PYTHON

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BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS
The Python type for storing true and false values is called bool, named after the British
mathematician, George Boole. George Boole created Boolean Algebra, which is the basis of all
modern computer arithmetic.

There are only two boolean values. They are True and False. Capitalization is important,
since true and false are not boolean values (remember Python is case sensitive). In programming
you often need to know if an expression is True or False.You can evaluate any expression in
Python, and get one of two answers, True or False.

INDENTATION

Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define scope in the code.
Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.

CONDITIONALS: IF, ELSE, ELSE IF

Boolean expressions (often referred to as “conditionals”) operate within the sketch as questions.
Is 15 greater than 20? If the answer is yes (i.e., true), you can choose to execute certain instructions
(such as draw a rectangle); if the answer is no (i.e., false), those instructions are ignored. This
introduces the idea of branching; depending on various conditions, the program can follow
different paths.

IF STATEMENT

An else statement can be combined with an if statement. An else statement contains the block of
code that executes if the conditional expression in the if statement resolves to 0 or a FALSE
value.The else statement is an optional statement and there could be at most only
one else statement following if.

Syntax

The syntax of the if...else statement is −

if expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
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Flow Diagram

Example

var1 = 100
if var1==100:
print ("1 - Got a true expression value")
print (var1)
else:
print ("1 - Got a false expression value")
print (var1)

var2 = 0
if var2:
print ("2 - Got a true expression value")
print (var2)
else:
print ("2 - Got a false expression value")
print (var2)

print ("Good bye!")

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When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

1 - Got a true expression value

100
2 - Got a false expression value
0
Good bye!

THE ELIF STATEMENT

The elif statement allows you to check multiple expressions for TRUE and execute a block of code
as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to TRUE. Similar to the else, the elif statement is
optional. However, unlike else, for which there can be at most one statement, there can be an
arbitrary number of elif statements following an if.

syntax
if expression1:
statement(s)
elif expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Core Python does not provide switch or case statements as in other languages, but we can use
if..elif...statements to simulate switch case as follows −

Example
var = 100
if var == 200:
print ("1 - Got a true expression value")
print (var)
elif var == 150:
print ("2 - Got a true expression value")
print (var)
elif var == 100:
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print ("3 - Got a true expression value")

print (var)
else:
print ("4 - Got a false expression value")
print (var)

print ("Good bye!")

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

3 - Got a true expression value

100
Good bye!

MULTI WAY DECISIONS

This technique using Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions in if conditional statements

AND

The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:

Example

Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:

a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")

OR

The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:

Example

Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:

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a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

NESTED IF

You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if statements.

Example

x = 41

if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")

THE PASS STATEMENT

if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if statement with no content, put
in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.

Example

a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
pass
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LOOPS IN PYTHON

In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on. There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of
code several number of times.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated
execution paths. A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple
times. The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle looping requirements.

Sr.No. Loop Type & Description

1 while loop

Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is TRUE. It

tests the condition before executing the loop body.

2 for loop

Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that
manages the loop variable.

3 nested loops
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You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for or do..while loop.

LOOP CONTROL STATEMENTS

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a
scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

Python supports the following control statements. Click the following links to check their detail.

Let us go through the loop control statements briefly

Sr.No. Control Statement & Description

1 break statement

Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately
following the loop.

2 continue statement

Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its
condition prior to reiterating.

3 pass statement

The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required syntactically but
you do not want any command or code to execute.

WHILE LOOP STATEMENT

A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target statement
as long as a given condition is true.

Syntax

The syntax of a while loop in Python programming language is −

while expression:
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statement(s)
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Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements. The condition may be any
expression, and true is any non-zero value. The loop iterates while the condition is true.

When the condition becomes false, program control passes to the line immediately following the
loop.In Python, all the statements indented by the same number of character spaces after a
programming construct are considered to be part of a single block of code. Python uses indentation
as its method of grouping statements.

Flow Diagram

Here, key point of the while loop is that the loop might not ever run. When the condition is tested
and the result is false, the loop body will be skipped and the first statement after the while loop
will be executed.

Example
count = 0
while (count < 9):
print 'The count is:', count
count = count + 1

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

The count is: 0

The count is: 1
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The count is: 2

The count is: 3
The count is: 4
The count is: 5
The count is: 6
The count is: 7
The count is: 8
Good bye!

The block here, consisting of the print and increment statements, is executed repeatedly until count
is no longer less than 9. With each iteration, the current value of the index count is displayed and
then increased by 1.

THE INFINITE LOOP

A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes FALSE. You must use caution when
using while loops because of the possibility that this condition never resolves to a FALSE value.
This results in a loop that never ends. Such a loop is called an infinite loop.

An infinite loop might be useful in client/server programming where the server needs to run
continuously so that client programs can communicate with it as and when required.

var = 1
while var == 1 : # This constructs an infinite loop
num = raw_input("Enter a number :")
print "You entered: ", num

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Enter a number :20

You entered: 20
Enter a number :29
You entered: 29
Enter a number :3
You entered: 3
9

Enter a number between :Traceback (most recent call last):

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File "test.py", line 5, in <module>

num = raw_input("Enter a number :")
KeyboardInterrupt

Above example goes in an infinite loop and you need to use CTRL+C to exit the program.

USING ELSE STATEMENT WITH WHILE LOOP

Python supports to have an else statement associated with a loop statement.If the else statement is
used with a while loop, the else statement is executed when the condition becomes false.The
following example illustrates the combination of an else statement with a while statement that
prints a number as long as it is less than 5, otherwise else statement gets executed.

count = 0
while count < 5:
print count, " is less than 5"
count = count + 1
else:
print count, " is not less than 5"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

0 is less than 5
1 is less than 5
2 is less than 5
3 is less than 5
4 is less than 5
5 is not less than 5
FOR LOOP

It has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string.

Syntax
for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)

If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first. Then, the first item in the sequence
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is assigned to the iterating variable iterating_var. Next, the statements block is executed. Each
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item in the list is assigned to iterating_var, and the statement(s) block is executed until the entire
sequence is exhausted.

Flow Diagram

Example
for letter in 'Python': # First Example
print 'Current Letter :', letter

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']

for fruit in fruits: # Second Example
print 'Current fruit :', fruit

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : h
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
Current fruit : banana
Current fruit : apple
Current fruit : mango
Good bye!
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ITERATING BY SEQUENCE INDEX

An alternative way of iterating through each item is by index offset into the sequence itself.
Following is a simple example −

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']

for index in range(len(fruits)):
print 'Current fruit :', fruits[index]
print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Current fruit : banana

Current fruit : apple
Current fruit : mango
Good bye!

Here, we took the assistance of the len() built-in function, which provides the total number of
elements in the tuple as well as the range() built-in function to give us the actual sequence to iterate
over.

USING ELSE STATEMENT WITH FOR LOOP

Python supports to have an else statement associated with a loop statement. If the else statement
is used with a for loop, the else statement is executed when the loop has exhausted iterating the
list.

The following example illustrates the combination of an else statement with a for statement that

for num in range(10,20): #to iterate between 10 to 20

for i in range(2,num): #to iterate on the factors of the number
if num%i == 0: #to determine the first factor
j=num/i #to calculate the second factor
print '%d equals %d * %d' % (num,i,j)
break #to move to the next number, the #first FOR
else: # else part of the loop
print num, 'is a prime number'
break
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When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

10 equals 2 * 5
11 is a prime number
12 equals 2 * 6
13 is a prime number
14 equals 2 * 7
15 equals 3 * 5
16 equals 2 * 8
17 is a prime number
18 equals 2 * 9
19 is a prime number

NESTED LOOPS

Python programming language allows to use one loop inside another loop. Following section
shows few examples to illustrate the concept.

Syntax

for iterating_var in sequence:

for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)
statements(s)

The syntax for a nested while loop statement in Python programming language is as follows −

while expression:
while expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)

A final note on loop nesting is that you can put any type of loop inside of any other type of loop.
For example a for loop can be inside a while loop or vice versa.

Example

The following program uses a nested for loop to find the prime numbers from 2 to 100 −
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i=2
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while(i < 100):

j=2
while(j <= (i/j)):
if not(i%j): break
j=j+1
if (j > i/j) : print i, " is prime"
i=i+1

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces following result −

2 is prime
3 is prime
5 is prime
7 is prime
11 is prime
13 is prime
17 is prime
19 is prime
23 is prime
29 is prime
31 is prime
37 is prime
41 is prime
43 is prime
47 is prime
53 is prime
59 is prime
61 is prime
67 is prime
71 is prime
73 is prime
79 is prime
83 is prime
89 is prime
97 is prime
Good bye!
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BREAK STATEMENT

It terminates the current loop and resumes execution at the next statement, just like the traditional
break statement in C.The most common use for break is when some external condition is triggered
requiring a hasty exit from a loop. The break statement can be used in both while and for loops.If
you are using nested loops, the break statement stops the execution of the innermost loop and start
executing the next line of code after the block.

Syntax

The syntax for a break statement in Python is as follows −

break

Flow Diagram

Example

for letter in 'Python': # First Example

if letter == 'h':
break
print 'Current Letter :', letter

var = 10 # Second Example

while var > 0:
print 'Current variable value :', var
var = var -1
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if var == 5:
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break

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current variable value : 10
Current variable value : 9
Current variable value : 8
Current variable value : 7
Current variable value : 6
Good bye!
CONTINUE STATEMENT

It returns the control to the beginning of the while loop.. The continue statement rejects all the
remaining statements in the current iteration of the loop and moves the control back to the top of
the loop.

The continue statement can be used in both while and for loops.

Syntax

continue

Flow Diagram
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Example
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for letter in 'Python': # First Example

if letter == 'h':
continue
print 'Current Letter :', letter

var = 10 # Second Example

while var > 0:
var = var -1
if var == 5:
continue
print 'Current variable value :', var
print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
Current variable value : 9
Current variable value : 8
Current variable value : 7
Current variable value : 6
Current variable value : 4
Current variable value : 3
Current variable value : 2
Current variable value : 1
Current variable value : 0
Good bye!
PASS STATEMENT

It is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command or code to
execute. The pass statement is a null operation; nothing happens when it executes. The pass is
also useful in places where your code will eventually go, but has not been written yet (e.g., in stubs
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for example) −
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Syntax

Pass

Example

for letter in 'Python':

if letter == 'h':
pass
print 'This is pass block'
print 'Current Letter :', letter

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces following result −

Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
This is pass block
Current Letter : h
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
Good bye!
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