Lab Manual

CSC103 – Programming Fundamentals

Department of Computer Science

Islamabad Campus
Lab Contents:

Java Installation, Algorithms, Errors, & Testing; Java Fundamentals-I; Java Fundamentals-II; Selection Control
Structures; Repetition Control Structures; Mathematical, Characters and String Methods; Methods and Recursion; One
Dimensional Arrays; Two Dimensional(2D) Arrays; Exception Handling; Code Refactoring and using Library
Components; File Handling and Testing.

Student Outcomes (SO)

S.# Description
Apply knowledge of computing fundamentals, knowledge of a computing specialization, and mathematics,
1 science, and domain knowledge appropriate for the computing specialization to the abstraction and
conceptualization of computing models from defined problems and requirements
Identify, formulate, research literature, and solve complex computing problems reaching substantiated
2 conclusions using fundamental principles of mathematics, computing sciences, and relevant domain
disciplines
Design and evaluate solutions for complex computing problems, and design and evaluate systems,
3 components, or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and
safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
Create, select, adapt and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern computing tools
4
to complex computing activities, with an understanding of the limitations
Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary
5
settings.
Intended Learning Outcomes

Blooms
Sr.# Unit # Course Learning Outcomes Taxonomy SO
Learning Level
CLO -5 3-6 Implement a program using basic programming constructs. Applying 2,4

CLO -6 1-7 Build a medium size application in a team environment. Creating 2-5

Lab Assessment Policy

The lab work done by the student is evaluated using Psycho-motor rubrics defined by the course instructor, viva-voce,
project work/performance. Marks distribution is as follows:

Lab Mid Term Lab Terminal Total

Assignments
Exam Exam
25 25 50 100

Note: Midterm and Final term exams must be computer based.

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 List of Labs
Lab # Main Topic Page #

Lab 01 Java Installation, Algorithms, Errors, and Testing 01

Lab 02 Java Fundamentals-I 10

Lab 03 Java Fundamentals-II 21

Lab 04 Selection Control Structures 31

Lab 05 Repetition Control Structures 40

Lab 06 Mathematical, Characters and String Methods 52

Lab 07 Methods and Recursion 63

Lab 08 One Dimensional Arrays 72

Lab 09 Mid Term Exam

Lab 10 Two Dimensional(2D) Arrays 82

Lab 11 Exception Handling 88

Lab 12 Code Refactoring and using Library Components 94

Lab 13 File Handling 103

Lab 14 Testing 110

Lab 15 Final Term Exam

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 Lab 01
Java Installation, Compiling, Executing, Errors, and
Testing

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to give students handon JAVA Installation/JAVA IDE, translating algorithms
in Java program and execute it after correcting errors in it.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Install JAVA SDK/ JAVA IDE

• Compile a program
• Execute JAVA program using JAVA SDK/JAVA IDE
• Test a program
• Debug program with syntax and logic errors.

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 01 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

1
1) Useful Concepts
This tutorial is for students who are currently taking a programming fundamentals course.

Introduction to Java
Java is a powerful and versatile programming language, developed by James Gosling in 1995, for
developing software running on mobile devices, desktop computers, and servers. It is popular because of
its unique feature of writing a program once and run it anywhere.

JDK Versions
You can use the JDK command line utility to write Java programs. The JDK command line utility
consists of a set of separate programs, such as compiler and interpreter, each of which is invoked from a
command line. Besides the JDK command line utility, there are more than a dozen Java development
tools on the market today, including IntelliJ, NetBeans, JBuilder, and Eclipse. These tools support an
integrated development environment (IDE) for rapidly developing Java programs. Editing, compiling,
building, debugging, and online help are integrated in one graphical user interface. Using these tools
effectively will greatly increase your programming productivity.

The compiler and the Java Virtual Machine

The compiler is the program that translates source code into a language that a computer can understand.
This process is different in Java than some other high-level languages. Java translates its source code into
byte-code using the javac command. Students should be exposed to how the javac command gets
executed in the particular development environment. Also, since javac is a program that can be run at the
command prompt if using a Unix environment.

The compiler generates byte-code that is then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine. This process
occurs when the student uses the java command to execute the program. Once again, how this command
is executed will vary depending on computing environments, and java is also a program that can be run at
the command prompt. The interpretation of the byte-code by the Java Virtual Machine is the reason Java
is considered so portable. The byte-code that is generated by the Java compiler is always the same no
matter what the machine or operating system. As long as the Java Virtual Machine is loaded onto a
computer, that computer can interpret the byte-code generated by the compiler. This second computer
can be a different type or even running a different operating system than the one that originally compiled
the source code and the byte-code will still be correctly interpreted

2
2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins Low CLO-5

3
Activity 1:
This activity demonstrate the steps to be followed to install Java on the system

Solution:
The JDK can be installed on the following platforms:

1- Microsoft Windows
2- Linux
3- macOS

Step-1: Download the latest JDK for Windows

You can download the JDK from Java SE Development Kit Downloads

Step-2: Running the JDK Installer

1- Start the JDK 17 installer (or latest) by double-clicking the installer's icon or file name in the
download location.
2- Follow the instructions provided by the installer.
3- After the installation is complete, delete the downloaded file to recover the disk space.

Step-3: Checking if it is installed

To check if Java is installed (open command prompt and type following command)

java –version

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Activity 2:
Setting Java Path (for using notepad, sublimeText or other text editor)

Solution:
Temporary Path

1- Open the command prompt

2- Copy the path of the JDK/bin directory
3- Write in command prompt: set path=copied_path

C:\Users\Your Name>set path=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk\bin

Permanent Path using Environment Variables Settings

1- Go to "System Properties" (Can be found on Control Panel > System and Security > System >
Advanced System Settings)

2- Click on the "Environment variables" button under the "Advanced" tab

5
3- Then, select the "Path" variable in System variables and click on the "Edit" button

6
 4- Click on the "New" button and add the path where Java is installed, followed by \bin. By default,
Java is installed in C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-15\bin

5- Then, click "OK", and save the settings

6- Write the following in the command line (cmd.exe):

C:\Users\Your Name>java -version

If Java was successfully installed, you will see something like this (depending on version):

java version "11.0.1" 2018-10-16 LTS

Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment 18.9 (build 11.0.1+13-LTS)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM 18.9 (build 11.0.1+13-LTS, mixed mode)

7
Activity 3:
Writing, Compiling and Executing a JAVA program

Solution:
1. Open any text editor (notepad, sublimeText or notepad++) of your choice and write following
code in editor

2. Save the file using same name as the class name i.e. Payroll.java
3. After saving the program, go to your operating system’s command prompt and change your
current directory or folder to the one that contains the Java program you just created. Then use
the following command to compile the program.
javac Payroll.java
4. You should not receive any error messages.
5. Execute the Program: Now enter the following command to run the program.
java Payroll
6. When this program is executed, it will ask the user for input. You should calculate several
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 different cases by hand. Since there is a critical point at which the calculation changes, you
should test three different cases: the critical point, a number above the critical point, and a
number below the critical point. You want to calculate by hand so that you can check the logic of
the program. Fill in the chart below with your test cases and the result you get when calculating
by hand.
7. Execute the program using your first set of data. Record your result. You will need to execute the
program three times to test all your data. Note: you do not need to compile again. Once the
program compiles correctly once, it can be executed many times. You only need to compile again
if you make changes to the code.

Activity 4:
Debugging a Java Program

Solution:
1) Open any text editor (notepad, sublimeText or notepad++) of your choice and write following
code in editor

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 2) Save the file as SalesTax.java.
3) This is a simple Java program that contains errors. Compile the program. You should get a listing
of syntax errors. Correct all the syntax errors, you may want to recompile after you fix some of
the errors.
4) When all syntax errors are corrected, the program should compile. As in the previous exercise,
you need to develop some test data. Use the chart below to record your test data and results
when calculated by hand.
5) Execute the program using your test data and recording the results. If the output of the program
is different from what you calculated, this usually indicates a logic error. Examine the program
and correct logic error. Compile the program and execute using the test data again. Repeat until
all output matches what is expected.

3) Graded Lab Tasks

Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Every student is required to make installation on his / her personal computer before next lab

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 Lab 02
Java Fundamentals-I

Objective:

This lab is designed to give you practice with some of the fundamentals concepts in Java.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Identify basic elements in java program (comments, reserve words, identifiers etc.)
• Use variables and constants in program development
• Communicate with the user by using the Scanner class
• Create a program from scratch by translating a pseudocode algorithm

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 02 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

11
1) Useful Concepts
To write meaningful programs, you must learn the programming language’s special symbols, words, and
syntax rules. The syntax rules tell you which statements (instructions) are legal, or accepted by the
programming language, and which are not. You must also learn the semantic rules, which determine the
meaning of the instructions. The programming language’s rules, symbols, special words, and their
meanings enable you to write programs to solve problems.

Comments
Single-line comments begin with // and can be placed anywhere in the lineMultiline comments

System.out.println("7 + 8 = " + (7 + 8)); //prints: 7 + 8 = 15

Multiple-line comments are enclosed between /* and */ .

/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/

Special Symbols
The following are some of the special symbols:
+ - * /
. ; ? ,
<= != == >=

Reserved Words (Keywords)

Reserved words are also called keywords used by programming language

int, float, double , char, void, public, static, throws , return

Identifiers
Identifiers are names of things, such as variables, constants, and methods, that appear in programs. Some
identifiers are predefined; others are defined by the user. A Java identifier consists of letters, digits, the
underscore character (_), and the dollar sign ( $ ) and must begin with a letter, underscore, or the dollar
sign

User defined identifiers Pre-defined identifiers

First, conversion, print , println , and

payRate, counter1, printf , nextInt,
$Amount nextDouble , next , and
nextLine

Data Types
A set of values together with a set of operations on those values.

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Variables: A memory location whose content may change during program execution.
Syntax
dataType identifier1, identifier2, ..., identifierN;
Named constant: A memory location whose content is not allowed to change during program execution.

Syntax
static final dataType IDENTIFIER = value;

Putting Data into Variables

variable = expression;

Declaring and Initializing Variables

In order to use variables in program, you need to declare and initialize it properly.
int first;
int second;
char ch;
double x;
first = 13;
second = 10;
ch = ' ';
x = 12.6;
You can also declare and initialize at the same line
int first = 13;
int second = 10;
char ch = ' ';
double x = 12.6;
double y = 123.456;
Declaring String variable

String name;
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Reading Data using the Scanner class
To put data into variables from the standard input device, Java provides the class Scanner. Using this
class, we first create an input stream object and associate it with the standard input device. The following
statement accomplishes this:

Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

To use the scanner class first you need to import following package
Syntax: import packageName.*;

import java.util.Scanner;

nextByte() Reads an integer of the byte type.

nextShort() Reads an integer of the short type
nextInt() Reads an integer of the int type.
nextLong() Reads an integer of the long type.
nextFloat() Reads a number of the float type.
nextDouble() Reads a number of the double type.
next().charAt(0) Read a character
next() Read a string
nextLine() Read a line

Displaying Output
In Java, output on the standard output device is accomplished by using the standard output object
System.out . The object System.out has access to two methods, print and println , to output
a string on the standard output device
Syntax
System.out.print(expression);

System.out.println(expression);

System.out.println();

Displaying Multiple items with the + operator

String concatenation operator appends one stringto another
System.out.println("This is " + "one string.");
This statement will print:
This is one string

number = 5;
System.out.println("The value is " + number);

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The value is 5

Escape Sequences

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2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 5 15 mins Low CLO-5

Activity 1:
This program illustrates how data in the variables are manipulated. Translate the instruction as
given below

Solution:
public class Activity1{

public static void main(String [] args){

// Declare an variable num1 of type int

// Declare an variable num2 of type int

// Declare an variable sale of type double

// Declare an variable first of type char

// Assign 4 value to num1

// Display the value in num1 variable on output screen

// Store the result of 4 * 5 - 11 expression in num2 variable

// Display the value in num2 variable on output screen

// Store the result of 0.02 * 1000 expression in sale variable

// Display the value in sale variable on output screen

// Assign ‘D’ value to a variable first

// Display the value in first variable on output screen

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public class Activity1{

public static void main(String [] args){

int num1;

int num2;

double sale;

char first;

num1 = 4;

System.out.println("num1 = " + num1);

num2 = 4 * 5 - 11;

System.out.println("num2 = " + num2);

sale = 0.02 * 1000;

System.out.println("sale = " + sale);

first = 'D';

System.out.println("first = " + first);

Output
num1 = 4
num2 = 9
sale = 20.0
first = D

Activity 2:
This program illustrates how input statements work.

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity2{
public static void main(String [] args){
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int feet;
int inches;

17
 System.out.print("Enter two integers separated by spaces.");
feet = console.nextInt();
inches = console.nextInt();
System.out.print("feet = " + feet);
System.out.print(" inches = " + inches);
}
}

Output
Enter two integers separated by spaces. 23 7
feet = 23 inches = 7

Activity 3:
This program illustrates how to read strings and numeric data

Solution:
import java.util.*;
public class Activity3{
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String [] args){
String firstName;
String lastName;
int age;
double weight;
System.out.println("Enter first name, last name, " + "age, and
weight separated " + "by spaces.");
firstName = console.next();
lastName = console.next();
age = console.nextInt();
weight = console.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Name: " + firstName+ " " + lastName);
System.out.print(" Age: " + age);
System.out.print(" Weight: " + weight);
}
}

Output
Enter first name, last name, age, and weight separated by spaces.
Sheila Mann 23 120.5
Name: Sheila Mann Age: 23 Weight: 120.5

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Activity 4:
This program demonstrates the close relationship between characters and integers

Solution:
public class Activity4{
public static void main(String[] args){
char letter;
letter = 65;
System.out.println(letter);
letter = 66;
System.out.println(letter);
}
}

Output
A
B

Activity 5:
This program illustrate the concept of constants used in java

Solution
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ComputeAreaWithConstant {
public static void main(String[] args) {

final double PI = 3.14159; // Declare a constant

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a number for radius: ");

double radius = input.nextDouble();

double area = radius * radius * PI;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}

Output
Enter a number for radius: 1
The area for the circle of radius is 3.14159

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3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Consider the following program segment
//import classes
public class Activity1
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
//variable declaration
//executable statements
}
}
a. Write Java statements that declare the following variables: num1 , num2 , and num3 , and
average of type int .
b. Write Java statements that store 125 into num1 , 28 into num2 , and -25 into num3 .
c. Write a Java statement that stores the average of num1 , num2 , and num3 into average.
d. Write Java statements that output the values of num1 , num2 , num3 , and average .
e. Compile and run your program

Lab Task 2
Consider the following Java program in which the statements are in the incorrect order. Rearrange and
format the statements so that it prompts the user to input the length and width of a rectangle and output
the area and perimeter of the rectangle.

public class Activity2

{
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
import java.util.*;
{
public static void main(String[] args)
int width;
System.out.print("Enter the length: ");
width = console.nextInt();
System.out.println();
int length;

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System.out.print("Enter the width: ");
length = console.nextInt();
System.out.println();
area = length * width;
System.out.println("Area = " + area);
System.out.println("Perimeter = " + perimeter);
perimeter = 2 * (length + width);
int area;
int perimeter;
}}

Lab Task 3
Consider the following program segment:
//import classes
public class LabTask3{
public static void main(String [] args){
//variable declaration
//executable statements
}
}
a) Write a Java statement that imports the class Scanner.
b) Write a Java statement that declares console to be a Scanner object for inputting data from the
standard input device.
c) Write Java statements that declare and initialize the following namedconstants: SECRET of type
int initialized to 1 1; RATE of type double initialized to 12.50.
d) Write Java statements that declare the following variables: num1 , num2 , and newNum of type
int ; name of type String; hoursWorked and wages of type double.
e) Write Java statements that prompt the user to input two integers and store the first number into
num1 and the second number into num2.
f) Write a Java statement(s) that outputs the value of num1 and num2 , indicating which is num1
and which is num2. For example, if num1 is 8 and num2 is 5 , then the output is:
The value of num1 = 8 and the value of num2 = 5.
g) Write a Java statement that multiplies that value of num1 by 2 , adds the value of num2 to it, and
then stores the result in newNum . Then write a Java statement that outputs the value of newNum
h) Write a Java statement that updates the value of newNum by adding the value of the named
constant SECRET . Then, write a Java statement that outputs the value of newNum with an
appropriate message.
i) Write Java statements that prompt the user to enter a person’s last name and then store the last
name into the variable name.

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j) Write Java statements that prompt the user to enter a deci mal number between 0 and 70 and then
store the number entered into hoursWorked.
k) Write a Java statement that multiplies that value of the named constant RATE with the value of
hoursWorked and stores the result into the variable wages .
l) Write Java statements that produce the following output:
Name: //output the value of the variable name
Pay Rate: $ //output the value of the named constant RATE
Hours Worked: //output the value of the variable hoursWorked
Salary: $ //output the value of the variable wages
For example, if the value of name is "Rainbow" and hoursWorked is 45.50 , then the output is:
Name: Rainbow
Pay Rate: $12.50
Hours Worked: 45.50
Salary: $568.75
m) Write a Java program that tests each of the Java statements in parts (a)—(l). Place the statements
at the appropriate place in the preceding Java program segment. Test run your program (twice)
on the following input data:
a. num1 = 13, num2 = 28; name = "Mustafa"; hoursWorked = 48.30
b. num1 = 32, num 2 = 15; name = "Shakeel"; hoursWorked = 58.45

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 Lab 03
Java Fundamentals-II

Objective:

This lab is designed to give you practice with some of the fundamentals concepts in Java.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Demonstrate the concept of literals.

• Write expressions using various operators (arithmetic, increment/decrement).
• Demonstrate the type conversion used in program.
• Display formatted output on screen.

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 02 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

23
1) Useful Concepts
Literals: A literal is a constant value that appears directly in a program.

20 Integer literal
12L or 123l Force integer literal to be treated as a long
“Today we sold ” String literal
12.3 Floating point literal
12.3f Force a double literal to be treated as a float

Scientific and E notation

Arithmetic Operators:

An arithmetic expression is constructed by using arithmetic operators and numbers.

Precedence of arithmetic operators (highest to lowest)

Associativity of arithmetic operators

Combined assignment operators

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Increment and Decrement Operators

Conversion between primitive Data Types

Java performs some conversions between data types automatically, but does not automatically perform
any conversion that can result in the loss of data

Primitive data type ranking

Cast operators: The cast operator lets you manually convert a value

25
Formatting Console Output
You can use the System.out.printf method to display formatted output on the console.

26
2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins Low CLO-5
Activity 5 15 mins Medium CLO-5

Activity-1:
This program illustrate the uses E notation

Solution:
public class Activity1{
public static void main(String[] args){
double distance, mass;
distance = 1.495979E11;
mass = 1.989E30;
System.out.println("The sun is " + distance +" meters
away.");
System.out.println("The sun's mass is " + mass + "
kilograms.");
}
}

Output
The sun is 1.495979E11 meters away.
The sun's mass is 1.989E30 kilograms.

Activity-2:
This program calculates hourly wages plus overtime.

Solution:
public class Activity2{
public static void main(String[] args){
double regularWages;
double basePay = 25;
double regularHours = 40;
double overtimeWages;
double overtimePay = 37.5;
double overtimeHours = 10;
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 double totalWages;
regularWages = basePay * regularHours;
overtimeWages = overtimePay * overtimeHours;
totalWages = regularWages + overtimeWages;
System.out.println("Wages for this week are $" + totalWages);
}
}

Output
Wages for this week are $1375.0

Activity-3:
This program calculates the amount of pay that will be contributed to a retirement plan if 5%, 8%, or
10% of monthly pay is withheld.

Solution:
public class Activity3{
public static void main(String[] args){
double monthlyPay = 6000.0;
double contribution;
// Calculate and display a 5% contribution.
contribution = monthlyPay * 0.05;
System.out.println("5 percent is $" + contribution +" per month.");
// Calculate and display an 8% contribution.
contribution = monthlyPay * 0.08;
System.out.println("8 percent is $" + contribution + " per month.");
// Calculate and display a 10% contribution.
contribution = monthlyPay * 0.1;
System.out.println("10 percent is $" + contribution + " per
month.");
}
}

Output
5 percent is $300.0 per month.
8 percent is $480.0 per month.
10 percent is $600.0 per month.

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Activity-4:
This program displays a variety of floating-point numbers in a column with their decimal points
aligned.

Solution:
public class Activity4{
public static void main(String[] args){
// Declare a variety of double variables.
double num1 = 127.899;
double num2 = 3465.148;
double num3 = 3.776;
double num4 = 264.821;
double num5 = 88.081;
double num6 = 1799.999;
// Display each variable in a field of
// 8 spaces with 2 decimal places.
System.out.printf("%8.2f\n", num1);
System.out.printf("%8.2f\n", num2);
System.out.printf("%8.2f\n", num3);
System.out.printf("%8.2f\n", num4);
System.out.printf("%8.2f\n", num5);
System.out.printf("%8.2f\n", num6);
}
}

Output
127.90
3465.15
3.78
264.82
88.08
1800.00

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Activity-5:
This program displays the sales tax with two digits after the decimal point

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Activity5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter purchase amount: ");

double purchaseAmount = input.nextDouble();

double tax = purchaseAmount * 0.06;

System.out.println("Sales tax is $" + (int)(tax * 100) /

100.0);

Output
Enter purchase amount: 197.55
Sales tax is $11.85

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3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Suppose you want to develop a program that changes a given amount of money into smaller monetary
units. The program lets the user enter an amount as a double value representing a total in dollars and
cents, and outputs a report listing the monetary equivalent in the maximum number of dollars, quarters,
dimes, nickels, and pennies, in this order, to result in the minimum number of coins
Here are the steps in developing the program:
1. Prompt the user to enter the amount as a decimal number, such as 11.56.
2. Convert the amount (e.g., 11.56) into cents (1156).
3. Divide the cents by 100 to find the number of dollars. Obtain the remaining cents using the cents
remainder 100.
4. Divide the remaining cents by 25 to find the number of quarters. Obtain the remaining cents
using the remaining cents remainder 25.
5. Divide the remaining cents by 10 to find the number of dimes. Obtain the remaining cents using
the remaining cents remainder 10.
6. Divide the remaining cents by 5 to find the number of nickels. Obtain the remaining cents using
the remaining cents remainder 5.
7. The remaining cents are the pennies.
8. Display the result.
You are required to implement the above steps 1-8 in JAVA language

Lab Task 2
N students take K apples and distribute them among each other evenly. The remaining (the undivisible)
part remains in the basket. How many apples will each single student get? How many apples will remain
in the basket?
The program reads the numbers N and K. It should print the two answers for the questions above.
Input: Output:
6 8
50 2

Lab Task 3
A school decided to replace the desks in three classrooms. Each desk sits two students. Given the number
of students in each class, print the smallest possible number of desks that can be purchased.
The program should read three integers: the number of students in each of the three
classes, a, b and c respectively.
Input: Output:
17 28
19
18

31
Lab Task 4
Given the integer N – the number of minutes that is passed since midnight - how many hours and minutes
are displayed on the 24h digital clock?
The program should print two numbers: the number of hours (between 0 and 23) and the number of
minutes (between 0 and 59).
For example, if N = 150, then 150 minutes have passed since midnight - i.e. now is 2:30 am. So the
program should print 2 30.

Lab Task 5
A milk carton can hold 3.78 liters of milk. Each morning, a dairy farm ships cartons of milk to a local
grocery store. The cost of producing one liter of milk is $0.38, and the profit of each carton of milk is
$0.27. Write a program that does the following:
a. Prompts the user to enter the total amount of milk produced in the morning
b. Outputs the number of milk cartons needed to hold milk (Round your answer to the nearest
integer.)
c. Outputs the cost of producing milk
d. Outputs the profit for producing milk

Lab Task 6
You found an exciting summer job for five weeks. It pays $15.50 per hour. Suppose that the total tax you
pay on your summer job income is 14%. After paying the taxes, you spend 10% of your net income to buy
new clothes and other accessories for the next school year and 1% to buy school supplies. After buying
clothes and school supplies, you use 25% of the remaining money to buy savings bonds. For each dollar
you spend to buy savings bonds, your parents spend $0.50 to buy additional savings bonds for you. Write
a program that prompts the user to enter the pay rate for an hour and the number of hours you worked
each week. The program then outputs the following:

a. Your income before and after taxes from your summer job
b. The money you spend on clothes and other accessories
c. The money you spend on school supplies
d. The money you spend to buy savings bonds
e. The money your parents spend to buy additional savings bonds for you

Lab Task 7
A cricket game is to be held in a stadium and there are four seating categories available for the
audience. Class A seats cost $20, Class B seats cost $15, Class C seats cost $10, and Class D seats cost
$5. You should write a JAVA program that asks how many tickets for each class of seats were sold and
finally display the total income generated and income corresponding to ticket sales.

Lab Task 8
Write a program that reads an integer between 0 and 1000 and adds all the digits in the integer. For
example, if an integer is 932, the sum of all its digits is 14.
Enter a number between 0 and 1000: 999
The sum of the digits is 27
32
Lab Task 9
Consider the statements:
double x = 75.3987;
double y = 982.89764;
What is the output of the following statements?

System.out.printf("%.2f %n", x);

System.out.printf("%.2f %n", y);
System.out.printf("%.3f %n", x);
System.out.printf("%.3f %n", y);

Lab Task 10
Write JAVA statements using System.out.prinf() statement to display output as given below

Degrees Radians Sine Cosine Tangent

30 0.5236 0.5000 0.8660 0.5773
60 1.0472 0.8660 0.5000 1.7320
public class DemoFormat {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// Display the header of the table using System.out.printf()

int degrees = 30;

double radians = Math.toRadians(degrees);
double sin = Math.sin(radians);
double cos = Math.cos(radians);
double tan = Math.tan(radians);

// Display the Data of the table using System.out.printf()

degrees = 60;
radians = Math.toRadians(degrees);
sin = Math.sin(radians);
cos = Math.cos(radians);
tan = Math.tan(radians);

// Display the Data of the table using System.out.printf()

}
}

33
 Lab 04
Selection Control Structures

This lab will give you practical implementation of different types of Selection Control Structures.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Construct boolean expressions to evaluate a given condition

• Construct if and if-else-if statements to perform a specific task
• Construct a switch statement

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 04 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

34
1) Useful Concepts
boolean Data Type: The boolean data type declares a variable with the value either true or false.

Relational Operators

Logical (Boolean) Operators

Operator Description
! not
&& and
|| or

if Statements
Syntax

if(boolean-expression){

statement(s);

if-else Statements

35
Syntax

if (boolean-expression) {

statement(s)-for-the-true-case;

else {

statement(s)-for-the-false-
case;

if-else-if Statement
Syntax

if (expression_1){
statement
If expression_1 is true these statements are executed, and the rest
statement
of the structure is ignored.
etc.
}
else if (expression_2){

statement Otherwise, if expression_2 is true these statements are executed,

statement and the rest of the structure is ignored.
etc.
}

Insert as many else if clauses as necessary

else{
statement
statement These statements are executed if none of the expressions above are
etc. true.
}

switch Statements
A switch statement executes statements based on the value of a variable or an expression.
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1:statement(s)1;
break;
case value2:statement(s)2;
break;

36
 ...
case valueN:statement(s)N;
break;
default:statement(s)-for-
default;
}

The Conditional operator

You can use the conditional operator to create short expressions that work like if-else statements.

Syntax

BooleanExpression ? Value1: Value2;

Example

System.out.println("Your grade is: " + (score < 60 ? "Fail." : "Pass."));

37
2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 5 15 mins Medium CLO-5

Activity-1:
This program illustrate the uses of logical operator to calculate Leap Year

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
int year = input.nextInt();
boolean isLeapYear = (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) ||
(year % 400 == 0);
System.out.println(year + " is a leap year? " +
isLeapYear);
}
}

Output
Enter a year: 2008
2008 is a leap year? True
Enter a year: 1900
1900 is a leap year? False

Activity-2:
This program prompts the user to enter an integer. If the number is a multiple of 5, the program
displays HiFive. If the number is divisible by 2, it displays HiEven

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
38
 System.out.println("Enter an integer: ");
int number = input.nextInt();
if (number % 5 == 0)
System.out.println("HiFive");
if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println("HiEven");
}
}
Output
Enter an integer: 4
HiEven
Enter an integer: 30
HiFive
HiEven

Activity-3:
The following program demonstrate if-else concept. It determines an employee’s weekly wages. If
the hours worked exceed 40, then wages include overtime payment

Solution:
import java.util.*;
public class Activity3{
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String [] args){
double wages, rate, hours; //Line 1
System.out.print("Line 2: Enter the working "+ "hours: ");
hours = console.nextDouble();
System.out.println();
System.out.print("Line 5: Enter the pay "+ "rate: ");
rate = console.nextDouble();
System.out.println();
if (hours > 40.0)
wages = 40.0 * rate +1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0);
else
wages = hours * rate; //Line 11
System.out.printf("Line 12: The wages are $%.2f %n",wages);
System.out.println();
}
}

Output
Line 2: Enter working hours: 60
Line 5: Enter pay rate: 10
Line 12: The wages are $700
39
Activity-4:
This program illustrate the usage of else-if concept. It calculates the grade based on the score
entered by the user

Solution:
import java.util.*;
public class Activity4{
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String [] args){
int score;
System.out.print(“Enter score: ”);
score = console.nextInt();
if (score >= 90)
System.out.println("The grade is A");
else if (score >= 80)
System.out.println("The grade is B");
else if (score >= 70)
System.out.println("The grade is C");
else if (score >= 60)
System.out.println("The grade is D");
else
System.out.println("The grade is F");
}
}

Output
Enter score: 80
The grade is B

Activity-5:
This program demonstrates the working of switch statement.

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity5{
public static void main(String[] args){
int number;
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter 1, 2, or 3: ");
number = input.nextInt();
switch (number){
case 1:
System.out.println("You entered 1.");
break;
40
 case 2:
System.out.println("You entered 2.");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("You entered 3.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("That's not 1, 2, or 3!");
}
}
}

Output
Enter 1, 2, or 3: 2 [enter]
You entered 2.

41
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Suppose that x, y, and z are int variables and x = 10 , y = 15 , and z = 2 0. Determine whether the
following expressions evaluates to true or false .

!(x > 1 0)
x <= 5 || y < 15
(x != 5 ) && (y != z)
x >= z || (x + y >= z)
(x <= y – 2) && (y >= z) || (z – 2 != 20)

Lab Task 2
Suppose that x, y, z,and w are int variables and x = 3, y = 4, z = 7,and w =1. What is the output of the
following statements?

System.out.println("x == y: " + (x == y ));

System.out.println("x != z: " + (x != z ));
System.out.println("y == z – 3: " + (y == z – 3) );
System.out.println("!(z > w): " + ! (z > w));
System.out.println("x + y < z: " + (x + y < z));

Lab Task 3
Consider the following code segment. Determine the value of b3

boolean b1=true;
boolean b2=false;
boolean b3=(b1==b2);

Lab Task 4
a) Minimum of two numbers: Given two integers, print the smaller value.
b) Minimum of two numbers: Given two integers, print the smaller value.
c) Sign function: For the given integer X print 1 if it's positive, -1 if it's negative, or 0 if it's equal to
zero.
d) Minimum of three numbers: Given three integers, print the smallest value.

Lab Task 5
Equal numbers: Given three integers, determine how many of them are equal to each other. The program
must print one of these numbers: 3 (if all are the same), 2 (if two of them are equal to each other and the
third is different) or 0 (if all numbers are different).

Sample Input: 10 5 10 Output: 2

42
Lab Task 6
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a number within the range of 1 through 10. The program
should display the Roman numeral version of that number. If the number is outside the range of 1 through
10, the program should display an error message. The following table shows the Roman numerals for the
numbers 1 through 10

Lab Task 7
The area of a rectangle is the rectangle’s length times its width. Write a program that asks for the length
and width of two rectangles. The program should tell the user which rectangle has the greater area, or if
the areas are the same.

Lab Task 8
The date June 10, 1960, is special because when it is written in the following format, the month times the
day equals the year: 6/10/60

Design a program that asks the user to enter a month (in numeric form), a day, and a two-digit year. The
program should then determine whether the month times the day equals the year. If so, it should display a
message saying the date is magic. Otherwise, it should display a message saying the date is not magic.

Lab Task 9
Create a change-counting game that gets the user to enter the number of coins required to make exactly
one dollar. The program should prompt the user to enter the number of pennies, nickels, dimes, and
quarters. If the total value of the coins entered is equal to one dollar, the program should congratulate
the user for winning the game. Otherwise, the program should display a message indicating whether the
amount entered was more than or less than one dollar.

Lab Task 10
Serendipity Booksellers has a book club that awards points to its customers based on the number of books
purchased each month. The points are awarded as follows:

• If a customer purchases 0 books, he or she earns 0 points.

• If a customer purchases 1 book, he or she earns 5 points.
• If a customer purchases 2 books, he or she earns 15 points.
• If a customer purchases 3 books, he or she earns 30 points.
• If a customer purchases 4 or more books, he or she earns 60 points.

Write a program that asks the user to enter the number of books that he or she has purchased this month
and displays the number of points awarded.

43
 Lab 05
Repetition Control Structures

Objective:

This lab will give you practical implementation of different types of Repetition Control Structures.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Write a while loop and its variation (counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled and flag-controlled)
• Write a do-while loop
• Write a for loop
• Use break and continue statements in loops

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 05 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

44
1) Useful Concepts
The while Loop: A while loop executes statements repeatedly while the condition is true.

Syntax

while(loop-continuation-condition){
// Loop body
Statement(s);
}

Counter-Controlled while Loops

Suppose you know exactly how many times certain statements need to be executed. For example, suppose
you know exactly how many pieces of data (or entries) need to be read. In such cases, the while loop
assumes the form of a counter-controlled while loop.
counter = 0; //initialize the loop control variable
while (counter < N){ //test the loop control variable
...
counter++; //update the loop control variable
}

Sentinel-Controlled while Loops

Another common technique for controlling a loop is to designate a special value when reading and
processing a set of values. This special input value, known as a sentinel value, signifies the end of the
input. A loop that uses a sentinel value to control its execution is called a sentinel-controlled loop

input the first data item into variable //initialize the loop control
//variable
while (variable != sentinel){ //test the loop control variable
. . .
input a data item into variable //update the loop control
. . . //variable
}

Flag-Controlled while Loops

A flag controlled while loop use s a boolean variable to control the loop. Suppose found is a
boolean variable. The flag-controlled while loop takes the following form
found = false ; //initialize the loop control variable
while (!found){ //test the loop control variable
. . .
45
 if (logical expression)
found = true ; //update the loop control variable
. . .
}

The for Loop

A for loop has a concise syntax for writing loops.
Syntax

for (initial-action; loop-continuation-

condition; action-after-each-iteration)
{
// Loop body;
Statement(s);
}

The do-while Loop

A do-while loop is the same as a while loop except that it executes the loop body first and then checks
the loop continuation condition.

Syntax

do{

// Loop body;

Statement(s);

}while(loop-continuation-condition);

Nested Loops

46
A loop can be nested inside another loop. Nested loops consist of an outer loop and one or more inner
loops. Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner loops are reentered, and started a new.

The break and continue Statements

The break statement causes a loop to terminate early. The continue statement causes a loop to stop
its current iteration and begin the next one.

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 2 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 3 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 4 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 5 10 mins Medium CLO-5
Activity 6 10 mins Medium CLO-5
Activity 7 10 mins Medium CLO-5
Activity 8 10 mins Medium CLO-5
Activity 9 10 mins Medium CLO-5

Activity 1:
This program illustrate the usage of simple while loop. It prompts the user to enter an answer for a
question on addition of two single digits.

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity1{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number1 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
int number2 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is " + number1 + " + " + number2 +
"? ");
int answer = input.nextInt();
while (number1 + number2 != answer) {
System.out.print("Wrong answer. Try again. What is "+
number1 + " + " + number2 + "? ");
answer = input.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("You got it!");
47
 }
}

Output
What is 5 + 9? 12
Wrong answer. Try again. What is 5 + 9? 34
Wrong answer. Try again. What is 5 + 9? 14
You got it!

Activity-2:
This program illustrate the working of counter-controlled while loop. Suppose the input is: 8 9 2 3 90
38 56 8 23 89 7 2 (limit is defined by user).Suppose you want to add these numbers and find their
average.

Solution:
import java.util.*;
public class Activity2{
public static void main(String [] args){
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int limit;
int number;
int sum;
int counter; //loop control variable
System.out.print("Enter the number of " + "integers in the
list: ");
limit = console.nextInt();
System.out.println();
sum = 0;
counter = 0;
System.out.println("Enter " + limit+ " integers."); while
(counter < limit){
number = console.nextInt();
sum = sum + number;
counter++;
}
System.out.printf("The sum of the %d "+"numbers= %d%n",
limit, sum);
if (counter != 0)
System.out.printf("The average = %d%n",(sum /
counter));
else
System.out.println("No input.");
}
}

48
Output
Enter the number of integers in the list: 12
Enter 12 integers.
8 9 2 3 90 38 56 8 23 89 7 2
The sum of the 12 numbers = 335
The average = 27

Activity 3:
This activity demonstrate the usage of sentinel-controlled while loop. Suppose you want to read some
positive integers and average them, but you do not have a preset number of data items in mind.
Suppose you choose the number -999 to mark the end of the data.

Solution:
import java.util.*;
public class Activity3{
static Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
static final int SENTINEL = -999;
public static void main(String [] args){
int number; //variable to store the number
int sum = 0; //variable to store the sum
int count = 0; //variable to store the total
System.out.println("Enter positive integers "+ "ending with
" + SENTINEL);
number = input.nextInt();
while (number != SENTINEL)
{
sum = sum + number;
count++;
number = input.nextInt();
}
System.out.printf("The sum of %d " +"numbers = %d%n",
count, sum);
if (count != 0)
System.out.printf("The average = %d%n", (sum / count));
else
System.out.println("No input.");
}
}

Output
Enter positive integers ending with -999
34 23 9 45 78 0 77 8 3 5 -999
The sum of 10 numbers = 282
49
The average = 28

Activity 4:
This activity demonstrate the usage of flag-controlled while loop The following program randomly
generates an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100 . The program then prompts the user
to guess the number. If the user guesses the number correctly, the program outputs an appropriate
message. Otherwise, the program checks whether the guessed number is less than the random number.
If the guessed number is less than the random the number generated by the program, the program
outputs the message, ‘‘Your guess is lower than the number’’; otherwise, the program outputs the
message, ‘‘Your guess is higher than the number’’. The program then prompts the user to enter
another number. The user is prompted to guess the random number until the user enters the correct
number.

Solution:
import java.util.*;
public class Activity4{
static Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String [] args){
//declare the variables
int num; //variable to store the random number
int guess; //variable to store the number
//guessed by the user
boolean done; //boolean variable to control the loop
num = ( int) (Math.random() * 100);
done = false ;
while (!done){
System.out.print ("Enter an integer greater"+"than or
equal to 0 and "+"less than 100: ");
guess = input.nextInt();
System.out.println();
if (guess == num){
System.out.println("You guessed the "+"correct
number.");
done = true;
} //Line 12
else if (guess < num)
System.out.println("Your guess is " +"lower than"
+ "the number.\n" + "Guess again!");
else //Line 15
System.out.println("Your guess is "+"higher than"
+ "the number.\n"+"Guess again!");
} //end while
}
}
50
Output
Enter an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100: 25
Your guess is higher than the number.
Guess again!
Enter an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100: 5
Your guess is lower than the number.
Guess again!
Enter an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100: 10
Your guess is higher than the number.
Guess again!
Enter an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100: 8
Your guess is higher than the number.
Guess again!
Enter an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100: 6
Your guess is lower than the number.
Guess again!
Enter an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100: 7
You guessed the correct number.

Activity 5:
This activity demonstrate the working of for loop. The following program calculates sum of five
numbers entered by the user. Suppose the input is 2 3 4 5 0.

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int number, sum = 0, count;
for (count = 0; count < 5; count++) {
number = input.nextInt();
sum += number;
}
System.out.println("sum is " + sum);
}
}
Output
Sum is 14

51
Activity 6:
This acitivity demonstrate the working of do-while loop. Following program keep reading data until the
input is 0. The program will display maximum of the numbers. Suppose the input is 2 3 4 5 0.

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int number, max;
number = input.nextInt();
max = number;
do {
number = input.nextInt();
if (number > max)
max = number;
}while (number != 0);
System.out.print("max is " + max+" and number " + number);
}
}

Output
max is 5 and number 0

Activity-7:
This program uses nested for loops to display a multiplication table

Solution:
public class Activity7{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(" Multiplication Table");
// Display the number title
System.out.print(" ");
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++)
System.out.print(" " + j);
System.out.println("\n———————————————————————————————————————");
// Display table body
for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++){
System.out.print(i + " | ");
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++) {
// Display the product and align properly
System.out.printf("%4d", i * j);
}
System.out.println();
52
 }
}
}

Output
Multiplication Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
———————————————————————————————————————-
1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 | 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
3 | 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
4 | 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
5 | 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6 | 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
7 | 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63
8 | 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
9 | 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

Activity-8:
This program demonstrate the effect of using break in a loop.

Solution:
public class Activity8{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;
while (number < 20) {
number++;
sum += number;
if (sum >= 100)
break;
}
System.out.println("The number is " + number);
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}

Output
The number is 14
The sum is 105

53
Activity 9:
This program demonstrate the effect of using continue statement in a loop.

Solution:
public class Activity9{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;
while (number < 20){
number++;
if (number ==10 || number == 11)
continue;
sum += number;
}
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}

Output
The sum is 189

54
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
a) Given two integers A and B (A ≤ B). Print all numbers from A to B inclusively.
b) Given two integers A and B. Print all numbers from A to B inclusively, in ascending order, if A <
B, or in descending order, if A ≥ B
c) Sum of N numbers: N numbers are given in the input. Read them and print their sum.The first
line of input contains the integer N, which is the number of integers to follow. Each of the next N
lines contains one integer. Print the sum of these N integers.
d) Sum of Cubes: For the given integer N calculate the following sum:

13+23+…+N3

Lab Task 2
Factorial: In mathematics, the factorial of an integer n, denoted by n! is the following product:

n!=1×2×…×n
For the given integer n calculate the value n!

Lab Task 3
Number of zeros: Given N numbers: the first number in the input is N, after that N integers are given.
Count the number of zeros among the given integers and print it. You need to count the number of
numbers that are equal to zero, not the number of zero digits.

Input: 5 0 700 0 200 2 Output: 2

Input: 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Output: 6

Lab Task 4
The length of Sequence: Given a sequence of non-negative integers, where each number is written in a
separate line. Determine the length of the sequence, where the sequence ends when the integer is equal to
0. Print the length of the sequence (not counting the integer 0). The numbers following the number 0
should be omitted.

Input: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 Output:7

Lab Task 5
The maximum of the Sequence: A sequence consists of integer numbers and ends with the number 0.
Determine the largest element of the sequence.

55
Lab Task 6
The index of the maximum of a sequence: A sequence consists of integer numbers and ends with the
number 0. Determine the index of the largest element of the sequence. If the highest element is not unique,
print the index of the first of them.

Input:1 2 3 2 1 0 Output:3

Lab Task 7
The number of even elements of the sequence: Determine the number of even elements in the sequence
ending with the number 0.

Lab Task 8
The number of elements that are greater than the previous one: A sequence consists of integer numbers
and ends with the number 0. Determine how many elements of this sequence are greater than their
neighbours above.

Input: 1 5 2 4 3 0 Output: 2

Lab Task 9
Write a program to print following :

The program asks the user to enter the number which pattern he/she wants to print. The loop should ask
the user whether he or she wishes to perform the operation again. If so, the loop should repeat; otherwise
it should terminate.

Lab Task 10
Write a program that prompts the user to enter the year and first day of the year and displays the
calendar table for the year on the console. For example, if the user entered the year 2013, and 2 for
Tuesday, January 1, 2013, your program should display the calendar for each month in the year, as
follows:

56
 Lab 06
Mathematical, Characters and String Methods

Objective:
This lab will give you practical implementation of predefined mathematical, characters and String
methods.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Use pre-defined Math class methods

• Use pre-defined Character class methods
• Use pre-defined String class methods

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 06 and Chapter 16 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. &
Deitel, H., Prentice Hall, 2019”.

57
1) Useful Concepts
Common Mathematical Functions
Java provides many useful methods in the Math class for performing common mathe-matical functions.

Trigonometric Methods

Exponent Methods

The Rounding Methods

The min, max, and abs Methods

The min and max methods return the minimum and maximum numbers of two numbers (int, long,
float, or double). The abs method returns the absolute value of the number (int, long, float,
or double)

The random Method

This method generates a random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0 (0 <=
Math.random() < 1.0)

(int)(Math.random() * 10) Returns a random integer between 0 and 9.

58
50 + (int)(Math.random() * 50) Returns a random integer between 50 and 99.
General Form,
a + Math.random() * b Returns a random number between a and a + b, excluding a + b.

Methods in the Character Class

The String Type

A string is a sequence of characters. Class String is used to represent strings in Java.

Declaring and Initializing String Variables

The String type is not a primitive type. It is known as a reference type

String message = "Welcome to Java";

Any Java class can be used as a reference type for a variable. The variable declared by a reference type is
known as a reference variable that references an object. Here, message is a reference variable that
references a string object with contents Welcome to Java

Simple Methods for String Class

Reading a String from the Console

To read a string from the console, invoke the next() method on a Scanner object. For example, the
following code reads three strings from the keyboard

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter three words separated by spaces: ");
String s1 = input.next();

59
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println("s1 is " + s1);
System.out.println("s2 is " + s2);
System.out.println("s3 is " + s3);

Enter three words separated by spaces: Welcome to Java

s1 is Welcome
s2 is to
s3 is Java
You can use the nextLine() method to read an entire line of text. The nextLine() method reads a
string that ends with the Enter key pressed

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a line: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("The line entered is " + s);

Enter a line: Welcome to Java

The line entered is Welcome to Java

Comparing Strings

Obtaining Substrings

60
Finding a Character or a Substring in a String

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins Midum CLO-5

Activity-1:
This activity demonstrate usage of Math class functions. Following program prompts the user to enter
the x- and y-coordinates of the three corner points in a triangle and then displays the three angles.

Solution:
public class Activity1{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Prompt the user to enter three points
System.out.print("Enter three points: ");
double x1 = input.nextDouble();
double y1 = input.nextDouble();
double x2 = input.nextDouble();
double y2 = input.nextDouble();
double x3 = input.nextDouble();
double y3 = input.nextDouble();
// Compute three sides
double a = Math.sqrt((x2 - x3) * (x2 - x3) + (y2 - y3) * (y2 -
y3));
double b = Math.sqrt((x1 - x3) * (x1 - x3) + (y1 - y3) *
(y1 - y3));
double c = Math.sqrt((x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) *
61
 (y1 - y2));
// Compute three angles
double A = Math.toDegrees(Math.acos((a * a - b * b - c * c)
/ (-2 * b * c)));
double B = Math.toDegrees(Math.acos((b * b - a * a - c * c)
/ (-2 * a * c)));
double C = Math.toDegrees(Math.acos((c * c - b * b - a *
a) / (-2 * a * b)));
// Display results
System.out.println("The three angles are " + Math.round(A *
100) / 100.0 + " " + Math.round(B * 100) / 100.0 + " " +
Math.round(C * 100) / 100.0);
}
}

Output
Enter three points: 1 1 6.5 1 6.5 2.5
The three angles are 15.26 90.0 74.74

Activity-2:
This activity illustrate useful methods of Character class.

Solution:
public class Activity2{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("isDigit('a') is " + Character.isDigit('a'));
System.out.println("isLetter('a') is " + Character.isLetter('a'));
System.out.println("isLowerCase('a') is "+
Character.isLowerCase('a'));
System.out.println("isUpperCase('a') is "+
Character.isUpperCase('a'));
System.out.println("toLowerCase('T') is "+
Character.toLowerCase('T'));
System.out.println("toUpperCase('q') is "+
Character.toUpperCase('q'));
}
}

62
Output
isDigit('a') is false
isLetter('a') is true
isLowerCase('a') is true
isUpperCase('a') is false
toLowerCase('T') is t
toUpperCase('q') is Q

Activity-3:
This acitivty uses compareTo() method to display two cities, entered by user, in alphabetical order.

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Activity3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Prompt the user to enter two cities
System.out.print("Enter the first city: ");
String city1 = input.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter the second city: ");
String city2 = input.nextLine();
if (city1.compareTo(city2) < 0)
System.out.println("The cities in alphabetical order
are " + city1 + " " + city2);16 else
System.out.println("The cities in alphabetical order
are " +city2 + " " + city1);
}
}

Output
Enter the first city: New York
Enter the second city: Boston
The cities in alphabetical order are Boston New York

Activity-4:
This program illustrate how various String methods work.

Solution:
public class Activity4{
public static void main(String [] args){
String sentence;

63
 String str1;
String str2;
String str3;
int index;
sentence = "Now is the time for the birthday party";
System.out.println("sentence = \"" + sentence + "\"");
System.out.println("The length of sentence = "+
sentence.length());
System.out.println("The character at index 16 in "+
"sentence = " + sentence.charAt(16));
System.out.println("The index of first t in sentence = "+
sentence.indexOf(' t'));
System.out.println("The index of for in sentence = "+
sentence.indexOf("for"));
System.out.println("sentence.substring(0, 6) = \""+
sentence.substring(0, 6) + "\"");
System.out.println("sentence.substring(7, 12) = \""+
sentence.substring(7, 12) + "\"");
System.out.println("sentence.substring(7, 22) = \""+
sentence.substring(7, 22) + "\"");
System.out.println("sentence.substring(4, 10) = \""+
sentence.substri ng(4, 10) + "\"");
str1 = sentence.substring(0, 8);
System.out.println("str1 = \"" + str1 + "\"");
str2 = sentence.sub string(2, 12);
System.out.println("str2 = \"" + str2 + "\"");
System.out.println("sentence in uppercase = \""+ sent
ence.toUpperCase() + "\"");
index = sentence.indexOf("birthday");
str1 = sentence.substring(index, index + 14);
S ystem.out.println("str1 = \"" + str1 + "\"");
System.out.println("sentence.replace('t', 'T' ) = \""+
sentence.replace('t', 'T') + "\"");

64
 }
}

Output
sentence = "Now is the time for the birthday party"
The length of sentence = 38
The character at index 16 in sentence = f
The i ndex of first t in sentence = 7
The index of for in sentence = 16
sentence.substring(0, 6) = "Now is"
sentence.substring(7 , 12) = "the t"
sentence.substring(7, 22) = "the time for th"
sentence.substring(4, 10) = "is the"
str1 = "Now is t"
str2 = "w is the t"
sentence in uppercase = "NOW IS THE TIME FOR THE BIRTHDAY PARTY"
str1 = "birthday party"
sentence.replace('t' , 'T') = "Now is The Time for The birThday parTy"

3) Graded Lab Tasks

Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
The great circle distance is the distance between two points on the surface of a sphere. Let (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) be the geographi-cal latitude and longitude of two points. The great circle distance between the
two points can be computed using the following formula:

Write a program that prompts the user to enter the latitude and longitude of two points on the earth in
degrees and displays its great circle distance. The average earth radius is 6,371.01 km. Note that you
need to convert the degrees into radians using the Math.toRadians method since the Java trigonometric
methods use radians. The latitude and longitude degrees in the formula are for north and west. Use
negative to indicate south and east degrees. Here is a sample run:

Enter point 1 (latitude and longitude) in degrees: 39.55, -116.25

Enter point 2 (latitude and longitude) in degrees: 41.5, 87.37
The distance between the two points is 10691.79183231593 km

Lab Task 2

65
 a) Write a program that receives an ASCII code (an integer between 0 and 127) and displays its
character. Here is a sample run

Enter an ASCII code: 69

The character for ASCII code 69 is E

b) Write a program that receives a character and displays its Unicode. Here is a sample run:

Enter a character: E
The Unicode for the character E is 69

Lab Task 3
a) Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer between 0 and 15 and displays its
corresponding hex number. Here are some sample runs:

Enter a decimal value (0 to 15): 11

The hex value is B
Enter a decimal value (0 to 15): 5
The hex value is 5
Enter a decimal value (0 to 15): 31
31 is an invalid input

b) Write a program that prompts the user to enter a hex digit and displays its corresponding binary
number. Here is a sample run
Enter a hex digit: B
The binary value is 1011
Enter a hex digit: G
G is an invalid input

Lab Task 4
Write a program that displays a random uppercase letter using the Math.random() method.

Lab Task 5
Write a program that checks whether a string is a palindrome. A string is a palindrome if it reads the
same forward and backward. The words “mom,” “dad,” and “noon,” for instance, are all palindromes.
Sample run:

Enter a string: noon

noon is a palindrome
Enter a string: moon
moon is not a palindrome

Lab Task 6
Given a string consisting of exactly two words separated by a space. Print a new string with the first and
second word positions swapped (the second word is printed first). This task should not use loops and if.
66
Sample Run:

Input: Hello, world!

Correct Answer: world! Hello,

Lab Task 7
Given a string that may or may not contain a letter of interest. Print the index location of the first and last
appearance of f. If the letter f occurs only once, then output its index. If the letter f does not occur, then
do not print anything.

Input: office
Correct Answer: 1 2

Lab Task 8
Given a string in which the letter h occurs at least twice. Remove from that string the first and the last
occurrence of the letter h, as well as all the characters between them.

Sample Run:

Input: In the hole in the ground there lived a hobbit

Correct Answer: In tobbit

Lab Task 9
Given a string. Replace every occurrence of the letter h by the letter H, except for the first and the last
ones.

Input: In the hole in the ground there lived a hobbit

Correct Answer: In the Hole in tHe ground tHere lived a hobbit

Lab Task 10
You are given a string.
In the first line, print the third character of this string.
In the second line, print the second to last character of this string.
In the third line, print the first five characters of this string.
In the fourth line, print all but the last two characters of this string.
In the fifth line, print all the characters of this string with even indices (remember indexing starts at 0, so
the characters are displayed starting with the first).
In the sixth line, print all the characters of this string with odd indices (i.e. starting with the second
character in the string).
In the seventh line, print all the characters of the string in reverse order.
In the eighth line, print every second character of the string in reverse order, starting from the last one.
In the ninth line, print the length of the given string.
Sample Run:

Input: Hello
l
67
l
Hello
Hel
Hlo
el
olleH
olH
5

68
 Lab 07
Methods and Recursion
Objective:
This lab will give you practical implementation of predefined mathematical, characters and String
methods.

Activity Outcomes:
On completion of this lab student will be able

• Modularize a program by writing own methods

• Call user-defined methods in program
• Pass different types of arguments
• Develop program using recursion

Instructor Note:
As a pre-lab activity, read Chapter 06 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

69
1) Useful Concepts
It is usually a better approach to divide a large code in small methods. A method is a small
piece of code used to perform a specific purpose. Methods are defined first then called whenever
needed. A program may have as many methods as required. Similarly a method may be called as many
times as required.

User-defined methods in Java are classified into two categories:

• Value-returning methods—methods that have a return data type. These methods return a value
of a specific data type using the return statement.
• Void methods—methods that do not have a return data type. These methods do not use a
return statement to return a value.

Defining a Method
A method definition consists of its method name, parameters, return value type, and body.

Syntax
modifier returnValueType methodName(list of parameters){
// Method body;
}

Calling a Method
Calling a method executes the code in the method. Two ways to call a method.

a) Value Returning Method should be called as follows

int larger = max(3, 4); or System.out.println(max(3, 4));

b) Void methods should be called as a statement
System.out.prinln(“Welcome to Java”);

Defining and Invoking a Method

70
Passing Arguments by Values
The arguments are passed by value to parameters when invoking a method. When calling a method, you
need to provide arguments, which must be given in the same order as their respective parameters in the
method signature. This is known as parameter order association.

When you invoke a method with an argument, the value of the argument is passed to the parameter. This
is referred to as pass-by-value. If the argument is a variable rather than a literal value, the value of the
variable is passed to the parameter. The variable is not affected, regardless of the changes made to the
parameter inside the method

Overloading Methods
Overloading methods enables you to define the methods with the same name as long as their signatures
are different. The Java compiler deter-mines which method to use based on the method signature.

Recursion
Recursion is a technique that leads to elegant solutions to problems that are difficult to program using
simple loops.

All recursive methods have the following characteristics:

• The method is implemented using an if-else or a switch statement that leads to different
cases.
• One or more base cases (the simplest case) are used to stop recursion.
• Every recursive call reduces the original problem, bringing it increasingly closer to a base case
until it becomes that case.

In general, to solve a problem using recursion, you break it into subproblems. Each sub-problem is the
same as the original problem but smaller in size. You can apply the same approach to each subproblem to
solve it recursively.

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 2 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 3 10 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 4 10 mins High CLO-5
Activity 5 10 mins High CLO-5
Activity 6 10 mins High CLO-5

71
Activity 1:
This activity demonstrate defining and calling a method. In this program a method max(), is defined
which accepts two numbers as parameter(int type) and it returns a maximum value (int type).

Solution:
public class Activity1{
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 5;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); //Method calling
System.out.println("The maximum of " + i + " and " + j + "
is " + k);
}
/** Return the max of two numbers – Method Definition*/
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
int result;
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result; // returning the value
}
}

Output
The maximum of 5 and 2 is 5

Activity 2:
This activity illustrate concept of void method. Following is a program that defines a method named
printGrade and invokes it to print the grade for a given score.

Solution:
public class Activity2{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.print("The grade is ");
printGrade(78.5);
System.out.print("The grade is ");
printGrade(59.5);
}
public static void printGrade(double score){
if(score >= 90.0){
System.out.println('A');
72
 }
else if(score >= 80.0){
System.out.println('B');
}
else if (score >= 70.0){
System.out.println('C');
}
else if (score >= 60.0){
System.out.println('D');
}
else{
System.out.println('F');
}
}
}

Output
The grade is C
The grade is F

Activity 3:
This activity demonstrates the effect of passing by value. Following program creates a method for
swapping two variables. The swap method is invoked by passing two arguments.

Solution:
public class Activity3 {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args){
// Declare and initialize variables
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 2;
System.out.println("Before invoking the swap method, num1
is " +num1 + " and num2 is " + num2);
// Invoke the swap method to attempt to swap two variables
swap(num1, num2);
System.out.println("After invoking the swap method, num1
is" + num1 + " and num2 is " + num2);
}
/** Swap two variables */
public static void swap(int n1, int n2) {
System.out.println("\tInside the swap method");
System.out.println("\t\tBefore swapping, n1 is " + n +
" and n2 is " + n2);
// Swap n1 with n2

73
 int temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
System.out.println("\t\tAfter swapping, n1 is " + n1+ " and
n2 is " + n2);
}
}

Output
Before invoking the swap method, num1 is 1 and num2 is 2
Inside the swap method
Before swapping, n1 is 1 and n2 is 2
After swapping, n1 is 2 and n2 is 1
After invoking the swap method, num1 is 1 and num2 is 2

Activity 4:
This activity demonstrate the concept of method overloading. In the following program three methods
are created. The first finds the maximum integer, the second finds the maximum double, and the third
finds the maximum among three double values. All three methods are named max.

Solution:
public class Activity4 {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Invoke the max method with int parameters
System.out.println("The maximum of 3 and 4 is " + max(3, 4));
// Invoke the max method with the double parameters
System.out.println("The maximum of 3.0 and 5.4 is "+
max(3.0,5.4));
// Invoke the max method with three double parameters
System.out.println("The maximum of 3.0, 5.4, and 10.14 is "
+ max(3.0, 5.4, 10.14));
}
/** Return the max of two int values */
public static int max(int num1, int num2){
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}
/** Find the max of two double values */
public static double max(double num1, double num2){
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
74
 else
return num2;
}
/** Return the max of three double values */
public static double max(double num1, double num2, double num3){
return max(max(num1, num2), num3);
}
}

Output
The maximum of 3 and 4 is 4
The maximum of 3.0 and 5.4 is 5.4
The maximum of 3.0, 5.4, and 10.14 is 10.14

Activity 5:
The purpose of this activity is to show the working of recursion. Following is a complete program that
prompts the user to enter a nonnegative integer and displays the factorial for the number

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ComputeFactorial{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a nonnegative integer: ");
int n = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Factorial of " + n + " is " +
factorial(n));
}
public static long factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) // Base case
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1); // Recursive call
}
}

Output
Enter a nonnegative integer: 4
Factorial of 4 is 24

75
Activity 6:
This activity gives a complete program that prompts the user to enter an index and computes the
Fibonacci number for that index using the recursion

Solution:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ComputeFibonacci {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter index for a Fibonacci number: ");
int index = input.nextInt();
// Find and display the Fibonacci number
System.out.println("The Fibonacci number at index " + index
+ " is " + fib(index));
}
/** The method for finding the Fibonacci number */
public static long fib(long index) {
if (index == 0) // Base case
return 0;
else if (index == 1) // Base case
return 1;
else // Reduction and recursive calls
return fib(index - 1) + fib(index - 2);
}
}
Output
Enter index for a Fibonacci number: 1
The Fibonacci number at index 1 is 1
Enter index for a Fibonacci number: 6
The Fibonacci number at index 6 is 8
Enter index for a Fibonacci number: 7
The Fibonacci number at index 7 is 13

3) Graded Lab Tasks

Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
a) Write a method that computes the sum of the digits in an integer. Use the following method
header: public static int sumDigits(long n). For example, sumDigits(234) returns 9 (2 + 3 + 4).
b) Write a method with the following header to display an integer in reverse order:

public static void reverse(int number)

76
 For example, reverse(3456) displays 6543. Write a test program that prompts the user to
enter an integer and displays its reversal.

Lab Task 2
Write the methods with the following headers

// Return the reversal of an integer, i.e., reverse(456) returns 654

public static int reverse(int number)

// Return true if number is a palindrome

public static boolean isPalindrome(int number)

Use the reverse method to implement isPalindrome. A number is a palindrome if its reversal is the same
as itself. Write a test program that prompts the user to enter an integer and reports whether the integer is
a palindrome.

Lab Task 3
Write a method with the following header to display three numbers in increasing order:

public static void displaySortedNumbers(double num1, double num2,

double num3)
Write a test program that prompts the user to enter three numbers and invokes the method to display them
in increasing order.

Lab Task 4
Write a method that returns the number of days in a year using the following header:
public static int numberOfDaysInAYear(int year)
Write a test program that displays the number of days in year from 2000 to 2020.

Lab Task 5
Write a method that counts the number of letters in a string using the following header:
public static int countLetters(String s)
Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a string and displays the number of letters in the
string.

Lab Task 6
Write a function capitalize(lower_case_word) that takes the lower case word and returns the
word with the first letter capitalized. Eg., System.out.println(capitalize(“word”)) should
print the word Word.Then, given a line of lowercase ASCII words (text separated by a single space),
print it with the first letter of each word capitalized using the your own function capitalize().

Lab task 7
Write a method that displays an n-by-n matrix using the following header:

public static void printMatrix(int n)

77
Each element is 0 or 1, which is generated randomly. Write a test program that prompts the user to enter
n and displays an n-by-n matrix. Here is a sample run:

Enter n: 3
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 1 1

Lab Task 8
Write a Java method to count all vowels in a string. Here is sample run

Enter a string: Welcome to Java

Number of Vowels in the string: 6

Lab Task 9
Given a positive real number a and a non-negative integer n. Calculate an without using
loops, ** operator or the built in function math.pow(). Instead, use recursion and the
relation an=a⋅an-1. Print the result. Form the method power (a, n).

Lab Task 10
Print following patterns using recursion.

* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

a) Given a sequence of integers. Print the sequence in reverse order using recursion.
Input: 1234567 Output: 7654321
b) Given an integer number. Convert it into its equivalent Binary number using recursion.
c) Implement Binary Search algorithm using the recursion.[To perform this task students
must have taken the Arrays Lab]

78
 Lab 08
One Dimensional Arrays

Objective:
In this lab, students will know about the basic concepts of Array data structure, storing different
types of data in arrays, creating arrays of integers, double, Strings and passing arrays to the methods.

Activity Outcomes:
The activities provide hands - on practice with the following topics

• Creating arrays
• Accessing indexes/location of variables in arrays
• Accessing maximum, minimum numbers in arrays
• Different array’s operation
• Passing arrays to methods

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read Chapter 7 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

79
1) Useful Concepts
Often you will have to store a large number of values during the execution of a program. Suppose, for
instance, that you need to read 100 numbers, compute their average, and findout how many numbers are
above the average. Your program first reads the numbers andcomputes their average, then compares each
number with the average to determine whetherit is above the average. In order to accomplish this task, the
numbers must all be stored invariables. You have to declare 100 variables and repeatedly write almost
identical code100 times. Writing a program this way would be impractical. So, how do you solve
thisproblem?

An efficient, organized approach is needed. Java and most other high-level languages providea data
structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements ofthe same type. In the
present case, you can store all 100 numbers into an array and access themthrough a single array variable.

Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the same types of data.

The array elements are accessed through the index. The array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to
arrayRefVar.length-1.

1. Declaring arrays: An array can be declared as below.

elementType[] arrayRefVar;

The elementType can be any data type, and all elements in the array will have the same data
type. For example, the following code declares a variable myList that references an array of
double elements.

double[] myArray;

2. Creating arrays: Once array is declared, it can be created as below.

arrayRefVar = new elementType[arraySize];

In our case it can be as below.

myArray = new double[10];

3. We can also define arrays as below.

double[] myArray = new double[10];

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping
Activity 1 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins Midum CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins Midum CLO-5
80
Activity 1:
Write a Java program to accept an array of 10 integer values from user and find the largest and
second largest values.

Solution:

Output

81
Activity 2:
Write a Java program to accept 5 integer values from user. Pass this array to a method to find the sum
of the array.

Solution:

82
Output:

Activity 3:
Write a program which takes 50 characters as input in array and counts the occurrences of each
character.

E.g. A occurs 2 times

Y occurs 1 time
E occurs 1 time
O occurs 2 times
K occurs 1 time
@ occurs 1 time
……. So on…

Solution:

83
Output

84
Activity 4:
Create a menu driven program, with the following functionalities: (Note: all of the
functionalities should be created in a single program with following menu options)

1. Input elements in array. (details of this functionality is given in Step a)

2. Search element and its location. (details of this functionality is given in Step b)
3. Find largest & smallest value in the array. (details of this functionality is given in Step c)
4. Copy data. (details of this functionality is given in Step d)
a) Input 10 elements in the array and display the array. (Note: this should call two methods
Input(int Array[ ] ) and display(int A[ ]) )
b) Search element is in the array then print “Element found” along with its location. (Note:
this should call two methods Input(int Array[ ]) and
search(intsearchkey, int Array[ ]). You should call the same Input()
method that is called in step a )
c) Find the largest and the smallest element in array. Then place largest element on 0 th
index and smallest element on the last index 9th. (Note: this should call three methods
previously used Input(int Array[]) , Largest(int Array[]) and
Smallest (int Array[])
d) Copy the contents of one array into another.(Note: this should call two methods
Input(int Array[]) and copydata(int Array[], intcopiedArray[]).

Solution:

85
86
Output

87
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
10 students were asked to rate the quality of food in the student cafeteria, on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 means
awful and 10 means excellent). Place the forty responses in an integer array and summarize the results of
the poll.

Lab Task 2
Write a program which performs the following tasks:

• Initialize an integer array of 10 elements in main( )

• Pass the entire array to a function modify( )
• In modify( ) multiply each element of array by 3
• return the control to main( ) and print the new array elements in main( )

Lab Task 3
Write a program to copy the contents of one array into another in the reverse order.

88
 Lab 09
Mid-Term Exam

89
 Lab 10
Two Dimensional(2D) Arrays

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to give hands-on experience of two dimensional arrays and its usage in
developing the program.

Activity Outcomes:
On the completion of this lab, students will be able to

• Create 2D arrays
• Process 2D arrays
• Pass 2D array as parameter to a method
• Apply different operations on 2D Array

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read Chapter 7 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

90
1) Useful Concepts
A multidimensional array is an array of arrays. Each element of a multidimensional array is an array
itself. For example,

int[][] a = new int[3][4];

Here, we have created a multidimensional array named a. It is a 2-Dimensional array, that can hold a
maximum of 12 elements,

Initializing 2D Array
int[][] a = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9},
};
The same can be written as below as well.
int[][] a = {{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, {7,8,9} };

Remember, Java uses zero-based indexing, that is, indexing of arrays in Java starts with 0
and not 1.

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins High CLO-5

Activity 1:
Write a Java program to accept a 3X4 array from user and find sum of each row.

Solution:

91
Output

92
Activity 2:
Write a Java program to initialize a 3X3 2D array with natural numbers starting from 11 and
count the number of prime numbers in the given array.
➢ NOTE: You are required to send each array element to a user-defined method isPrime to
know that whether the given number is prime or not.

Solution:

Output

93
Activity 3:
Write a Java program to initialize a 3x4 integer array. Pass this array to a user-defined
method transpose and return the transpose of the given matrix. Display the returned matrix in
main method.

Solution:

Output

94
Activity 4:
Write a Java program to accept a 4x4 integer array from your user and find sum of the
diagonal.

Solution:

Output:

95
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Write a Java program to accept a 3x4 integer array from user. You are required to:

1. Find the row having maximum sum

2. Find the column having maximum sum

Lab Task 2
Write a Java program to accept a 3x4 integer array from user. You are required to find the row or
column having maximum number of prime numbers.

Lab Task 3
Write a program to accept a 3x4 matrix from user having integer values. Accept another 4x3 matrix from
user having integer values. You are required to multiply these two matrices and display the result.

96
 Lab 11
Exception Handling

Objective:
The purpose of this lab to give practical implementation of Exception Handling and its associated
concepts.

Activity Outcomes:
On the completion of this lab, students will be able to

• Demonstrate the concept of exception handling.

• Use try-throw-catch block, and purpose of finally clause in a program.
• Catch multiple exceptions in a program.

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read Chapter 11 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

97
1) Useful Concepts
An exception is an unwanted or unexpected event, which occurs during the execution of a program i.e. at
run time, that disrupts the normal flow of the program’s instructions. Exception Handling in Java is one of
the effective means to handle the runtime errors so that the regular flow of the application can be
preserved. Java Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as
ArrayIndexOutofBoundException, ClassNotFoundException, IOException
etc.
An exception can occur for many reasons e.g. invalid user input, decive failure, code errors or opening an
unavailable file etc.
Exceptions can be Categorized into two Ways:
1. Built-in Exceptions: Built-in exceptions are the exceptions that are available in Java libraries.
There are two types of built-in exceptions.
• Checked Exception
Checked exceptions are called compile-time exceptions because these exceptions are checked
at compile-time by the compiler.
• Unchecked Exception
The unchecked exceptions are just opposite to the checked exceptions. The compiler will not
check these exceptions at compile time. In simple words, if a program throws an unchecked
exception, and even if we didn’t handle or declare it, the program would not give a
compilation error.
2. User-Defined Exceptions: Sometimes, the built-in exceptions in Java are not able to describe a
certain situation. In such cases, users can also create exceptions which are called ‘user-defined
Exceptions’.

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins High CLO-5

98
Activity 1:
Write a Java program to keep accepting two integer values from user and find their sum, subtraction,
multiplication and division depending on given choice. You need to handle the divide by zero exception
such that if the second value is 0 then this exception must be handled.

Solution:

Output:

99
Activity 2:
Write a Java program to accept an integer value from user and find its factorial. You need to make
sure that if the user enters an invalid value (other than integer value) then appropriate message should
be displayed to handle this exception and keep acceting the input until valid integer is entered.

Solution:

100
Output

Activity 3:
This activity shows that how multiple exceptions can be handled by using a single try and
multiple catch blocks.
In this activity the following exceptions are handled:
• InputMismatchException
• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

Solution:

101
Output

Activity 4:
The following code shows that how nested try statements can be used.

Solution:

Output:

102
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Write a Java program to accept two integer values from user and display their sum. If the user enters an
invalid input then display a message “You have entered an invalid input, type integers only”. User should
be asked to enter the input again. Keep accepting the values until valid inputs are entered.

Lab Task 2
Write a Java program to accept an array of 10 integer values from user. If the user enters a wrong input
then ask him to enter the input again. Once all 10 integer values are entered then accept an index and
display the value at that index. If the user has entered a wrong index then your program should catch this
exception.

103
 Lab 12
Code Refactoring and using Library Components

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to provide hands-on activities related to the code refactoring and of library
components in Java using NetBeans.

Activity Outcomes:
Upon the completion of activities, students will be able to

• Apply code refactoring in NetBeans.

• Debug the code in NetBeans.
• Use Library Components and their APIs in developing a program.

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read the text given in following links.

1. https://www.altexsoft.com/blog/engineering/code-refactoring-best-practices-when-and-when-not-
to-do-it/
2. https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/0b8ab6/refactoring-in-netbeans-ide/

104
1) Useful Concepts
Code refactoring is a process that involves editing and cleaning up previously written software code
without changing the function of the code at all. The basic purpose of code refactoring is to make the code
more efficient and maintainable. This is key in reducing technical cost since it’s much better to clean up
the code now than pay for costly errors later. Code refactoring, which improves readability, makes the
QA and debugging process go much more smoothly. And while it doesn’t remove bugs, it can certainly
help prevent them in the future.

Debugging is the process of analyzing how your program runs, how it generates data in order to find
defects and issues in your code. These errors or defects are referred to as “bugs”, hence the term
“debugging. A debugger is a tool that is typically used to allow the user to view the execution state and
data hold by variables as the application is running.

The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate the group of
objects. Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a data such as searching,
sorting, insertion, manipulation, and deletion. Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java
Collection framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque) and classes
(ArrayList).

105
2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 20 mins High CLO-5
Activity 2 20 mins High CLO-5
Activity 3 20 mins High CLO-5

Activity 1:
This activity shows that how to use NetBeans for code refactoring. In this activity a code is
converted/refactored into a method using the built-in feature of NetBeans.

Solution:
Step1: Write the code as shown below in NetBeans.

106
Step2: Select line 8 to 10 to refactor this segment into a method → Right Click → Select ‘Refactor’ →
Select ‘Introduce’ → Select ‘Method’ → Select ‘public’ → Type ‘factorial’ as method name → Click
‘Ok’

After performing the above steps, the code will look like below.

107
Output:

108
Activity 2:
This activity shows that how to use debugging feature of NetBeans. A debugger is a tool that is
typically used to allow the user to view the execution state and data hold by variables as the application
is running.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the following code in NetBeans.

109
Step 2: Click on line number 14 and 15 to insert the line break. It should look as below:

Step 3: Press Ctrl+Shift+F5 to debug the program. It will run the program and show you the values of
each variable during execution. Press F8 for ‘Step Over’ to see the values of next iteration.

110
Output

Activity 3:
This activity demonstrates the use of a built-in Java collection called ArrayList. Java ArrayList class
uses a dynamic array for storing the elements. It is like an array, but there is no size limit. We can add
or remove elements anytime. So, it is much more flexible than the traditional array. It is found in the
java.util package.

Solution:

111
Output

112
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Write a Java program to keep accepting roll number, name and marks of students from user until 0 is
entered against roll number. Display name of roll number of student having maximum marks.

Lab Task 2
Rewrite the above program to display the data of students in descending order according to their marks
such that data of student having maximum marks should come at the top and the data of student having
minimum marks should come at the bottom.

113
 Lab 13
File Handling

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to provide hands-on activities related to the File Handling concepts.

Activity Outcomes:
Upon the completion of this lab, students will be able to
• Write data to files
• Read data from files
• Use streams to implement file handling

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read Chapter 17 from the text book “Java How to Program, Deitel, P. & Deitel, H.,
Prentice Hall, 2019”.

114
1) Useful Concepts
The input and output shown so far has used the pre-defined “standard” streams System.in and System.out.
Obviously in many real applications it is necessary to access named files. In many programming
languages there is a logical (and practical) distinction made between files that will contain text and those
while will be used to hold binary information. Files processed as binary are thought of as sequences of 8-
bit bytes, while ones containing text model sequences of characters.

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 2 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 3 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 4 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 5 15 mins High CLO-5
Activity 6 15 mins High CLO-5

Activity 1:
Write a Java program to store a character array in a text file. Display all the characters stored in a text
file.

Solution:

Output

115
Activity 2:
Write a Java program to keep accepting characters from user and store in a file. Display all the
characters stored in a text file.

Solution:

Output:

116
Activity 3:
This activity shows that how you can write data of different type to a file using PrintWriter class.

Solution:

Output

117
Activity 4:
This activity shows that how to read data saved in file in previous activity.

Solution:

Output

118
Activity 5:
This activity shows that how to read data from user and save in file.

Solution:

Output:

119
Activity 6:
This activity shows that how to read data from file saved in previous activity.

Solution:

Output:

120
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Write a Java program to accept 10 integer values from user. Save this data in a file.

Lab Task 2
Write a Java program to accept all the data stored in a file in the previous task. Sort this data in
ascending order and display on screen.

Lab Task 3
Write a Java program to accept all the data stored in a file in the previous task (Lab Task1). Remove all
the prime numbers from this data and save again in the same file.

121
 Lab 14
Testing

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to develop and execute different test cases in order to test the program.

Activity Outcomes:
Upone the completion of this lab, students will be able to

• Develop test cases using JUnit Testing Framework in Java

• Use JUnit in NetBeans

Instructor Note:
As pre-lab activity, read the JUnit article given on the link[https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JUnit/article.html]

122
1) Useful Concepts
JUnit is a Regression Testing Framework used by developers to implement unit testing in Java, and
accelerate programming speed and increase the quality of code. JUnit Framework can be easily integrated
with either of the following:
• NetBeans
• Eclipse
• IntelliJ
• Maven

Features of JUnit Test Framework

JUnit test framework provides the following important features:
• Fixtures
• Test suites
• Test runners
• JUnit classes

Fixtures
Fixtures is a fixed state of a set of objects used as a baseline for running tests. The purpose of a test
fixture is to ensure that there is a well-known and fixed environment in which tests are run so that results
are repeatable. It includes:
• setUp() method, which runs before every test invocation.
• tearDown() method, which runs after every test method.
JUnit Classes
JUnit classes are important classes, used in writing and testing JUnits. Some of the important classes are:
• Assert − Contains a set of assert methods.
• TestCase − Contains a test case that defines the fixture to run multiple tests.
• TestResult − Contains methods to collect the results of executing a test case.

2) Solved Lab Activites

Sr.No Allocated Time Level of Complexity CLO Mapping

Activity 1 20 mins High CLO-5
Activity 2 20 mins High CLO-5
Activity 3 20 mins High CLO-5

Activity 1:
Write a Java method to accept a value and return its factorial. Write the main method to check the
factorial method. You are also required to use JUnit for writing and testing unit testing for the defined
factorial method.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the java application having factorial method as below

123
Step 2: Select ‘Create/Update Tests’ from Tools menu and write the test cases for the factorial
method as shown below

Output
Press Ctrl+F6 to get the output as given below.

124
Activity 2:
Write a Java program to define the following methods and write the appropriate test case for
them:

boolean isOdd(int)
boolean isEven(int)
boolean isPrime(int)

Solution:
Step 1: Write the java application having the above mentioned method as below

125
Step 2: Select ‘Create/Update Tests’ from Tools menu and write the test cases for the factorial
method as shown below…

126
Output
Press Ctrl+F6 to get the output

127
128
Activity 3:
Write a Java method to accept a string and return the string in reverse order. You are required
to write necessary test cases for this method.

Solution:

Output:

129
3) Graded Lab Tasks
Note: The instructor can design graded lab activities according to the level of difficult and complexity
of the solved lab activities. The lab tasks assigned by the instructor should be evaluated in the same lab.

Lab Task 1
Write a Java method as given below to accept day, month and year and check that whether the given date
is valid or not

boolean checkDate(int, int, int)

You are required to write necessary test cases to test the above method.

Lab Task 2
Write a Java method as given below to accept an integer and check that whether the given number is a
perfect number or not.

Boolean isPerfectNumber(int)
You are required to write necessary test cases to test the above method.

Lab Task 3
Write a Java method as given below to accept an integer and return the day of the week.

String dayOfTheWeek(int)
You are required to write necessary test cases to test the above method.

130