Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014, Article ID 840405, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/840405

Research Article
Invariant Solutions and Conservation Laws of the
(2 + 1)-Dimensional Boussinesq Equation

Wenjuan Rui,1 Peiyi Zhao,2 and Yufeng Zhang1

1
College of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2
Shandong Provincial Academy of Education Recruitment and Examination, Jinan 250011, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Wenjuan Rui; [email protected]

Received 8 June 2014; Accepted 17 July 2014; Published 7 August 2014

Academic Editor: Huanhe Dong

Copyright © 2014 Wenjuan Rui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Invariant solutions and conservation laws of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation are studied. The Lie symmetry approach is
used to obtain the invariant solutions. Conservation laws for the underlying equation are derived by utilizing the new conservation
theorem and the partial Lagrange approach.

1. Introduction in a wide variety of physical systems such as nonlinear lattice

waves, iron sound waves in plasma, and vibrations in a
In recent years, searching for explicit solutions of nonlinear nonlinear string. For the transonic speed perturbations, by
evolution equations (NEEs) has attracted the attention of neglecting the interaction of waves moving in the opposite
many mathematicians and physicists. Particularly, various directions, the Boussinesq equation (2) can be reduced to
effective methods have been used to explore different kinds the KdV equation. Equation (2) itself is also a dimensional
of solutions of NEEs, such as the inverse scattering method reduction of the KP equation in the moving frame. Moreover,
[1], the Darboux transformation [2] and the Bäcklund trans- the Boussinesq equation (2) is completely integrable and
formation [3], the Hirota method [4], the homogeneous admits inverse scattering. Owing to its profound importance
balance method [5, 6], the similarity reduced method [7, and nice mathematical properties, a great deal of research
8], the tanh method [9], and the sine-cosine method [10]. work has been invested in recent years for the study of
But up to now a unified method that can be used to deal the Boussinesq equation. Krishnan et al. [15] studied the
with all types of NEEs has not been discovered. Among dynamics of shallow water waves that are governed by the
the above mentioned methods, the Lie symmetry method Boussinesq equations. Yang et al. [16] obtained solutions
is one of the most effective methods to determine solutions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous dissipative Boussinesq
of differential equations. In the past decades, there have equation by using the modified Jacobi elliptic function
been considerable developments in symmetry methods for expansion method and the pseudospectral method. However,
differential equations [11, 12]. there has also been a growing interest in the study of NEEs in
In the present paper we consider the (2 + 1)-dimensional multidimensions, especially in (1 + 2) and (1 + 3) dimensions.
Boussinesq equation: To find some exact soliton solutions in higher dimensions
𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − (𝑢2 )𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0. (1) is much more difficult than in 1 + 1 dimensions. Recently,
El-Sayed and Kaya [17] used the decomposition method to
A well-known soliton equation is the Boussinesq equation: obtain the exact solitary-wave solutions of (1). Senthilvelan
[18] obtained the travelling wave solutions for (2 + 1)-
𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 3(𝑢2 )𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0. (2)
dimensional Boussinesq equation and (3 + 1)-dimensional
Equation (2) was introduced by Boussinesq to describe KP equation by homogeneous balance method and explored
motions of long waves in shallow water [13, 14]. It also appears certain new solutions of the equations. Chen et al. [19]
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

obtained many explicit exact solutions of (1) by using the One can write the Lie-Bäcklund operator (7) in characteristic
new generalized transformation in homogeneous balance form as follows:
method. More new double periodic and multiple soliton 𝜕 𝜕
solutions are obtained for the generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional 𝑋 = 𝜉𝑖 𝐷𝑖 + 𝑊𝛼 𝛼 + ∑𝐷𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠 (𝑊𝛼 ) 𝛼 . (10)
𝜕𝑢 𝑠≥1 𝜕𝑢 𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠
Boussinesq equation [20].
The main goal of this paper is to use the Lie symmetry The Noether operators associated with a Lie-Bäcklund sym-
method [21, 22] to obtain the invariant solutions. In addition metry operator 𝑋 are given by
to this, conservation laws will be derived for (1) by using the
𝛿 𝛿
new conservation theorem [23, 24] and the partial Lagrange 𝑁𝑖 = 𝜉𝑖 + 𝑊𝛼 + ∑𝐷 (𝑊𝛼 ) 𝛼 ,
approach [25, 26]. 𝛿𝑢𝑖𝛼 𝑠≥1 𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠 𝛿𝑢𝑖𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠 (11)
The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2,
we present symmetry group analysis and group-invariant 𝑖 = 1, 2, . . . , 𝑛,
solutions of (1). In Section 3, the conservation laws for (1) are where the Euler-Lagrange operators with respect to deriva-
established. Finally, some conclusions are given in Section 4. tives of 𝑢𝛼 are obtained from (5) by replacing 𝑢𝛼 by the
corresponding derivatives. For example,
2. Method of Lie Symmetries 𝛿 𝜕 𝜕
= + ∑(−1)𝑠 𝐷𝑗1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝐷𝑗𝑠 𝛼 ,
2.1. Preliminaries. In this section we briefly present the 𝛿𝑢𝑖𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝛼 𝑠≥1 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗1 𝑗2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑗𝑠 (12)
notation and pertinent results used in this paper [21, 22].
𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛, 𝛼 = 1, . . . , 𝑚,
Consider a 𝑘th-order system of PDEs of 𝑛 independent
variables 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , . . . , 𝑥𝑛 ) and 𝑚 dependent variables 𝑢 = and the Euler-Lagrange, Lie-Bäcklund, and Noether opera-
(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , . . . , 𝑢𝑚 ): tors are connected by the operator identity:
𝐸𝛼 (𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑘) ) = 0, 𝛼 = 1, . . . , 𝑚, 𝛿
(3) 𝑋 + 𝐷𝑖 (𝜉𝑖 ) = 𝑊𝛼 + 𝐷𝑖 𝑁𝑖 . (13)
𝛿𝑢𝛼
where 𝑢(1) , 𝑢(2) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑘) denote the collections of all first,
The 𝑛-tuple vector 𝑇 = (𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , . . . , 𝑇𝑛 ), 𝑇𝑗 ∈ A, 𝑗 = 1, . . . , 𝑛
second,. . ., 𝑘th-order partial derivatives; that is, 𝑢𝑖𝛼 =
𝐷𝑖 (𝑢𝛼 ), 𝑢𝑖𝑗𝛼 = 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑖 (𝑢𝛼 ), . . ., respectively, with the total is a conserved vector of (3) if 𝑇𝑖 satisfies
derivative operator with respect to 𝑥𝑖 given by 𝐷𝑖 𝑇𝑖 |(3) = 0. (14)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 Equation (14) defines a local conservation law of system (3).

𝐷𝑖 = + 𝑢𝑖𝛼 𝛼 + 𝑢𝑖𝑗𝛼 𝛼 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛, (4)
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝑗
2.2. Lie Point Symmetries. Now, we consider the following Lie
where the summation convention is used whenever appropri- group of transformations with independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡
ate. and dependent variable 𝑢:
The Euler-Lagrange operator, for each 𝛼, is given by 𝑥∗ = 𝑥∗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝜀) , 𝑦∗ = 𝑦∗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝜀) ,
(15)
𝛿 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝛼 + ∑(−1)𝑠 𝐷𝑖1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝐷𝑖𝑠 𝛼 , (5) 𝑡∗ = 𝑡∗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝜀) , 𝑢∗ = 𝑢∗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝜀) ,
𝛿𝑢 𝛼 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠
𝑠≥1
where 𝜀 is the group parameter. The infinitesimal generator
and the Lie-Bäcklund operator is for the Lie group transformations can be expressed in the
following form:
𝜕 𝜕
𝑋 = 𝜉𝑖 + 𝜂𝛼 𝛼 , 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜂𝛼 ∈ A, (6) 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝑋=𝜉 +𝜙 +𝜏 +𝜂 . (16)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢
where A is the space of differential functions. The operator
(6) is an abbreviated form of infinite formal sum: Applying the fourth prolongation pr(4) 𝑋 to (1), we obtain the
following determining equations:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑋 = 𝜉𝑖 + 𝜂𝛼 𝛼 + ∑𝜁𝑖𝛼1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠 𝛼 , (7) 𝜉𝑦 = 𝜉𝑡 = 𝜉𝑢 = 𝜙𝑥 = 𝜙𝑢 = 𝜏𝑥 = 𝜏𝑢 = 0,
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝑠≥1 𝜕𝑢𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠

where the additional coefficients are determined uniquely by 𝜉𝑥𝑥 = 𝜂𝑥𝑥 = 𝜂𝑥𝑢 = 𝜂𝑢𝑢 = 0,
the prolongation formulae: 𝜏𝑡 − 𝜙𝑦 = 0, 𝜏𝑡 − 2𝜉𝑥 = 0, 𝜙𝑡 − 𝜏𝑦 = 0,
𝜁𝑖𝛼 = 𝐷𝑖 (𝑊 ) + 𝛼
𝜉𝑗 𝑢𝑖𝑗𝛼 , 𝜏𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜂𝑢𝑡 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝜙𝑡𝑡 − 2𝜂𝑢𝑡 + 𝜙𝑦𝑦 = 0, (17)
(8)
𝜁𝑖𝛼1 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠 = 𝐷𝑖1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝐷𝑖𝑠 (𝑊𝛼 ) + 𝜉𝑗 𝑢𝑗𝑖
𝛼
1 ⋅⋅⋅𝑗𝑠
, 𝑠 > 1, 𝜂𝑥𝑥 + 𝜂𝑦𝑦 − 𝜂𝑡𝑡 + 𝜂𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0,

in which 𝑊𝛼 is the Lie characteristic function: 𝜂 − 𝜉𝑥 + 𝜏𝑡 + 2𝑢 (𝜏𝑡 − 𝜉𝑥 ) = 0,

𝛼 𝛼
𝑊 =𝜂 − 𝜉𝑗 𝑢𝑗𝛼 . (9) 𝜂𝑢 + 2𝜏𝑡 − 2𝜉𝑥 = 0, 4𝜂𝑥 + 𝜉𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜂𝑥𝑢 − 𝜉𝑦𝑦 = 0.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

Solving the above system (17) we reach that the symmetry of 3.1. Variational Method for a System and Its Adjoint. The
(1) is spanned by the five vector fields: system of adjoint equations to the system of 𝑘th-order
differential equation (3) is defined by [23]
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑋1 = , 𝑋2 = , 𝑋3 = ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝐸𝛼∗ (𝑥, 𝑢, V, . . . , 𝑢(𝑘) , V(𝑘) ) = 0, 𝛼 = 1, . . . , 𝑚, (27)
𝜕 𝜕
𝑋4 = 𝑦 +𝑡 , (18) where
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦
𝛿 (]𝛽 𝐸𝛽 )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝐸𝛼∗ (𝑥, 𝑢, V, . . . , 𝑢(𝑘) , V(𝑘) ) = ,
𝑋5 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑡 + (2𝑢 + 1) . 𝛿𝑢𝛼 (28)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢
𝛼 = 1, . . . , 𝑚, ] = ] (𝑥) ,
2.3. Group-Invariant Solutions. In this section we present the
reduction forms of (1) by using symmetry group method. and ] = (]1 , ]2 , . . . , ]𝑚 ) are new dependent variables.
To do this, particular linear combinations of infinitesimals We recall here the following results as given in Ibragimov
are considered and their corresponding invariants are deter- [23].
mined. For example, for the symmetry operator 𝑋 = 𝑋1 + A system of (3) is said to be self-adjoint if the substitution
𝑋2 + 𝑋3 , we can compute the invariants by integrating the of ] = 𝑢 into the system of adjoint equation (27) yields the
characteristic equations: same system (3).
Assume the system of (3) admits the symmetry generator:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= = . (19)
1 1 1 𝜕 𝜕
𝑋 = 𝜉𝑖 𝑖
+ 𝜂𝛼 𝛼 , (29)
The corresponding invariants are 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑝 = 𝑡 − 𝑦, 𝜔 = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝑢. Now treating 𝑝, 𝑞 as the new independent variables and
and then the system of adjoint equation (27) admits the
𝜔 as the new dependent variable, we obtain the ordinary
operator:
differential equation:
2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(2𝜔 (𝑞) + 1) 𝜔󸀠󸀠 (𝑞) + 2(𝜔󸀠 (𝑞)) + 𝜔(4) (𝑞) = 0. (20) 𝑌 = 𝜉𝑖 + 𝜂𝛼 𝛼 + 𝜂∗𝛼 𝛼 ,
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝜕] (30)
Integrating (20) twice with respect to 𝑞 we obtain 𝜂∗𝛼 = − [𝜆𝛼𝛽 ]𝛽 𝛼 𝑖
+ ] 𝐷𝑖 (𝜉 )] ,
󸀠󸀠 2
𝜔 (𝑞) + 𝜔 (𝑞) + 𝜔 (𝑞) = 𝑐0 𝑞 + 𝑐1 , 𝑐0 , 𝑐1 ∈ 𝑅. (21)
where the operator (30) is an extension of (29) to the variable
Taking 𝑐0 = 0 and 𝜔󸀠 (𝑞) = 𝜓(𝜔) we get ]𝛼 and the 𝜆𝛼𝛽 are obtainable from

𝜓󸀠 (𝜔) 𝜓 (𝜔) + 𝜔2 + 𝜔 = 𝑐1 . (22) 𝑋 (𝐸𝛼 ) = 𝜆𝛽𝛼 𝐸𝛽 . (31)

The solution of (22) is
Theorem 1 (see [23]). Every Lie point, Lie-Bäcklund, and
1 nonlocal symmetry (29) admitted by the system of (3) gives
𝜓 (𝜔) = ± √−6𝜔3 + 18𝑐1 𝜔 − 9𝜔2 + 9𝑐2 , (23) rise to a conservation law for the system consisting of (3) and
3
the adjoint equation (27), where the components 𝑇𝑖 of the
where 𝑐2 is a constant. Notice that 𝜔󸀠 (𝑞) = 𝜓(𝜔); we have conserved vector 𝑇 = (𝑇1 , . . . , 𝑇𝑛 ) are determined by
1
𝜔󸀠 (𝑞) = ± √−6𝜔3 + 18𝑐1 𝜔 − 9𝜔2 + 9𝑐2 , (24) 𝛿𝐿 𝛿𝐿
3 𝑇𝑖 = 𝜉𝑖 𝐿 + 𝑊𝛼 + ∑𝐷 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝐷𝑖𝑠 (𝑊𝛼 ) 𝛼 ,
𝛿𝑢𝑖𝛼 𝑠≥1 𝑖1 𝛿𝑢𝑖𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠 (32)
so we get
1 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛,
𝑞 = ±3 ∫ 𝑑𝜔. (25)
√−6𝜔3 + 18𝑐1 𝜔 − 9𝜔2 + 9𝑐2 with Lagrangian given by

Recall 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝜔 = 𝑢; we get the solution of (1): 𝐿 = ]𝛼 𝐸𝛼 (𝑥, 𝑢, . . . , 𝑢(𝑘) ) . (33)

1
𝑥 − 𝑦 = ±3 ∫ 𝑑𝑢. (26) 3.2. Partial Noether Approach for a System of PDEs. The
√−6𝑢3 + 18𝑐1 𝑢 − 9𝑢2 + 9𝑐2 following results are due to Kara and Mahomed [26] that
are based on the partial Lagrangian approach to construct
3. Conservation Law conservation laws for a system of PDEs.
Suppose that the system of (3) is written as
Here we briefly present the pertinent results of the two
variational methods we utilize below. 𝐸𝛼 = 𝐸𝛼0 + 𝐸𝛼1 = 0, 𝛼 = 1, . . . , 𝑚. (34)
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

If there exist a function 𝐿 = 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑙) ) ∈ A, 𝑙 ≤ 𝑘 where V = V(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a new dependent variable and (40) gives
and nonzero functions 𝑓𝛼𝛽 ∈ A such that (34) can be written
V𝑡𝑡 − 2𝑢𝑥𝑥 V − 4𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 − (2𝑢 + 1) V𝑥𝑥 − V𝑦𝑦 − V𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0. (41)
as 𝛿𝐿/𝛿𝑢𝛼 = 𝑓𝛼𝛽 𝐸𝛽1 , provided 𝐸𝛽1 ≠ 0, then 𝐿 is known
as a partial Lagrangian of (34); otherwise it is the standard By using Theorem 1, we obtain the following Lagrangian for
Lagrangian. The differential equations of the form the system of (38) and (40):
𝛿𝐿
= 𝑓𝛼𝛽 𝐸𝛽1 (35) 𝐿 = V (𝑢𝑡𝑡 − (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑢𝑥2 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ) . (42)
𝛿𝑢𝛼
are called a system of partial Euler-Lagrange equations.
The operator 𝑋 in (10) is a partial Noether operator
corresponding to a partial Lagrangian 𝐿 ∈ A of the system (1) We first consider the Lie point symmetry generator
(35) if it can be determined from 𝑋1 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑥, and we have 𝑊 = −𝑢𝑥 . Hence using (32),
we obtain the following components of the conserved
𝛿𝐿 vector 𝑇:
𝑋 (𝐿) + 𝐿𝐷𝑖 (𝜉𝑖 ) = 𝑊𝛼 + 𝐷𝑖 (𝐵𝑖 ) , (36)
𝛿𝑢𝛼
𝑇𝑥1 = (2𝑢 + 2V − 1) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
1 2 𝑛 𝑖
for some vector 𝐵 = (𝐵 , 𝐵 , . . . , 𝐵 ), 𝐵 ∈ A. Here 𝑊 =
(𝑊1 , 𝑊2 , . . . , 𝑊𝑚 ), 𝑊𝛼 ∈ A is the characteristic of 𝑋. 𝑇𝑡1 = − 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V + 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 , (43)

Theorem 2 (see [26]). If the operator 𝑋 as in (10) is a partial 𝑇𝑦1 = 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V − 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 .

Noether operator of a partial Lagrangian 𝐿 corresponding to a
partial Eule-Lagrange system of the form (35), the components (2) The Lie point symmetry generator 𝑋2 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑦 has
𝑇𝑖 of the conserved vector 𝑇 of (3) or (35) can be constructed the Lie characteristic function 𝑊 = −𝑢𝑦 . Thus by
by the following formula: using (32), the components of the conserved vector
𝛿𝐿 𝛿𝐿 are given by
𝑇𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 − 𝜉𝑖 𝐿 − 𝑊𝛼 𝛼
− ∑𝐷𝑖1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝐷𝑖𝑠 (𝑊𝛼 ) 𝛼 ,
𝛿𝑢𝑖 𝑠≥1 𝛿𝑢𝑖𝑖1 𝑖2 ⋅⋅⋅𝑖𝑠
𝑇𝑥2 = [2𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 + (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑥 ] V
𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛,
− (2𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦 ) V𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
(37)
(44)
1 2
where the characteristic 𝑊 = (𝑊 , 𝑊 , . . . , 𝑊 ), 𝑊 ∈ A of 𝑚 𝛼 𝑇𝑡2 = − 𝑢𝑦𝑡 V + 𝑢𝑦 V𝑡 ,
𝑋 is also the characteristic of the conservation law 𝐷𝑖 𝑇𝑖 = 0 of
𝑇𝑦2 = [𝑢𝑡𝑡 − (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑢𝑥2 ] V − 𝑢𝑦 V𝑦 − VV𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 .
(3).

3.3. Conservation Law. We now construct conservation law (3) Now the Lie point symmetry generator 𝑋3 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑡 has
of (1) using the two approaches outlined above. the Lie characteristic function 𝑊 = −𝑢𝑡 . Hence we
can obtain the conserved vector whose components
Application of the New Conservation Theorem. The (2 + 1)- are
dimensional Boussinesq equation is given by
𝑇𝑥3 = [2𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡 + (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ] V − (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑥
𝐸𝛼 = 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑢𝑥2 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0. (38) − 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
We recall that (38) admits the following five Lie point
symmetry generators: 𝑇𝑡3 = − [2𝑢𝑥2 + (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 ] V + 𝑢𝑡 V𝑡 − VV𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,

𝜕 𝜕 𝑇𝑦3 = − 𝑢𝑦𝑡 V − 𝑢𝑡 V𝑦 .
𝑋1 = , 𝑋2 = ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (45)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑋3 = , 𝑋4 = 𝑦 +𝑡 , (39) (4) The Lie point symmetry generator 𝑋4 = 𝑦(𝜕/𝜕𝑡) +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑡(𝜕/𝜕𝑦) has the Lie characteristic function 𝑊 =
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 −𝑡𝑢𝑦 − 𝑦𝑢𝑡 . Hence using (32), the components of the
𝑋5 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑡 + (2𝑢 + 1) . conserved vector are given by
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢
The adjoint equation of (38), by invoking (27), is 𝑇𝑥4 = [2𝑢𝑥 (𝑡𝑢𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑡 ) + (2𝑢 + 1) (𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑡 )

𝛿 [V (𝑢𝑡𝑡 − (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑢𝑥2 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 )] + 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ] V − (2𝑢 + 1) (𝑡𝑢𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑡 ) V𝑥
𝐸𝛼∗ = = 0,
𝛿𝑢
(40) − (𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑡 ) V𝑥𝑥 − (𝑡𝑢𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑡 ) V𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

𝑇𝑡4 = − [𝑢𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑢𝑥2 + (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦 to determine the Noether-type operators. If we substitute (48)
and (50) into the partial Noether-type operators determining
+ 𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑡 + 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ] V + (𝑡𝑢𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑡 ) V𝑡 , (36), we obtain
𝜉 = 𝜙 = 𝜏 = 𝜂𝑢 = 0, 𝜂 = 𝐶 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) ,
𝑇𝑦4 = [𝑢𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑡 − (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑡 − 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ] V
𝐵1 = − 𝐶𝑡 𝑢 + 𝛼 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) ,
− (𝑡𝑢𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢𝑡 ) V𝑦 . (51)
(46) 𝐵2 = − (𝑢2 + 𝑢) 𝐶𝑥 + 𝛽 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) ,

(5) Finally, we consider the Lie point symmetry generator 𝐵3 = − 𝐶𝑦 𝑢 + 𝛾 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) ,

𝑋5 = 𝑥(𝜕/𝜕𝑥) + 2𝑦(𝜕/𝜕𝑦) + 2𝑡(𝜕/𝜕𝑡) + (2𝑢 + 1)(𝜕/𝜕𝑢) subject to the condition
and the Lie characteristic function 𝑊 = (2𝑢 + 1) −
𝑥𝑢𝑥 −2𝑦𝑢𝑦 −2𝑡𝑢𝑡 . Hence we can obtain the conserved 𝐵𝑡1 + 𝐵𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦3 = 0. (52)
vector whose components are
The conserved components, using (37), are
𝑇𝑥5 = [𝑥𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑢𝑥 (2𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 2𝑡𝑢𝑡 − 2𝑢 − 1)
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑡 𝑢 − 𝐶𝑢𝑡 + 𝛼,
+ (4𝑢 + 2) (𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑡 ) − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑇2 = − (𝑢2 + 𝑢) 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝛽, (53)
−2𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ] V 𝑇3 = − 𝐶𝑦 𝑢 + 𝐶𝑢𝑦 + 𝛾.
+ (2𝑢 + 1) [(2𝑢 + 1) − 𝑥𝑢𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑢𝑦 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑡 ] V𝑥
4. Conclusions
− (𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑡 ) V𝑥𝑥
In this paper, we investigate Lie point symmetries, similarity
reduction, invariant solutions, and conservation laws of the
+ [(2𝑢 + 1) − 𝑥𝑢𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑢𝑦 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑡 ] V𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
(2 + 1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation. One of the most
(47)
important applications of theory of Lie groups is to obtain the
𝑇𝑡5 = V [−2 (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑡𝑢𝑥2 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑦 𝑦
conservation laws of differential equations. It is well known
that the famous Noether theorem establishes a connection
−2𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 2𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑡 ]
between symmetries and conservation laws of differential
equations provided that the equations are Euler-Lagrange
− V𝑡 [(2𝑢 + 1) − 𝑥𝑢𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑢𝑦 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑡 ] ,
equations. However, (1) does not admit Lagrangians. We
obtain conservation laws of (1) by utilizing the new conser-
𝑇𝑦5 = V [2𝑦𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 2𝑦 (2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑢𝑥2
vation theorem and the partial Lagrange approach.
−2𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑡 ]
Conflict of Interests
+ V𝑦 (2𝑢 + 1 − 𝑥𝑢𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑢𝑦 − 2𝑡𝑢𝑡 ) .
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
Remark 3. The conserved vector contains the arbitrary solu-
tion V of the adjoint equation (40) and hence one can obtain
an infinite number of conservation laws. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research
Application of the Partial Lagrange Method. Consider the Funds for the Central Universities (no. 2013XK03) and the
partial Lagrange approach given by Kara and Mahomed [26]. National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no.
A partial Lagrange for (1) is 11371361).

1 1 1 1 2
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