Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬

Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬

Northern Border University ‫جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology ‫كلية الحاسبات و تقنية المعلومات‬

Assignment
Prepared by,

Muath Naif Al-Shammari

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬
Northern Border University ‫جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology ‫كلية الحاسبات و تقنية المعلومات‬

Analysis & Design of Algorithms ( CPCS223) December 2023

Question1: (1mark)

Do some research on al-Khorezmi (also al-Khwarizmi), the man from whose name the word
“algorithm” is derived. In particular, you should learn what the origins of the words “algorithm” and
“algebra” have in common.

Solution:
Introduction

Have you ever wondered about the mastermind behind the term "algorithm"? Let's take a journey
into the life and contributions of al-Khorezmi, the brilliant mind
from whom the word "algorithm" finds its roots. This
exploration will not only unveil the fascinating history but also
connect the dots between the origins of "algorithm" and
"algebra."

The Man Behind the Term

Al-Khorezmi: A Brief Biography

Meet Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, a Persian

mathematician, astronomer, and scholar who lived during the
Islamic Golden Age in the 9th century. His name may sound like
a riddle, but his contributions are anything but mysterious.

Decoding "Algorithm"

What Does "Algorithm" Really Mean?

Let's break it down without getting too tangled in complexity. An algorithm is like a recipe for solving
a problem. Imagine it as a step-by-step guide, much like a cooking recipe that ensures you achieve the
desired outcome if you follow each step meticulously.

The Connection with "Algebra"

Unraveling the Algebraic Mystery

Al-Khorezmi wasn't just about algorithms; he was also the founding father of algebra. The term
"algebra" itself has roots in his groundbreaking work, where he systematically solved linear and
quadratic equations. It's like he handed us the keys to unlock mathematical mysteries.

Exploring the Common Origins

Where "Algorithm" and "Algebra" Meet

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬
Northern Border University ‫جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology ‫كلية الحاسبات و تقنية المعلومات‬

The common thread between these terms lies in the word "al-"—a prefix derived from Arabic,
meaning "the." Al-Khorezmi's influence on both "algorithm" and "algebra" showcases the shared
linguistic and mathematical heritage.

Al-Khorezmi's Enduring Legacy

A Scholar Beyond His Time

Al-Khorezmi's legacy goes beyond coining terms. His profound impact on modern mathematics,
particularly in algorithms and algebra, has shaped the way we understand and approach problem-
solving today.1

Impact on Modern Mathematics

How Al-Khorezmi Reshaped the Mathematical Landscape

The ripple effect of al-Khorezmi's work extends to modern mathematics. His algorithms laid the
groundwork for computer science, influencing the very essence of how machines process information
and execute tasks.

Beyond Mathematics: Al-Khorezmi's Contributions

The Multifaceted Genius

1
Zemanek, H. (2005, June). Al-khorezmi his background, his personality his work and his influence. In
Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science: Proceedings, Urgench, Uzbek SSR September 16–
22, 1979 (pp. 1-81). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬
Northern Border University ‫جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology ‫كلية الحاسبات و تقنية المعلومات‬

Al-Khorezmi wasn't confined to the realm of numbers. His contributions spanned astronomy,
geography, and even cartography. He was a polymath, leaving an indelible mark on various fields.2

Conclusion: A Legacy Worthy of Recognition

In Praise of Al-Khorezmi

As we conclude our exploration, it's clear that al-Khorezmi's legacy is one of brilliance and innovation.
His work has transcended time, leaving an intellectual legacy that continues to inspire and shape the
world of mathematics and beyond.3

2
Bayley, G. J. (1988). Al-Khorezmi: an intelligent algebra tutoring system.
3
Arndt, A. B. (1983). Al-Khwarizmi. The Mathematics Teacher, 76(9), 668-670.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬
Northern Border University ‫جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology ‫كلية الحاسبات و تقنية المعلومات‬

Question2: (1mark)

1. Find gcd(31415, 14142) by applying Euclid’s algorithm.

Certainly! Euclid's algorithm is a method for finding the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two
numbers. Here's how you can apply it to find the GCD of 31415 and 14142:

1. Divide the larger number by the smaller number:

31415 divided by 14142 is 2 with a remainder of 2831.

So,

31415 = 2 × 14142 + 2831

2. Now, replace the larger number with the smaller number and the smaller number with the
remainder:

14142 = 2831 × 5 + 342

3. Repeat the process until the remainder is 0:

2831 = 342 × 8 + 25.

342 = 25 × 13 + 17.

25 = 17 × 1 + 8.

17 = 8 × 2 + 1.

8 = 1 × 8 + 0.

4. The last non-zero remainder is the GCD:

In this case, the last non-zero remainder is 1. Therefore, gcd(31415,14142) = 1.

2. Estimate how many times faster it will be to find gcd(31415, 14142) by Euclid’s algorithm
compared with the algorithm based on checking consecutive integers from min{m, n} down to
gcd(m, n).

The number of divisions madeby Euclid’s algorithm is 11.

The number of divisions madeby the consecutive integer checking algorithm on each of its 14142
iterations is either 1 and 2;

Hence, the total number of multiplications is between1·14142and2·14142.

Therefore,Euclid’salgorithm will be between1·14142/11≈1300and 2·14142/11≈2600times faster.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬
Northern Border University ‫جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology ‫كلية الحاسبات و تقنية المعلومات‬

Question3: (1mark)

Apply the following methods to compute 34 X 65

- Multiplication a la russe
- Divide and conquer technique

Solution:

Multiplication a la russe

34 65

impair 17 130

8 260

4 520

2 1040

impair 1 2080

34 × 65 = 130 + 2080 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎

Divide and conquer technique

34 × 65 = (30 × 60) + (4 × 60) + (30 × 5) + (4 × 5)

= 1800 + 240 + 150 + 20

= 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎