Vol. 16 (2), 2023, page.

99-108
DOI : 10.24036/13455171074

SMART GARDEN SYSTEM BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS

USING NODEMCU ESP8266
Waldy Mukhlis, Yohandri*, Yulkifli, Mairizwan
Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Padang, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka Air Tawar Padang 25131, Indonesia
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Gardening is an agricultural sector that requires control and monitoring of work. However, the
management and monitoring are still done manually. Therefore, we developed an internet of the things-based
smart garden to monitor and control plants. This study aims to determine the design and performance of the
system. This research is a type of engineering research. The measurement technique is to measure directly by
comparing air humidity, air temperature, soil moisture, and soil temperature with the standard tool. The indirect
measurement is by analyzing the value of accuracy and precision of the instrument. The system uses a DHT11
sensor measuring air temperature and humidity, a soil moisture sensor, and a DS18B20 sensor to measure soil
temperature. The device has nearly 100% accuracy in all parameters, especially in the range of 93.53% to
98.61%. Precision for all parameters of the selected devices is also close to 100% in the range of 98.6% to
99.8%. Based on these results, the design of the smart garden tool can work well.

Keywords : Smart Garden; Internet of Things; NodeMCU; ESP8266

Pillar of Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

I. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has enormous agricultural potential as an agricultural country. The agricultural sector is one of
the most important components that can support the economy of the Indonesian people [1]. Horticulture is one of
the agricultural areas widely recognized for improving overall health, quality of life, physical strength, fitness,
resilience, cognitive skills, and socialization [2]. Gardening has an important part, which is watering. Irrigation
systems are used to provide water to maintain soil moisture for plant growth. The irrigation regime has an
important aspect, which is the amount needed to water the plants and the right time to water the plants. But
today, many gardeners still use manual systems to water their plants and monitor their growth. A proper watering
schedule may not always be implemented due to time constraints and busy lifestyles [3].
The problem of watering or saving plants can be solved by using a smart garden system. This system uses
the Internet of Things (IoT) in its work [4]. The Internet of Things is a useful concept to extend a continuously
connected Internet connection [5]. IoT refers to objects that can be uniquely identified as virtual representatives
in an Internet-based architecture [6]. Smart Garden is an innovative IoT-based device useful for monitoring and
providing the necessary beneficial resources that can make plant growth faster [7]. Intelligent garden monitoring
and control are expected to solve the irrigation problem.
Atmiasri and Tri Wiyono's research on smart gardens answered the sprinkler problem. However, this study
only monitors soil moisture, monitors temperature, and spontaneous watering. Other physical parameters such as
temperature and humidity and soil temperature have not been added [8]. Temperature and humidity, on the other
hand, have a major impact on the development of crop yields. Air temperature and humidity are maintained at a
specified level to maintain plant health [9]. Soil temperature also affects plants [10]. These parameters can be
controlled and monitored using a smart garden system. Smart garden tools have automatic functions and are
equipped with various sensors for monitoring [7]. Smart Garden uses the concept of the Internet of Things in its
operating principles. This IoT can be applied to many technologies such as motion, temperature, humidity,
weather, and sound [11].

Submitted: August 09,2022, Accepted: October 26,2023, Published: October 31,2023 Pillar of Physics, page. | 99
 Mukhlis, et al

The plants used in this study were horticultural, especially chili plants, eggplants, and tomatoes. The
parameter values used were obtained from the results of previous studies. When it comes to soil moisture, 60-
80% is ideal for chili plants [12], The ideal humidity for eggplant is 80-90% and for tomatoes 60-80% [13]. The
environmental temperature for chili plants is 18-24°C [1], the ideal temperature for tomatoes is 18-24°C, and the
ideal temperature for eggplant is 18-24°C [14]. The ideal humidity for horticulture is 80%. Based on data
obtained from previous research, optimal conditions were created for all horticultural crop parameters [15].
Based on this, a smart garden was designed that can monitor and control soil moisture, air temperature, and
soil temperature based on the Internet of Things with the NodeMCU ESP8266. The sensors used are the DHT11
sensor, the DS18B20 sensor, and the soil moisture sensor. The ESP8266 or NodeMCU ESP8266 module
contains an integrated WiFi network that provides a connection to a WiFi router and collects signals from
sensors, allowing it to be used as a microcontroller [16]. A microcontroller is an electronic component that can
be programmed and run by software [17]. The DHT11 uses a capacitive humidity sensor to measure the ambient
air (temperature and humidity) and outputs a digital signal to the information pen [9]. DHT11 provides a digital
signal and requires accurate data retrieval time [18]. A soil moisture sensor is a sensor used to estimate the
volumetric moisture content and soil electrical conductivity in real time [19]. The DS18B20 sensor is a digital
sensor with an internal 12-bit ADC used for temperature measurement [20]. The measurement results are
displayed in Blynk. Blynk is a platform that can quickly interface to control and monitor hardware projects from
iOS and Android devices [21].
This research is important for producing tools that are useful for plants and can provide good plant growth
parameters for implementing the methods developed by Rahim et al. To overcome the problems described [3].
This research aims to define the design and performance specifications of a smart garden system so that these
problems can be solved. Tool design is a form of intelligently designed garden tools. The performance
specifications of the tool are the level of precision and accuracy that a smart garden tool achieves.

II. METHOD

This This research is a form of technical research. Engineering research is design research that is not
routinely done and brings new contributions in the form of either processes or products. Engineering research
has the steps of writing a tool that is built to meet certain specifications, designing modeling of the tool that is
built and testing the tool. The final results of technical research are used to improve methods, test procedures,
and improvements in the design activity itself [22]. Engineering research procedures include ideation, clarity,
conceptual design, functional engineering drafting, detailed design, prototyping, and testing.
Ideas and clarity are determined by seeking references from literature and reading sources such as books,
journals, articles, and other relevant sources. As soon as a research idea is available, a design proposal is created.
Conceptual design is the implementation of ideas before the formation of a research system. The placement
levels of the system are arranged geometrically according to the function of each component used to design the
smart garden system. The layout of the Smart Garden System is shown in Figure 1.

Server Power supply

Blynk Soil moisture
sensor

NodeMCU Sensor
Soil moisture ESP8266 DHT1

Air temperature Sensor

DS18B20
Air humidity Relay

Soil
temperature
smartphone Fan Water pump

Fig 1. Smart garden system arrangement

Figure 1 is the layout or schematic of the smart garden system. This system in the picture uses a NodeMCU
ESP8266 as a microcontroller, a DHT11 sensor, a yl-69 soil moisture sensor, a DS18B20 sensor, a fan, a pump,
a relay, and a smartphone connected to Blynk. The detailed design of this system is divided into two parts:

Pillar of Physics, page. | 100

 Mukhlis, et al

software design and hardware design. Software design, i.e. this system uses the Arduino IDE as its programming
site. Hardware design forgets about the physical design of devices with sensors and other components used in
research. The hardware design of the system is shown in Figure 2.

Fig 2. Smart garden tool design

Figure 2 shows what the smart garden system looks like. This figure gives an overview of the smart park.
The components used are designed according to the function of the individual components. Irrigation and
temperature control systems are developed by adjusting soil moisture levels for irrigation and temperature to
regulate ambient temperature. Irrigation is activated at below 60% humidity and deactivated at above 80%
humidity. The fan turns on when the temperature reaches above 26°C and turns off when the temperature reaches
below 24°C. In Figure 2 we have a black box, a component box that contains a microcontroller and a relay. The
box is the brain of the smart garden system. The next stage is the construction of a prototype, made according to
the schemes described. The last phase tests whether the created tool or system works properly

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of this study are consistent with the stated objectives. The result is the design and performance
advantages of a smart garden system. A design specification is a description of the function of each component
that makes up a system. A specific design feature is the series of each sensor (DHT11 sensor, YL-69 soil
moisture sensor, DS18B20 sensor). The circuit for each system is shown in Figure 3.

Fig 3. Arrangement of the sensor circuit on the tool

Figure 3 shows the series of each sensor used. The sensors we use are connected to the microcontroller
according to the sensor inputs and the programs we write. The tip of the tool varies depending on the sensor. The
DHT11 sensor has three connection points: GND, data, and VCC. The yl-69 soil moisture sensor has four pins:
VCC, D0, A0, and GND. The DS18B20 sensor has three pins: VCC, GND, and Data. All sensors are arranged
according to their connection ports as shown in Figure 3. Microcontrollers and relays are placed in the toolbox
and sensors are placed outside the toolbox. A view outside the box and a view inside the box are shown in Figure
4.

Pillar of Physics, page. | 101

 Mukhlis, et al

(a) (b)
Fig 4. (a) The outward display of the instrument box (b) the in-box display

Figure 4a is an exterior view of the toolbox. From this box, all sensors are connected to a microcontroller.
Figure 4b is the view inside the toolbox. The contents of the component box consist of microcontrollers and
relays that control all sensors and batteries to run the designed programs. The data view appears in Blynk. Figure
5 shows a flickering screen.

Fig 5. Blynk view

Figure 5 is a view of Blynk. The Blynk app can be used to control the Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other
components over the Internet [7]. Setup in Blynk is done by dragging and dropping the used tool. The data
presented in this study are soil temperature (ST), soil moisture (KT), air temperature (SU), and humidity (KU).
Performance specification results on the device are divided by device accuracy and precision. The data
obtained is the data displayed in the Blynk software and on the serial monitor. Device accuracy data is obtained
by comparing the measurement results in the device with the measurement results in the standard device. The
device accuracy data in this study is divided into 3 parts according to the number of sensors. The accuracy data
of the air humidity and soil humidity can be found in Table 1.
Table 1. Humidity accuracy data
Standard tools (%) Tool (%) Accuracy
No
Air humidity Soil humidity Air humidity Soil humidity Air humidity Soil humidity
1 39 15 34 19 0.87 0.73
2 41 25 47 23 0.85 0.92
3 45 45 50 43 0.89 0.96
4 61 55 59 58 0.97 0.95
5 63 60 65 63 0.97 0.95
6 73 65 73 69 1.00 0.94
7 75 70 76 71 0.99 0.99
8 84 80 62 79 0.74 0.99

Pillar of Physics, page. | 102

 Mukhlis, et al

9 86 90 87 93 0.99 0.97
10 99 100 100 100 0.99 1.00
Average 0.93 0.94

Table 1 shows the accuracy data for air humidity and soil humidity. Air humidity is reflected in an average
accuracy of 0.93 with an average error rate of 5.09%. The soil moisture data accuracy of the device using the
YL-69 soil moisture sensor. The measurement results achieved an average accuracy of 0.94 with an average
error of 6.17%. The accuracy results of the air temperature and soil temperature are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Temperature accuracy data
Standard tools(oC) Tool (oC) Accuracy
No Soil temperature Soil temperature Soil
Air Temperature Air temperature Air temperature
temperature
1 21.8 18.5 22.6 18.1 0.96 0.98
2 24.6 22.2 25 21.8 0.98 0.98
3 30 29.1 29.3 28.6 0.98 0.98
4 32.3 33.3 31.6 32.6 0.98 0.98
5 37 35.7 36.6 34.8 0.99 0.97
6 40.1 37.5 39.5 37 0.99 0.99
7 43 44.4 42.5 43.9 0.99 0.99
8 45.1 53.1 46.7 53 0.96 1.00
9 51 59.8 50.1 59.6 0.98 1.00
10 55 67.4 54.1 67.8 0.98 0.99
Average 0.98 0.99

Table 2 contains measurement data for the accuracy of the air temperature and soil temperature. Air temperature
is proven with an average accuracy of 0.98 with an average error of 2.05%. The soil moisture data accuracy of
the device using the YL-69 soil moisture sensor. The measurement results achieved an average accuracy of 0.94
with an average error of 6.17%.
The measurement results of the instrument accuracy are also divided into three parts according to the
number of sensors. Precision data is obtained by measuring the parameter at the specified parameter value and
taking 10 measurements with the system instrument. The Air humidity and soil moisture sensor precision data is
shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Humidity precision data
Value (%) Precision
Experiment to-
Air humidity Soil humidity Air humidity Soil humidity
1 80 96 0.99 0.98
2 80 94 0.99 1.00
3 80 94 0.99 1.00
4 80 94 0.99 1.00
5 81 94 1.00 1.00
6 81 92 1.00 0.97
7 81 92 1.00 0.97
8 81 96 1.00 0.98
9 81 96 1.00 0.98
10 81 96 1.00 0.98
Average 80.6 94.4 0.99 0.99

Table 3 results of moisture precision calculation for the sensor. The obtained measurement air humidity
precision results are 0.99 on average, and the average measurement is 80.6%. The exact soil moisture
measurement data. The mean precision of soil moisture obtained according to the table is 0.99 and the mean
reading is 94.4%. The air temperature and soil temperature precision data of the sensor is shown in Table 4.

Pillar of Physics, page. | 103

 Mukhlis, et al

Table 4. Temperature precision data

Value (oC) Precision
Experiment to-
Air temperature Soil temperature Air temperature Soil temperature
1 28.2 29.25 1.00 0.98
2 28.2 29.25 1.00 0.98
3 28.1 28.91 1.00 0.99
4 28.1 28.8 1.00 1.00
5 28.1 28.63 1.00 1.00
6 28.1 28.8 1.00 1.00
7 28.1 28.9 1.00 1.00
8 28 28.5 1.00 0.99
9 28 28.3 1.00 0.98
10 28.1 28.3 1.00 0.98
Average 28.1 28.76 1.00 0.99

Table 4 shows the precision data obtained from the measurement results. The air temperature results achieved an
average precision of 1.00 with an average measured value of 28.1 °C. The precision soil moisture measurement
data form the DS18B20 sensor. The mean precision of soil moisture obtained according to the table is 0.99 and
the mean reading is 94.4%. Device precision levels and sensor precision results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Data on the level of precision of smart garden tools
Parameters Level of precision
Soil Humidity 0.50
Soil Temperature 0.04
Air Humidity 0.07
Air Temperature 0.01

Table 5 shows the level of precision of the data received from the Smart Garden Tool. The measurement results
obtained show that the accuracy of the device is very good since the values displayed are close to those of the
standard device [22]. The precision results of smart gardening tools are also said to be good due to the low
accuracy values obtained [22].
Here are the results of the notification test on Blynk. Blynk sends notifications when the fan is on/off
(Figure 6) and the pump is on/off (Figure 7). The fan turns on when the air temperature shows above 26°C and
turns off when the air temperature shows below 24°C.

(a) (b)
Fig 6. Display of notifications when (a) the fan is on or (b) the fan is off

Figure 6a shows when the fan is running and Blynk is sending notifications. Figure 6b shows the indicator when
the fan is turned off and Blynk continues to send notifications. When the pump is turned on and off, Blynk will
send notifications back to your smartphone. Notifications can be seen in Figure 7.

Pillar of Physics, page. | 104

 Mukhlis, et al

(a) (b)
Fig 7. Display of notifications when (a) the pump is on or (b) the pump is off

Figure 7 is a notification screen when the pump is on (Figure 7a) and the pump is off (Figure 7b). The pump will
start when the soil moisture shows below 60% and the pump will stop when the humidity shows above 80%. The
smart garden tool test was carried out for 4 days from July 5th to 8th, 2022. The Smart Garden Tool
measurement data was created by measuring all parameters such as soil moisture, soil temperature, humidity,
and air temperature. Data acquisition occurs every 1 minute, and then every 10 data is averaged. Then the data
collected per day is plotted. Test result data as of July 5, 2022, is shown in Figure 8.
40 100
Temperature (oC)

80
35

Humidity (%)
60
30
40
25
20

20 0
04:48
06:00
07:12
08:24
09:36
10:48
12:00
13:12
14:24
15:36
16:48
18:00
19:12
20:24
21:36
22:48
Time 00:00
Air Temperature Soil Temperature Air Humidity Soil Humidity

Fig 8. Measurement data on July 5, 2022

Figure 8 is a graph of measurement data as of July 5, 2022. Measurements are taken from 05:23 WIB to 23:53
WIB on July 5, 2022. Average values for humidity are 70.23%, air temperature 29.77°C, soil moisture 73.63 %,
and soil temperature 26.13°C. There is bad data between 12:00 and 13:12. This is because the WiFi connection
used on the device is disconnected during data collection, which prevents Blynk from storing any data. The 6
July 2022 dashboard is shown in Figure 9.

40 100
38 90
Temperature (oC)

36 80
Humidity (%)

34 70
32 60
30 50
28 40
26 30
24 20
22 10
20 0
00:00
01:12
02:24
03:36
04:48
06:00
07:12
08:24
09:36
10:48
12:00
13:12
14:24
15:36
16:48
18:00
19:12
20:24
21:36
22:48
00:00

Time
Air Temperature Soil Temperature Air Humidity Soil Humidity

Fig 9. Measurement data on July 6, 2022

Pillar of Physics, page. | 105

 Mukhlis, et al

Figure 9 is a graph of the Smart Garden Device metrics as of July 6, 2022. Testing is performed on July 6,
2022 from 00:03 WIB to 23:53 WIB. Average values for humidity: 76.72%, air temperature 29.35 °C, soil
moisture 72.18%, soil temperature 26.36 °C. Figure 9 is also missing data due to the WiFi outage, which occurs
from approximately 01:12 to 06:00 and 20:24 to 22:28. It can be seen in Figure 10 when measuring the smart
garden tool on July 7, 2022.
40 100
38 90
36 80
Temperature (oC)

34 70

Humidity (%)
32 60
30 50
28 40
26 30
24 20
22 10
20 0
00:00
01:12
02:24
03:36
04:48
06:00
07:12
08:24
09:36
10:48
12:00
13:12
14:24
15:36
16:48
18:00
19:12
20:24
21:36
22:48
00:00
Time

Air Temperature Soil Temperature Air Humidity Soil Humidity

Fig 10. Measurement data on July 7, 2022

Figure 10 is a graph of Smart Garden Tool measurement data as of July 7, 2022. Measurements were taken from
00:03 WIB to 23:53 WIB on July 7, 2022. The average humidity of the measurement data is 74.14%, the air
temperature is 29.56 °C, the soil moisture is 70.35% and the soil temperature is 26.38. Measurement data from 8
July are shown in Figure 11.
40 100
38 90
36 80
Temperature (oC)

34 70
32 60 Humidity (%)
30 50
28 40
26 30
24 20
22 10
20 0
00:00
00:28
00:57
01:26
01:55
02:24
02:52
03:21
03:50
04:19
04:48
05:16
05:45
06:14
06:43
07:12
07:40
08:09
08:38
09:07
09:36

Time
Air Temperature Soil Temperature Air Humidity Soil Humidity

Fig 11. Measurement data on July 8, 2022

Figure 28 is a graph of smart garden device measurement data as of July 8, 2022. The test will run from 00:03
WIB to 09:13 WIB on July 8, 2022. Average humidity readings are 78.38%, air temperature is 27.68°C, soil
moisture is 71.08% and soil temperature is 25.88°C.
There are some anomalies in the test results, which can be seen in the graph. In the humidity and air
temperature graph, the humidity decreases as the air temperature rises. This is due to the correlation between air
temperature and humidity [23]. The value of soil moisture in the soil moisture table decreases over time. This is
because the water in the soil decreases due to evaporation or absorption by plants. Soil moisture is highly
dynamic due to evaporation, transpiration, and infiltration on the soil surface [24]. In the soil temperature chart,
where the soil temperature drops at night and rises during the day. This is because the soil temperature is
affected by the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the soil surface. Day and night soil temperatures vary
greatly, when the soil surface is heated by the sun during the day, the air near the soil surface becomes high,

Pillar of Physics, page. | 106

 Mukhlis, et al

while the soil temperature decreases at night [24]. The air temperature also affects the soil temperature. Rising
air temperature increases soil and water temperature [25].

IV. CONCLUSION

The consequences of designing smart gardens using the IoT can be divided into two types: performance and
design features. Technical design according to the function of each part works well. The performance
characteristics of the device fall into two categories: accuracy and precision. The accuracy of the tool is good
because the obtained values are almost equal to the actual values. Precision is also good because the tool is less
accurate. The smart garden tool can perform well because of the precision and accuracy of the service tool. So
that this smart garden can be used to properly control and monitor plant growth parameters.

REFERENCES

[1] N. Mukhayat, P. W. Ciptadi, and R. H. Hardyanto, “Sistem Monitoring pH Tanah, Intensitas Cahaya
Dan Kelembaban Pada Tanaman Cabai (Smart Garden) Berbasis IoT,” 2021.
[2] B. Min and S. J. Park, “A smart indoor gardening system using IoT technology,” Lect. Notes Electr.
Eng., vol. 474, pp. 683–687, 2018, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7605-3_110.
[3] N. H. A. Rahim, F. N. Ahmad Zaki, and A. S. M. Noor, “Smart App for Gardening Monitoring System
using IoT Technology,” Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol., vol. 29, no. 04, pp. 7375–7384, 2020.
[4] A. S. Mufid, R. Munady, and R. Mayasari, “Internet Of Things (Iot) Design And Implementation Of
Smart Garden Based On Internet Of Things (Iot),” Bandung, 2020.
[5] Y. Efendi, “Internet Of Things (Iot) Sistem Pengendalian Lampu Menggunakan Raspberry Pi Berbasis
Mobile,” J. Ilm. Ilmu Komput., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 21–27, 2018, doi: 10.35329/jiik.v4i2.41.
[6] K. Affandi, “Rancang Bangun Smart Garden Berbasis Internet Of Thing (IoT) dengan Bot Telegram,”
Semin. Nas. Teknol. Inf. dan Komun., pp. 165–169, 2019.
[7] N. binti A. Sulaiman and M. D. D. bin S. Sadli, An IoT-based Smart Garden with Weather Station
System. 2019.
[8] Atmiasri and A. Tri Wiyono, “Design of Smart Garden Based On The Internet of Things (IoT),” J. Appl.
Electr. Sci. Technol., vol. 03, no. 2, pp. 36–40, 2021.
[9] M. Sheth and P. Rupani, “Smart Gardening Automation using IoT with BLYNK App,” Proc. Int. Conf.
Trends Electron. Informatics, ICOEI 2019, vol. 2019-April, no. Icoei, pp. 266–270, 2019, doi:
10.1109/icoei.2019.8862591.
[10] V. A. Suoth and H. I. . Mosey, “Rancang Bangun Alat Pengukur Suhu Tanah Secara Multi Lateral
Berbasis Mikrokontroler Untuk Pertumbuhan Benih Tanaman,” J. MIPA, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 97–100, 2017,
doi: 10.35799/jm.6.2.2017.17962.
[11] A. Prihanto, N. Rachmawati, and A. Prapanca, “Smart Garden Automation Dengan Memanfaatkan
Teknologi Berbasis Internet Of Things (IoT),” JIEET (Journal Inf. Eng. Educ. Technol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp.
55–60, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.26740/JIEET.V5N2.P55-60.
[12] A. Ferdianto and Sujono, “Pengendalian Kelembaban Tanah Pada Tanaman Cabai Berbasis Fuzzy
Logic,” Jurnal Maestro, 2018. https://jom.ft.budiluhur.ac.id/index.php/maestro/article/view/43 (accessed
Jul. 16, 2022).
[13] N. N. Afifah, P. Pangaribuan, and R. A. Priramadhi, “Irrigation Control System for Tomato Farming
Based on Soil Moisture and Temperature with Artificial Intelligence,” 2021.
[14] M. Sari and J. Simbolon, “Prediksi Laju Respirasi Terong Dengan Persamaan Arrhenius,” J.
Agroteknosains, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 21–27, 2020.
[15] S. K. Risandriya, R. A. Fatekha, and S. A. Fitriansyah, “Pemantauan dan Pengendalian Kelembapan,
Suhu, dan Intensitas Cahaya Tanaman Tomat dengan Logika Fuzzy Berbasis IoT,” J. Appl. Electr. Eng.,
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2019.
[16] A. Škraba, A. Kolozvari, D. Kofjac, R. Stojanovic, E. Semenkin, and V. Stanovov, “Prototype of Group
Heart Rate Monitoring with ESP32,” 2019 8th Mediterr. Conf. Embed. Comput. MECO 2019 - Proc., no.
June, 2019, doi: 10.1109/MECO.2019.8760150.
[17] Yohandri, Mikrokontroler dan Pemograman. Depok: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2021.
[18] R. Shrestha, “Study and Control of DHT11 Using Atmega328P Microcontroller,” Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res.,
vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 518–521, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rajesh-
Shrestha-
4/publication/344087453_Study_and_Control_of_DHT11_Using_Atmega328P_Microcontroller/links/5f
635202458515b7cf39b9ea/Study-and-Control-of-DHT11-Using-Atmega328P-Microcontroller.pdf
[19] R. S. Ferrarezi, T. A. R. Nogueira, and S. G. C. Zepeda, “Performance of soil moisture sensors in Florida

Pillar of Physics, page. | 107

 Mukhlis, et al

Sandy Soils,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12020358.
[20] P. S. Mahardika and A. A. N. Gunawan, “Modeling of water temperature in evaporation pot with 7
Ds18b20 sensors based on Atmega328 microcontroller,” Linguist. Cult. Rev., vol. 6, pp. 184–193, 2022,
doi: 10.21744/lingcure.v6ns3.2123.
[21] A. Syaifuddin, D. Notosudjono, and D. B. Fiddiansyah, “Rancang Bangun Miniatur Pengaman Pintu
Otomatis Menggunakan Sidik Jari Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT),” J. Online Mhs. Bid. Tek. Elektro,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2019.
[22] L. Kirkup, Experimental Methods for Science and Engineering Students: An Introduction to the Analysis
and Presentation of Data. 2019. doi: 10.1017/9781108290104.
[23] I. K. Al-Ataby and A. I. Altmimi, “Testing the Relationship Between Air Temperature and Relative
Humidity by Using T-Test for Some Selected Stations in Iraq,” Al-Mustansiriyah J. Sci., vol. 32, no. 2,
pp. 1–7, 2021, doi: 10.23851/mjs.v32i2.975.
[24] Karyati, R. O. Putri, and M. Syafrudin, “Soil Temperature and Humidity at Post Mining Revegetation in
PT Adimitra Baratama Nusantara, East Kalimantan Province,” Agrifor, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 103–114,
2018.
[25] D. H. Vu, S. Stuerz, and F. Asch, “Nutrient uptake and assimilation under varying day and night root
zone temperatures in lowland rice,” J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., vol. 183, no. 5, pp. 602–614, 2020, doi:
10.1002/jpln.201900522.

Pillar of Physics, page. | 108