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SQL No SQL
Key-Value Graph Store
Key Value
Table Key Value
Key Value
Key Value

Table
Column Store Document
Column Column

Values Values
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SELECT Database
DBMS FROM
WHERE

Users SELECT.. Customers

FROM ..
Orders

Result

APPS
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Library = Database

Book = Table

Category =Schema

Public Library Stuttgart

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Server

Database/Schema Database/Schema

Table Table Table

Column Column Column Column Column Column

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Column
Primary Key
Attribute
Key Field
Field

Row
Table
Record Object
Tuple Entity
Relation

Cell
Data Item
Column Value
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SQL Command Types

DDL DQL DML DCL TCL

Data Definition Data Query Data Manipulation Data Control Transaction
Language Language Language Language Control Language

CREATE SELECT INSERT GRANT COMMIT

DROP DELETE REVOKE ROLLBACK

ALTER UPDATE SAVEPOINT

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-- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM customers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500
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Youtube-DataWithBaraa SQL Statement/Query

-- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM customers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500
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Comment -- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM customers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500
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-- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

Clauses FROM customers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500
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-- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

Keywords FROM customers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500
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-- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM customers Identifiers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500
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-- Select customer data

SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM customers

WHERE country = 'Italy‘

AND score < 500

Operators
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Comment -- Select customer data

Clauses SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM customers Identifiers

Keywords
WHERE country = 'Italy‘
AND score < 500

Operators
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SELECT Statement
SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT country,
COUNT(c.customer_id) AS total_customers

FROM FROM customers c

INNER JOIN orders o

JOINS ON o.customer_id = c.customer_id

WHERE WHERE country = 'germany'

GROUP BY GROUP BY c.country

HAVING HAVING COUNT(c.customer_id) > 1

ORDER BY ORDER BY c.country

LIMIT LIMIT 2
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Youtube-DataWithBaraa Logical Operators AND OR

Condition A Condition B A AND B A OR B

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE

FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

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Logical Operators NOT

Condition A NOT Condition A

TRUE FALSE

FALSE TRUE
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WHERE Operators
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Comparison Operators Logical Operators

= Equal AND Return True if both conditions are true

!= <> Not Equal OR Return True if one of conditions is true

> Greater than NOT Reverse the result of any Boolean operator

< Less than IN Return True if a value is in a set of values

Return True if a value falls within a specific

=> Greater than or equal to BETWEEN
range

<= Less than or equal to LIKE Return True if a value matches a pattern
Homepage-DataWithBaraa
Youtube-DataWithBaraa Logical Operators AND OR

Condition A Condition B A AND B A OR B

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE

FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

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AND - Return True only if both conditions are true

Condition A Condition B A AND B

TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE FALSE

FALSE TRUE FALSE

FALSE FALSE FALSE

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OR- Return True if one of conditions is true

Condition A Condition B A OR B

TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE TRUE

FALSE TRUE TRUE

FALSE FALSE FALSE

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NOT - Reverse the result of any Boolean operator

Condition A NOT Condition A
TRUE FALSE

FALSE TRUE
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BETWEEN- Return True if a value falls within a specific range

FALSE TRUE FALSE

MIN MAX
value value
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IN - Return True if a value is in a list of values

Checklist

Value 1
Value in the List? Value 2
Value 3
…
YES NO
Value N

TRUE FALSE
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LIKE - Return True if a value matches a pattern

• Percent % matches anything
• Underscore _ matches exactly one character

Pattern
Find names begins with ‘M’ M%
Find names ends with ‘n’ %n
Find names containing the‘r’ %r%
Find names containing the‘r’ at 3d position __r%
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Find names begins with ‘M’

Pattern M%
Maria M aria
John J ohn
Georg G eorg
Martin M artin
Peter P eter
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Find names ends with ‘n’

Pattern % n
Maria Mari a
John Joh n
Georg Geor g
Martin Marti n
Peter Pete r
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Find names containing the‘r’

Pattern % r %
Maria Ma r ia
John John
Georg Geo r g
Martin Ma r tin
Peter Pete r
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Find names containing the‘r’ at 3d position

Pattern __ r %
Maria Ma r ia
John Jo h n
Georg Ge o rg
Martin Ma r tin
Peter Pe t er
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Join Key
customer_id

Join Type
INNER Join
LEFT Join
RIGHT Join

FULL Join
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LEFT Table RIGHT Table

Only matching Rows Only matching Rows

Customers Orders
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LEFT Table RIGHT Table

Return ALL Rows Only matching Rows

Customers Orders
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LEFT Table RIGHT Table

Only matching Rows Return ALL Rows

Customers Orders
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LEFT Table RIGHT Table

Return ALL Rows Return ALL Rows

Customers Orders
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JOINS UNION

Col1 col2 Col1 col2 Col1 col2 Col1 col2

Rows Rows Rows Rows Rows Rows Rows Rows

Col1 col2 Col1 col2 Col1 col2

Rows Rows Rows Rows Rows Rows

Rows Rows
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SQL Aggregate Functions

COUNT() Returns the number of rows in a result set

SUM() Returns the sum of values

AVG() Returns the average of values

MAX() Returns the maximum value

MIN() Returns the minimum value

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SQL String Functions

CONCAT() Returns a string by concatenating two or more string values.

LOWER() Converts a string to lowercase.

UPPER() Converts a string to uppercase.

Remove leading and trailing spaces
TRIM()
from a string.
LENGTH() Returns the length of a string

SUBSTRING() Returns a substring from string.

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SQL Date Functions

NOW() Returns the current date and time.

DAY() Returns the day of the month (0-31).

MONTH() Returns the month from the date passed (1-12).

YEAR() Returns the year.

DATE_ADD() Adds a specified time value (or interval) to a date value.

DATE_SUB() Subtracts a specified time value (or interval) from a date value.

DATEDIFF() Returns the number of days between two dates

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SUbqueries

Query

Result
Query 1 Query 2

(Subquery)
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LTRIM()
Maria RTRIM()

LEFT RIGHT
SPACE SPACE
TRIM()
(LTRIM + RTRIM)
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SUBSTRING(Column,Start,Length)
SUBSTRING(‘Maria’,2,3)

Maria ari
1 2 3 4 5

Start

End
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COLUMN Definition
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Column Name Data Type Constraints

Could be INT PRIMARY KEY

Anything
VARCHAR NOT NULL

DATE UNIQUE

CHAR DEFAULT
… …