a distance x metres from tensioning end
i) 0.5 fp 0 0
ii) 0.6 fp 3.0 1.0 and acting in the direction of the tangent to the curve
iii) 0.7 fp 5.0 2.5 of the cable, shall be calculated as below:
iv) 0.8 fp 8.0 4.5

NOTE — fp is the characteristic strength of prestressing steel.

Px = P0 e(µ  + kx)
applied for a short time prior to the anchoring of the
tendon.
For long-term relaxation losses, the values of
relaxation losses given in Table 6 may be multiplied
by 3.
For tendons at higher temperatures or subjected to
large lateral loads, greater relaxation losses as
specified by the engineer-in-charge shall be allowed
for. No reduction in the value of the relaxation losses
should be made for a tendon with a load equal to or
greater than the relevant jacking force that has been
41
IS 1343 : 2012
where
P0 = prestressing force in the prestressed steel at
the tensioning end acting in the direction
of the tangent to the force of the cable,
 = cumulative angle in radians through which
the tangent to the cable profile has turned
between any two points under
consideration,
µ = coefficient of friction in curve, and
k = coefficient for wave effect.
The value of µ and k given below may be adopted for
calculating the friction losses:

42
 IS 1343 : 2012

Type of High
Tensile Steel Type of Duct or Values 19.6.2 End Zone in Post-tensioned Members
Sheath Recommended 19.6.2.1 Bearing stress
to be Used in
Design a) On the areas immediately behind external
anchorages, the permissible unit bearing
stress
k per µ on the concrete, after accounting for losses
metre due to relaxation of steel, elastic shortening
(1) (2) (3) (4) and seating of anchorages, shall not exceed

Bright metals 0.009 1 0.25 Abr

Wire cables Galvanized 0.004 6 0.20 0.48 fci A
pun
Lead coated 0.004 6 0.18
Bright metals 0.004 6 0.25 from tests carried out under the most unfavourable
Uncoated stress Galvanized 0.003 0 0.20 conditions.
relieved strand Lead coated 0.003 0 0.18
Corrugated HDPE 0.002 0 0.17

19.6 Considerations Affecting Design Details

19.6.1 Transmission Zone in Pre-tensioned Members
19.6.1.1 Transmission length
The considerations affecting the transmission length
shall be the following:
a) The transmission length depends on a
number of variables, the most important
being the strength of concrete at transfer, the
size and type of tendon, the surface
deformations of the tendon. The
transmission length of the tendon towards
the top of a unit is usually greater than that
at the bottom.
b) The following values may be used, provided
the concrete is well-compacted and detailing
is as per the relevant provisions of this
standard, and its strength at transfer is not
less than 35 N/mm2 and the tendon is
released gradually:
1) For plain and indented wire 100 × 
2) For crimped wires 65 × 
3) Strands 30 × 
c) The development of stress in the tendon may
be assumed to vary parabolically along the
length of the member.
d) For general guidance, it is recommended
that one-half of the transmission length shall
overhang the support in a simply supported
beam. Where there is end-fixing, the whole
of the transmission length shall overhang.
NOTES
1  is the diameter of the tendon.
2 The transmission length may vary depending on the
site conditions and therefore should be determined

43
IS 1343 : 2012
or 0.8 fck whichever is smaller, where fci is
the cube strength at transfer, Abr is the
bearing area and Apun is the punching area.
b) During tensioning, the allowable bearing
stress specified in (a) may be increased by
25 percent, provided that this temporary
value not exceed fci.
c) The effective punching area shall generally
be the contact area of the anchorage
devices which, if circular in shape, shall be
replaced by a square of equivalent area.
The bearing area shall be the maximum area
of that portion of the member which is
geometrically similar and concentric to the
effective punching area.
d) Where a number of anchorages are used,
the bearing area Abr shall not overlap. Where
there is already a compressive stress
prevailing over the bearing area, as in the
case of anchorage placed in the body of a
structure, the total stress shall not exceed
the limiting values specified in (a), (b) and
(e). For stage stressing of cables, the
adjacent unstressed anchorages shall be
neglected when determining the bearing
area.
e) The bearing stress specified in (a) and (b)
for permanent and temporary bearing stress
may be increased suitably if adequate
hoop reinforcement complying with
manufacturer’s recommendations is
provided at the anchorages.
f) When the anchorages are embedded in
concrete, the bearing stress shall be
investigated after accounting for the surface
friction between the anchorage and the
concrete. The reinforcement details,
concrete strength, cover and other
dimensions shall conform to manufacturer’s
specifications/ specialist literature.
19.6.2.2 Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end
blocks, or regions of bonded post-tensioned
members, should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon

44
 IS 1343 : 2012

jacking load. For unbonded members, the

blocks where the anchorage or bearing
bursting tensile forces should be assessed on
plates are highly eccentric; these reach a
the basis of the tendon jacking load or the
maximum at the loaded face.
load in the tendon at the limit state of
collapse, whichever is greater (see Annex 19.6.3 Detailing of Reinforcement (Untensioned) in
D). Prestressed Concrete
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an 19.6.3.1 The detailing of reinforcement in prestressed
individual square end block loaded by a concrete shall generally conform to the requirements
symmetrically placed square anchorage or given in relevant clauses of IS 456. In addition, the
bearing plate, may be derived from the requirements of 19.6.3.2 and 19.6.3.3 shall be
equation below: satisfied.
Fbst yp0
 0.32  0.3 19.6.3.2 Transverse reinforcement
P0 y0
a) The amount and spacing of transverse
where reinforcement shall be governed by shear
and
Fbst = bursting tensile force, torsion considerations. It is, however,
desirable to provide transverse reinforcement
P0 = load in the tendon assessed as e) Consideration should also be given to the
above, spalling tensile stresses that occur in end
yp0 = side of loaded area, and
y0 = side of end block.
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region
extending from 0.1 y0 to y0 from the loaded
face of the end block. Reinforcement
provided to sustain the bursting tensile force
may be assumed to be acting at its design
strength (0.87 times characteristic
strength of reinforcement) except that the
stress should be limited to a value
corresponding to a strain
of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting
tensile forces in the two principal directions
should be assessed on the basis of 19.6.2.2.
When circular anchorage or bearing plates
are used, the side of the equivalent square
area should be used. Where groups of
anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end
blocks should be divided into a series of
symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism
treated in the above manner. For designing
end blocks having a cross-section different
in shape from that of the general cross-
section of the beam, reference should be
made to specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b)
and (c) will generally ensure that bursting
tensile forces along the load axis are
provided for. Alternative methods of design
which make allowance for the tensile
strength of the concrete may be used, in
which case reference should be made to
specialist literature.
45
IS 1343 : 2012
in the web when the web is thin and
cables are located in the web.
b) In the case of all members subjected to
dynamic loading, webs shall be provided
with transverse reinforcement, not
less than
0.3 percent of the sectional area of the
web in plan. This percentage of
reinforcement may be reduced to 0.2
percent in members where the depth of
the web is not more than four times the
thickness of the web. These values may
be reduced to 0.2 and 0.15 percent
respectively when high strength
reinforcement is used.
c) In case of members not subjected to
dynamic loading, reinforcement shall be
provided when the depth of the web is
more than 4 times the thickness. Such
reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1
percent of the sectional area of the web
in plan. The reinforcement shall be
spaced at a distance not greater than the
clear depth of the web and the size of
such reinforcement shall be as small as
possible.
d) Reinforcement in the form of links or
helix shall be provided perpendicular to
the line of heavy compression or shock
loading to resist the induced tensile
stresses.
19.6.3.3 Longitudinal reinforcement
a) A minimum longitudinal reinforcement
of
0.2 percent of the total concrete area
shall be provided in all cases except in
the case of pretensioned units of small
sections. This reinforcement may be
reduced to 0.15 percent in the case of
high yield strength deformed
reinforcement. The percentage of
steel provided, both tensioned and
untensioned taken together, should be
sufficient so that when the concrete in
the precompressed

46
 IS 1343 : 2012

tensile zone cracks, the steel is in a position

19.6.4 Continuity
to take up the additional tensile stress
transferred on to it by the cracking of the In the design of continuous prestressed concrete
adjacent fibres of concrete and a sudden structures, due consideration shall be given to the
failure is avoided. effects of the support restraints on both the external
b) When the depth of the web exceeds 500 mm, moment and the moment due to prestressing.
longitudinal distribution reinforcement not
19.6.5 Butted Assembly
less than 0.05 percent of the area of the web
shall be provided on each face. The spacing Where a butted assembly is used, or where like
of the individual bars of such reinforcement conditions of abuttal are employed, proper provision
shall not exceed 200 mm. shall be made to transfer all shear stresses. Wherever
c) All untensioned longitudinal reinforcement the shear stresses exceed the limits specified
shall be restrained in the lateral direction. under 23.4, this provision shall include keying of all
abutting faces.

47
IS 1343 : 2012

SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: LIMIT STATE METHOD

20 SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY

requirements of the structure or finishes or partitions.
REQUIREMENTS
The deflection shall generally be limited to the
20.1 Limit State Design following:

The structural design shall be based on limit state a) The final deflection, due to all loads
concepts. In this method of design, the structure shall including the effects of temperature,
be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act creep and shrinkage and measured from the
on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs
serviceability requirements, such as limitations on and all other horizontal members, should not
deflection, cracking and maximum compression. The normally exceed span/250.
acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability b) The deflection including the effects of
requirements before failure occurs is called a ‘Limit temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring
State’. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable after erection of partitions and the
probabilities that the structure will not become unfit application of finishes should not normally
for the use for which it is intended, that is, it will not exceed span/ 350 or 20 mm whichever is
reach a limit state. less.
20.1.1 All relevant limit states shall be considered in c) If finishes are to be applied to prestressed
design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and concrete members, the total upward
serviceability. In general, the structure shall be deflection should not exceed span/300,
designed on the basis of the most critical limit state unless uniformity of camber between
and shall be checked for other limit states. adjacent units can be ensured.

20.1.2 For ensuring the specified objective, the design 20.3.2 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking
should be based on characteristic values for material
Cracking of concrete shall not affect the appearance
strengths and applied loads, which take into account
or durability of the structure. The criteria of limit
the variations in the material strengths and in the
state of cracking for the three types of prestressed
loads to be supported. The characteristic values
concrete members shall be as follows:
should be based on statistical data if available; where
such data are not available, they should be based on a) For Type 1, no tensile stress.
experience. The ‘design values’ are derived from the b) For Type 2, tensile stresses are allowed but
characteristic value through the use of partial safety no visible cracking.
factors, one for material strengths and the other for c) For Type 3, cracking is allowed, but should
loads. In the absence of special considerations, these not affect the appearance or durability of the
factors should have the values given in 21.4 structure; the acceptable limits of cracking
according to the material, the type of loading and the would vary with the type of structure and
limit state being considered. environment and will vary between wide
limits and the prediction of absolute
20.2 Limit State of Collapse
maximum width is not possible.
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of NOTE — For design of type 3 members, as a guide, the
the structure could be assessed from rupture of one or following may be regarded as reasonable limits. The
more critical sections and from buckling due to surface width of cracks should not, in general, exceed
elastic or plastic instability (including the effects of 0.1 mm for members exposed to a particularly
aggressive environment such as the ‘severe’ category
sway where appropriate) or overturning. The and not exceeding 0.2 mm for all other members.
resistance to bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at
every section shall not be less than appropriate value 20.3.3 The flexural tensile stress at any section of the
at that section produced by the probable most structure, both at transfer and under the most
unfavourable combination of loads on the structure unfavourable combination of design loads, shall satisfy
using the appropriate partial safety factors. the criteria for the corresponding type of structure.

20.3 Limit States of Serviceability 20.3.4 Limit State of Serviceability; Maximum

Compression
20.3.1 Limit State of Serviceability Deflection
The compressive stresses both at transfer and under
The deflection of a structure or part thereof shall not design loads shall be limited to the values given in
adversely affect the appearance or functional 24.3 for all types of structures.
48
 IS 1343 : 2012

20.3.5 Other Limit States

state are of a serious nature such as huge loss of life
Additional limit states such as limiting vibrations for and disruption of the economy, higher values for m
human comforts shall be complied with to meet the and f than those given under 21.4.1 and 21.4.2 may
functional requirements of such structures as may be be applied.
applicable.
21.4 Partial Safety Factors
21 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES
AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 21.4.1 Partial Safety Factor m for Material Strength
21.4.1.1 When assessing the strength of a structure or
21.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials
structural member for the limit state of collapse, the
The term ‘characteristic strength’ means that value of values of partial safety factor m should be taken as
the strength of the material below which not more 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall. NOTE — m values are already incorporated in the equations
The characteristic strength for concrete shall be in and tables given in this standard.
accordance with Table 1. The characteristic strength
shall be assumed for prestressing steel and the 21.4.1.2 When assessing the deflection, the material
characteristic strength for reinforcing steel shall be properties such as modulus of elasticity of concrete
assumed as minimum yield/0.2 percent proof stress. should be taken as those associated with the
characteristic strength of the material and safety
21.2 Characteristic Loads factor shall not be applied.
The term ‘characteristic load’ means that value of 21.4.2 Partial Safety Factor f for Loads
load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
The value of f is given in Table 7 shall normally be
exceeded during the life of the structure. Since data
used.
are not available to express loads in statistical terms,
for the purpose of this standard, the dead load given 22 ANALYSIS
in IS 875 (Part 1), imposed load given in IS 875 (Part
2), wind load given in IS 875 (Part 3) and snow load 22.1 Analysis of Structure
given in IS 875 (Part 4) and seismic forces given in
IS 1893 shall be assumed as the characteristic loads. Methods of analysis as in IS 456 shall be used. The
material strength to be assumed shall be characteristic
21.3 Design Values values in the determination of elastic properties of
members, irrespective of the limit state being
21.3.1 Materials considered. Redistribution of the calculated moments
The design strength of the materials, fd is given by may be made as given in 22.1.1.

fm 22.1.1 Redistribution of Moments in Continuous

fd  Beams and Frames
m
where The redistribution of moments may be carried out
satisfying the following conditions:
fm = characteristic strength of the material (see
21.1), and a) Equilibrium between the internal forces and
m = partial safety factor appropriate to the the external loads is maintained.
material and the limit state being b) The ultimate moment of resistance provided
considered (see 21.4). at any section of a member is not less than
21.3.2 Loads 80 percent of the moment at that section
obtained from an elastic maximum moment
The design load, Fd is given by diagram covering all appropriate combinations
Fd = F f of loads.
where c) The elastic moment at any section in a
member due to a particular combination of
F = characteristic load (see 21.2), and
loads shall not be reduced by more than
f = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature 20 percent of numerically largest moment
of loading and the limit state being given anywhere by the elastic maximum
considered (see 21.4). moment diagram for the particular member,
21.3.3 Consequences of Attaining Limit State covering all appropriate combination of
loads.
Where the consequences of a structure attaining a
limit d) At sections where the moment capacity after
49
IS 1343 : 2012
redistribution is less than that from the
elastic

50
 IS 1343 : 2012

Table 7 Values of Partial Safety Factor f for Loads

(Clause 21.4.2)
Sl No. Load Combination Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability

DL IL WL P DL IL WL P
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1.1 or 0.92)
i) DL + IL + P 1.5 — 1.0 1.0 1.0 —
1.1 or 0.92)
ii) DL + WL + P 1.5 or 0.91) — 1.5 1.0 1.0 — 1.0
1.1 or 0.92)
iii) DL + IL + WL + P 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8
NOTES

1 While considering earthquake effects, substitute EL for WL.

2 While assessing the long-term effects due to creep, the dead load and that part of the imposed load likely to be permanent may only
be considered.
3 While verifying the limit state for stability, with external prestress where an increase of the value of prestress can be unfavourable,
partial safety factor of 1.3 shall be used.
1)
This value is to be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical.
2)
The structure shall be checked both for upper characteristics values and lower characteristics value shown. The values are for post tensioning
with bonded tendons. In case of pretensioning or unbonded tendons, it shall be taken as 1.05 or 0.95 instead of the above value.

maximum moment diagram, the following d) The relationship between the compressive
relationship shall be satisfied: stress distribution in concrete and the strain
xu M in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle,
  0.6
d 100 trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which
where results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of tests. An
xu = depth of neutral axis,
acceptable stress-strain curve is given in
d = effective depth, and Fig. 3. For design purposes, the compressive
M = percentage reduction in moment. strength of concrete in the structure shall be
assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic
e) In structures in which the structural frame
strength. The partial safety factor m = 1.5
provides the lateral stability, the reduction in
shall be applied in addition to this.
moment allowed by condition given
NOTE — For the stress-strain curve in Fig. 3, the
in 22.1.1 (c) shall be restricted to 10 percent
design stress block parameters for rectangular section
for structures over 4 storeys in height. are as follows (see Fig. 4):
22.1.2 Analysis of Slabs Spanning in Two Directions Area of stress block = 0.36 fck xu
at Right Angles Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42 xu
from the extreme fibre in compression
In general, the provisions of IS 456 shall apply. where
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete,
23 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE and
xu = depth of neutral axis.
23.1 Limit State of Collapse: Flexure
e) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
23.1.1 Assumptions f) The stresses in bonded prestressing tendons,
whether initially tensioned or untensioned, and
Design for the limit state of collapse in flexure shall
in additional reinforcement are derived from
be based on the assumptions given below:
the representative stress-strain curve for the
a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain type of steel used given by the manufacturer
plane after bending. or typical curves given in Fig. 5 for
b) The strain in the bonded reinforcement or prestressing tendons and in IS 456 for
bonded prestressing steel whether in tension reinforcement. For design purposes, the
or in compression is the same as that in the partial safety factor m equal to 1.15 shall be
surrounding concrete. applied. In addition, the tendon will have an
c) The maximum strain in concrete at the initial prestrain due to prestress after all
outermost compression fibre is taken as losses.
0.003 5 in bending. For members with permanently unbonded internal or
externally prestressed tendons, the deformation of the
51
IS 1343 : 2012

whole member shall be taken into account for

23.1.2 Design Formulae
calculating strain and stress in the tendon at ultimate
condition. In the absence of rigorous analysis, the In the absence of an analysis based on the
strain in unbonded tendon shall be assumed not to assumptions given in 23.1.1, the moment of resistance
increase above the initial value due to prestress after of rectangular sections and flanged sections in which
all losses. the neutral axis lies within the flange may be obtained
by the procedure given in Annex D.
For flanged sections in which the neutral axis lies
outside the flange, the moment of resistance shall be
determined using assumptions given in 23.1.1.

23.2 Limit State of Collapse: Compression

Prestressed concrete compression members in framed
structures, where the mean stress in the concrete
section imposed by tendons is less than 2.5 N/mm 2,
may be analysed as reinforced concrete compression
members in accordance with IS 456; in other cases
specialist literature may be referred to.

23.3 Limit State of Collapse: Tension

Tensile strength of the tension members shall be used
on the design strength (0.87 times characteristic
strength of prestressing tendons) and the strength
FIG. 3 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE developed by any additional reinforcement. The
additional reinforcement may usually be assumed to
be acting at its design stress (0.87 times characteristic
strength of reinforcement); in special cases it may be
necessary to check the stress in the reinforcement
using strain compatibility.

23.4 Limit State of Collapse: Shear

The ultimate shear resistance of the concrete alone,
Vc, should be considered at both conditions, uncracked
and cracked in flexure, the lesser value taken and, if
necessary, shear reinforcement provided.
23.4.1 Section Uncracked in Flexure
FIG. 4 STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS The ultimate shear resistance of a section uncracked
in flexure, Vc = Vco, is given by:

Vco = 0.67 bD ( f t 2  0.8 fcp f t )

where
b = breadth of the member which for T, I and L
beams should be replaced by breadth of the
rib bw,
D = overall depth of the member,
ft = maximum principal tensile stress given by
0.24 fck taken as positive where fck is the
characteristic compressive strength of
concrete, and
FIG. 5 REPRESENTATIVE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR
fcp = compressive stress at centroidal axis due to
PRESTRESSING STEEL WIRES (STRESS RELIEVED
prestress taken as positive.
STRANDS AND BARS)
52
 IS 1343 : 2012

In flanged members where the centroidal axis occurs

23.4.3 Shear Reinforcement
in the flange, the principal tensile stress should be
limited to 0.24 at the intersection of the flanged web; 23.4.3.1 When V, the shear force due to the ultimate
fck
in
this calculation, 0.8 times of the stress due to prestress Table 8 Design Shear Strength of Concrete,
at this intersection may be used, in calculating Vco.  c, N/mm2
For a section uncracked in flexure and with inclined (Clause 23.4.2)
tendons or vertical prestress, the component of Sl Concrete Grade
prestressing force normal to the longitudinal axis of No. 100 Ap
bd M 30 M 35 M 40 and
the member may be added to Vco.
Above
23.4.2 Sections Cracked in Flexure (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i)  0.15 0.29 0.29 0.30
The ultimate shear resistance of a section cracked in ii) 0.25 0.37 0.37 0.38
flexure, Vc = Vcr is given by: iii) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51
iv) 0.75 0.59 0.59 0.60
j fpe ˆ V v) 1.00 0.66 0.67 0.68
Vcr = Á1-0.55 ˜ 3c bd+M0 vi) 1.25 0.71 0.73 0.74
f ¯ M vii) 1.50 0.76 0.78 0.79
Ë viii) 1.75 0.80 0.82 0.84
p
ix) 2.00 0.84 0.86 0.88
where x) 2.25 0.88 0.90 0.92
xi) 2.50 0.91 0.93 0.95
fpe xii) 2.75 0.94 0.96 0.98
= effective prestress after all losses have xiii) 3.00 0.96 0.99 1.01
occurred, which shall not be taken as
greater than 0.6 fp, NOTE — Ap is the area of prestressing tendon.
fp = characteristic strength of prestressing steel,
c = ultimate shear stress capacity of concrete
obtained from Table 8, loads, is less than Vc, the shear force which can be
carried by the concrete, minimum shear
b = breadth of the member, which, for flanged reinforcement should be provided in the form of
sections, shall be taken as the breadth of stirrups such that:
the
web bw, Asv 0.4

d = distance from the extreme compression-fibre bsv 0.87 fy
to the centroid of the tendons at the section
considered, where
M0 = moment necessary to produce zero stress in
the concrete at the depth, given by: Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs
effective in shear;
I
M  0.8 f b = breadth of the member which for T, I and L
0 pt
y beams should be taken as the breadth of
the rib, bw;
where fpt is the stress due to prestress
sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the
only at depth of d and distance y from member; and
the centroid of the concrete section
which has second moment of area I, and fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup
reinforcement which shall not be taken
V and M = shear force and bending moment greater than 415 N/mm2.
respectively, at the section considered due
to ultimate loads. However, shear reinforcement need not be provided in
Vcr f the following cases:
should be taken as not less than 0.1 bd ck .
The value of Vcr calculated at a particular section may a) where V is less than 0.5 Vc , and
be assumed to be constant for a distance equal to d/2, b) in members of minor importance.
measured in the direction of increasing moment, from
that particular section. 23.4.3.2 When V exceeds Vc , shear reinforcement
shall be provided such that:

53
IS 1343 : 2012
For a section cracked in flexure and with inclined
Asv V  Vc
tendons, the component of prestressing forces normal 
to the longitudinal axis of the member should be sv 0.87 fy dt
ignored. In rectangular beams, at both corners in the tensile zone,

54
 IS 1343 : 2012

a stirrup should pass around a longitudinal bar, a

where
tendon or a group of tendons having a diameter not
less than the diameter of the stirrup. The depth dt is M = applied ultimate bending moment at the
then taken as the depth from the extreme compression cross-section acting in combination with T;
fibre either to the longitudinal bars or to the centroid
of the tendons 2D
1
whichever is greater. Mt = T b , the sign of Mt being the same
The spacing of stirrups along a member should not
exceed 0.75 dt nor 4 times the web thickness for as that of M;
flanged members. When V exceeds 1.8 Vc, the D = overall depth of the beam; and
maximum spacing should be reduced to 0.5 dt. The b = breadth of the member which for T and I
lateral spacing of the individual legs of the stirrups beams shall be taken as the breadth of the
provided at a cross section should not exceed 0.75 dt. web, bw.
23.4.4 Maximum Shear Forces 23.5.3.2 Where the numerical value of M is less than
In no circumstances should the shear force V, due to that of Mt, the member shall also be designed to
ultimate loads, exceed the appropriate values given in withstand a moment Me2 given by:
Table 9 multiplied by bd. Me2 = Mt –M

Table 9 Maximum Shear Stress the moment Me2 being taken as acting in the opposite
sense to the moment M.
Concrete Grade M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 M 55 and
Over 23.5.3.3 Where the numerical value of M is less than
or equal to that of Mt, the beam shall be designed to
Maximum shear
2
3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.8 withstand an equivalent transverse bending moment
stress, N/mm
Me3 (not acting simultaneously with Me1 ), given by

23.5 Limit State of Collapse: Torsion

1 2b ˆ
j x ˆ 2 Áj ˜
23.5.1 General M  M 1  1 D
˜
In general, where the torsional resistance or stiffness e3 t
˜¯ Á 2D ˜
of members has not been taken into account in the ÁË 2e
Á
Ë b ¯
1
analysis of the structure, no specific calculations for and acting about an axis at right angles to the axis of
torsion will be necessary, adequate control in M, where x1 is the smaller dimension of a closed hoop
torsional cracking being provided by the required used as torsional shear reinforcement and e is as defined
nominal shear reinforcement. Where the torsional in 23.5.4.1.
resistance or stiffness of members is taken into
account in the analysis, the members shall be 23.5.4 Transverse Reinforcement
designed for torsion. 23.5.4.1 Torsional moment and shear carried by
23.5.2 Application of Design Rules for Torsion concrete
The reduced torsional moment carried by the concrete
The design rules laid down in 23.5.3 to 23.5.5 apply
to,
Tc1 is given by:
a) beams of solid rectangular cross-section
(D > b), T  e 
 T
b) hollow rectangular beams with D > b and c1 c  c 
with a wall thickness t  b/4, and ee
c) T-beam and I-beams. where
In all these cases the average intensity of prestress in
 b 
the concrete shall be less than 0.3 fck. 23.5.3.1 The designed fckto resist an
longitudinal equivalent ultimate
23.5.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement
reinforcement shall be bending moment Me1
55
c
IS 1343 : 2012
given by: Tc =  0.15 b2D  1 v
 3 D 


T
e =
V
Tc
Me1 = M + Mt e =
Vc

56
 IS 1343 : 2012

12 fcp d1 = centre to centre distance between corner

v = 1
fck bars in the direction of the depth,
In the above expressions, fy = characteristic strength of shear
reinforcement,
Tc = torsional moment carried by concrete;
V = as defined in 23.5.4.1,
b = breadth of the member, which for T and I
Vc1 = as defined in 23.5.4.2, and
beams shall be taken as the breadth of the
web, bw. T and Tc1 = as defined in 23.5.4.1.
23.5.4.4 Minimum reinforcement
D = overall depth of beam; The value of shall not be taken lesser than that given
A
sv
fck = characteristic compressive strength of
by:
concrete;
T = torsional moment applied to a cross-section Asv 0.4
under ultimate load conditions; 
bsv 0.87 fy
V = shearing force at a cross-section calculated
for the specified ultimate loads; There shall be at least one longitudinal bar not less
Vc = theoretical shear strength at a cross-section, than 12 mm in diameter in each corner of the stirrups.
assuming the most unfavourable conditions 23.5.5 Distribution of Torsion Reinforcement
for inclined cracking, that is, smaller of Vco
and Vcr (see 23.4.1 and 23.4.2); and When a member is designed for torsion, torsion
reinforcement shall be provided as below:
fcp = average intensity of effective prestress in
concrete at this section. a) All transverse reinforcement provided for
23.5.4.2 The shear force carried by the concrete Vc1 is torsion shall be in the form of closed stirrups
given by: perpendicular to the axis of the members;
b) The spacing, sv, of the stirrups shall not
e exceed (x1 + y1)/4 or 200 mm whichever is
Vc1 = Vc smaller, where x1 and y1 are respectively
e  ec short and long dimensions of the stirrup;
where c) Each end of the bar forming the stirrup shall
Vc = smaller of Vco and Vcr obtained as in 23.4.1 be anchored in accordance with IS 456; and
and 23.4.2. d) Torsional reinforcement shall be continued
23.5.4.3 Design of transverse reinforcement to a distance not less than (D + bw) beyond
the point at which it is no longer than
The area of cross-section, Asv of the closed stirrup theoretically required, where D is the overall
enclosing the corner longitudinal bars shall be taken depth and bw is the effective width of the
as the larger of the following two values: web of a flanged member.

Ms 24 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY

t v
Asv = 1.5 bd f , and
1 1 y
24.1 Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection
Asv = Av + 2 AT
24.1.1 Type 1 and Type 2 Members
where
24.1.1.1 Short-term deflection

Av = (V  Vc1 ) sv
The instantaneous deflection due to design loads may
0.87 fy d1 be calculated using elastic analysis based on the
uncracked section and the modulus of elasticity of
AT = (T  Tc1 ) sv concrete as given in 6.2.3.
0.87 b1 d1 fy
24.1.1.2 Long-term deflection
In the above expressions, b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars
in the direction of the width,
Mt = as defined in 23.5.3.1,
sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement,

57
IS 1343 : 2012
The total long-term deflection due to the
prestressing force, dead load and any sustained
imposed load may be calculated using elastic
analysis, taking into account the effects of cracking
and of creep and shrinkage (see 6.2.4 and 6.2.5).
Due allowance shall be made for

58
 IS 1343 : 2012

the loss of prestress (see 19.5.2) after the period

the stress remains compressive.
considered. The deflections should comply with the
limits given in 20.3.1. c) Type 3 — For Type 3 members in which
cracking is permitted, it may be assumed
24.1.2 Type 3 Members
that the concrete section is uncracked, and
Where the permanent load is less than or equal to that hypothetical tensile stresses exist at the
25 percent of the design imposed load, the deflection maximum size of cracks. The hypothetical
may be calculated as in 24.1.1.1. When the tensile stresses for use in these calculations
permanent load is more than 25 percent of the design for members with either pre-tensioned or
imposed load, the vertical deflection limits for beams post- tensioned tendons are given in Table
and slabs may generally be assumed to be satisfied 10, modified by coefficients given in Fig. 6.
provided that the span to effective depth ratios are not
greater than the values obtained as below:
a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios
for spans up to 10 m:
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
b) For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may
be multiplied by 10/span in metres, except
for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.

24.2 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking

24.2.1 In members made up of precast units, no FIG. 6 DEPTH FACTORS FOR TENSILE STRESSES FOR
tension shall be allowed at any stage at mortar or TYPE 3 MEMBERS
concrete joints. For a member which is free of joints,
the tensile stress shall not exceed the values specified 24.3 Limit State of Serviceability: Maximum
below for the 3 types of members: Compression
a) Type 1 — No tensile stress. 24.3.1 Maximum Stress Under Service Conditions
b) Type 2 — The tensile stress shall not exceed 24.3.1.1 Compressive stress in flexure
3 N/mm2. However, where part of the
service loads is temporary in nature, this The maximum permissible compressive stress, prestress
value may be exceeded by 1.5 N/mm 2, and service loads after deduction of the full losses in
provided under the permanent component of the specified prestress shall be determined by a
the service load straight line relation as in Fig. 7; but different stress
limits shall

Table 10 Hypothetical Flexural Tensile Stresses for Type 3 Members

[Clause 24.2.1(c)]
Sl
No. Type of Tendons Limiting Stress of Concrete for Grade
Crack
Width M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 and
mm Above
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) Pre-tensioned tendons 0.1 — — 4.1 4.4 4.8
0.2 — — 5.0 5.4 5.8
ii) Grouted post-tensioned tendons 0.1 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.8
0.2 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.4 5.8
iii) Pre-tensioned tendons distributed in the tensile zone 0.1 — — 5.3 5.8 6.3
and positioned close to the tension faces of concrete 0.2 — — 6.3 6.8 7.3

NOTE — When additional reinforcement is distributed within the tension zone and positioned close to the tension face of concrete,
the hypothetical tensile stresses may be increased by an amount which is proportional to the cross-sectional areas of the additional
reinforcement expressed as a percentage of the cross-sectional area of the concrete. For 1 percent of additional reinforcement, the
stress may be increased by 4 N/mm 2 for members with pre-tensioned and grouted post-tensioned tendons and by 3 N/mm 2 for other
members. For other percentages of additional reinforcement the stresses may be increased in proportion excepting that the total
59
IS 1343 : 2012
hypothetical tensile stress shall not exceed 0.25 times the characteristic compressive strength of concrete.

60
 IS 1343 : 2012

apply to the concrete of the structure depending on

bending and direct force at the time of transfer of
whether it falls in a part of the of the section where
prestress shall be determined from a graph in which a
the compressive stresses are not likely to increase in
service (Zone I) or in part of the section where the straight line joins a point given by 0.54 fci for a
compressive stresses are likely to increase in service concrete of Grade M 30 to a second point giving a
(Zone II) (see Fig. 7). permissible stress of 0.37 fci for concrete of Grade
M 60 (see Fig. 8A); fci being cube strength of
For Zone I, the straight line relation of permissible concrete at transfer which in no case shall be less
stress shall be determined by the straight line joining than half the corresponding characteristic
a point given by a permissible stress of 0.41 fck for compressive strength of concrete. These values apply
concrete of Grade M 30 to another point given by a to post-tensioned work; for pre-tensioned work the
permissible stress of 0.35 fck for concrete of Grade M variation represented by Fig. 8B will apply.
60.
NOTE — The strength of concrete at the time of transfer fc1
For Zone II, the determining points of the graph shall shall be established by tests carried out on cubes at the age of
the concrete at transfer for bridges and such other major
be reduced to 0.34 fck and 0.27 fck respectively. structures and in other cases, if more convenient, from the
24.3.1.2 Stress in direct compression straight line graph, joining the characteristic compressive
strength of concrete and cube strength at 7 days. The transfer
Except in the parts immediately behind the of prestress shall be made only after the concrete has attained a
strength of at least half the characteristic compressive strength
anchorage, the maximum stress in direct compression of concrete.
shall be limited to 0.8 times the permissible stress
obtained from 24.3.1.1. 24.3.2.2 Stress in direct compression
Except in the parts immediately behind the
24.3.2 Maximum Stress at Transfer anchorages, the maximum stress in direct
24.3.2.1 Compressive stress in flexure compression shall be limited to 0.8 times the
The maximum permissible compressive stress due to permissible stress obtained from 24.3.2.1.

FIG. 7 COMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN FLEXURE DUE TO FINAL PRESTRESS

8A Post-tensioned Work 8B Pre-tensioned Work

FIG. 8 COMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN FLEXURE AT TRANSFER

61
IS 1343 : 2012

ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title revision)

269 : 1989 Specification for ordinary
Portland cement, 33 grade (fourth
revision)
383 : 1970 Specification for coarse and fine
aggregates from natural sources
for concrete (second revision)
432 (Part 1) : 1982 Specification for mild steel and
medium tensile steel bars and
hard-drawn steel wire for
concrete reinforcement: Part 1
Mild steel and medium tensile
steel bars (third revision)
455 : 1989 Specification for Portland slag
cement ((fourth revision)
456 : 2000 Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete (fourth
revision)
516 : 1959 Method of test for strength of
concrete
875 Code of practice for design loads
(other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures:
(Part 1) : 1987 Dead loads — Unit weights of
building materials and stored
materials (second revision)
(Part 2) : 1987 Imposed loads (second revision)
(Part 3) : 1987 Wind loads (second revision)
(Part 4) : 1987 Snow loads (second revision)
(Part 5) : 1987 Special loads and load
combinations (second revision)
1199 : 1959 Methods of sampling and
analysis
of concrete
1489 Specification for Portland
pozzolana cement:
(Part 1) : 1991 Fly ash based (third revision)
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based (third
revision)
1566 : 1982 Specification for hard-drawn steel
wire fabric for concrete rein-
forcement (second revision)
1785 (Part 1) : 1983 Specification for plain hard-
drawn steel wire for prestressed
concrete: Part 1 Cold drawn
stress relieved wire (second
revision)
1786 : 2008 Specification for high strength
deformed steel bars and wire for
concrete reinforcement (fourth
revision)
1791 : 1985 General requirements for batch
type concrete mixers (second
62
 IS 1343 : 2012
IS No. Title
1893 : 1984 Criteria for earthquake resistance
design of structures (fourth
revision)
1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Criteria for earthquake resistance
design of structures: Part 1
General provisions and
buildings (fifth revision)
2090 : 1983 Specification for high tensile steel
bars used in prestressed concrete
(first revision)
2386 (Part 3) : 1963 Methods of test for aggregates
for
concrete: Part 3 Specific
gravity, density, voids,
absorption and bulking
3812 (Part 1) : 2003 Specification for pulverized fuel
ash: Part 1 For use as pozzolana
in cement, cement mortar and
concrete (second revision)
4082 : 1996 Recommendations on stacking
and storage of construction
materials and components at
site (second revision)
4845 : 1968 Definitions and terminology
relating to hydraulic cement
4925 : 2004 Specification for
concrete
batching and mixing plant (first
revision)
4926 : 2003 Code of practice for ready-mixed
concrete (second revision)
5816 : 1999 Method of test for splitting tensile
strength of concrete (first
revision)
6003 : 2010 Specification for indented wire for
prestressed concrete (second
revision)
6006 : 1983 Specification for uncoated stress
relieved strand for prestressed
concrete (first revision)
6452 : 1989 Specification for high alumina
cement for structural use (first
revision)
6461 Glossary of terms relating to
cement concrete:
(Part 1) : 1972 Concrete aggregates
(Part 2) : 1972 Materials (other than cement and
aggregate)
(Part 3) : 1972 Concrete
reinforcement (Part 4) : 1972 Types of
concrete
(Part 5) : 1972 Formwork for concrete
(Part 6) : 1972 Equipment, tools and
plant

63
IS 1343 : 2012

IS No. Title IS No. Title

(Part 7) : 1973 Mixing, laying, compaction,
curing and other construction 8112 : 1989 Specification for 43 grade
aspects ordinary Portland cement (first
(Part 8) : 1973 Properties of revision)
concrete (Part 9) : 1973 Structural aspects 9103 : 1999 Specification for admixtures for
(Part 10) : 1973 Tests and testing concrete (first revision)
apparatus (Part 11) : 1973 Prestressed 12089 : 1987 Specification for granulated slag
concrete for manufacture of Portland slag
(Part 12) : 1973 Miscellaneous cement
6909 : 1990 Specification for supersulphated 12119 : 1987 General requirements for pan
cement (first revision) mixers for concrete
7861 Code of practice for extreme 12269 : 1987 Specification for 53 grade
weather concreting: ordinary Portland cement
(Part 1) : 1975 Recommended practice for hot 12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate resisting
weather concreting Portland cement
(Part 2) : 1981 Recommended practice for cold 12600 : 1989 Specification for low heat
weather concreting Portland cement
8041 : 1990 Specification for rapid hardening 14268 : 1995 Specification for uncoated stress
Portland cement (second relieved low relaxation seven ply
revision) 8043 : 1991 Specification for strand for prestressed concrete
hydrophobic
Portland cement (second revision)

ANNEX B
(Clause 12.2)
SHEATHING DUCTS FOR PRESTRESSING

B-1 MILD STEEL SHEATHING DUCTS conform to the provisions specified in B-5.
Unless otherwise specified, the material shall be Cold
Rolled Cold Annealed (CRCA) Mild Steel intended
for mechanical treatment and surface refining but not
for quench hardening or tempering.
The material shall be clean and free from rust and
normally of bright metal finish. However, in case of
use in aggressive environment, galvanized or lead
coated mild steel strips shall be adopted.
The thickness of metal sheathing shall not be less than
0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm for sheathing ducts
having internal diameter up to 50 mm, 75 mm and 90
mm respectively. For bigger diameter of ducts,
thickness of sheathing shall be based on
recommendations of prestressing system supplier.
The sheathing shall conform to the requirements
specified in B-3 and a test certificate shall be
furnished by the manufacturer.
The joints of all sheathing shall be watertight and
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 IS 1343 : 2012
B-2 CORRUGATED HDPE SHEATHING DUCTS
Unless otherwise specified, the material for the
ducts shall be high-density polyethylene with
more than 2 percent carbon black to provide
resistance to ultraviolet degradation and shall have
the following properties:
Specific density : 0.954 g/cm3 at 23
°C Yield stress : 18.0 N/mm2
Tensile strength : 21.0
N/mm2 Shore hardness D
a) 3 s : 60
b) 15 s : 58
Notch impact strength at
a) 23°C : 10 kJ/m2
b) 40 °C : 4 kJ/m2
Coefficient of : 1.50 × 10–
4
thermal expansion
for 20°C-80°C
The thickness of the wall shall be 2.3 ± 0.3 mm as
manufactured and 1.5 mm after loss in the
compression

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IS 1343 : 2012

test, for duct size up to 160 mm outer diameter.

Couplers shall be placed so that the load is applied
The ducts shall be corrugated on both sides. The approximately at the centre of two corrugations
ducts shall transmit full tendon strength from the (see Fig. 10). The load as specified below is applied
tendon to the surrounding concrete over a length not in increments.
greater than 40 duct diameters.
The sample is considered acceptable if the permanent
These ducts shall be joined by adopting any one or deformation is less than 5 percent.
more of the following methods, as convenient to suit
B-3.3 Tension Load Test
the individual requirements of the location, subject to
the satisfactory pressure tests, before adoption: The test specimen is subjected to a tensile load. The
hollow core is filled with a wooden circular piece
a) Screwing together with male and female
having a diameter of 95 percent of the inner dia of the
threads.
sample to ensure circular profile during test loading
b) Joining with thick walled HDPE shrink (see Fig. 11).
couplers with glue. This can also be used for
connection with trumpet, etc. A coupler is screwed on and the sample loaded in
c) Welding with electro fusion couplers. increments, till specified load. If no deformation of
the joints nor slippage of couplers is noticed, the test
The joints shall be able to withstand an internal pressure shall be considered satisfactory:
of 0.5 kg/cm2 for 5 min as per test procedure given in
B-3. Diameter of Sheath Load
mm N
B-3 TESTS ON SHEATHING DUCTS
25 to 35 300
a) All tests specified below shall be carried out More than 35 up to 45 500
on the same sample in the order given More than 45 up to 55 800
below. More than 55 up to 65 1 100
b) At least 3 samples for one lot of supply (not More than 65 up to 75 1 400
exceeding 7 000 m length) shall be tested. More than 75 up to 85 1 600
More than 85 up to 90 1 800
B-3.1 Workability Test
B-3.4 Water Loss Test
A test sample 1 100 mm long is soldered to a fixed
base plate with a soft solder (see Fig. 9). The sample The sample is sealed at one end. The sample is filled
is then bent to a radius of 1 800 mm alternately on with water and after sealing, the end is connected to a
either side to complete 3 cycles. Thereafter, the system capable of applying a pressure of 0.05 MPa
sealing joints will be visually inspected to verify that (see Fig. 12) and kept constant for 5 min; hand pump
no failure or opening has taken place. and pressure gauge or stand pipe system can be used.

B-3.2 Transverse Load Rating Test The sample is accepted if the water loss does not exceed
1.5 percent of the volume. The volume is worked out
The test ensures that stiffness of the sheathing is as follows:
sufficient to prevent permanent distortion during site
handling. Another sample 500 mm long is sealed at one end
and the volume of hollow space arrived at by pouring
The sample is placed on a horizontal support 500 mm water from a measuring cylinder.
long so that the sample is supported at all points of
outward corrugations. The computation of relative profile volume is worked
A load as specified in the table below is applied
gradually at the centre of the supported portion out as follows:
π f 2l
through a circular contact surface of 12 mm diameter:
Relative profile volume = V cm3/cm2
- 4
Diameter of Sheath Load p
π fl
mm N where
25 to 35 250 More than 85 up to 90 1 000
More than 35 up to 45 400
More than 45 up to 55 500
More than 55 up to 65 600
More than 65 up to 75 700
More than 75 up to 85 800
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 IS 1343 : 2012
Vp = actual volume = Va – Vb; Vb = balance quantity of water left in the cylinder
Va = premeasured quantity of after completely filling of the test sample;
water in a measuring cylinder; l = length of specimen; and
 = internal diameter of sheathing.

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IS 1343 : 2012

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 9 WORKABILITY TEST

B-4 TESTS ON CORRUGATED HDPE a) Three similarly reinforced concrete beams

SHEATHING DUCTS with a HDPE duct of length equal to 40
The additional acceptance tests for the prestressing times the duct diameter,
systems employing corrugated HDPE ducts shall b) Prestressing tendon of adequate length for
cover the following two tests: stressing and for embedding in the beam,
c) Tendon anchorage system,
B-4.1 Bond Test
d) Load cells and meters, and
B-4.1.1 The test is carried out to establish satisfactory e) Grout constituents.
bond characteristics between the tendon and concrete,
in the ultimate condition. The test requires the B-4.1.2 Method
following equipment: Cast an adequately reinforced beam to withstand the

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 IS 1343 : 2012

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 10 TRANSVERSE LOAD RATING TEST

69
IS 1343 : 2012

prestressing operation and of length to embed 40

times the diameter of duct to suit the tendon to be
adopted. Introduce the strands of the tendon by
spacing them parallel by means of ply-spacers as
shown in Fig. 13 and fill the duct with grout of
strength not less than 27 N/mm2. When the grout has
attained the necessary strength, stress the tendon
slowly increasing the load to the failure capacity. The
failure capacity of the bond shall be at least equal to
the anchorage efficiency or
0.95 of failure capacity of the tendon. At least three
tests shall be carried out to ascertain the adequacy of
the duct.

B-4.2 Compression Test for the Loss of Wall

Thickness
B-4.2.1 The test is carried out to establish the wear
and tear of the sheathing material and the rigidity of
the duct surface against indentation and abrasion under
concentrated line loading from the tendon constituents.
The test requires the following equipment:
a) Three concrete blocks,
b) One 1 000 mm long strand forming the
tendon,
c) A 3 MN press,
d) A loading beam of 300 mm length to
transmit 5 kN load,
e) A rubber pad for placing between the press
and the beam for uniform and constant load
transfer,
f) A bearing plate with a monostrand jack to
pull the strand under loaded condition, and
All dimensions in millimetres.
g) A digital caliper.
FIG. 11 TENSION LOAD TEST

FIG. 12 TEST FOR WATER LOSS STUDY

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 IS 1343 : 2012

FIG. 13 BOND TEST ARRANGEMENT

B-4.2.2 Method of digital calliper. The residual thickness of the duct

Cast three concrete cubes of 300 mm size, of the shall not be less than 1.5 mm.
same strength as the main structure, with half cut
HDPE sheathing ducts embedded in it at the top as B-5 SPECIFICATION FOR SHEATHING DUCT
shown in Fig. 14. Care shall be exercised to ensure JOINTS
that the duct surface has uniform contact with The sheathing ducts shall be of the spiral corrugated
concrete all around. Place the concrete block over the type. For major projects, the sheathing ducts should
press with a 1 000 mm length of strand forming the preferably be manufactured at the project site
tendon placed in the duct and apply the 5 kN uniform utilising appropriate machines. With such an
load gradually as shown. Pull the strand under the arrangement, long lengths of sheathing ducts may be
stressed condition by 200 mm across the duct. Repeat used with consequent reduction in the number of
the test on all the three ducts so embedded. Measure joints and couplers.
the indentations formed in all the three ducts along
the length of the strand, by means Where sheathing duct joints are unavoidable, such
71
IS 1343 : 2012
joints shall be made cement slurry tight by the use
of

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 IS 1343 : 2012

corrugated threaded sleeve couplers which can be

Typical details of a sleeve coupler is shown in Fig.
tightly screwed on to the outer side of the sheathing
15. The length of the coupler should not be less
ducts. A heat-shrink coupler could also be used if
than 150 mm but should be increased upto 200
suitable.
mm

DIGITAL CALIPER

FIG. 14 COMPRESSION TEST ARRANGEMENT

FIG. 15 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A SLEEVE COUPLER

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IS 1343 : 2012

wherever practicable. The joints between the ends of

the coupler and the duct shall be sealed with adhesive The heat-shrink coupler (see Fig. 16) is supplied in
sealing tape to prevent penetration of cement slurry the form of bandage rolls which can be used for all
during concreting. The couplers of adjacent ducts diameters of sheathing ducts. The bandage is coated
should be staggered wherever practicable. As far as on the underside with a heat sensitive adhesive so that
possible, couplers should not be located in curved after heating the bandage material shrinks on to the
zones. The corrugated sleeve couplers are being sheathing duct and ensures formation of a leak proof
conveniently manufactured using the sheath making joint, without the need for extra taping or support in
machine with the next higher size of die set. the form of corrugated sleeve couplers. The heating is
effected by means of a soft gas flame.

FIG. 16 TYPICAL DETAILS OF HEAT-SHRINK COUPLER

ANNEX C
(Clause 13.1.4.4)
TESTING OF SYSTEMS WITH MECHANICAL ANCHORAGES

C-1 STATIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON- e) Surface characteristics, etc; and
ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY
f) Minimum of three single unit tensile tests.
The aim of the test is to assess the performance of the
tendon-anchorage assembly and to determine any Relevant geometrical and mechanical properties of
decrease of the breaking load of the prestressing steel anchorage components should also be determined. The
due to the influence of the anchorage. The test is also free length of the individual wires, strands or bars in
relevant for couplings. the specimen to be tested should be not less than 3.0
m.
C-1.1 Test Specimen
If one grade of prestressing steel of the same type is
The tendon and anchorage to be tested should be to be used with the same type of anchorage, the tests
assembled according to the envisaged application, should be performed using the grade with the highest
using all the components necessary for anchoring the characteristic tensile strength.
tendon. The geometrical configuration of the
individual wires, strands or bars in the specimen C-1.2 Test Procedure
should be identical to that of the actual tendon-
The tendon specimen is mounted in a calibrated test
anchorage assembly and so the following properties
rig or testing machine and should be stressed in
should be established:
increments of force corresponding to 20 percent,
a) Main geometrical and mechanical properties 40 percent, 60 percent and 80 percent of the
of the prestressing steel used in the test; characteristic tensile strength of the prestressing steel,
b) Actual mean breaking load; fp. In each increment the force is increased at a
c) Mean total elongation at maximum load; constant force rate corresponding to about 100
MPa/min. At the 80 percent level, the force is held
d) Mean cross-section;
constant for one hour. Subsequently, the force is
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 IS 1343 : 2012
increased gradually to total failure.

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IS 1343 : 2012

The described test procedure is normally applicable

a) Relative force and time dependent
to systems where the prestressing steel is connected
to the anchorage before applying the stressing force. displacement a of the prestressing steel
In systems where the prestressing level is locked in with respect to the anchorage (see Fig. 17),
the anchorage after the stressing force has been b) Relative force and time dependent
applied, the above test procedure should be adapted displacement b between the individual
as follows: components of the anchorage (see Fig. 17),
c) Deformation of the anchorage components,
a) The tendon should be mounted in the test rig
or testing machine, using an identical d) Elongation of the tendon on free length up to
geometrical configuration of the individual failure,
wires, strands or bars in the specimen to that e) Measured ultimate force FTu, and
in the actual tendon-anchorage assembly. f) Location and mode of failure.
b) The tendon should be stressed at one end
C-1.4 Test Requirements
with the equipment used on the construction
site, in steps as described, to 80 percent of The test result should meet the following requirements:
the characteristic tensile strength of
prestressing steel, fp. a) Residual deformations of anchorage
components after the test should confirm the
c) After the tendon has been locked at this reliability of the anchorage.
force, the further testing procedure should be
as previously described. b) The increase in the displacements between
the anchorage components as well as
The test can be carried out in the manner described in between the prestressing steel and anchorage
the first instance if it can be proved that locking the components should not be disproportionate
prestressing steel in anchorage after the stressing to the increase in tendon force.
force has been applied has no significant influence on c) The above relative displacements during the
the behaviour of the tendon-anchorage assembly. 0.8 fp load stage should stabilize within the
first 30 min of the load duration of 1 h.
C-1.3 Measurements and Observations
d) The mode of failure of tendon should be by
The following measurements and observations should the fracture of the prestressing steel. Failure
be made and recorded:

17A Before Locking 17B After Locking

FIG. 17 DISPLACEMENTS DURING TESTING

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 IS 1343 : 2012

of the tendon should not be induced by the

a) Relative displacement between prestressing
failure of anchorage components.
steel and individual anchorage components
e) The measured anchorage efficiency is: as well as between the anchorage
FTu components themselves, depending on load
ηA = ≥ 0.95
Fpm and on number of load cycles (see Fig. 17).
b) Examination of anchorage components and
prestressing steel after test with respect to
Fpm = actual mean breaking load
fatigue damage and deformation.
The total elongation in free length of the tendon be made and recorded:
under the load FTu should be not less than 2 percent.

C-2 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-

ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY
The aim of the test is to determine the capacity of the
tendon-anchorage assembly under load fluctuations
as an indication of the reliability and durability of the
assembly.

C-2.1 Test Specimen

The type of specimen should correspond to the
requirements of C-1.1. If one grade of prestressing
steel of the same type is to be used with the same type
of anchorage, the tests should be performed with
prestressing steel using the grade with the highest
characteristic tensile strength.
Where the capacity of the testing machine to be used
could be exceeded, the number of wires, strands or
bars in the tendon-anchorage assembly to be tested
may be reduced, provided that the prestressing steel
units with the most severe angular deviation of
tendon axis from the prescribed are included and that
the test results are representative for the complete
tendon.

C-2.2 Test Procedure

The test should be performed in a tensile testing
machine with a pulsator at a constant force frequency
of not more than 500 load cycles per min, and with a
constant upper force of 65 percent of the
characteristic strength of the prestressing steel. The
range of forces, f = FMax – FMin should be
maintained at a constant level throughout testing.
The specimen should be tested in such a way that
secondary oscillations are precluded. When
assembling the specimen and fitting it in the testing
machine, special care should be taken to ensure that
the force is evenly distributed to all the tensile
elements of the tendon. In the case of grouted tendons
special devices may be used to avoid premature
fretting failure of the prestressing steel remote from
the anchorage.

C-2.3 Measurements and Observations

The following measurements and observations should
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IS 1343 : 2012
C-2.4 Steel Requirements
Each test result should meet the following
requirements:
a) Fatigue failure of anchorage components
should not occur.
b) The minimum fatigue strength of a post-
tensioning system should be
p Min = 80 MPa
The fatigue strength is defined as the stress range
p which is endured for 2 million cycles without
failure of 5 percent of the initial cross-section of the
tested tendon at beginning of the test.

C-3 LOAD TRANSFER TEST

With the load transfer test, the transfer of the
prestressing force from the mechanical anchorage
and its components to the concrete should be
verified.

C-3.1 Test Specimen

The test specimen is schematically depicted in Fig.
18. The specimen should contain those
anchorage components which will also be
embedded in the structural concrete. Their
arrangement should comply with the practical
application and with the prestressing contractor’s
specification.
The test specimen should be a concrete prism tested
in axial compression.
The part of the specimen containing the anchorage
should be provided with bursting reinforcement of
the same size and configuration as specified for the
particular system and tendon respectively.
Reinforcement may be used for the assembly of the
bursting reinforcement. It should not be considered
part of the technical approval if the following
conditions are not complied with:
a) Longitudinal bars have a total cross-section
more than 200 mm2.
b) Stirrups, that is, the secondary
reinforcement, uniformly distributed along
the height of specimen, should
constitute more than
0.05 t steel/m3 concrete.
The concrete of the test specimen should correspond

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 IS 1343 : 2012

FIG. 18 TEST SPECIMEN FOR LOAD TRANSFER TEST

to the actual concrete used for prestressed concrete rig or testing machine. The load should be applied
structures with respect to materials, composition, corresponding to actual loading conditions in the
compaction and its characteristic strength fck. After structure either by loading the tendon or by applying
casting the specimen should be demoulded after one the force directly to the anchorage. The force is
day and then moist-cured until testing. The cubes cast increased in increments of 20 percent from 0 percent
for the determination of compressive strength should up to 80 percent of the characteristic strength of the
be treated similarly. prestressing steel, fp (see Fig. 19).
C-3.2 Test Procedure After reaching the load 0.8 fp at least ten slow load
cycles should be performed, with at least 0.8 fp and
The specimen should be mounted in a calibrated test
0.12 fp being the upper and lower load limits

79
IS 1343 : 2012
respectively.

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 IS 1343 : 2012

The necessary number of load cycles depends upon

of maximum bursting effect under the upper
the stabilization of strain readings and crack widths as
and lower load at different times for
described below. Following cyclic loading, the
increasing numbers of load cycles.
specimen should be loaded incrementally to failure.
b) Formation, width and propagation of cracks
During cyclic loading measurements should be taken on the side faces of the specimen, as
at the upper and lower loads of several cycles in order mentioned above.
to decide whether a satisfactory stabilization of c) Visual inspection and/or measurement of
strains and crack widths is being attained. Cyclic deformation of anchorage components in
loading should be continued until stabilization is contact with the concrete.
satisfactory (see C-3.4). Figure 19 shows the
sequence of loading and measurements. d) Location and mode of failure.

At the final test to failure the mean compressive C-3.4 Requirements

strength of concrete of specimen should be: Each specimen should meet the following requirements
fcm.e < fck.o and fcm.e < 0.85 fck (see Fig. 20):
a) Crack width upon first attainment of upper
F force 0.8 (load point 4) should be  0.10
Fp
mm.
b) Crack width upon last attainment of lower
force 0.12 (load point n–1) should be
 0.10 mm.
c) Crack width upon final attainment of upper
force 0.8 (load point n) should be  0.25
mm.
d) Readings of longitudinal and transverse
strains should have stabilized during cyclic
loading. The strains can be assumed to have
stabilized if the increase of strain in last two
load cycles is less than 5 percent.
e) Readings of crack widths should have
FIG. 19 PROCEDURE FOR THE LOAD TRANSFER TEST stabilized during cyclic loading. The crack
C-3.3 Measurements and Observations widths can be assumed to have stabilized if
the crack width does not increase by 0.02
The following measurements and observations should
mm in the last two load cycles.
be taken and recorded:
f) The measured failure load Fu shall meet each
of the following requirements:
a) Longitudinal and transverse concrete strains
F  F fcm.e and F  1.1 F
u p
on the side faces of the specimen in the u p
f ck.o
region

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IS 1343 : 2012

WMax (mm)

FIG. 20 REQUIREMENTS FOR CRACK WIDTHS

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 IS 1343 : 2012

ANNEX D
(Clauses 19.6.2.2 and 23.1.2)
MOMENTS OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR AND T-SECTIONS

D-1 The moment of resistance of rectangular sections d = effective depth to the centroid of the steel
or T-sections in which neutral axis lies within the area, and
flange may be obtained as follows:
xu = neutral axis depth.
Mu = fpb Aps (d – 0.42 xu)
For pretensioned members and for post-tensioned
where members with effective bond between the concrete
Mu = moment of resistance of the section, and tendons, values of fpb and xu are given in Table
11. It shall be ensured that the effective prestress, fpe
fpb = tensile stress in the tendon at failure,
after all losses is not less than 0.45 fpu , where fpu is
fpe = effective prestress in tendon, the characteristic tensile strength of tendon.
Prestressing
Aps = area of pretensioning tendons in the tendons in the compression zone should be ignored in
the strength calculations when using this method.
tension zone,

Table 11 Conditions at the Ultimate Limit State for Rectangular Beams with Pre-tensioned Tendons
or with Post-tensioned Tendons having Effective Bond
(Clause D-1)

Sl Aps. fpu Stress in Tendon as Proportion Ratio of the Depth of Neutral Axis to that of
No. of the Design Strength the Centroid of the Tendon in the Tension
bd.fck
Zone
fpb
0.87 fpu xu/d

Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning

with Effective Bond with Effective bond
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

i) 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.054 0.054

ii) 0.05 1.0 1.0 0.109 0.109
iii) 0.10 1.0 1.0 0.217 0.217
iv) 0.15 1.0 1.0 0.326 0.316
v) 0.20 1.0 0.95 0.435 0.4141)
vi) 0.25 1.0 0.90 0.542 0.4881)
vii) 0.30 1.0 0.85 0.655 0.5581)
viii) 0.40 0.9 0.75 0.783 0.6531)
1)
The neutral axis depth in these cases is too low to provide the necessary elongation for developing 0.87 fpu stress level. Hence, it is
essential that the strength provided exceeds the required strength by 15 percent for these cases.

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IS 1343 : 2012

ANNEX E
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2

Organization Representative(s)
Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Ltd, SHRI JOSE KURIAN (Chairman)
New Delhi
ACC Ltd, Mumbai SHRI NAVEEN CHADHA
SHRI P. SRINIVASAN (Alternate)
Ambuja Cements Limited, Ahmedabad SHRI C. M. DORDI
DR A. N. VYASA RAO (Alternate)
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India), Bangalore SHRI AVINASH D. SHIRODE
SHRI K. K. MEGHASHYAM (Alternate)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR PRABIR C. BASU
SHRI L. R. BISHNOI (Alternate)
Builders’ Association of India, Mumbai REPRESENTATIVE
Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI C. N. JHA (Alternate)
Cement Corporation of India Limited, New Delhi SHRI R. R. DESHPANDE
SHRI M. K. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Cement Manufacturers’ Association, Noida SHRI N. A. VISWANATHAN
DR S. P. GHOSH (Alternate)
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi MEMBER SECRETARY
DIRECTOR (CIVIL) (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee DR B. K. RAO
DR S. K. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi CHIEF ENGINEER (DESIGN)
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (S&S) (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New Delhi DR RAKESH KUMAR
DR RENU MATHUR (Alternate)
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI MURARI RATNAM
SHRI N. CHANDRASEKHRAN (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR (CMDD) (N&W)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (CMDD) (NW&S) (Alternate)
Conmat Technolgies Pvt Ltd, Kolkata DR A. K. CHATTERJEE
Construction Industry Development Council, New Delhi SHRI P. R. SWARUP
SHRI RAVI JAIN (Alternate)
Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi CHIEF ENGINEER (QAC)
DIRECTOR (MATERIAL MANAGEMENT) (Alternate)
Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals, New Delhi SHRI P. K. LAHIRI
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (QA) (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
SHRI A. K. MISHRA (Alternate)
Fly Ash Unit, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi DR VIMAL KUMAR
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai SHRI V. N. HEGGADE
Grasim Industries Limited, Mumbai SHRI A. K. JAIN
DR S. P. PANDEY (Alternate)
Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited, New Delhi SHRI DEEPAK BANSAL
Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur SHRI S. S. DAS
SHRI MEERUL HASAN (Alternate)
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai SHRI VIVEK NAIK
SECRETARY GENERAL (Alternate)

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 IS 1343 : 2012

Organization Representative(s)
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee PROF V. K. GUPTA
DR BHUPINDER SINGH (Alternate)
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi SECRETARY GENERAL
DIRECTOR (Alternate)
Institute for Solid Waste Research & Ecological Balance, DR N. BHANUMATHIDAS
Visakhapatnam SHRI N. KALIDAS (Alternate)
Jai Prakash Associates Ltd, New Delhi SHRI M. K. GHOSH
Lafarge India Pvt Ltd, Mumbai SHRI RAMAKRISHNA MAGANTI
SHRI SANJAY JAIN (Alternate)
Madras Cements Ltd, Chennai SHRI V. JAGANATHAN
SHRI BALAJI K. MOORTHY (Alternate)
Military Engineer Services, Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Army HQ, SHRI B. D. PANDEY
New Delhi SHRI RAJENDRA SHARMA (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI A. N. DHODAPKAR
SHRI S. K. PURI (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
DR M. M. ALI (Alternate)
National Test House, Kolkata SHRI B. R. MEENA
SHRIMATI S. A. KAUSHIL (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRI ARVIND SHRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
OCL India Limited, New Delhi DR S. C. AHLUWALIA
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (Alternate)
Research, Design & Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways), SHRI R. M. SHARMA
Lucknow SHRI V. K. YADAVA (Alternate)
Sanghi Industries Limited, Sanghi Nagar SHRI D. B. N. RAO
DR H. K. PATNAIK (Alternate)
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, Gujarat SHRI K. J. TRIVEDI
SHRI S. B. VASAVA (Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai DR M. NEELAMEGAM
SHRI J. PRABHAKAR (Alternate)
The India Cements Limited, Chennai DR D. VENKATESWARAN
SHRI S. GOPINATH (Alternate)
The Indian Hume Pipe Company Limited, Mumbai SHRI P. D. KELKAR
SHRI S. J. SHAH (Alternate)
The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata DR H. C. VISVESVARAYA
SHRI BALBIR SINGH (Alternate)
Ultra Tech Cement Ltd, Mumbai SHRI SUBRATO CHOWDHURY
SHRI BISWAJIT DHAR (Alternate)
Voluntary Organization in Interest of Consumer Education, New Delhi SHRI HEMANT KUMAR
In personal capacity (36, Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (E-1, 402, White House Apartments, R.T. Nagar, SHRI S. A. REDDI
Bangalore)
BIS Directorate General SHRI A. K. SAINI, Scientist ‘F’ & Head (Civ Engg)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]
Member Secretaries
SHRI SANJAY PANT
Scientist ‘E’ & Director (Civ Engg), BIS
SHRI S. ARUN KUMAR
Scientist ‘C’ (Civ Engg), BIS

85
IS 1343 : 2012

Concrete Subcommittee, CED 2:2

Organization Representative(s)
Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd, SHRI JOSE KURIAN (Convener)
New Delhi
ACC Concrete Ltd, Mumbai SHRI ANIL K. BANCHHOR
SR MANAGER (RCD) (Alternate)
Ambuja Cements Limited, Ahmedabad SHRI C. M. DORDI
DR A. N. VYASA RAO (Alternate)
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India), Bangalore SHRI AVINASH D. SHIRODE
SHRI K. K. MEGHASHYAM (Alternate)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR PRABIR C. BASU
SHRI L. R. BISHNOI (Alternate)
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI PANKAJ GUPTA (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee DR B. K. RAO
DR S. K. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (DESIGN III) (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New Delhi DR RENU MATHUR
DR A. K. MISRA (Alternate)
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI MURARI RATNAM
SHRI N. CHANDRASEKHARAN (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR (C&MDD)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (C&MDD) (Alternate)
Civil-Aid Technoclinic Pvt Ltd, Bangalore SHRI M. S. SUDARSHAN
SHRI R. NAGENDRA (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
SHRI T. BALRAJ (Alternate)
Fly Ash Unit, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi DR VIMAL KUMAR
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai DR N. K. NAYAK
Grasim Industries Ltd, Mumbai SHRI A. K. JAIN
DR S. P. PANDEY (Alternate)
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai SHRI K. C. TAYADE
SECRETARY GENERAL (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi DR B. BHATTACHARJEE
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur DR SUDHIR MISHRA
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee DR ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
Larsen and Toubro Limited, Chennai DR B. SIVARAMA SARMA
SHRI KINGSLEY J. D. ERNEST (Alternate)
Military Engineer Services, Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army HQ, BRIG N. P. PADHI
New Delhi COL V. P. SINGH (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI A. K. SHARMA
SHRI KAMLESH KUMAR (Alternate)
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited, New Delhi SHRI L. P. SINGH
SHRI DARSHAN SINGH (Alternate)
National Council for Cement & Building Materials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
SHRI S. SHARMA (Alternate)
National Institute of Technology, Warangal DR C. B. KAMESWARA RAO
DR D. RAMA SESHU (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRI ARVIND SHRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
Pidilite Industries Limited, Mumbai SHRI P. K. PATRY
SHRI K. PADMAKAR (Alternate)
Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturers’ Association, Mumbai SHRI VIJAYKUMAR R. KULKARNI
SHRI ANUJ MAHESHWARI (Alternate)

86
 IS 1343 : 2012

Organization Representative(s)
Research, Design & Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways), JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B&S)/CB-I
Lucknow JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B&S)/CB-II (Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai SHRI T. S. KRISHNAMOORTHY
DR B. H. BHARATH KUMAR (Alternate)
Tandon Consultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi SHRI MAHESH TANDON
SHRI VINAY GUPTA (Alternate)
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai SHRI J. P. HARAN
SHRI S. M. PALEKAR (Alternate)
In personal capacity (35, Park Avenue, Annamma, Naicker Street, DR C. RAJKUMAR
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore)
In personal capacity (36, Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (EA-92, Maya Enclave, Hari Nagar, New Delhi) SHRI R. C. WASON
In personal capacity (E-1, 402, White House Apartments, R.T. Nagar, SHRI S. A. REDDI
Bangalore)

Panel for IS 456 and Revision of IS 1343, CED 2:2/P5

In personal capacity (35, Park Avenue, Annamma, Naicker Street, DR C. RAJKUMAR (Convener)
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore)
Aarvee Associates Architects, Engineers and Consultants Private SHRI T. VISWANATHAN
Limited, New Delhi
BBR (India) P Ltd, Bangalore SHRI P. JAYACHANDRAN
SHRI J. GOPINATH (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SHRI S. S. MONDAL
SHRI R. K. DUGGAL (Alternate)
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, New Delhi DR H. R. YADAV
Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd, SHRI JOSE KURIAN
New Delhi SHRI SHAILENDRA SHARMA (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI V. K. GUPTA
SHRI M. B. LAL (Alternate)
Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai REPRESENTATIVE
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi SHRI A. K. BANERJEE
SHRI S. VARSHNEY (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI A. K. SHARMA
SHRI D. K. SHARMA (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
SHRI S. SHARMA (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRI ARVIND SHRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi SHRI VIJAY KUMAR
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai DR K. RAMANJANEYULU
DR B. H. BHARATH KUMAR (Alternate)
Stup Consultants Ltd, Navi Mumbai SHRI S. G. JOGLEKAR
Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi SHRI MAHESH TANDON
The Freyssinet-Prestressed Concrete Co Ltd, Mumbai SHRI P. Y. MANJURE
In personal capacity (K-L/2, Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002) DR A. K. MITTAL
In personal capacity (House No. 2103, Sector 7D, Faridabad) SHRI H. K. JULKA
In personal capacity (36, Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (EA-92, Maya Enclave, Hari Nagar, New Delhi) SHRI R. C. WASON
In personal capacity (E-1, 402, White House Apartments, R.T. Nagar, SHRI S. A. REDDI
Bangalore)

87
Bureau of Indian Standards

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