TOPIC: Electrostatics and Magnetostatics (ENEL475)

Q.1 We are interested in …nding the potential V (! r ) at a

point on the z-axis P = (0; 0; z) for a uniform charge density S distributed
on a disk of radius r = a lying in the xy-plane and centred around the
origin, assuming the reference is chosen as in…nity.

(a) Draw a clear sketch of this problem to analyze the geometry. Your
sketch should clearly indicate the …eld point P , the …eld position
vector !r , and the source position vector !r 0:
!
(b) Solve for the potential V ( r ) at a point on the z-axis P = (0; 0; z)
Note: You will probably require one of the following integrals in order
to solve this problem

Z p Z p
1 x
p dx = ln x + x2 + a2 p dx = x2 + a2
x + a2
2 x2 + a2
Z Z
1 1 1 x x 1
dx = tan dx = ln x2 + a2
x2 + a 2 a a x2 + a2 2
Q.2 An in…nitely long coaxial cable has a hollow inner
conductor of radius a; which has a cladding of radius b which is a magnetic
material of permeability , as depicted in the …gure below. The inner
conductor carries the total supply current I, and the outer conductor
carries the total return current I; both are distributed uniformly around
their respective cylindrical surface in the directions indicated in the …gure.

(a) Choose an appropriate coordinate system and, using Ampere’s law,

show that the magnetic …eld everywhere in the region a < < b is
given by
H~ = I a ^
A
2 m
(b) Using the given …eld in part (a), calculate the stored magnetic energy
in the cladding region for a length d of the cable and for a current I.
(c) If the relative permeability of the cladding is r = 20, what is the
inductance of a length d of this cable?
Q.3 Starting from Gauss’law in integral form, produce
a derivation of the concept of Divergence by showing that
I
~ dS
D ~
~ = lim S
r D
v!0 v

Q.4 Starting from a simple microscopic/atomic basis,

explain how each of the following macroscopic properties is manifest:

(a) Conductivity
(b) Permittivity "
(c) Permeability
 TOPIC: Electromagnetic waves and applications (ENEL476)

Q.1 Consider the loop containing a resistor as shown below. The loop is placed in a magnetic flux density
described by:
B=-20 cos(100t-/3)az mWb/m2

15
0.2 m

0.4 m x

a) Find the EMF (Vemf)

b) Calculate the induced current in the loop. Indicate the direction of current flow during the first
quarter period on the figure above.

Q.2 A ground penetrating radar system is modeled as a uniform plane wave in free space impinging on the
ground at normal incidence. The incident electric field (in free space, so properties are o, o, =0) is
given by:

Ei(x,t)=10 cos(109t-3.3x)ay V/m

a) Find the wavelength.

The ground has properties of r=4, r=1, and =0.1 S/m.

b) Calculate the reflection () and transmission (T) coefficients.
c) Find an expression for the reflected electric field (Er(x,t)).
d) Find an expression for the transmitted electric (Et(x,t)) and magnetic fields (Ht(x,t)).
Q.3 A distortionless transmission line has R=5 /m, L=20 H/m, C=30 nF/m and is operated at 10 MHz.
Calculate the following quantities:
a) G
b) the impedance of the line, Zo

c) the attenuation of the line,

d) the phase constant of the line, 

e) the wavelength on the line, 

A load of ZL=30-j40  is attached to 6 cm of the transmission line.

f) Using the appropriate equation, find Zin for the section of transmission line terminated by the load.

Q.4 A load of impedance ZL=30-j60  is attached to a transmission line with 75 characteristic impedance
(Zo=75 ). The frequency of operation is 5 GHz and the wavelength on the line is 6 cm. Use the Smith
Chart to solve the following questions.

a) Find the reflection coefficient at the load ().

b) Find the standing wave ratio (s). Verify with the appropriate equation
c) Find the input impedance Zin for a line of length of 5.0 cm attached to the load.
d) Find the admittance of the load (YL).
e) Find the distance from the load to the first voltage minimum.
f) Find the shortest distance to a purely resistive load.

Q.5 A load of impedance ZL=70+j25  is attached to a transmission line with 100 characteristic
impedance (Zo=100 ). The frequency of operation is 900 MHz and the wavelength on the line is 67
cm. To match the load to the line, design a series stub tuner with an open termination on the stub, and a
shunt stub tuner with a short termination on the stub.
TOPIC: RF/Microwave Active Circuits (ENEL574)

Q.1 Determine the S parameters of two port network consisting of a series resistance R terminated at its
input and output ports by the characteristic impedance Zo.

Output matching Network

Q.2
Input matching Network Z0 = 50 Ω

Z0 = 50 Ω

Z0 = 50 Ω
50 Ω
Z0 = 50 Ω

50 Ω
ΓL = 0.7 80°

ΓS = 0.8 -170°

a) Design the input matching network by giving the lengths of 50 Ohms transmission lines as
function of the wavelength , λ as shown in the above figure to produce the source reflection
coefficient ΓS = 0.8 @ -170° at 1 GHz.

b) Design the output matching network by giving the lengths of 50 Ohms transmission lines as
function of the wavelength , λ as shown in the above figure to produce the load reflection
coefficient ΓL = 0.7 @80° at 1 GHz.

Q.3 An amplifier is driven by modulated signal having a 20 MHz bandwidth is constituted by the
cascade of three amplifiers A1, A2 and A3 and having the following characteristics:

Amplifier A1: G1=23 dB, IP3_1=23 dBm, NF1=2 dB.

Amplifier A2: G2=17 dB, IP3_2=42 dBm, NF2=3 dB.

Amplifier A3: G3=13 dB, IP3_3=50 dBm, NF3=5 dB.

a) The parameters IP3_N are specified at the output of each amplifier and the reference noise
temperature To is 290°K.
b) Determine the equivalent noise figure NFe of the power amplifier as well as its equivalent
noise temperature Te.
c) Calculate the third order interception point IP3 at the output of the power amplifier. Deduce
the P1dB of the power amplifier.
 d) Determine the carrier to third order intermodulation products ratio (C/IMD3) at the output
the power amplifier when it is driven with a two-tone signal spaced by 10 MHz and having a
total input power of -8 dBm

Q.4 The scattering and noise parameters of a GaAs FET transistor at 2 GHz are:

S11 = 0.9∟-60°, S21 = 3.1∟140°, S12 = 0.02∟62° and S22 = 0.8∟-27°

Fmin = 1.5 dB, Γopt = 0.7∟55°, rn = 0.95

a) Study the stability of the device and draw the input and output stability circles in the Smith
Chart,
b) Can the device be considered unilateral?
c) Draw the operating power gain circle for GP = 20 dB.
d) Determine the source and load reflection coefficients required to design an amplifier to have an
operating power gain of 20 dB. Explain your choices of ΓS and ΓL.
TOPIC: RF/Microwave Passive Circuits (ENEL575)

Q.1 An amplifier is attached to an antenna through a 9 cm long

section of a coaxial cable. Assume the coax line has no loss, and
its parameters are C=96 pF/m and L=240 nH/m. The antenna has
a radiation impedance of 50 Ω (you can assume the antenna is
your generator, and its radiation impedance the generator
internal impedance), however the amplifier is not matched to the
system. Measurements showed that the amp has an input
impedance of (25+j20) Ω. The system operates at 10 GHz.

You have been asked to improve the system performance. Here

are your tasks:

1. Assume that the antenna generates voltage Vg. Compute the

voltage and the current at the input terminal of the
transmission line (so from the antenna side, remember, your
antenna acts as a generator here), find out the amplitudes
of forward and backward travelling waves.
2. Compute available power. What percentage of available
power at the generator is delivered to the amp?
3. Now match the system using lumped elements. What
percentage of available power is delivered to the amp?

Remember to calculate the actual values of necessary inductances

or capacitances.
Q.2 Consider a rectangular waveguide with the following
dimensions: a=22.0mm, b=10.0mm. The waveguide walls are
made of a perfect conductor, waveguide is filled with air
(lossless). Frequency is 10 GHz
a. How much the TE20 mode will be attenuated at that
frequency over a distance of 1 cm (expressed in dB)
b. The waveguide is loaded with an impedance of
(154.6+j154.6)Ω. Match the system using double stub
serial tuner. The tuners are short-circuited, and
separated by 5/4λ (lambda). You are allowed to add 1
or 2 sections of λ/8 section of a waveguide between
the tuner and the impedance (only if you find it
necessary). Draw the structure, pay attention to the
feasibility of your structure (that is, could you
actually build it? Show all dimensions (in mm). In
particular, show how the serial connections of the
waveguide and the tuners look like.
Q.3 Design a three-port resistive divider for an equal power
split and 75 ohm system impedance (lets’ call this system A).
Derive SA matrix of this system. Now terminate port 3 of
the 3-port system A with a 150 ohm resistor – effectively
turning the initial 3 port structure into a 2 port structure
with matrix SB. Compute SB21 in this new system.
Field of Study Examination, Feb 24 2017
Subject area: Radio Frequency Systems and Applied Electromagnetics
This question paper has 12 pages (not including this cover page).

This question paper has 4 questions.

Answer a minimum of one question and at most three questions from this subject
area.

Use a separate booklet (i.e., blue booklet) for the answers to questions in this
subject area.
1. This question has 4 parts (a)-(d).

A wireless receiver is constituted by a low noise amplifier (LNA) with gain G = 35 dB and noise
figure N F = 3 dB; and P1dB = 13 dBm, a band pass filter having 1 dB insertion loss (IL), and a
passive mixer having a conversion loss (CL) of 4 dB as shown in the lineup below. The receiver
parameters are: noise reference temperature: T0 = 290 K; signal bandwidth: B = 1 MHz; output
third-order intercept point: IP 3 = 27 dBm. Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K.

G = 35 dB IL = 1 dB CL = 4 dB
NF = 3 dB
Si, Ni So, No

Low noise Bandpass Mixer

amplifier filter

(a) Calculate the overall noise figure (N F ), the gain and the equivalent noise temperature (Te ) of
the receiver.
(b) Calculate the noise power at the output of the receiver.
(c) Calculate the dynamic range (DR) of the receiver.
(d) Find the carrier to the third-order intermodulation products ratio (C/IMD3) at the output
the receiver when it is driven with a two-tone signal having a total power of 10 dBm.

1/12
2. This question has 12 parts (a)-(l).

At a sufficient distance from an antenna, the fields radiated by the antenna may be represented
using a uniform plane wave. Assume that the fields are traveling in a source-free region of free space
( = 0 , µ = µ0 , σ = 0). The electric field is given by:

E(x, t) = 100 cos 6 × 109 t − βx ay V/m

Find the:

(a) frequency (f)

(b) wavelength (λ)
(c) phase constant (β)
(d) magnetic field (H(x, t))

The antenna system is being used for thru-wall inspection (i.e. waves travel through a wall and
detect objects on the other side). The wall has r = 3, σ = 0.1 S/m and µr = 1. Given that the
wave is normally incident on the wall, find the:

(e) attenuation coefficient (α)

(f) phase constant (β)
(g) intrinsic impedance (η)
(h) reflection coefficient (Γ)
(i) transmission coefficient (T )
(j) velocity at which the wave travels in the wall
(k) For the incident field given above, find an expression for the electric (Er (x, t)) and magnetic
(Hr (x, t)) fields reflected from the wall
(l) For the incident field given above, find an expression for the electric (Et (x, t)) and magnetic
(Ht (x, t)) fields associated with the wave transmitted into the wall

2/12
3. This question has 2 parts (a)-(b).

A capacitor is made up of 2 concentric spheres with the inner sphere having radius a and a charge
+Q coulombs. The outer sphere has a radius b and a charge −Q coulombs. NOTE that a, b and Q
are constants.
The gap between the capacitors is divided into 3 equal spaces with permittivities of 1 , 21 and 31 .

(a) Using field analysis, derive an expression for the capacitance C of this capacitor.
(b) If the permittivity is 1 = 0 r with r = 2 and a = 5 mm and b = 9 mm, what is the value of
the capacitance of the concentric spheres.

3/12
4. Design a quarter wave transformer using rectangular waveguide technology. The transformer is to
operate at 10 GHz and be positioned between a section of a waveguide with dimensions a=22.86 mm
× b=10.16 mm (air filled), and a load with 800 Ω impedance (wave impedance).
Design the transformer using a change in a broad dimension a. Ignore effects at the corners/junc-
tion between the transformer section and regular waveguide, in your design, but describe them
qualitatively. Draw the structure, show all dimensions of the transformer.

4/12
Maxwell’s Equations
integral form point form
I ZZ ~
~ · dL
E ~ =− B~ · dS~ Faraday’s Law ~ ×E
∇ ~ = − B
 
I Z Z ~ −
→
~ ~ D ~ ~ ×H~ = J~ +  D
H · dL =  + · dS Ampere’s Law ∇
 

I ZZ Z
D~ · dS~==   Gauss’ Law for Electric Fields ~ ·D
∇ ~ = 
 
I
~ · dS
B ~=0 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields ~ ·B
∇ ~ =0


Electric Fields and Potential

Coulomb’s Law Electric Field
ZZZ ¡ ¢
~ 12 =
F
1 2
b 12 r0 ) ~
 (~ r0
r−~
¯ ¯ a ~ r) = 0
¯ ~ ¯2 E(~
40 ¯~
¯ ¯3 
40 ¯R 12 ¯ r0 ¯
r−~
0
Work Potential Difference
Z Z
 = − E~ · dL
~  = − E ~ · dL
~
 
Potential field of distributed charges
ZZZ Electric Field from Potential
 (~ r0 )
 (~
r) = ¯ ¯  0 ~ = −∇
E ~
40 ¯~r−~ r0 ¯
0
Potential of a Dipole
¡ ¢ Fields from Sheet of Charge
~· ~
p r−~ r0
 (~
r) = ¯ ¯3 ~ r) =  a
E(~ b
40 ¯~ r0 ¯
r−~ 2
Fields from Line Charge
~ r) =  a
E(~ b
2

Magnetic Fields, Forces, and Torque

Biot-Savart Law Fields from Line Current
⎧ Z ¡ ¢
⎪ dL ~× ~ r−~ r0
⎪
⎪
⎪ ¯ ¯ ~ r) =  a
H(~ b
⎪
⎪ 4 ¯~ r−~ r0 ¯
3
2
⎪
⎪
⎪  ¡ ¢
⎨ ZZ K
⎪ ~ × ~ r−~ r0
~ r) =
H(~ ¯ ¯3  0 Fields from Sheet of Current Density
⎪
⎪ 4 ¯~ r−~ r0 ¯ ~ r) = 1 K
⎪
⎪ Z Z Z ¡ ¢ H(~ ~ ×a
b
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ J~ × ~ r−~ r0 0
2
⎪
⎪ ¯ ¯ 3 
⎩ 4 ¯~ r−~ r0 ¯
0
Magnetic Force on Currents
I Lorentz Force Equation
~ = dL
F ~ ×B~ (line current)
~ = (E
F ~ +~ ~
v × B)

ZZ
~=
F ~ × B
K ~ 0 (surface current density)
0 Torque
Z ZZ
~=
F J~ × B
~ 0 (volume current density) ~ = S
T ~ ×B~ =m ~
~ ×B
0

5/12
Current and Conductors
Continuity of Current
I
~ = − 
integral form J~ · dS Current Density

 J~ =  E
~
~ · J~ = − 
point form ∇


Material Relations and Boundary Conditions

0 = 8854 × 10−12 F m 0 = 4 × 10−7 H m
Dielectric Material Relations Magnetic Material Relations
³ ´
~ = 0 E
D ~ +P
~ = E
~ ~ = 0 H
B ~ +M~ = H ~
 = (1 +  ) 0 =  0  = (1 +  ) 0 =  0
Electric Boundary Conditions Magnetic Boundary Conditions
³ ´ ³ ´
normal D ~1−D ~2 ·ab 21 =  normal B ~1 − B~2 · a
b 21 = 0
³ ´ ³ ´
tangential E ~1 − E
~2 × a b 21 = 0 b 21 × H
tangential a ~1−H ~2 =K ~

Angles at Interface
tan 1 1
=
tan 2
s 2 Polarization Charge Relations
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ µ ¶2
¯~ ¯ ¯~ ¯ 2 ~ ·a
bound surface charge density  = P b
2
¯D2 ¯ = ¯D1 ¯ cos 1 + sin2 1
1 ~ ·P
~
s µ ¶2 bound volume charge density  = −∇
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1
¯~ ¯ ¯~ ¯ 2
¯ 2¯ ¯ 1¯
E = E sin  1 + cos2 1
2

Circuit Parameters, Power and Energy

Resistance
Z
~ · dL
~ Power Loss (Joule/Ohmic Loss)
− E ZZ Z ³ ´
=

= Z  = J~ · E
~ 
 Z
 
J~ · dS
~

Capacitance
I
~ · dS
D ~ Energy Stored in Electric Field
ZZ Z ³ ´ ZZ Z
  2 1 ~ ~ 1
= = =  = E · D  =   
 Z 2 2 2
~ · dL
~    
− E

Inductance
ZZ
 ~ · dS
B ~ Energy Stored in Magnetic Field
ZZ Z ³ ´
Ψ  2 1 ~ ·H
~ 
= = I =  = B
 2 2
~ · dL
H ~  

6/12
 p
Cylindrical Coordinates  =  cos  2 +  2
=

 =  sin  ⇐⇒  = tan−1

= =

Field Component Transformations

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
 cos  sin  0   cos  − sin  0 
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢  ⎥ = ⎢ − sin  cos  0 ⎥ ⎢  ⎥ ⎢  ⎥ = ⎢ sin  0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ cos  ⎦ ⎣  ⎦
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

Differential Elements
Differential d~l = ~ = one of
dS  =
Elements b
a + b
a + b
a b
() a b
() a b
() a 

Note: figures on this page are reproduced from Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 2nd Edition, Iskander, from
Waveland Press.

7/12
 p
Spherical Coordinates { = u sin  cos ! {2 + | 2 + } 2
u=
31 }
| = u sin  sin ! +,  = cos p{2 + |2 + } 2
} = u cos  |
! = tan31
{

Field Component Transformations

5 6 5 65 6 5 6 5 65 6
Du sin  cos ! sin  sin ! cos  D{ D{ sin  cos ! cos  cos !  sin ! Du
9 : 9 :9 : 9 : 9 :9 :
9 D : = 9 cos  cos ! cos  sin !  sin  : 9 D| : 9 D| : = 9 sin  sin ! cos  sin ! cos ! : 9 :
7 8 7 87 8 7 8 7 8 7 D 8
D!  sin ! cos ! 0 D} D} cos   sin  0 D!

Dierential Elements
Dierential d~l = ~ = one of
dS gy =
¡ 2 ¢
Elements gub
au + ugb
a + u sin g!b
a! u sin gg! abu b
(u sin gug!) a b!
(ugug) a u2 sin gugg!

Note: Þgures on this page are reproduced from Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 2nd Edition, Iskander, from
Waveland Press.

8/12
 Vector Operators
Cartesian Cylindrical

~ =     1  
Gradient ∇ b +
a b +
a b
a b +
a b +
a b
a
      

~ ·F
~=    1  ( ) 1  ( ) 
Divergence ∇ + + + +
       
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ a b  ¯¯ ¯ a ¯
¯ b b a
a ¯ b  b
a a b ¯
¯    ¯¯ 1 ¯¯    ¯¯
~ ×F
~= ¯
Curl ∇ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯    ¯  ¯    ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯    ¯ ¯    ¯
µ ¶
 2   2   2  1   1  2   2 
Laplacian ∇2  = + +  + 2 +
 2  2  2     2  2

Spherical

~ =  1  1 
Gradient ∇ b +
a b +
a b
a
    sin  
¡ ¢
~ ·F
~= 1  2  1  (sin  ) 1 
Divergence ∇ + +
2   sin    sin  
¯ ¯
¯ a a ¯¯
¯ b  b a  sin b
~ ×F
~= 1 ¯¯    ¯
¯
Curl ∇ ¯ ¯
2 sin  ¯    ¯
¯ ¯
¯    sin  ¯
µ ¶ µ ¶
1  2  1   1  2 
Laplacian ∇2  =  + sin  +
2   2 sin    2 sin2  2

9/12
 2 2 2
2 V V V
o= 4 x 10-7 H/m V
1/ o = 8 x 105 m/H x2 y2 z2
o = 120 2 2
o=8.85x10-12 F/m 2 1 V 1 V V
V ( )
2 2
ar ax =sin cos a ax =cos cos a ax =-sin z2
ar ay =sin sin a ay =cos sin a ay =cos
1 V 1 V
ar az =cos a az = -sin a az =0 (r 2 ) (sin )
2 r r 2
2 r r sin
ax a =cos ax a = -sin ax az =0 V 2
ay a =sin ay a = cos ay az =0 1 V
az a = 0 az az =1 2 2 2
az a 0 r sin
x = cos

y = sin
ax ay az
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

dxax+dyay+dz az d a d a dzaz dr ar+ r d a + A

x y z
r sin d a

(dydz)ax ( d dz)a (r2 sin d d ar Ax Ay Az

(dxdz)ay (d dz)a (r sin dr d a
(dxdy)az ( d d )az (r dr d )a
a a az
dx dy dz d d dz r2 sin dr d d
1
2 2 2 x = r sin cos A
r= x y z
z
z
= cos-1 y = r sin sin A A
x
2
y
2
z
2 Az

y
= tan-1 z = r cos
x
ar ra r sin a
V V V
V ax ay az 1
x y z A
2 r
r sin
V 1 V V
V a a az r sin A
z Ar rA
V 1 V 1 V
V ar a a
r r r sin

Ex Ey Ez
E
x y z

1 E 1 E Ez
E
z
1 r 2E r 1 sin E 1 E
E
r2 r r sin r sin

10/12
 Time-varying fields: UPW
Magnetostatics materials 2 2 Vector wave
Idl aR Es Es 0 equations for time-
H M mH harmonic fields in
2 2 2
L 4 R Hs Hs 0 lossy medium.
M JM With lossless
1 j medium or free
WM H Bdv r=1+ m
2 space, =0.
N 2 Uniform plane
T=m x B L wave in lossless
I
medium.
N1 12 r o r o
M12 F Idl xB
I2 T 1/ f For free space,
Lorentz force Continuity r o r=1 and r=1.
|E |/|H |
F=q(E+vxB) J v r o
t
Electrostatics Materials vp
E( r ) = v dv a
R l /( S ) z One example of E
2 R E ( z, t ) Eo e cos( t z )a x
4 o rR P e oE and H fields in
Eo z
v ( r ' )dv '
H ( z, t ) e cos( t z )a y lossy medium.
V( r ) = C P | |
4 pv
r o | r r'| 2 Parameters
P an 1 1 describing UPW in
V E dl C ps 2 lossy medium.
E V r=1+ e 2
1 1 1
WE E Ddv 2
2
/
2
V v 2 | | tan 2
V 0 2 1/ 4
1
C=Q/V

Boundary conditions 2
D1n-D2n= s a21 · (D1-D2)= s Js is surface
Et1=Et2 a21 x (E1-E2)=0 current (also good conductor:
B1n-B2n=0 a21 · (B1-B2)=0 denoted as K) 45o
2 ( >>1)
a21 x (H1-H2)=Js a21 x (H1-H2)=Js
Maxwell’s equations 1 Poynting vector
Pavg ( z ) Re( E s ( z ) H s * ( z ))
Note: for static 2
E dl B ds B ds 0 fields, time
ts P(z,t)=E(z,t) x H(z,t)
c s derivatives are 2 2 Transmission and
2 1
r oE ds v dv zero. T reflection
s v 2 1 2 1 coefficients: normal
In phasor incidence
H dl J ds D ds Transmission and
ts form, time 2 cos t 1 cos i
c s || reflection
derivatives 2 cos t 1 cos i coefficients: oblique
B 0 D become 2 2 cos i
v
T|| incidence
j terms.
2 cos t 1 cos i
H J D E B 2 cos i 1 cos t i r
t t 2 cos i 1 cos t
sin
B 2 2 cos i t 1 1
Vemf ds (v xB) dl T sin
s t 2 cos i 1 cos t
i 2 2
L

11/12
 Waves and T/R – continued Distortionless transmission lines:

1 | | R/L=G/C
s
1 | |
RG
2
sin B LC
1 2
R
tan 2 Ro
B
1
G

sin c
2 Lossless line:
1

Rac L /( w) ZL jZ o tan( l )
Z in Zo
Zo jZ L tan( l )
Transmission lines:

z
Vs ( z ) V e V ez 1
Z in _ max Zo Z o SWR
1
1 z
I s ( z) V e V ez
Zo ZL Z0 Zo
l Z in _ min
ZL Z0 SWR
R j L
Zo
G j C (l ) (0)e j2 l

G j C R j L j Vmax 1
SWR
Vmin 1
2
| Vo | 2 z
Pave e cos
2Z o

'
Waveguides: d 2
fc
2 1
f
g
2 2
fc 2 Rs b fc
1 (0.5 )
f c TE10 2 a f
fc
u' b ' 1
vp up f
2
fc
1
f b b 2
2 ( m n2 ) 2
2 Rs b fc a a fc
2 c TE ((1 ) (1 ))
fc fc
2 a f b2 2 2 f
vg u g u' 1 b ' 1 m n
f f a2

v pvg u'2 b3 2
( m n2 )
2 Rs 3
c TM ( a2 )
fc
2 b
b ' 1 m2 n2
f a2

12/12