BABA BHAIRABANANDA

COMPUTER ACADEMY

COLLAGE SQUARE

WELCOMES TO YOU
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER
(Chapter-1)-Introduction to computer
(Chapter-2)-Evolution and generation of
computer.
(Chapter-3)-Classification of computer.
(Chapter-4)- Classification of computer
Memory.
(Chapter-5)-Anatomy of computer.
(Chapter-6)-Computer VIRUS
 (CHAPTER-1)
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
WHAT IS COMPUTER ?
Computer is an electronic
device Which accept data as
input,Process the data as per the
instruction of the user and
Produces data as output
THE SEQUENCE OF DATA PROCESSING

KEYBOARD C.P.U MONITER

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT DATA

DATA
DATA:-The data is the collections of
facts and figures which is processed to
produce information. It may be
alphabets,numbers,graphics,sounds etc.
PROCESSING:-The processing is the
intermediate steps through which the
data is signified into information.
INFORMATIONS:-When we process
data to give them meaning,the result is
information.
1.High Speed:-
Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of
performing calculation of very large amount of data.
It can perform millions of calculations in a few
seconds as compared to man who will spend many
months for doing the same task.
2.Accuracy:-
In addition to being very fast, computers are very
accurate.
The calculations are 100% error free.
Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy
provided that correct input has been given.
3.Storage Capability (Memory):-
Memory is a very important characteristic of
computers . A computer has much more storage
capacity than human beings. It can store large
amount of data. It can store any type of data such
as images, videos, text, audio and many others.
4.Versatility
A computer is a very versatile machine.
This machine can be used to solve the problems
related to various fields.
At one instance, it may be solving a complex
scientific problem and the very next moment it may
be playing a card game.
1.No I.Q
A computer is a machine that has no
intelligence to perform any task. Each
instruction has to be given to computer. A
computer cannot take any decision on its own.
2.Dependency
It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is
fully dependent on human being
 USES OF COMPUTERS
1.Business:-
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence,
accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an
integrated part in all business organisations.
2.Bankings
Today banking is almost totally dependent on
computer.
Banks provide following facilities:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which
includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts,
interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for
customers to deal with banks.
3.Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities
in the education system. The computer
provides a tool in the education system
known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
CBE involves control, delivery, and
evaluation of learning.
The computer education is rapidly increasing
the graph of number of computer students.
There are number of methods in which
educational institutions can use computer to
educate the students.
4.Marketing:-
In marketing, uses of computer are following:
5Advertising :-
With computers, advertising professionals create
art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print
ads with the goal of selling more products.
At Home Shopping - Home shopping has
been made possible through use of
computerised catalogues that provide access
to product information and permit direct
entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
Health Care
Computers have become important part in
hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers
are being used in hospitals to keep the record of
patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning
and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG,
Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also done by
computerised machines.
Some major fields of health care in which
computers are used are:
Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and
reports are prepared by computer.
Surgery : Nowadays, computers are also used in
performing surgery.
Engineering Design
Computers are widely used in Engineering
purpose. One of major areas is CAD
(Computer aided design).
Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a
picture or speech that is received and understood clearly
and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some
main areas in this category are:
E-mail
Chatting
Video-conferencing
The computer is useful in almost all sector of day to day
life
 (CHAPTER-2)
EVOLUTION AND GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Man knew the idea of counting then calculating and

lastly computing
ABACUS:-The counting device.
PASCALINE:-It was created by Blaise Pascal. This machine
could perform all kind of mathematical operations.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE:-This machine was created by Charles
Babbage,British mathematician in the year 1863. This was the
first machine which could store all the result of mathematical
calculation perform by it. The modern computer is based on
its memory derived by Babbage. So that Charles Babbage is
known as the father of computer
The computer has developed through the five
distinct period called as generation of computer
with the generation the fallowing changes has
been made in the computer.

Decreases in power consumption.

Decreases in physical size.
Increases in memory power.
Increases in data processing speed.
 Comparative View of Different
Generation.

Generation & Description

1
First Generation
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
2
Second Generation
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
3
Third Generation
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
4
Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
5
Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI(Ultra Large Scale
Integration ) microprocessor based
 (CHAPTER-3)
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

Computer are classified into three types. According

to construction and working principles.
Analog Computer.
Digital Computer.
Hybrid computer.
 ANALOG COMPUTER

These computers work on the principle of the

measurement of the continuous changes in
physical qualities like pressure, temperature,
speed, voltage etc .As these are working with
physical quantities. These computers are used in
industrial and process control system. No of
equipments that are used is less as it is used for
specific purpose. Hence the cost is also less.
Accuracy factors is less in these computers
 DIGITAL COMPUTER
The Digital computers work on the
principal of counting in the methods of digits
knows as Binary number system .this computer is
the most powerful computers used in all most all
sectors to perform all types of work according the
instruction of the user .The accuracy is the very
high in the Digital computers. We find Digital
computers are in everywhere .
Digital computer are of following types
Sl.
Type Specifications
No.

PC (Personal It is a single user computer system having

1
Computer) moderately powerful microprocessor
It is also a single user computer system which is
2 WorkStation similar to personal computer but have more
powerful microprocessor.

It is a multi-user computer system which is capable

3 Mini Computer
of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.

It is a multi-user computer system which is capable

4 Main Frame of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Software technology is different from minicomputer.

It is an extremely fast computer which can execute

5 Super computer
hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
 HYBRID COMPUTER
This computer is the combination of Analog
computer and Digital computer. That means it has the
features of input data in analog format and then
produces it in the digital format and finally store it in its
memory.
The Hybrid computer is particularly used in Industrial
Sectors.
 (CHAPTER-4)
MEMORY CLASSIFICATION
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store
data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage
space in computer where data is to be processed and
instructions required for processing are stored. The
memory is divided into large number of small parts called
cells. Each location or cell has a unique address.The
memory is classified in hierarchical structure as follows.
1. Cache Memory 2. Main Memory
3.Auxuliary Memory.
 CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor
memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer
between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold
those parts of data and program which are most
frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and
programs are transferred from disk to cache memory by
operating system, from where CPU can access them.
The advantages of cache memory are as follows:
Cache memory is faster than main memory.
It consumes less access time as compared to main
memory.
 MAIN MEMORY/ PRIMARY MEMORY

Primary memory holds only those data and

instructions on which computer is currently
working. It has limited capacity and data is
lost when power is switched off. It is
generally made up of semiconductor device.
These memories are not as fast as registers.
The data and instruction required to be
processed reside in main memory. It is
divided into two subcategories RAM and
ROM.
 RAM ROM
RAM stands for ROM stands for Read
Random Access Only Memory.In this
Memory .Both read and memory only read
write operation is operation can may be
possible in this memory. possible.There is no
This is also a temporary write operation
memory of possible in this
computer.RAM are of memory. The contents
two types. These are of memory is written
SRAM(Symmetric by the manufacturer
RAM) .It is the permanent
&DRAM(Dynamic memory.
RAM)
 AUXILIARY MEMORY
As the size of main memory is limited it is not
possible to store all the things in this memory.To
supply the necessity of more memory,Auxiliary
memory is used .This is permanent in nature.Its
access speed is high.. Data or programs stored in
the back up memory is to be stored in the main
memory for execution. This type of memory is
also known as external memory . It is slower than
main memory. These are used for storing
data/Information permanently. CPU directly
does not access these memories instead they are
accessed via input-output routines. EX-Hard
Disk, CD, DVD, PEN DRIVE
 HARD DISK
Hard disk is a multi surface disk.It
consists of may surfaces.It is cylindrical in
size.it is fixed inside in the computer.So
the data storage capacity is much more
higher than any disk.The Hard disks are
commonly used as secondary storage
device for Personal Computers.The
capacity of hard disk are 40 G.B,20 G.B
etc.
 OPTICAL DISK
Optical disk is the latest developed
secondary storage device.It consists of
a disk coated with reflected
material.Data access is possible by
high power laser beam.The compact
disk can store more amount of data
than a floppy disk but less amount of
data of hard disk .The data capacity of
a compact disk is 700 M.B.,740 M.B.
etc.
 ----=UNITS OF MEMORY=-----
Computer understand only Machine level
language.That language is the Binary
language .The binary languages are two
digits.These are 0 and 1.Each digits are
known as Bit.So Bit is the smallest unit of
computer memory.
8 Bit =1 Byte.
1024Byte =1 K.B.
1024 K.B =1 M.B.
1024M.B. =1 G.B.
1024 G.B =1 T.B.
 (CHAPTER-5)
ANATOMY OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

The computer System is made up of

three distinct but interrelated branches.
i.e (a)Hard Ware.
(b)Soft Ware.
(c)Heart Ware.
 HARD WARE
The Electronic device that is constitute a
computer is called as it’s hard ware.The major
functional unit that makes up a computer hard
wares are-----
a. C.P.U
(b)MOTHER BORAD
(C) INPUT UNIT
(d) OUT PUT UNIT
(e) DATA STORAGE UNIT
 CPU
CPU stands for central processing unit .It is the
main organ of the computer system .so it is
otherwise known as the brain of the computer.It
does all the work of computer system.The CPU
consists of ALU,MU,CU.
ALU:-ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit.It
perform ALL kinds of arithmetical operation and logical
decisions.
CU:-CU stands for control unit .The control unit co
ordinates of the computer system.All the instructions
are carried out by CU.
MU:-MU stands for memory Unit .It Refers to the memory
available in the CPU itself.This is called as
cheap/register memory.
 MOTHER BOARD
It is the electronic component of any electronic
device. Each computer has a mother board in
which all the peripherals and CPU is attached .If
mother board fails then all the other components
will not work.Hence the computer system gets
failure.
INPUT DEVICE
The input device are used to feed the data into the
computer.Some of the commonly used input devices
are:-
( 1)Key board (2)Electronic mouse
(3)Light pen (4)Scanner
Following are few of the important
input devices which are used in a
computer:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joy Stick
Light pen
Scanner
Microphone
Bar Code Reader
Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
 Key board
It is the most commonly used input device.The key
arrangement in the computer keyboard is similar to the
type writer but some additional keys are in the key
board is increasing with new features.The key in the
keyboard is grouped in the following categories
Alphabetic keys(A…….Z)
Numeric keys(0……………9)
Control keys(Alt,Ctrl,Shift,Esc,Del)
Function keys(F1…….F12)
 Electronic mouse
Mouse is another input device.It is a point
device.Mouse pointer is arrow kike points which
controls all the functions.Mouse pointer moves on the
screen as mouse moves on the surface.
Light pen
Light pen is another input device by which we directly
draw anything on special type of screen.
Scanner
Scanner is another input device which takes hard copy
and produces soft copy of output
 OUTPUT DEVICE
The output devices are used to get the information
from the computer.Some important used output
devices are
(1)VDU (2)PRINTER (3)PLOTTER
(1)VDU:-VDU stands for Visual Display Unit.It is also
known as monitor.It produces soft copy of output.
PRINTER:-It is the most important output device.It
gives hard copy of output.Some popularly used
printers are Dot matrix,Inject and Laser Printer.
PLOTTER:-It is also known an as output device .It
produces better graphics than printer.It is mostly
used in publishing works.
 SOFTWARE
Software is the detail step by step instruction called
program which lead certain task.There are three kinds of
software
(a)System software (b)Application software
(c ) Service software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
It is needed for a system to work. It is a collection of
master programs design to operate the computer and
control its activities .It is provided by the manufacture
company on independent software developer .It consists
of operating system .The commonly used operating
system are DOS,WINDOWS,LINUX,UNIX etc.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
IT is a set of programs which are written by computer
users or programmers to meet their information
processing requirements.
This software are designed for a specific applications
like graphic word processing,spread sheet etc
SERVICE SOFTWARE
Service software are those software which provides
Various services the computer user’s in order to
program or operate the computer.This software gives
the services like
interpreter,compiler,assembler,editor,debugging and
loading
.
 (CHAPTER-6)
COMPUTER VIRUS

VIRUS stands for Vital Information Resource Under Size.

Computer virus is a program created by someone that
destroys other programs.It never hurts to the users and
computer hardwires
Properties of Virus
All the Virus has the property associated with them.Virus is a hidden
program hence it runs in the computer without the knowledge of the
user.Virus has the ability to makes its own copy with the intention to
spread from machine to machine.All the Virus has the code to mischief.
 Types of Virus
There are two types of virus
(A)File virus (B)Boot sector virus
File virus:-The file virus affect to the specific files
Boot sector virus:-This is the virus which makes the
computer system dead.This virus causes booting
failure.
ANTIVIRUS PROGRAM
A number of programs are available which can detect virus
and clean the infected disk or programs.such programs are
called as Antivirus program.Some Antivirus programs are
SMARTDOG, DR SULEMAN,FIRE etc..