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Thesis On LDPC Codes

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
53 views8 pages

Thesis On LDPC Codes

Writing a thesis on LDPC codes presents many challenges for students, as it requires a deep understanding of complex coding theory and algorithms, thorough research, and effective articulation of findings. Seeking professional assistance from HelpWriting.net can help students streamline the thesis writing process and produce high-quality work that meets academic standards. HelpWriting.net provides personalized support throughout the entire thesis journey, from developing a proposal to finalizing the draft, to alleviate challenges and ensure a meaningful scholarly contribution is made.

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Definition 4.2.1. (The Multi-Edge-Type Expurgated LDPC Code Ensemble). The application can be
extendedto the multi-user case, and a similar conclusion can be obtained. These bits are provided by
the syndrome generated at the relay. We repeat the above procedure until all the N types of edges are
added tothe graph. When the parameters go to infinity, a capacity-achieving performance can be
obtained for all the rates as for the bilayer expurgatedLDPC convolutional codes. Page 83. The relay
listens to thesource and attempts to decode the message based on the accumulated mutual infor-
mation. The connections betweenthe NV variable nodes and the check nodes in the two layers are
determined bydv1, dc1,M,L,w1 and dv2, dc2,M,L,w2, respectively. When the three-edge-type graph
is constructed, the encoding can be carried outas follows. By setting the checkdegree to be the same
value for all the newly added check nodes in each expurgatedconstruction, the resulting LDPC
convolutional codes present some useful proper-ties. Density Evolution for the dv, dc,M,L,w
Ensemble The following density evolution equations are derived for the dv, dc,M,L,w en-semble.
Bilayerlengthened LDPC convolutional codes will be discussed in the next section. 3.3.1 Bilayer
Expurgated LDPC Codes Figure 3.2 illustrates the extension of the Tanner graph from a single-layer
LDPCcode C1 to a bilayer expurgated LDPC code C. Similar to the modulo-2 addi-tion ?, the
operation. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. Therefore, we proposed to combine
instantaneous relaying strategies Page 19. A capacity-approaching performance can be achieved forall
members of the family. If the receiver fails to receive all the bits correctly, retransmissions
aretriggered. The three-edge-type LDPC code C2 produces a lower rate while adopting the struc-ture
of the higher rate code C1. Therefore in the following we will show briefly that, if the
METexpurgated LDPC convolutional code is systematic, the encoding can be carriedout in a
recursive manner. A similar strategycan be extended to the multi-user case where the users have
different and poten-tially partly overlapping side information available. To achieve
optimalperformance, the design of H1 and H needs to guarantee that C1 and C are simul-taneously
capacity-achieving for the source-relay link and the source-destinationlink, respectively. If the i-th
codeword bitis included in the j-th parity-check equation, the (j, i)-th entry ofH is 1; otherwise,it
equals 0. Wehave drawn the similar conclusions for the bilayer expurgated and lengthened
LDPCconvolutional codes in Chapter 3 and for the multi-edge-type expurgated LDPCconvolutional
codes in Chapter 4. For that case, each relay listens to both the source andother relays which succeed
in decoding earlier. Density Evolution for the General BMS Channel In the following we extend the
density evolution analysis to the general BMS chan-nel. This indicates that the erasure probability
q(1)t (i, j) is independent of the indices i and j. Message passing is one way in which processes
interact with one another. Each layer-1 check node has dc1 edges connecting to the variable
nodes,and each layer-2 check node has dc2 edges connecting to the variable nodes. Therefore in each
iteration of theBP decoding, the density evolution should be explicitly updated on each type ofthe
edge connection. The complexity of multiplying a codeword with a matrix depends on the amount of
1’s in the matrix. Advisor: Tzi-Dar Chiueh Student: Hsiu-min Lin Date: Jan 3 th, 2005. Outline.
Overview of LDPC and related application LDPC algorithm Optimum decoding Various Log
Likelihood Ratio (LLR) introduction Simulation result LDPC architecture.
We will discuss how to decide the parameters in the following sections.The graph extension from a
conventional LDPC code C1 to a three-edge-type LDPC code C2 can be realized in three steps.
Recall the construc-tion of LDPC ensemble in Section 2.3.1, we assume that there are a number of
Ksockets on both the variable node side and the check node side. EBP EXIT Function The MAP
performance can be derived directly from the performance of the BPdecoder. By coupling
theprotographs from different positions into a chain and terminating the chain properly,the resulting
convolutional-like LDPC code ensemble is able to produce capacity-achieving performance in the
limit of large parameters. Theoretically, the proposed rate-compatible family cancover all the rational
rates from 0 to 1. The BBC describes a two-user broadcastchannel in which different subsets of the
broadcasted messages are known a prioriat the receivers. In the first phase, thesource broadcasts the
message, and both the relay and the destination listen. The destination then combines the extra K2
bitswith the code C1 from the source and obtains an overall code C which is decodablefor the
source-destination link. The Message-Passing Interface Standard(MPI) is a library that allows you to
do problems in parallel using message- passing to communicate between processes. The collapse
starts from the two boundaries and moves in until itreaches the middle. Analytical thresholds and
simulation results for finite check and vari-able node degrees are provided for both BECs and BI-
AWGN channels. We prove that by using the MET expurgated LDPC convolutionalcode, the
capacity region of the channel model is achieved. We first look at the information update at the
check node. First, we construct the Tanner graphof a regular LDPC code C1 with degree dv1 for
each variable node V1 and degreedc1 for each check node C1. Depending on the channel
conditions, either of theproposed structures may be beneficial. Avoiding Bad Stats and the Benefits
of Playing Trivia with Friends: PancakesC. Each row of H corresponds to a parity-check equationand
each column ofH corresponds to a bit in the codeword. This assumption is required in the derivation
of the one-dimensionalrecursion of the density evolution equations. The operator describes how the
distribution of the messages changes at avariable node under the BP decoding, while the operator
describes the changeof this distribution at the check node side. Not only provide these graphs a
complete representation of the code, they also help to describe the decoding algorithm. A binary
erasure channel with erasure probability o is depicted inFigure 2.2. The channel input is binary 0, 1,
and the output alphabet is 0, 1, ewhere e indicates an erasure. This channel model describes a two-
user broadcast channel withdifferent a priori information known at the receivers. DF relaying based
on using a bilayer expurgated LDPC code is then realizedas follows. A partially-regular bilayer
expurgated LDPC convolutional code ensembledv1, dv2, dc1, dc2,M,L,w of codeword length ML
includes all the bipartite graphs where each variable node is connected to dv1layer-1 check nodes
and dv2 layer-2check nodes. Moreover, it is conjectured that threshold saturation applies to a very
broad classof graphical models. Alternatively, for any givenM1 the rate-compatible family can be
obtainedby tolerating a slight irregularity in the construction, which in our observations stillretains
the properties of the rate-compatible LDPC convolutional codes. 5.4 RC-LDPCC Codes for the
HARQ In this section we apply the above rate-compatible code family to the HARQ sys-tem. The
symbol vectorassociated with the variable nodes is denoted by X with dimension (1 ? V ). Avoiding
Bad Stats and the Benefits of Playing Trivia with Friends: PancakesC. Vivek Tulsidas Bhat Priyank
Gupta. “Workload Partitioning”. Lessons Learned: Part 1 Vivek Parallelization strategy.
The destination receives par-allel noisy observations from two independent links; therefore a
distributed Turbocode is embedded in the relay channel. As in previous chapters, we analyze the
performance of CC through studying thedesign rate and the density evolution equations. For
example, the type-l variable nodes receive an erasure probabilityo(l) in the BEC or a standard
deviation of the Gaussian distribution ?(l) in theBI-AWGN. With high probability,a randomly chosen
code from an ensemble behaves close to the ensembleaverage. Based on our experience from Chapter
3, we conjecture that the N -edge-type expurgated LDPC convolutional code is capacity achieving as
well in the BMSchannel. Page 94. It was shown in Section 5.3 that the rate-compatible LDPC
convolutional codefamily includes asymptotically the codes of all possible rates in (0, 1). The
broadcasting strategy from thetransmitter should be dedicated to transmit all the messages efficiently
consideringthe available side information. LDPC convolutionalcodes are also introduced in this
chapter. Density Parity-Check Codes Under Message-Passing Decoding”, IEEE. This generalized
theory is of important significance for designingdistributed coding for multi-terminal networks. 1.2
Outline and Contributions In this section, the outline of the thesis is presented along with an
overview ofcontributions. S,R, to denote the binary symbols which aretransmitted from the source
and the relay, and we use Yij, i. This indicates that theoretically the RC-LDPCCcodes are able to
provide a near-optimal performance in terms of achievable rate. We conclude that the bilayer
expurgated LDPC convolutional codesare able to exhibit a capacity-approaching performance for all
the design rates withfinite node degrees. On the other hand, it was observed through experiments
that the typedv, dc,M,L ensemble provides good numerical performance with moderate Mand L
when dv ? 3. Multi-user broadcasting with receiver sideinformation is an extension of the
bidirectional broadcasting. For example,rate-compatible codes are often used to combat fading in
wireless communicationswhen combined with ARQ. Most of the above work was devoted to studies
on practical realizations of coop-erative communication systems. Coding solutions that implement the
decode-and-forward protocol in three-node relay channels were proposed by employing convolu-
tional and Turbo codes. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
supervi-sors, Prof. Talk Overview. LDPC Codes Message Passing Decoding Analysis of Message
Passing Decoding (Density Evolution) Approximations to Density Evolution Design of LDPC Codes
using D.E. The Channel Coding Strategy. Last but not least, I want to express my greatest gratitude
to my parents andmy younger brother for their tremendous love and support in the distance. Channel
Comm. Channel Comm. Channel Relay Source Destination BB XR XS YSR YSD YRD Figure 3.1:
Transmission model of a three-node relay channel. We can see that this probability is independent of
the type of the check nodes but relatedto the overall check node degree. On theother hand, Code A
and Code C are the same as those we use in Table 3.9. Table 3.10: Parameter setup of the codes
employed in the comparison. While processing the layer 2, the blocks which depend on layer 1 will
be processed last to allow for the pipeline latency. So iterative decoding (and encoding) algorithms
are used. Summing up over all the positions and simplifying the expression, Page 75. The generation
of XE does not affect the previouslygenerated codeword X1. Received check word is 0 0 0 0
(calculated above), so set of simple equations starts here. Even though the two-dimensional density
evolution given in the previous section is hard to analyze, we areable to show that for a proper choice
of the parameter setup the bilayer expurgatedLDPC convolutional code is able to provide a capacity-
achieving performance inthe BEC. The solid curves show the simulation results, the dottedcurves
indicate the BP thresholds from density evolution, and the dashed curvesindicate the Shannon limits
for the achieved rates. Table 5.5: Parameters for the simulations over BI-AWGNs.
Since R1 is an achievable rate for the source-relay link, the relay suc-cessfully decodes C1 and
recovers XS at the end of the first phase (in the limit oflong codewords). Label thevariable sockets
and the check sockets separately with the set 1, 2,., Ndv insome arbitrary fashion. On the otherhand,
if the transmit power is kept constant, then the communication rangeor the network coverage will be
enlarged. 2.7.1 Relaying Strategies Due to significant attention attracted by this topic, many relaying
strategies havebeen proposed in the past few years. If the proposed codes are applied to an idealized
HARQ system over the BECwhere the erasure probability stays constant within one complete
information deliv- Page 132. In thischapter we study MET expurgated LDPC convolutional codes,
which are obtainedby adding a number of new check nodes to the existing structure in each roundof
the expurgation. After successfully receiving all the messages,the relay encodes all these messages
together with its own message and broadcaststhe resulting codeword to all the users. The large block
length results also in large parity-check and generator matrices. In Section 5.2 we pro-pose the
construction of rate-compatible LDPC convolutional codes and provide Page 107. The performance
evaluation will also becarried out for the HARQ system and the DDF relay channel. In Sec-tion 6.2,
we specify a condition (6.5) which guarantees that the multi-edge-typeLDPC block code determined
by any. Avariation of DF relaying, the dynamic decode-and-forward, will be discussed inChapter 5.
Here, we have shown thatthe bilayer expurgated LDPC convolutional code has the same properties
(designrate and BP threshold) as the single-layer ensemble over the BMS channel. We have proved a
similar theorem in Section 4.2.3and therefore omit the details of the proof here. Have natural
representation in terms of bipartite graphs 3. In the follow-ing, we will always use the natural
logarithm in log-likelihood ratios. After all check nodes are processed, codeword nodes has
following set of bits: C0: 0 from F1, 1 from F3, 1 from originally received codeword. Aperformance
degradation is observed for low rates (e.g., R Table 3.3: BP thresholds of bilayer expurgated LDPC
convolutional codes overBI-AWGN channels. This operation consists of first makingL copies of the
protograph, and then permuting the endpoints of each edge amongthe L variable and L check nodes
connected to the set of L edges copied from thesame edge in the protograph. C4: 1 from F0, 0 from
F3, 0 from originally received codeword. Aspart of the contribution, we proposed the application of
LDPC convolutional codesin multi-terminal scenarios in this thesis. The type dv, dc,M,L ensemble
can be considered as a special case of the moregeneral ensemble dv, dc,M,L,w. The bilayer codes
mentioned above have two types of edges. Thedegree distributions can easily be computed from the
channel parameters so that nooptimization is needed. Low-Complexity error correction in LDPC
Codes with Constituent RS Codes. In the following we will present the construction of rate-
compatible families ofLDPC convolutional codes. It therefore belongs to the class of two-edge-type
codes. There is a considerable amount of literature on the construction and the analysisof LDPC
convolutional codes. We assumethat the parameters of the four LDPC convolutional codes are dv1,
dc1,M1, L, w,dv2, dc2,M1, L, w, dv3, dc3,M2, L, w and dv4, dc4,M2, L, w, and the numbers of
corresponding check nodes at each position are N1, N2, N1 and N2. In addition, we assume that the
relay-destination link and the source-destination link are either orthogonal or perfectly synchronized,
and therefore theinformation combination at the destination can be done ideally. Page 121. We will
prove analytically that all theLDPC convolutional codes of different rates in the family are capable
of achievingthe capacity of the BEC.
We assume that the degree distribution ofHij is (dv(i, j), dc(i, j)). High Performance Error Detection
with Different Set Cyclic Codes for Memory A. New Dataflow Graph for Layered Decoding
Decoder architecture Decoder for Irregular codes Pipeline for Irregular codes R selection for Rnew
operates out-of-order to feed the data for PS processing of next layer Out-of-order layer processing
for R Selection PS processing R selection R selection is out-of-order so that it can feed the data
required for the PS processing of the second layer. The num-ber of variable nodes for Hij is Mj, and
the number of check nodes is Ni. The code CC has four types ofedges and we give the density
evolution equations on different edges separately. From the nu-merical results, we see that even for
finite node degrees and for finite codewordlengths the decoding thresholds of all codes in the rate-
compatible family closelyapproach the Shannon limits for different rates. Easy to Creata User Script
through GUI Send and receive User-defined 13 Message. The encoding procedure is illustratedin
Figure 4.3. Recursively, we complete the encoding position by position..... t? 2 t? 1 t s0(t) s1(t)
sK?1(t) s? 0(t) s? 1(t) s. In Figure 2.3, we show a Tanner graph which is related to the parity-
checkmatrix in (2.3). C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C1. The relay decodes, interleaves and re-encodesthe
message before forwarding it to the destination. If a sufficient condition of regularityf(dv(i, j), dc(i,
j)) makes CB an overall regular code, the same condition will makethe multi-edge-type LDPC
convolutional code CC equivalent to a standard one-edge-type LDPC convolutional code and
therefore capacity achieving in the limit of largeparameters. Proof. We assume that the overall
variable degree is DV and the overall checkdegree is DC. In the following we will show how to
achieve this goal by usingbilayer LDPC convolutional codes. 3.3.2 Bilayer Expurgated LDPC
Convolutional Codes Based on the definition of a dv, dc,M,L,w LDPC convolutional code ensemble
inChapter 2, we define the bilayer expurgated LDPC convolutional code as follows.We assume the
number of variable nodes at each position to be M. Each user tries then to recover theunknown
message by decoding a two-edge-type code which is embedded in the METexpurgated code. As for
the BEC case, we derive the density evolution for the bilayer expurgated LDPC convolutional code.
Error Correction in Communication Systems. noise. Transmitter. Receiver. Corrupted. Binary.
Corrected. frame. frame. information. information. channel. 3. Each of the V1 layer-1 variable nodes
has dv1 edges connecting to the check nodes, and each of the V2 layer-2 variable nodes has
dv2edges connecting to the check nodes. Page 73. In the proposed scheme, the transmitter
broadcasts codewords ofan MET expurgated LDPC convolutional code. We first applied the three-
edge-type expurgated LDPC convolu-tional codes to the bidirectional broadcast channel with
common message, and itwas proved that the capacity region of the channel model is achieved.
Yuming Zhu and Chaitali Chakrabarti Department of Electrical Engineering Arizona State
University, Tempe. Outline. Introduction to LDPC codes Iterative decoding of LDPC codes
Aggregated Circulant Matrix (ACM) based LDPC codes. Eachvariable node can connect to both
types of check nodes, and at the same time eachcheck node can connect to both types of variable
nodes. In particular, we explain the thresholdsaturation phenomenon which hides behind the capacity
achieving performance ofthe codes. The generation of the parity-check matrices for the rate-
compatible family is described in detail in thefollowing algorithm. Page 116. We gothrough the
definitions of entropy, mutual information and channel capacity as themost commonly used
measures of information and performance. The correspondingsymbol vectors associated with these
two parts are denoted byX1 (1?M1) andXE(1?ME). The performance of the proposed codes
ingeneral BMS channels is briefly discussed as well. We need to point out that the three-edge-type
construction in this chapter isdifferent from the one in Chapter 4. Hybrid automatic repeat-request is
a combination of error-correcting coding andARQ, which provides a solution to data retransmissions
if a feedback channel isavailable. By exploiting bidirectional communication, the loss in
spectralefficiency due to the half-duplex constraint is reduced. Based on the general theory presented
in this chapter, the design of good dis-tributed codes for multi-terminal networks is simplified to a
problem of finding theproper relationship between the node degrees. To construct a (dv, dc) regular
LDPC code of length N, we first assign dv socketsto each variable node and dc sockets to each
check node.
In addition, the gaps between the BP thresholdsand the Shannon limits can be further narrowed.
Edges are connected by a single random permutation. Note that this setup of H ij only applies to the
case that Hij is Page 138. LDPC convolutional codes with two types of variable nodes can be usedas
a starting point of the investigation. Theoretically, the proposed rate-compatible family cancover all
the rational rates from 0 to 1. Thisindicates that the bilayer lengthened LDPC convolutional codes
are able to providegood performance for a wide range of channel conditions when the channel is BI-
AWGN. Table 3.7: BP thresholds of bilayer lengthened LDPC convolutional codes over BI-AWGN
channels. OLGICA MILENKOVIC UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER A joint work
with: VIDYA KUMAR (Ph.D) STEFAN LAENDNER (Ph.D) DAVID LEYBA (Ph.D) VIJAY
NAGARAJAN (MS). Based on the general theory presented in this chapter, the design of good dis-
tributed codes for multi-terminal networks is simplified to a problem of finding theproper
relationship between the node degrees. In the following we discussthe performance of the proposed
code construction on the MBC-CM using Exam-ple 4.4.1. We have shown in Theorem 4.2.1 that all
the N -edge-type expurgated LDPCconvolutional codes are simultaneously capacity achieving in the
limit of large pa-rameters. We repeat the above procedure until all the N types of edges are added
tothe graph. In the following we investigate the density evolution for a given regular LDPCensemble
with variable degree dv and check degree dc. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows.
Chiashi Muroi, JMA 18-22 Oct. 2010, Tokyo WGNE-26. Contents. Outline of our NWP system
Recent changes and developments Install plan of next supercomputer and model upgrade plan (since
Mar. 2012) Very short range Forecasting of Precipitation ( from Dr. Kato). In addition, we do not
have any restrictionon retransmission times. 5.4.3 Throughput A key performance measure of an
HARQ system is throughput efficiency, whichis defined as the average number of information bits
successfully delivered to thereceiver through one channel use. The source intends to transmit its
message to thedestination while the relay provides assistance. Vivek Tulsidas Bhat Priyank Gupta.
“Workload Partitioning”. Numerical results were provided inboth BECs and BI-AWGNs to verify
the theoretical analysis. Therefore in each iteration of theBP decoding, the density evolution should
be explicitly updated on each type ofthe edge connection. We can see that this probability is
independent of the type of the check nodes but relatedto the overall check node degree. We compare
theachieved rates with the highest possible rate Rmax in (5.1). The gaps are 0.0355 Page 131. The
performance discussion for the general BMS channel isincluded as well. The random binning
approach, although convenient for analysis, is not favorablefor practical applications. We choose the
rates RSR ? 0.7 and RSD ? 0.5 and specify the LDPCconvolutional code constructions accordingly.
The bilayer expurgated LDPC convolutional code is capacity achieving for the BEC. The
whitecircles stand for the layer-1 variable nodes while the grey circles are for the layer-2variable
nodes. If the receiver fails to re-cover the information, incremental redundancy will be sent in
subsequent blocksuntil the receiver succeeds in decoding or all the redundancy is transmitted. In the
following we will show how to achieve this goal by usingbilayer LDPC convolutional codes. 3.3.2
Bilayer Expurgated LDPC Convolutional Codes Based on the definition of a dv, dc,M,L,w LDPC
convolutional code ensemble inChapter 2, we define the bilayer expurgated LDPC convolutional
code as follows.We assume the number of variable nodes at each position to be M. The goal ofthe
transmitter becomes then to transmit the messagesm0,m1, andm2 efficientlyso that User 1 is able to
reliably decode the messagesm0 andm2 and User 2 is ableto reliably decode the messages m0 and
m1. Atthe user side, different and potentially partly overlapping a priori information isavailable for
decoding the codeword from the relay. In addition, we assume that the relay-destination link and the
source-destination link are either orthogonal or perfectly synchronized, and therefore theinformation
combination at the destination can be done ideally. Page 121.
The rate for broadcastingm0 is assumed to be R0, and R0. An extra equation which is
linearlydependent on the existing equations adds no constraint to the codewords, so itdoes not
reduce any degrees of freedom. Numerical results in terms of biterasure rate and achievable rate are
provided to evaluate the performance of thesystem. For practical applications,i.e., with finite code
lengths, the numerical results also indicate good performancein terms of throughput. Based on this
definition, in the following we present a general theorem con-cerning the multi-edge-type LDPC
convolutional code construction. The multi-edge formalism is capable of specifying aparticular graph,
which is not possible in the irregular LDPC framework. The RC LDPC convolutional code family
enablesa system to conveniently adapt to varying channel conditions. For the conventional DDF
relaying, all the blocks should have the same length.This can be realized by choosing a proper check
degree and incremental variabledegrees for the RC-LDPCC codes. Since there are in total K types of
variablenodes in the graph, a type-i check node should be excluded from the graph if it is Page 141.
In the second phase, we can use another capacity-achieving LDPC convolutional code to guarantee
thatthe NC2 syndrome bits are successfully delivered to the destination. Channel Channel
DecoderSink B BC X Y Figure 2.1: A typical communication system. The grey boxes of different
color depths indicate the non-zero sub-matrices corresponding to the three types of edges, while the
white boxes representthe zero submatrices. The connections betweenthe NV variable nodes and the
check nodes in the two layers are determined bydv1, dc1,M,L,w1 and dv2, dc2,M,L,w2, respectively.
Low-Complexity error correction in LDPC Codes with Constituent RS Codes. It consists of m check
nodes (the number of parity bits) and n variable nodes (the number of bits in a codeword). Note that
the relay forwards to the destination the compressedK2 bits instead ofall the NV2 layer-2 bits.
Accordingly, we assigndvdcM check nodes at each position. The density evolution can be written
into one dimension as for the expurgated code. The extension to the multi-user caseis carried out in
Section 4.4. In Section 4.5, we provide the numerical results forboth BECs and BI-AWGN channels.
4.2 MET Expurgated LDPC Convolutional Codes In this section, we introduce the construction of
multi-edge-type expurgated LDPCconvolutional codes. We first consider an extended graph with
four types ofedges, and then we look into the case where the graph extension is carried out for more
rounds. For a subgroup of theusers, the side information may be i) non-overlapping; ii) partly
overlapping; or iii)completely overlapping. The symbol vectors associated with layer-1 andlayer-2
variable nodes are denoted byX1 (1?V1) andX2 (1?V2). We denote the LDPC code associated with
H1 by C1 and the overall LDPC codestructure associated with H2 by C2. Page 108. Received check
word is 0 0 0 0 (calculated above), so set of simple equations starts here. Aspart of the contribution,
we proposed the application of LDPC convolutional codesin multi-terminal scenarios in this thesis.
Themessage coming out from the check node to one variable node is not an erasure onlyif the
messages from all the other variable nodes to that check node are not erased.We assume that the
messages are independent of each other since the channel is Page 35. Then we show how we
construct rate-compatibleLDPC convolutional codes using a similar method. Each user tries then to
recover theunknown message by decoding a two-edge-type code which is embedded in the
METexpurgated code. With LDPC convolutional codes,complicated optimizations can be avoided
due to their regular degree distributionswhile a capacity-achieving performance can be obtained.
Page 63.

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