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DBMS Sem One Impt Q

The document discusses key database concepts like data and information, primary keys, direct keys, queries and their types, and database normalization forms including 1NF, 2NF and 3NF.

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shinchan09000
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14 views

DBMS Sem One Impt Q

The document discusses key database concepts like data and information, primary keys, direct keys, queries and their types, and database normalization forms including 1NF, 2NF and 3NF.

Uploaded by

shinchan09000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DBMS SEM ONE IMPT Q

What is data and info


Data is the raw material that can be processed for any computing
machine. For example − Employee name, Product name, Name of the
student, Marks of the student, Mobile number, Image etc. Information.
Information is the data that has been converted into more useful or intelligent
form.

what is primary key


A primary key, also called a primary keyword, is a column in
a relational database table that's distinctive for each record. It's
a unique identifier, such as a driver's license number, telephone
number with area code or vehicle identification number (VIN). A
relational database must have only one primary key.

What is direct key


Direct file organization is also known as hash file organization. A hash
function is calculated in this approach for storing the records – that provides
us with the address of the block that stores the record. Any mathematical
function can be used in the form of a hash function.

What is a query , write its types


A query in a database is a request for information
from a database management system (DBMS),
which is the software program that maintains
data. Users can make a query to retrieve data or
change information in a database, such as adding
or removing data.

SELECT Query

The SELECT Query in DBMS is used primarily to retrieve information from a


database or to search for a particular record within a database. It is also used to filter
entries in a database.
Action Query

The Action Query in DBMS is used to perform certain operations on the database
such as insertion, deletion, modification, alteration, etc. Action queries are used to
change the database in one way or another.

What is Database Normalization?


Normalization is a database design technique that reduces data
redundancy and eliminates undesirable characteristics like Insertion,
Update and Deletion Anomalies. Normalization rules divides larger
tables into smaller tables and links them using relationships.

1st Normal Form (1NF)


 A table is referred to as being in its First Normal Form if atomicity of the table is
1.
 Here, atomicity states that a single cell cannot hold multiple values. It must hold
only a single-valued attribute.
 The First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute, composite attribute,
and their combinations.
 Second Normal Form (2NF)
The first condition for the table to be in Second Normal Form is that the table has to be
in First Normal Form. The table should not possess partial dependency. The partial
dependency here means the proper subset of the candidate key should give a non-
prime attribute.

Third Normal Form (3NF)


 The first condition for the table to be in Third Normal Form is that the table should
be in the Second Normal Form.
 The second condition is that there should be no transitive dependency for non-
prime attributes, which indicates that non-prime attributes (which are not a part of
the candidate key) should not depend on other non-prime attributes in a table.
Therefore, a transitive dependency is a functional dependency in which A → C (A
determines C) indirectly, because of A → B and B → C (where it is not the case
that B → A).
 The third Normal Form ensures the reduction of data duplication. It is also used to
achieve data integrity.

Below is a student table that has student id, student name, subject id, subject name,
and address of the student as its columns.

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