GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Geography
dŸeT¿±©q uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ - II

Geography
TEXTBOOK
CLASS-10

TEXTBOOK
CLASS-10
SCERT

Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha,

State Council of Educational Research and Training Government of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
 uÛ≤s¡‘· sêC≤´+>∑+ - bÂs¡ $<ÛTä \T
1. sêC≤´+>∑eTTq≈£î ã<äT&∆ ’Ó e⁄+&ÉT≥, <ëì Ä<äsêÙ\qT, dü+dü\ú qT, C≤rj·T |ü‘êø£eTTqT,C≤rj·T ^‘·eTTqT >ös¡$+#·T≥—
2. C≤rj·T kÕ«‘·+Á‘·´ b˛sê≥eTTq≈£î dü÷Œ¤]ìÔ ∫Ãq ñqï‘ê<äsÙ¡ eTT\qT eTqdüT‡j·T+<äT ñ+#·Tø=ì yê{Ïì nqTdü]+#·T≥—
3. uÛ≤s¡‘· kÕs¡«uÛÖeT‘·«+, ◊ø£´‘·, nK+&É‘q· T düeT]ú+#·T≥ eT]j·TT dü+s¡ø+åÏ #·T≥.
4. <˚Xe¯ TTqT s¡ø+åÏ #·T≥ eT]j·TT ø√]q|ü⁄&ÉT C≤‹øÏ ùde #˚jT· T{—
5. uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|ü»\ eT<Û´ä eT‘·, uÛ≤wü, ÁbÕ+rj·T, es¡Z yÓ$’ <Û´ä eTT\qT n~Û>$∑ T+∫, kÕeTs¡d´ü eTTqT, k˛<äs¡ uÛ≤eeTTqT
ô|+bı+~+#·T≥, Ád”\Ô >ös¡e+ ‘·–+Z #·T Ä#ês¡eTT\qT $&ÉHê&ÉT≥—
6. eTq ñeTà&ç dü+düÿè‹˙, düTdü+|üqï dü+Á|ü<ëj·÷\qT >ös¡$+∫ s¡ø+åÏ #·T≥—
7. n&Ée⁄\T, düsd¡ Tü ‡\T, q<äT\T, n&É$ »+‘·Te⁄\‘√ düV‰ü ÁbÕø£è‹ø£ |ü]düsê\qT ø±bÕ&ç n_Ûeè~∆ #˚jT· T≥ eT]j·TT
düeTdüÔ Je⁄\ jÓT&É\ ø£sT¡ D≤Ás¡‘› · ø£*– e⁄+&ÉT≥.
8. XÊÁd”jÔ T· <äèø£Œ<∏ëìï, e÷qe‘êyê<ëìï, õC≤„dqü T, dü+düÿs¡D ‘·‘ê«ìï ô|+bı+~+#·Tø=q≥+—
9. Á|ü»\ ÄdæìÔ dü+s¡ø+åÏ #·T≥, Væ≤+düqT $&ÉHê&ÉT≥—
10. Á|üjT· ‘êï\T, kÕ<Ûqä \ ñqï‘·kÕúsTT\qT ìs¡+‘·s+¡ n+<äTø=qTq≥T¢>± yÓj ’ T· øÏøÔ ,£ dü$Twæº ø±s¡´ s¡+>±\ìï+{Ï˝À ÁX‚w‘˜ü ·
ø√dü+, ø£èwæ #˚jT· T≥ ÁbÕ<∏$ä Tø£ ø£seÔ¡ ´yÓTÆ e⁄+&Ée˝…qT.
11. Äs¡T qT+&ç |ü<ëï\T>∑T dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT\ ej·TdüT‡ ø£*–q u≤\TìøÏ ˝Ò<ë u≤*ø£≈î£ ‘·*¢ ‘·+Á&ç ˝Ò<ë dü+s¡ø≈å£ î£ ì>±e⁄qï
e´øÏÔ ‘·q_&ɶ ˝Ò<ë dü+<äsꓤqTkÕs¡eTT ‘·q dü+s¡ø‘åÏ T· ìøÏ $<ë´s¡q® ≈£î neø±X¯eTT\T ø£*Œ+#·e˝…qT.

(n~Ûøs£ D¡ + 51 A)

$<ë´Vü≤≈£îÿ #·≥º+
6 qT+&ç 14 dü+e‘·‡s¡eTT\ |æ\\ ¢ +<ä]øÏ ñ∫‘· ìs¡“+¤ <ä b*yÓT+≥Ø $<ä´q+~+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ<˚•› +#·ã&çq$. Ç~
@Á|æ˝Ÿ 1, 2010 qT+&ç neT˝À¢øÏ e∫Ã+~.
#·≥º+˝Àì eTTU≤´+XÊ\T:
 |æ\\ ¢ +<ä]øÏ n+<äTu≤≥T˝À bÕsƒX¡ Ê\\qT @sêŒ≥T#˚j÷· *.
 bÕsƒX¡ Ê\\≈£î eTÚ*ø£ edü‘T· \qT ø£*Œ+#ê*.
 |æ\\ ¢ +<ä]ì ej·TdüT‡≈£î ‘·–q ‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ˝À #˚]Œ+#ê*.
 ej·TdüT‡≈£î ‘·>Z∑ ‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ˝À #˚]Ãq ‘·sê«‘· ‘√{Ï yê]‘√ düe÷q+>± ñ+&É{≤ìøÏ Á|ü‘´˚ ø£•ø£D å Ç|æŒ+#ê*.
 Á|ü‘´˚ ø£ nedüsê\T ø£*qZ |æ\\ ¢ ≈£î kÕ<Ûës¡D |æ\\ ¢ ‘√bÕ≥T $<ä´ø=qkÕ–+#·&ÜìøÏ ‘·>T∑ edü‘T· \T @sêŒ≥T¢ #˚j÷· *.
 ã&ç˝À #˚sT¡ Ãø√&ÜìøÏ b˝≤+{Ï |üØø£\ å T ìs¡«Væ≤+#·sê<äT. b≥Te+{Ï s¡TdüTeTT, #êØ®\T edü÷\T #˚jT· sê<äT.
 ã&ç˝À #˚]q |æ\\ ¢ ù|s¡T rdæyj ˚ T· &É+, n<˚ ‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ˝À ø=qkÕ–+#·&+É #˚jT· sê<äT.
 |æ\*¢ ï XÊØs¡ø+£ >±, e÷qdæø+£ >± Væ≤+dæ+#·sê<äT.
 ej·TdüT‡ ìsêúsD ¡ |üÁ‘·+, Ç‘·s¡ <Ûèä Mø£sD ¡ |üÁ‘ê\T ˝ÒeH˚ ø±s¡D+ #˚‘· |æ\\ ¢ ≈£î ã&ç˝À Á|üyX˚ Êìï ìsêø£]+#·sê<äT.
 ‘·–q ns¡Ω‘·\Tqï yê]ì e÷Á‘·yT˚ ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT\T>± ìj·T$T+#ê*.
 |æ\\ ¢ T ìπs•› +∫q kÕeTsêú´\T kÕ~Û+#˚˝≤ uÀ<ÛHä êuÛ´Ñ düq+, eT÷˝≤´+ø£q+ ñ+&Ü*.
 b*yÓT+≥Ø $<ä´ |üPs¡j Ô T˚ ´es¡≈î£ |æ\\¢ ≈£î b˝≤+{Ï uÀs¡T¶ |üØø£\
å T ìs¡«Væ≤+#·sê<äT.
 |ü<ëï\T>∑T dü+e‘·‡sê\T |üPs¡sÔ TTq|üŒ{Ïø˙Ï , b*yÓT+≥Ø $<ä´ |üPs¡ÔjT˚ ´es¡≈î£ bÕsƒX¡ Ê\˝À |æ\\ ¢ T ø=qkÕ>∑e#·TÃqT.
 ã\V”≤q esêZ\≈£î, Á|ü‹≈£L\ |ü]dæ‘ú T· \qT b<äTs=ÿ+≥Tqï ãè+<ë\≈£î #Ó+~q |æ\\ ¢ T @ $<Ûyä TÓ qÆ $eø£‘å ≈· î£ >∑T]ø±≈£î+&Ü
#·÷&Ü*.
 sêC≤´+>∑+˝À bı+<äT|ü]∫q $\Te\≈£î nqT>∑TD+>±, $<ë´s¡Tú\qT uÛÑj·T+, Ä+<√fi¯q≈£î >∑T]#˚j·Tì Ø‹˝À yê]
düs«¡ ‘√eTTU≤_Ûeè~∆øÏ ‘√&ÉŒ&˚ bÕsƒ´¡ Á|üD≤[ø£ s¡÷bı+~+#ê*.
 Social Science
Contemparary India
Contemparary
Textbook in Geography for Class X
Text Book Development Committee

Sri Praveen Prakash IAS Sri. S. Suresh Kumar IAS

Principal Secretary to Government Commissioner of School Education , AP
Department of School Education, AP

Sri. B. Srinivasa Rao IAS Sri. K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed.

State Project Director, Samagra Shiksha, AP Director, Government Textbook Press, AP

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Director, SCERT, AP

Programme Co-ordinator
Dr. G. Kesava Reddy, MSc, MSc, MEd, MPhil, PhD
Prof. C&T, SCERT, AP

Overall Subject Co-ordinator

Dr. K. Saritha M.A, M.A, M.Sc, M.Ed, M.Phil, PhD
Prof. T.E, SCERT, AP

Subject Co-ordinator
Smt. G. Sudha Lakshmi MA., B.Ed., M.Sc., M.Phil
Lecturer, SCERT, AP

State Council of Educational Research & Training

Andhra Pradesh

Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.

 © Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati

First Published 2024

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means
without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any
form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being
imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copyright holder of this book is the
Commissioner of School Education,
Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.

This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Printed in India
at the A.P. Govt. Text Book Press
Amaravati
Andhra Pradesh
 Asst Co-ordinator Technical Co-ordinator
Smt. Rajya Lakshmi M.Com., B.Ed., Dr. Ch.V.S. Ramesh Kumar
Lecturer, SCERT, AP Lecturer, SCERT-AP

Translation Editors

Sri K. Dasapathi Rao Dr. N. Chendrayudu

Lecturer (Rtd), STPM Govt IASE, Associate Professor
Nellore Dist, Dept.of Geography, S.V University,
Tirupati

Sri Natham Pyni (SA) Sri G. Rajesh Reddy (SA)

ZPHS Kotha Aruru, ZPHS, Thugundram,
Nindra Mandal,Chittoor Dist. G.D. Nellore (M),Chittoor Dist.

Translators

Smt. Sk.Sairunnisa Begum SA, SS Sri. A.Abdul Rahim SA, SS

ZPHS Ramavarappadu, N.T.R Dist. ZPHS Divamdinne,
Yemmiganur, Kurnool Dist.

Smt. A. RAMADEVI Dr.A.Malyadri SA, SS

ZPHS-75, Doddipalli, KNR MUNCIPAL HIGHSCHOOL,
Chittoor (M), Chittoor [District] Nellore Dist.

Smt. Y.Annapurna Mahalakshmi

Smt. B. Mani Kumari SA, SS GR II GHM
ZPHS, Mustabada, N.T.R. Dist ZPHS Ithavaram,
Nandigama (M), NTR DT

Smt. B. Bharati Gr II HM
Samagra Shiksha

DTP & Layout Designing : Durga Graphics, Bapatla.

Foreword

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at
school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure
from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap
between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the
basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage
rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas.
We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred
system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will
take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities
and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate
new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating
the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why
other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is
possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a
fixed body of knowledge.
These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning.
Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar
so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods
used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for
making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or
boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by
restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for
child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance
this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and
wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates
the hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book.
We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory committee for textbooks in Social
Sciences, at the higher secondary level, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisor
for this book, Professor M.H. Qureshi for guiding the work of this committee. Several
teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals
for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have
generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are
especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by
the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource
Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P.
Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic
reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes
comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 November 2006 Research and Training
Foreword

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has ushered in a new era in school education with comprehensive
curricular reforms implemented from the academic year 2020-21. The primary goal is to enhance
children’s learning outcomes by focusing on building a robust foundational understanding and fostering
an environment conducive to effective teaching and learning. To achieve this, the government has
adopted the NCERT curriculum from Class 8th onwards, aligning with global standards.
As part of these curriculum reforms, NCERT textbooks have been translated into Telugu and printed
as bilingual textbooks, ensuring accessibility for all students. QR codes have been incorporated at the
beginning of each lesson to enrich the content and facilitate learning beyond the classroom. The lessons
are structured around themes such as Resources and Development, Forest and Wildlife Resources,
Water Resources, Agriculture, Minerals and Energy Resources, Manufacturing Industries, and Lifelines
of National Economy, provide a holistic understanding of key socio-economic and environmental
concepts, fostering critical thinking and a well-rounded perspective in students. To reinforce concepts,
various projects and activities are included to instill a research-oriented approach. Each lesson is
adorned with eye-catching illustrations to engage students, and key vocabulary is presented under
“Key Words,” while salient features are summarized under the title “What You Have Learnt” for a
quick review of essential concepts. Recapitulation questions are framed for each lesson to ensure a
solid understanding of concepts and to develop competencies necessary for project works and mapping
exercises. An effort has been made to connect the concepts with real-life events, promoting a deeper
understanding of geographical resources through “Extended Learning - Activities and Projects.”
We are grateful to Honourable Chief Minister, Government of Andhra Pradesh,Sri Y.S. Jagan Mohan
Reddy for being our source of inspiration to carry out this extensivereform in the education department.
We extend our gratitude to Hon’ble Minister for Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Sri
Botcha Satyanarayana for striving towards qualitative education. Our special thanks to Sri Praveen
Prakash IAS, Principle Secretary to Government, School Education Department, Andhra Pradesh
and Sri S. Suresh Kumar, IAS, Commissioner of School Education, Andhra Pradesh, Sri B. Srinivas
Rao IAS, State Project Director, Samagra Shiksha, Andhra Pradesh.
We convey our special thanks to the NCERT for their cooperation and assistance in adopting their
curriculum. We also thank our co-ordinators, editors, translators and layout designers for their
contribution in the development of this textbook. We inviteconstructive feedback from the teachers
and the parents in further refinement of the textbook.

D r. B
B.. Pratap Reddy
Director
SCERT – Andhra Pradesh
 Textbook development committee

C H A I RPE RSO
RPERSO
RSON N , A DVI SO
VISO RY C O M M I TTE
SORY TTEEE FO
FORR T EXTBOO
EXTBOOKK S I N S OC
OCII A L
S CI E N CE S A T TH E S ECECOO N DA RY L EVE
EVELL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of

Calcutta, Kolkata

C H I E F A DV IISS O
ORR

M. H. Qureshi, Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development,

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

A DV I S O
ORR

B. S. Butola, Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development,

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

MEMBERS
Aparajita De, Lecturer, Department of Geography,
Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi
Geeta Duggal, Former Principal, Delhi Public School, Rewari
Indu Sharma, PGT, Demonstration School RIE, Ajmer
K. Jaya, PGT, Convent of Jesus and Mary, Bangla Sahib Road, New
Delhi
Punam Behari, Reader, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi
Saroj Sharma, TGT (Retd.), Mother’s International School,
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi

M E M BER - CO O
ORRD
DII N A
ATTO
ORR

Aparna Pandey, Lecturer, Department of Education in Social Sciences

and Humanities, NCERT, New Delhi

Scho ol B huvan–N
Bhuvan–N
huvan–NCCE RT an O nline web portal
Web based online e-learning Geo spatial portal Scho ol B
School huvan–N
Bhuvan–N
huvan–NCCERT has
been launched by NCERT and ISRO in collaboration to enhance geo spatial
skills among students. This online e-learning portal includes thematic maps
given in Geography textbooks. This portal enables students to use Geo-spatial
technology for better understanding of concepts in Geography. Online activities
available on the portal as Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 encourage learners
from Classes VI to XII to develop neighbourhood maps and their attributes on
satellite imageries available on Scho ol B
School huvan–N
Bhuvan–N
huvan–NCCERT
RT.
Acknowledgements

The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges the support of
individuals and organisations as listed below for providing various photographs and other
materials such as articles used in this textbook — Shveta Uppal, NCERT, New Delhi for
Fig. 1.11, 2.2, 4.3, 4.10, 4.11, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5; Kalyan Banerjee, NCERT, New Delhi for Fig.
7.9; Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi for Fig. 2.2 (Endangered : the Nicobar
megapode), 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 5.14; CCSHAU, Hisar for Fig. 4.4(a), 4.13; Directorate
of Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, I.A.R.I. Campus, New Pusa, New Delhi for Fig. 4.2,
4.4(b), 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9 (Groundnut and Mustard), 4.12 (Apple and Pomegranate),
4.15, 4.18; Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India for Fig. 2.1, 5.10, 6.8;
Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India for Fig. 5.11(a) and (b); Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India
for Fig. 5.3, 5.5, 5.8; Department of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Shipping,
Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India for Fig. 7.2, 7.10; Ministry of Heavy Industries
and Public Enterprises, Govt. of India for Fig. 5.12, 6.3, 6.6, 6.7; Department of Shipping,
Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India for Fig. 7.6, 7.7, 7.8;
Kurukshetra magazine for collage on page 24; The Times of India for collage on page 20,
24, 29, 26, 57, 91; The Hindu for collage on page 20; Hindustan for collage on page 91;
NCERT, Social Science, Part-II, Textbook for Class-VIII for Fig. 1.12, 3.2.
The Council is thankful to the Survey of India for certification of maps given in the
textbook.
Acknowledgements are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Education
in Social Sciences and Humanities for her valuable support at every stage of preparation of
this textbook.
Special thanks are due to Vandana R. Singh, Consultant Editor for going through the
textbook and for giving useful suggestions.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of
Ishwar Singh, DTP Operator; Ajay Singh, Copy Editor; Dinesh Kumar, Computer Incharge,
who have helped in giving a final shape to this book. The contribution of the Publication
Department, NCERT are also duly acknowledged.

The following are applicable to all the maps of India used in this textbook
1. © Government of India, Copyright 2006
2. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher.
3. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles
measured from the appropriate base line.
4. The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.
5. The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown
on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act.1971,”
but have yet to be verified.
6. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy
certified by Survey of India.
7. The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and
Chhattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned.
8. The spellings of names in these maps have been taken from various sources.
 Contents

1. Resources and Development 2

eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆
2. Forest and Wildlife Resources 26
n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T
3. Water Resources 38
»\eqs¡T\T
4. Agriculture 60
e´ekÕj·T+
5. Minerals and Energy Resources 84
KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øeÔÏ qs¡T\T
6. Manufacturing Industries 116
ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T
7. Lifelines of National Economy 142
C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T
Appendix–I 168
nqTã+<Ûä+ ` 1
Appendix–II 169
nqTã+<Ûä+ ` 11
Glossary 170
|ü<øä √X¯+

Teacher Corner Student Corner

 The process of transformation of things
Can you identify and name the various items
available in our environment involves an
used in making life comfortable in our villages
and towns. List the items and name the interactive relationship between nature,
material used in their making. technology and institutions. Human beings
interact with nature through technology and
create institutions to accelerate their
Everything available in our environment economic development.
which can be used to satisfy our needs, Do you think that resources are free gifts
provided, it is technologically accessible, of nature as is assumed by many? They
economically feasible and culturally are not. Resources are a function of human
acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. activities. Human beings themselves are
essential components of resources. They
transform material available in our
environment into resources and use them.
These resources can be classified in the
following ways –
(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable
and non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership – individual,
community, national and international
Fig. 1.1: Interdependent relationship between (d) On the basis of status of development –
nature, technology and institutions potential, developed stock and reserves.

Fig. 1.2: Classification of resources

2 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆

eTq Á>±e÷\˝À, |ü ≥ º D ≤\˝À kÂø£ s ¡ ´ e+‘· + >± eTq |üsê´es¡D+˝À n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñqï eqs¡T\qT
J$+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –düTqÔ ï $$<Ûä edüTeÔ ⁄\qT >∑T]Ô+∫ edüTÔe⁄\T>± e÷πsà Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À Á|üø£‹, kÕ+πø‹ø£ $C≤„q+,
yê{Ï ù|s¡T¢ sêj·T+&ç. yê{Ï ‘·j·÷Ø˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔqï dü+düú\T |üs¡düŒs¡ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT. e÷qe⁄\T
|ü<ësêú\qT ù|s=ÿì C≤_‘êqT ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·T+&ç. kÕ+πø‹ø£ |ü]C≤„q+ <ë«sê Á|üø£è‹‘√ nqTdü+<ÛëqeTe⁄‘·÷,
Ä]úø±_Ûeè~úì y˚>∑e+‘·+ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ dü+düú\qT düèwæºkÕÔs¡T.
kÕ+πø‹ø£+>± n+<äTu≤≥T˝Àq÷, Ä]úø+£ >± ˝≤uÛ<Ñ ëj·Tø£+ #ê˝≤ eT+~ uÛ≤$+∫q≥T¢>± eqs¡T\T Á|üø£‹ jÓTTø£ÿ
>±q÷, kÕ+düèÿ‹ø£|üs¡+>± ÄyÓ÷<ä jÓ÷>∑´+>±qT, eTq ñ∫‘· ãVüQeT‘·T\T nì MTs¡T nqT≈£î+≥THêïsê? ø±<äT.
nedüsê\qT rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ |üsê´es¡D+˝À \_Û+#˚ eqs¡T\T e÷qe ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\˝À ˇø£ Á|üÁøÏj·T. e÷qe⁄\T
Á|ü‹<ëìì ªeqs¡Tμ nì |æ\Tee#·TÃ. dü«j·T+>± eqs¡T\˝À eTTK´yÓTqÆ uÛ≤>∑+. yês¡T |üsê´es¡D+˝À
uÛÖ‹ø£ |üsê´es¡D+ (Á|üø£è‹)
\_Û+#˚ |ü<ësêúìï eqs¡T\T>± e÷]Ã yê{Ïì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
á eqs¡T\qT ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± eØZø£]+#·e#·TÃ-
(m) |ü⁄≥Tºø£ Ä<Ûës¡+>± - Je eT]j·TT ìØ®e
(_) ø°åD‘· Ä<Ûës¡+>± -|ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£, |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£+ø±ì
e÷qyê[ (dæ) j·÷»e÷q´+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ` e´øÏÔ>∑‘·, kÕe÷õø£, C≤rj·T
eT]j·TT n+‘·sê®rj·T.
kÕ+πø‹ø£‘· dü+düú\T (&ç) n_Ûe~∆ dæú‹ Ä<Ûës¡+>± - dü+uÛ≤e´ (|üì#˚j·TT X¯øÏÔ
∫Á‘·+ ` 1.1 ` Á|üø£è‹, kÕ+πø‹ø£ eT]j·TT dü+düú\ eT<Ûä´ ø£*–q), n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+~q düs¡T≈£î eT]j·TT ì\«\T.
|üs¡düŒs¡ Ä<Ûë]‘· dü+ã+<Ûä+
eqs¡T\T

düVü≤» e÷qe dü+ã+<ÛäyÓTÆq

|ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£yÓTÆq~ |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£+ ø±ì$ ìsêàD≤\T |ü]e÷D≤‘·àø£yTÓ qÆ $

eT]j·TT dü+düú\T eT]j·TT
ìs¡+‘·s¡ ˝Ò<ë Á|üyêVü≤+ Jedü+ã+<ÛäyÓTÆq$ >∑TD≤‘·àø£yÓTÆq$
ñ<ë. >±*. ˙{Ï |ü⁄q:#·Áø°j·T+ |ü⁄q:#·Áø°j·T+ ø±ì$
ñ<ë. ˝ÀVü‰\T ñ<ë. •˝≤» Ç+<ÛäHê\T
düVü≤» eø£ådü+|ü<ä eq´ÁbÕDT\T
(n&Ée⁄\T)
∫Á‘·+ ` 1.2 ` eqs¡T\ eØZø£s¡D
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 3
 Prepare a list of stock and reserve, resources Sustainable development
that you are familiar with from your local area. Sustainable economic development means
‘development should take place without
damaging the environment, and development
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES in the present should not compromise with the
needs of the future generations.’
Resources are vital for human survival as well
as for maintaining the quality of life. It was
believed that resources are free gifts of nature.
As a result, human beings used them
indiscriminately and this has led to the
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
following major problems.
In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states
• Depletion of resources for satisfying the
met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first
greed of a few individuals.
International Earth Summit. The Summit was
• Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, convened for addressing urgent problems of
in turn, divided the society into two segments environmental protection and socio-
i.e. haves and have nots or rich and poor. economic development at the global level.
• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has The assembled leaders signed the
led to global ecological crises such as, global Declaration on Global Climatic Change and
warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention
pollution and land degradation. endorsed the global Forest Principles and
adopted Agenda 21 for achieving
Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Agenda 21
1. Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhausted It is the declaration signed by world leaders
one day, how would this affect our life style? in 1992 at the United Nations Conference
2. Plan a survey in your colony/village to on Environment and Development (UNCED),
investigate people’s attitude towards which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It
recycling of the domestic/agricultural aims at achieving global sustainable
wastes. Ask questions about : development. It is an agenda to combat
(a) What do they think about resources environmental damage, poverty, disease
they use? through global co-operation on common
(b) What is their opinion about the interests, mutual needs and shared
wastes, and its utilisation? responsibilities. One major objective of the
(c) Collage your results. Agenda 21 is that every local government
should draw its own local Agenda 21.

An equitable distribution of resources has

become essential for a sustained quality of life
RESOURCE PLANNING
and global peace. If the present trend of resource
depletion by a few individuals and countries Planning is the widely accepted strategy for
continues, the future of our planet is in danger. judicious use of resources. It has importance
Therefore, resource planning is essential for in a country like India, which has enormous
sustainable existence of all forms of life. diversity in the availability of resources. There
Sustainable existence is a component of are regions which are rich in certain types of
sustainable development. resources but are deficient in some other

4 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 ø£è‘·´+: düTdæúsê_Ûe~∆
kÕúìø£+>± MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À >∑T]Ô+#·ã&çq eqs¡T\, ì\«\ düTdæús¡ Ä]úø±_Ûe~∆ n+fÒ |üsê´es¡D≤ìøÏ Vü‰ì
C≤_‘êqT ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T+&ç. ø£\>∑≈î£ +&Ü n_Ûe~∆ »s¡>±* eT]j·TT es¡eÔ ÷q+˝Àì
n_Ûe~∆ uÛÑ$wü´‘·TÔ ‘·sê\ nedüsê\≈£î Á|ü‹ã+<Ûäø£+
eqs¡T\ n_Ûe~∆ ø±≈£L&É<äT.
e÷qe eTqT>∑ & É ≈ £ î , n˝≤π > Jeq HêD´‘· q T
yÓTs¡T>∑T|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ eqs¡T\T #ê˝≤ eTTK´yÓTÆq$. eqs¡T\T ]jÓ÷ &ç »˙s√ <Ûä]Á‹ •KsêÁ>∑ düe÷y˚X¯+, 1992
Á|üø£‹ jÓTTø£ÿ ñ∫‘· esê\T nì q$Tà, e÷qe⁄\T yê{Ïì pHé 1992˝À, Áu…õ˝Ÿ˝Àì ]jÓ÷ &ç »˙s√˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï
$#·ø£åD≤s¡Væ≤‘·+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ês¡T. Ç~ ÁøÏ+~ Á|ü<Ûëq n+‘·sê®rj·T <Û]ä Á‹ •KsêÁ>∑ düe÷y˚X+¯ ø√dü+ 100≈£î
düeTdü´\≈£î <ë]rdæ+~. ô|>’ ± <˚XÊ~ÛH‘˚ \· T düe÷y˚Xe¯ Tj·÷´s¡T. Á|ü|+ü #· kÕúsTT˝À
• ø=~› eT+~ e´≈£îÔ\ n‘ê´X¯\qT rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ eqs¡T\T |üsê´es¡D |ü]s¡ø£åD, kÕe÷õø£ - Ä]úø£ n_Ûe~∆øÏ
‘·]–b˛‘·THêïsTT. dü+ã+~Û+∫q n‘·´edüs¡ düeTdü´\qT |ü]wüÿ]+#˚+<äT≈£î
• eqs¡T\T ø=~› eT+~ #˚‘·T\˝À #˚s¡&É+‘√ eTq düe÷C+
á dü<dä Tü ‡qT @sêŒ≥T #˚XÊs¡T. düe÷y˚Xy¯ TÓ qÆ Hêj·T≈£î\T
¬s+&ÉT uÛ≤>±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·ã&ç+~. n$ ñqï yês¡T, ˝Òì
yês¡T ˝Ò<ë <Ûäì≈£î\T, ù|<äyês¡T. Á|ü|+ü #· yê‘êes¡D e÷s¡TŒ eT]j·TT JeyÓ$’ <Û´ä Á|üø≥£ Hê
• $#·øD å£ ≤ s¡V≤æ ‘· eqs¡T\ <√|æ&û uÛ÷Ñ >√fi¯+ y˚&øÓ ÿ£ &É+, zCÀHé |üÁ‘·+ô|’’ dü+‘·ø£+ #˚XÊs¡T. 21e X¯‘êã›+˝À düTdæús¡
bıs¡ ø°åD‘·, |üsê´es¡D ø±\Twü´+, uÛÑ÷ø°åD‘· e+{Ï Á|ü|ü+#· n_Ûe~∆ì kÕ~Û+#·&ÜìøÏ, ]jÓ÷ dü<dä Tü ‡ Á|ü|+ü #· n≥M
|üsê´es¡D dü+øå√uÛ≤\≈£î <ë]rdæ+~. dü÷Á‘ê\qT ÄyÓ÷~+∫, 21 ø±sê´+XÊ\qT neT\T
ø£è‘·´+: |ü]∫+~.
1. @<√ ˇø£s√E #·eTTs¡T düs¡|òüsê Ä–b˛‘˚ Ç~ eTq 21 ø±sê´+XÊ\ C≤_‘ê
Jeq $<ÛëHêìï m˝≤ Á|üuÛ≤$‘·+ #˚düTÔ+<√ Ç~ 1992˝À Áu…õ˝Ÿ˝Àì ]jÓ÷ &ç »˙s√˝À »]–q
}Væ≤+#·+&ç.
◊ø£´sê»´dü$T‹ |üsê´es¡D+ eT]j·TT n_Ûe~∆ dü<dä Tü ‡
2. >∑Vü≤/ e´ekÕj·T e´sêú\qT |ü⁄q]«ìjÓ÷>∑+
#˚j·T&É+ |ü≥¢ Á|ü»\ yÓ’K]ì ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ MT (UNCED)˝À Á|ü|ü+#· Hêj·T≈£î\T dü+‘·ø£+ #˚dæq
ø±\˙/ Á>±eT+˝À ˇø£ düπs« #˚j·T+&ç. eqs¡T\ Á|üø£≥q. Ç~ Á|ü|ü+#·yê´|üÔ+>± dæús¡yÓTÆq n_Ûe~∆ì
>∑T]+∫ n&çπ> Á|üX¯ï\T kÕ~Û+#·&É+ \ø£å´+>± ô|≥Tº≈£î+~. ñeTà&ç Ädü≈£îÔ\T,
(m) yês¡T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ eqs¡T\ >∑T]+∫ yês¡T |üs¡düŒs¡ nedüsê\T eT]j·TT uÛ≤>∑kÕ«eT´ u≤<Ûä´‘·\ô|’
@eTqT≈£î+≥THêïs¡T? Á|ü|ü+#· düVü≤ø±s¡+ <ë«sê |üsê´es¡D≤ìøÏ »]π> qwüº+,
(_) e´sêú\T, yê{Ï $ìjÓ÷>∑+ >∑T]+∫ yê] ù|<ä]ø£+, yê´<ÛäT\qT m<äTs√ÿe&ÜìøÏ Ç~ ˇø£
n_ÛÁbÕj·T+ @$T{Ï? ø±sê´+X¯+. 21ø±sê´+XÊ\˝À ˇø£ Á|ü<Ûëq \ø£å´+
(dæ) ùdø£ ] +∫q |ò ü * ‘ê\˙ï ˇπ ø ù||ü s ¡ T ô|’ @$T≥+fÒ, Á|ü‹ kÕúìø£ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ <ëì d”«j·T kÕúìø£
n+{Ï+∫ Á|ü<ä]Ù+#·+&ç). ªª21ø±sê´+XÊ\ C≤_‘êμμ s¡÷bı+~+#·Tø√yê*.
düTdæús¡yÓTÆq Jeq HêD´‘·≈£î, Á|ü|ü+#· XÊ+‹øÏ eqs¡T\
düe÷q |ü+|æD° eTTK´ nedüs¡+>± e÷]+~. ø=~›eT+~ eqs¡T\ Á|üD≤[ø£
e´≈£îÔ\T, ø=ìï <˚XÊ\ e\q eqs¡T\T ø°åDÏ+#˚ Á|üdüTÔ‘· $<Ûëq+
e\q eTq uÛÑ÷Á>∑Vü≤+ jÓTTø£ÿ uÛÑ$wü´‘·TÔ Á|üe÷<ä+˝À eqs¡T\ Hê´j·Tã<ä∆ $ìjÓ÷>±ìøÏ n+<äs¡÷ ÄyÓ÷~+∫q
ñ+~. eP´Vü‰‘·àø£ |ü<ä∆‘˚ Á|üD≤[ø£. eqs¡T\ \uÛÑ´‘·˝À nbÕs¡yÓTÆq
n+<äTe\¢, nìï JesêX¯ó\ düTdæús¡ JeHêìøÏ eqs¡T\ yÓ’$<Ûä´+ ñqï uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ e+{Ï <˚X¯+˝À BìøÏ ÁbÕeTTK´‘·
Á|üD≤[ø£ nedüs¡+. düTdæús¡ ndæÔ‘·«+ nH˚~ düTdæúsê_Ûe~∆˝À ñ+~. ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ø=ìï s¡ø±\ eqs¡T\T düeT~∆>±
ˇø£ n+X¯+. ñ+&ç , eT]ø=ìï #√≥¢ eqs¡ T \T ˝À|æ + ∫ ñHêïsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 5
resources. There are some regions which can
be considered self sufficient in terms of the
availability of resources and there are some What resources are being developed in your
regions which have acute shortage of some vital surroundings by the community/village
resources. For example, the states of panchayats/ward level communities with the
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya help of community participation?
Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water
technology and institutions may hinder
resources but lacks in infrastructural
development. There are many regions in our
development. The state of Rajasthan is very well
country that are rich in resources but these
endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks
are included in economically backward
in water resources. The cold desert of Ladakh
regions. On the contrary there are some regions
is relatively isolated from the rest of the
which have a poor resource base but they are
country. It has very rich cultural heritage but
economically developed.
it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some
vital minerals. This calls for balanced resource Can you name some resource rich but
planning at the national, state, regional and economically backward regions and some
local levels. resource poor but economically developed
regions? Give reasons for such a situation.
The history of colonisation reveals that
rich resources in colonies were the main
Prepare a list of resources found in your state attractions for the foreign invaders. It was
and also identify the resources that are primarily the higher level of technological
important but deficit in your state. development of the colonising countries that
helped them to exploit resources of other
regions and establish their supremacy over
the colonies. Therefore, resources can
Resource Planning in India contribute to development only when they are
Resource planning is a complex process accompanied by appropriate technological
which involves : (i) identification and development and institutional changes. India
inventory of resources across the regions of has experienced all this in different phases of
the country. This involves surveying, colonisation. Therefore, in India, development,
mapping and qualitative and quantitative in general, and resource development in
estimation and measurement of the particular does not only involve the
resources. (ii) Evolving a planning structure availability of resources, but also the
endowed with appropriate technology, skill technology, quality of human resources and
and institutional set up for implementing the historical experiences of the people.
resource development plans. (iii) Matching Conservation of Resources: Resources are
the resource development plans with overall vital for any developmental activity. But
national development plans. irrational consumption and over-utilisation
India has made concerted efforts for of resources may lead to socio-economic and
achieving the goals of resource planning right environmental problems. To overcome these
from the First Five Year Plan launched after problems, resource conservation at various
Independence. levels is important. This had been the main
The availability of resources is a necessary concern of the leaders and thinkers in the
condition for the development of any region, past. For example, Gandhiji was very apt in
but mere availability of resources in the voicing his concern about resource
absence of corresponding changes in conservation in these words: “There is enough

6 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

eqs¡T\ \uÛÑ´‘· |üs¡+>± dü«j·T+ düeT~∆>± |ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&˚ ø£qTø√ÿ+&ç
ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ñHêïsTT, eTTK´yÓTqÆ eqs¡T\ rÁeyÓTqÆ ø=s¡‘· dü+|òüT+/Á>±eT |ü+#êsTTr\T/yês¡T¶ kÕúsTT dü+|òü÷\T
ñqï eT]ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ≈£L&Ü ñHêïsTT. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î, düe÷» uÛ≤>∑kÕ«eT´+‘√ MT |ü]düsê˝À¢ @j˚T eqs¡T\qT
C≤s¡â+&é, #Û·rÔdt>∑&Ûé eT]j·TT eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ sêÁcÕº\T KìC≤\T, n_Ûe~∆ #˚düTÔHêïs¡T?
u§>∑TZ ìπøåbÕ\‘√ düeT~∆>± ñHêïsTT. ns¡TD≤#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<˚XŸ˝À
˙{Ï eqs¡T\T |ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ñHêïsTT, ø±˙ eTÚ*ø£ dü<äTbÕj·÷\ n_Ûeè~∆øÏ Ä≥+ø£+ ø£\T>∑e#·TÃ. eTq <˚X¯+˝À düeTè~∆>±
n_Ûe~∆ ø=s¡e&ç+~. sê»kÕúHé sêÁwüº+ düeTè~›>± kÂs¡, |üeq eqs¡T\T ñqï nH˚ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ñHêïsTT ø±˙ Ç$ Ä]úø£+>±
yÓqTø£ã&çq ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À #˚s¡Ãã&ܶsTT. BìøÏ $s¡T<ä∆+>± ø=ìï
X¯øìÔÏ ø£*– ñ+~, ø±˙ ˙{Ï eqs¡T\T ˝Òe⁄. <˚X+¯ ˝Àì $T–*q
ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ‘·≈£îÿe eqs¡T\qT ø£*– ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° n$ Ä]úø£+>±
ÁbÕ+‘ê\‘√ b˛*Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT \&ÉUŸ ˝Àì o‘·\ m&Ü] y˚s¡T>±
n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+<ësTT.
ñ+≥T+~. Ç~ >=|üŒ kÕ+düÿ ‹ø£ yês¡dü‘ê«ìï ø£*– ñ+~.
ø±˙ ˙s¡T, eTÚ*ø£ dü<äTbÕj·÷\T, ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq KìC≤\ eqs¡T\T düeT~∆>± ñ+&ç Ä]úø+£ >± yÓqTø£ ã&çq ÁbÕ+‘ê\T
ø=s¡‘· ñ+~. Ç~ C≤rj·T, sêÁwüº, ÁbÕ+rj·T eT]j·TT kÕúìø£ eT]j·TT eqs¡T\T ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° Ä]úø£+>± n_Ûe~∆
kÕúsTT\˝À düeT‘·T\´ eqs¡T\ Á|üD≤[ø£≈£î |æ\T|ü⁄ìdüTÔ+~. #Ó+~q ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ø=ìï+{Ïì MTs¡T ù|s=ÿq>∑\sê? n≥Te+{Ï
|ü]dæú‹øÏ ø±s¡D≤\qT ‘Ó*j·T CÒj·T+&ç.
ø£è‘·´+:
MT sêÁwü+º ˝À ñqï eqs¡T\ C≤_‘êqT ‘·j÷· s¡T #˚jT· +&ç, e\dü sêC≤´\˝Àì $\TyÓ’q eqs¡T\T $<˚o ÄÁø£eTD
ø=s¡‘·>± ñqï eTTK´ eqs¡T\qT ≈£L&Ü >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. <ës¡T\≈£î Á|ü<Ûëq Äø£s¡¸D nj·÷´j·Tì e\dübÕ*‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\
#·]Á‘· ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. Ç~ Á|ü<Ûëq+>±, e\dü\T @sêŒ≥T
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À eqs¡T\ Á|üD≤[ø£ #˚düT≈£îqï <˚XÊ\˝À kÕ+πø‹ø£ n_Ûe~∆ m≈£îÿe>± ñ+&É≥+
eqs¡T\ Á|üD≤[ø£ nH˚~ ˇø£ dü+øÏ¢wüºyÓTÆq Á|üÁøÏj·T. e\¢ Ç‘·s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\ eqs¡T\qT <√|æ&û #˚j·T&Üìø° eT]j·TT
eTTK´+>± (i) <˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À eqs¡T\ >∑T]Ô+|ü⁄, e\dü\ô|’ yê] Ä~Û|ü‘ê´ìï kÕú|æ+#·&Üìø° düVü‰j·T |ü&ç+~.
C≤_‘ê. (Ç+<äT˝À düπs«sTT+>¥, e÷´|æ+>¥, >∑TD≤‘·àø£ eT]j·TT n+<äTe\¢, ‘·–q kÕ+πø‹ø£ n_Ûe~∆ eT]j·TT dü+kÕú>∑‘·
|ü]e÷D≤‘·àø£ n+#·Hê eT]j·TT eqs¡T\ ø=\‘·). (ii) eqs¡T\ e÷s¡TŒ\‘√ ≈£L&çq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷Á‘·yT˚ eqs¡T\T n_Ûe~∆øÏ <√Vü≤<ä
n_Ûe~∆ Á|üD≤[ø£\qT neT\T #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ‘·–q kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·, |ü&É‘êsTT. e\dü sê»´+>± ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ Çe˙ï
HÓ’|ü⁄D´+ eT]j·TT dü+kÕú>∑‘· @sêŒ≥T‘√ ≈£L&çq Á|üD≤[ø± nqTuÛÑ$+∫+~. n+<äT#˚‘· uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
ìsêàD≤ìï n_Ûe~∆ #˚j·T&É+. (iii) yÓTT‘·Ô+ C≤rj·T n_Ûe~∆ n_Ûe~∆ nH˚~ eqs¡T\ n_Ûe~∆‘√ eTy˚Tø£yÓTÆ ñ+≥T+~.
Á|üD≤[ø£\‘√ eqs¡T\ n_Ûe~∆ Á|üD≤[ø£\qT dü]b˛\Ã&É+ nsTT‘˚ eqs¡T\ n_Ûeè~∆˝À yê{Ï \uÛ´Ñ ‘· ø±≈£î+&Ü kÕ+πø‹ø£‘,·
yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ á Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À ñ+{≤sTT. e÷qe eqs¡T\ HêD´‘· eT]j·TT Á|ü»\ #ê]Á‘·ø£ nqTuÛÑyê\
Á|üy˚Tj·T+ e⁄+≥T+~.
kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´q+‘·s¡+ ÁbÕs¡+_Û+∫q yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü+#·es¡¸
Á|üD≤[ø£ qT+&ç eqs¡T\ Á|üD≤[ø± \øå±´\qT kÕ~Û+#·&ÜìøÏ eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡ø£åD: @ n_Ûe~∆ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕì¬ø’Hê eqs¡T\T
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ >∑{Ϻ Á|üj·T‘êï\T #˚dæ+~. #ê˝≤ eTTK´yÓTqÆ $. ø±˙ eqs¡T\ nùV≤‘·Tø£ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ eT]j·TT
n‹>± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·Tø√e≥+ e\¢ kÕe÷õø£-Ä]úø,£ |üsê´es¡D
@ ÁbÕ+‘·yÓTÆHê n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+<ë\+fÒ eqs¡T\ \uÛÑ´‘·
düeTdü´\≈£î <ë] rj·Te#·TÃ. á düeTdü´\qT n~Û>$∑ T+#·&ÜìøÏ,
‘·|üŒìdü]. ø±˙ πøe\+ eqs¡T\ \uÛÑ´‘· e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ+&ç,
$$<Ûä kÕúsTT\˝À eqs¡T\ dü+s¡ø£åD eTTK´+. Ç~ >∑‘·+˝À
kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·, dü+düú\˝À dü+ã+~Û‘· e÷s¡TŒ\T ˝Òq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
Hêj·T≈£î\T eT]j·TT Ä˝À#·Hê|üs¡T\ Á|ü<Ûëq Ä+<√fi¯q>±
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 7
for everybody’s need and not for any body’s available land for various purposes with careful
greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish planning.
individuals and exploitative nature of modern India has land under a variety of relief
technology as the root cause for resource features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains
depletion at the global level. He was against and islands. About 43 per cent of the land area
mass production and wanted to replace it with is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture
the production by the masses. and industry. Mountains account for 30 per
cent of the total surface area of the country and
ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide
At the international level, the Club of Rome facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.
advocated resource conservation for the first About 27 per cent of the area of the country is
time in a more systematic way in 1968. the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves
Subsequently, in 1974, Gandhian philosophy of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.
was once again presented by Schumacher
in his book Small is Beautiful. The seminal LAND UTILISATION
contribution with respect to resource
Land resources are used for the following
conservation at the global level was made
by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987. purposes:
This report introduced the concept of 1. Forests
‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated 2. Land not available for cultivation
it as a means for resource conservation, (a) Barren and waste land
which was subsequently published in a book (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g.
entitled Our Common Future. Another
buildings, roads, factories, etc.
significant contribution was made at the Earth
Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding
fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
LAND RESOURCES (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops
groves (not included in net sown area),
We live on land, we perform our economic
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated
activities on land and we use it in different
for more than 5 agricultural years).
ways. Thus, land is a natural resource of
utmost importance. It supports natural 4. Fallow lands
vegetation, wild life, human life, economic (a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation
activities, transport and communication for one or less than one agricultural year),
systems. However, land is an asset of a finite (b) Other than current fallow-(left
magnitude, therefore, it is important to use the uncultivated for the past 1 to 5
agricultural years).
5. Net sown area the physical extent of land
on which crops are sown harvested is
known as net sown area.
Area sown more than once in an
agricultural year plus net sown area is
known as gross cropped area.
LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
The use of land is determined both by physical
factors such as topography, climate, soil types
as well as human factors such as population
Fig 1.3: India : Land under important Relief density, technological capability and culture
Features and traditions etc.
8 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
ñ+&˚~. ªªeqs¡T\T ñqï~ n+<ä] nedüsê\T rs¡Ã&Üìπø >±ì, s¡ø±\ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ ø=s¡≈£î n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñqï uÛÑ÷$Tì
@ ˇø£ÿ] <äTsêX¯ ø=s¡≈£î ø±<äTμμ nqï >±+BÛJ e÷≥\T #ê˝≤ Á|üD≤[ø± ã<ä∆+>± C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
düeTT∫‘·+. Á|ü|ü+#· kÕúsTT˝À eqs¡T\ ø°åD‘·≈£î kÕ«s¡ú|üP]‘· uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À uÛÑ÷$T nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\ HÓ’dü]Zø£ dü«s¡÷bÕ\qT
e´≈£î\Ô n‘ê´X¯, eT]j·TT Ä<ÛTä ìø£ kÕ+πø‹ø£‘· eT÷\ ø±s¡D≤\ì ø£*– ñ+~, n$ |üs«¡ ‘ê\T, |”su¡ƒ ÷ÑÛ eTT\T, yÓT<Æ ëHê\T eT]j·TT
Äj·Tq ù|s=ÿHêïs¡T. Äj·Tq uÛ≤Ø ‘·s¡Vü‰ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô $<ÛëHêìï B«bÕ\T. <ë<ë|ü⁄ 43 XÊ‘·+ uÛÑ÷uÛ≤>∑+ yÓTÆ<ëq ÁbÕ+‘·+. Ç~
e´‹πsøÏdü÷Ô, <ëì kÕúq+˝À m≈£îÿe eT+~ ÁXÊ$T≈£î\T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô e´ekÕj·T+ eT]j·TT |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î nqTe⁄>± ñ+~. <˚X¯+
#˚ùd $<Ûëq+ ñ+&Ü\ì Äj·Tq nHêïs¡T. yÓTT‘·Ô+ ñ|ü]‘·\ yÓ’XÊ\´+˝À 30 XÊ‘·+ |üs¡«‘ê\T ñHêïsTT.
Ç$ ø=ìï q<äT\ ìs¡+‘·s¡ Á|üyêVü‰ìøÏ ø±s¡DeTe⁄‘·÷
1968˝À n+‘·sê®rj·T kÕúsTT˝À, <ä ø£¢uŸ Ä|òt s√yéT |üsê´≥ø±ìøÏ neø±X¯+ ø£*Œdü÷Ô, |üsê´es¡D |ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î
yÓTT<ä{ÏkÕ]>± eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡ø£åD eT]+‘· Áø£eT|ü<ä∆‹˝À <√Vü≤<ä|&ü ‘É êsTT. <˚X¯ $d”sÔ +í¡ ˝À <ë<ë|ü⁄ 27 XÊ‘·+ |”su¡ƒ ÷ÑÛ $T
»s¡ > ±\ì dü ÷ ∫+∫+~. ‘· < ä q +‘· s ¡ + , 1914˝À ÁbÕ+‘·+. Bì˝À nbÕs¡yÓTÆq Kì» ì\«\T, •˝≤» Ç+<ÛäHê\T
>±+<Û˚j·Tyê~ nsTTq wüOy˚Tø£sY Áyêdæq kÕà˝Ÿ áCŸ eT]j·TT n&Ée⁄\T ≈£L&Ü ñHêïsTT.
ã÷´{Ï|òü⁄˝Ÿ nH˚ |ü⁄düÔø£+˝À Ç<˚ $wüj·÷ìï eTs√kÕ]
‘Ó*bÕs¡T. 1987˝À Áã+{Ÿ˝≤+&é ø£$TwüHé ìy˚~ø£,
uÛÑ÷$T $ìjÓ÷>∑+
Á|ü|ü+#· kÕúsTT˝À eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫
uÛÑ÷ eqs¡T\T ÁøÏ+~ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ ø=s¡≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT:
ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ Ä<Ûësê\qT n+~+∫+~. á ìy˚~ø£ eqs¡T\ 1. n&Ée⁄\T
|ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î ªdüTdæús¡ n_Ûeè~∆μ uÛ≤eqqT ˇø£ kÕ<Ûäq+>± 2. kÕ>∑T≈£î n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ˝Òì uÛÑ÷$T
|ü]#·j·T+ #˚dæ+~. á uÛ≤eq ªnesY ø±eTHé |òüP´#·sYμ (m) ã+»s¡T eT]j·TT e´s¡ú uÛÑ÷$T
nH˚ |ü⁄düÔø£+˝À Á|ü#·T]+#·ã&ç+~. 1992˝À Áu…õ˝Ÿ˝Àì (_) e´ekÕj˚T‘·s¡ nedüsê\¬ø’ uÛÑ÷$T ñ<ë. uÛÑeHê\T,
]jÓ÷ &ç »˙s√˝À »]–q <Ûä]Á‹ •KsêÁ>∑ düe÷y˚X¯+˝À s√&ÉT¢, bòÕ´ø£ºØ\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q$.
eTs=ø£ eTTK´ Á|üj·T‘·ï+ »]–+~. 3. Ç‘·s¡ kÕ>∑T #˚j·Tì uÛÑ÷$T (;&ÉT uÛÑ÷$T $TqVü‰)
(m) XÊX¯«‘· |ü∫Ãø£ ãj·Tfi¯ófl eT]j·TT y˚T‘· uÛÑ÷$T,
uÛÑ÷ eqs¡T\T (_) $$<Ûä #Ó≥T¢, ‘√≥\ ÁøÏ+<ä ñqï uÛÑ÷$T (ìø£s¡+>±
eTqeTT uÛÑ÷$T MT<ä ìedædü÷Ô <ëìô|’ eTq Ä]úø£ Hê{Ïq ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À Ç$ #˚s¡Ãã&É˝Ò<äT).
ø±s¡ ´ ø£ ˝ ≤bÕ\T ìs¡ « Væ ≤ dü ÷ Ô <ëìì $$<Û ä s¡ ø ±\T>± (dæ) kÕ>∑T#˚jT· <ä–q e´s¡ú uÛ÷Ñ $T (5 e´ekÕj·T dü+e‘·‡sê\≈£î
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔeTT. n+<äTe\q, uÛÑ÷$T n‘·´+‘· ÁbÕeTTK´‘· ô|>’ ± kÕ>∑T #˚jT· ≈£î+&Ü e~* y˚jT· ã&çq uÛ÷Ñ $T.)
ø£*–q düVü≤» eqs¡T. Ç~ düVü≤» eø£ådü+|ü<ä, eq´ÁbÕDT\T, 4. ;&ÉT uÛÑ÷eTT\T
e÷qe J$‘·+, Ä]úø£ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\T, s¡yêD≤ eT]j·TT (m) Á|üdTü ‘Ô · ;&ÉT- (ˇø£{Ï ˝Ò<ë n+‘·øH£ êï ‘·≈î£ ÿe e´ekÕj·T
dü+e‘·‡sêìøÏ kÕ>∑T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü e~*y˚dæq uÛÑ÷$T).
düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡ e´edü\ú ≈£î Ä<Ûës¡+>± ì\TdüT+Ô ~. @<˚yTÓ HÆ ê,
(_) Á|üdüTÔ‘· ;&ÉT ø±≈£î+&Ü - (>∑‘· 1`5 e´ekÕj·T
uÛÑ÷$T |ü]$T‘· |ü]e÷D+˝À ñqï ÄdæÔ, n+<äTe\q $$<Ûä dü+e‘·‡sê\ es¡≈î£ kÕ>∑T #˚jT· ≈£î+&Ü e~* y˚jT· ã&çq
uÛ÷Ñ $T)
5. |ü+≥\T |ü+&ç+∫q uÛÑ÷$T jÓTTø£ÿ uÛÖ‹ø£ $d”Ôsêíìï ìø£s¡
yÓTÆ<ëHê\T kÕ>∑T ÁbÕ+‘·+ n+{≤s¡T. e´ekÕj·T dü+e‘·‡s¡+˝À ˇø£{Ï
|üs¡«‘ê\T ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe kÕs¡T¢ kÕ>∑T #˚ùd ÁbÕ+‘êìï ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T
ÁbÕ+‘ê˙ï ø£*|æ dü÷ú\ kÕ>∑T ÁbÕ+‘·+ n+{≤s¡T.
|”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷eTT\T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À uÛÑ÷ $ìjÓ÷>∑ qeT÷Hê:
uÛÑ÷ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ nH˚~ dü˝ú ≤ø£‹, yê‘êes¡D+, H˚\\ s¡ø±\T
e+{Ï uÛÖ‹ø£ ø±s¡ø±\T, n<˚ $<Û+ä >± »q kÕ+Á<ä‘,· kÕ+πø‹ø£
∫Á‘·+ ` 1.3 ` uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ` eTTK´yÓTÆq HÓ’dü]Zø£ kÕeTs¡ú´+, dü+düÿ‹ eT]j·TT dü+Á|ü<ëj·÷\T e+{Ï e÷qe
dü«s¡÷bÕ\ ÁøÏ+<ä ñqï uÛÑ÷$T ø±s¡ø±\T nH˚ ¬s+&ç+{Ï <ë«sê ìs¡ísTT+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 9
 Reporting Area: 100 Per cent

Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, 2017

Fig. 1.4

Total geographical area of India is 3.28 of such land is very high. Hence, these lands
million sq km. Land use data, however, is are cultivated once or twice in about two to
available only for 93 per cent of the total three years and if these are included in the
geographical area because the land use net sown area then the percentage of NSA in
reporting for most of the north-east states India comes to about 54 per cent of the total
except Assam has not been done fully. reporting area.
Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir The pattern of net sown area varies greatly
occupied by Pakistan and China have also not from one state to another. It is over 80 per
been surveyed. cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana
and less than 10 per cent in Arunachal
Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman
Try to do a comparison between the two pie
charts (Fig. 1.4 ) given for land use and find Nicobar Islands.
out why the net sown area and the land
under forests have changed from 1960-61 Find out reasons for the low proportion of
to 2014-15 very marginally. net sown area in these states.

The land under permanent pasture has Forest area in the country is far lower than
also decreased. How are we able to feed our the desired 33 per cent of geographical area,
huge cattle population on this pasture land as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy
and what are the consequences of it? Most of (1952). It was considered essential for
the other than the current fallow lands are maintenance of the ecological balance. The
either of poor quality or the cost of cultivation livelihood of millions of people who live on the
10 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
 $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ kÕ<Ûës¡D uÛÑ÷ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ 1960`61 $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ kÕ<Ûës¡D uÛÑ÷ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ 2014`15
Á|üø£{Ï+#·ã&çq ÁbÕ+‘·+ : 100 XÊ‘·+

n&É$ kÕ>∑T #˚j·T<ä–q e´s¡ú uÛÑ÷$T

ã+»s¡T eT]j·TT kÕ>∑T #˚j·T˝Òì e´s¡ú uÛÑ÷$T Á|üdüTÔ‘· ;&ÉT ø±≈£î+&Ü Ç‘·s¡ ;&ÉT uÛÑ÷$T
e´ekÕj˚T‘·s¡ ñ|üjÓ÷>±\˝À ñqï ÁbÕ+‘·+ Á|üdüTÔ‘· ;&ÉT uÛÑ÷$T
XÊX¯«‘· |ü∫Ãø£ ãj·Tfi¯ófl eT]j·TT y˚T‘· uÛÑ÷$T ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T uÛÑ÷$T
Ç‘·s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ñqï ‘√≥ |ü+≥\T

eT÷\+: &Ó’¬sø£ºπs{Ÿ Ä|òt mø£Hê$Tø˘‡ n+&é kÕº{Ïdæºø˘‡, $TìÁd”º Ä|òt nÁ–ø£\ÃsY, 2017
∫Á‘·+ ` 1.4
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT‘·Ô+ uÛÖ>√[ø£ yÓ’XÊ\´+ 3.28 m≈£îÿe>± ñqï~. n+<äTe\¢, á uÛÑ÷eTT\T ¬s+&ÉT eT÷&ÉT
$T*j·THé #·.øÏ.MT. yÓTT‘·+Ô uÛÖ>√[ø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì 93 XÊ‘êìøÏ dü+e‘·‡sê\˝À ˇø£{Ï ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ kÕ>∑T #˚j·Tã&É‘êsTT,
e÷Á‘·y˚T uÛÑ÷ $ìjÓ÷>∑ düe÷#ês¡+ n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñ+~. M{Ïì ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T $d”Ôs¡í+˝À #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚, düπs« #˚j·Tã&çq
m+<äTø£+fÒ nkÕ‡+ $TqVü‰ #ê˝≤ áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº\≈£î uÛÑ÷ ÁbÕ+‘·+ es¡≈£L rdüT≈£î+fÒ, n+<äT˝À ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T $d”Ôs¡í+
54XÊ‘·+ ñ+~.
$ìjÓ÷>∑ ìy˚~ø£ |üP]Ôø±˝Ò<Tä . ô|>’ ± bÕøÏkÕÔH,é #ÓH’ ê ÄÁø£$T+∫q
»eT÷à ø±oàsY˝Àì ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT ≈£L&Ü düπs« #˚j·T˝Ò<äT. ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T $d”Ôs¡í düs¡[˝À ˇø£ sêÁcÕºìøÏ eTs=ø£
sêÁcÕºìøÏ eT<Û´ä #ê˝≤ ‘˚&Ü ñ+≥T+~. Ç~ |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê˝À
ø£è‘·´+: yÓTT‘·+Ô yÓX’ Ê\´+˝À 80 XÊ‘êìøÏ ô|>’ ± ñ+~. ns¡TD≤#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ,
uÛÑ÷$T $ìjÓ÷>∑+ >∑T]+∫ Ç∫Ãq ¬s+&ÉT ô|’ #êsYº\ $TCÀsê+, eTDÏ|Pü sY, n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\˝À 10 XÊ‘·+
(∫Á‘·+. 1.4) eT<Û´ä b˛*ø£qT >∑eTì+#·+&ç ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T ø£+fÒ ‘·≈£îÿe ñ+~.
ÁbÕ+‘·+ eT]j·TT n&Ée⁄\ øÏ+<ä ñqï uÛÑ÷$T 1960- á sêÁcÕº˝À¢ ìø£s¡ kÕ>∑T $d”Ôs¡í+ ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+&É{≤ìøÏ
61 qT+&ç 2014-15≈£î m+<äT≈£î ‘·–Zb˛j·÷jÓ÷ ø±s¡D≤\qT ø£qT>=q+&ç.
‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç.
C≤rj·T n≥M $<Ûëq+(1952)˝À ù|s=ÿqã&çq≥T¢, uÛÖ>√[ø£
XÊX¯«‘· |ü∫Ãø£ ãj·Tfi¯ó¢ ñqï uÛÑ÷$T ≈£L&Ü ‘·–Z+~. á $d”sÔ +í¡ ˝À ñ+&Ée\dæq 33 XÊ‘·+ ø£+fÒ <˚X+¯ ˝À n≥M $d”sÔ +í¡
|ü∫Ãø£ ãj·Tfi¯¢˝À eTq uÛ≤Ø |üX¯ó dü+|ü<äqT m˝≤ b˛wæ+#· #ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+~. yÓTT‘·Ô+ <˚X¯+˝À eT÷&√e+‘·T
>∑\T>∑T‘·THêïeTT? <ëì |üs¡´ekÕHê\T @$T{Ï? Á|üdüTÔ‘· ;&ÉT n≥M$d”Ôs¡í+ ñ+&É≥+ |üsê´es¡D düeT‘·T\´‘·≈£î #ê˝≤
uÛ÷Ñ eTT\T ø±≈£î+&Ü Ç‘·s¡ uÛ÷Ñ eTT\T #ê˝≤ es¡≈î£ ‘·≈î£ ÿe HêD´‘· nedüs+¡ . n≥M dü]Vü≤<äT\› ˝À J$+#˚ ø√{≤¢~ Á|ü»\ JeH√bÕ~Û
ø£*– ñqï$ ˝Ò<ë n≥Te+{Ï uÛÑ÷eTT\ kÕ>∑T Ks¡Tà #ê˝≤ n&Ée⁄\ô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|&ü ç ñ+~.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 11
fringes of these forests depends upon it. A part There are many ways to solve the problems
of the land is termed as waste land and land of land degradation. Afforestation and proper
put to other non-agricultural uses. Waste land management of grazing can help to some extent.
includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on
put to other non-agricultural uses includes over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by
settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. growing thorny bushes are some of the
Continuous use of land over a long period of methods to check land degradation in arid
time without taking appropriate measures to areas. Proper management of waste lands,
conserve and manage it, has resulted in land control of mining activities, proper discharge
degradation. This, in turn, has serious and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes
repercussions on society and the after treatment can reduce land and water
environment. degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

L AND D EGRADATION AND C ONSERVATION SOIL AS A RESOURCE

MEASURES Soil is the most important renewable natural
We have shared our land with the past resource. It is the medium of plant growth and
generations and will have to do so with the future supports different types of living organisms on
generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic the earth. The soil is a living system. It takes
needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in
from land. Human activities have not only depth. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate,
brought about degradation of land but have vegetation and other forms of life and time are
also aggravated the pace of natural forces to important factors in the formation of soil.
cause damage to land. Various forces of nature such as change in
Some human activities such as temperature, actions of running water, wind and
deforestation, over grazing, mining and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute
quarrying too have contributed significantly in to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic
land degradation. changes which take place in the soil are equally
Mining sites are abandoned after
excavation work is complete leaving deep Top soil
the upper soil layer
scars and traces of over-burdening. In states
like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Subsoil weathered
Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to rocks sand and
mining have caused severe land degradation. silt clay
In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one
of the main reasons for land degradation. In
the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Substratum
Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land weathered parent
degradation due to water logging leading to rock material
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
The mineral processing like grinding of
limestone for cement industry and calcite and
soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge
quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards
the process of infiltration of water into the soil
Unweathered
after it settles down on the land. In recent parent bed rock
years, industrial effluents as waste have
become a major source of land and water
pollution in many parts of the country.
Fig. 1.5: Soil Profile

12 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

uÛÑ÷uÛ≤>∑+˝À ø=+‘· ÁbÕ+‘·+ e´s¡ú uÛÑ÷$T>± eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ uÛÑ÷ø°åD‘·≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q düeTdü´\qT |ü]wüÿ]+#·&ÜìøÏ
e´ekÕj˚T‘·s¡ nedüsê\≈£î øπ {≤sTT+∫q uÛ÷Ñ $T>± ñ+~. e´s¡ú nH˚ø£ e÷sêZ\T ñHêïsTT. yê{Ï˝À n&Ée⁄\ ô|+|üø£+, dü¬s’q
uÛÑ÷$T˝À sê‹, X¯ówüÿ eT]j·TT m&Ü] ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ñHêïsTT. y˚T‘· ìs¡«Vü≤D ø=+‘· es¡≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&É‘êsTT. ˇø£ es¡Tdü
e´ekÕj˚T‘·s¡ ñ|üjÓ÷>±\≈£î ñ+∫q uÛÑ÷$T˝À ìyêkÕ\T, Áø£eT+˝À #Ó≥¢qT Hê≥&É+, y˚T‘·ô|’ ìj·T+Á‘·D, eTTfi¢̄ bı<ä\qT
ô|+#·&É+ <ë«sê ÇdüTø£ ~ã“\qT dæúØø£]+#·&É+ e+{Ï$ X¯ówüÿ
s√&ÉT¢, ¬s’˝Ò«\T, |ü]ÁX¯eT\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ ñ+{≤sTT. uÛÑ÷$Tì ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À uÛÑ÷ø°åD‘·qT Ä|ü&ÜìøÏ ñqï ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq
|ü]s¡ø+åÏ #·&ÜìøÏ, ìs¡«Væ≤+#·&ÜìøÏ ‘·–q #·s´¡ \T rdüTø√≈£î+&Ü |ü<ä∆‘·T\T. e´s¡ú uÛÑ÷eTT\ dü¬s’q ìs¡«Vü≤D, >∑qT\ Á‘·e«ø£
Bs¡Èø±\+ bÕ≥T uÛÑ÷$Tì ìs¡+‘·s¡+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q |òü*‘·+>± ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\ô|’ ìj·T+Á‘·D, X¯ó~› #˚dæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£
uÛÑ÷kÕs¡+ ø°åDÏ+∫+~. Ç~ düe÷»+ô|’, |üsê´es¡D+ô|’ rÁe e´sê›\ dü¬s’q $&ÉT<ä\ e+{Ï$ bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£, düãs¡“Hé
Á|üuÛ≤yêìï #·÷|ædüTÔ+~. ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À H˚\, ˙{Ï ø°åD‘·qT ‘·–ZkÕÔsTT.
uÛÑ÷kÕs¡ ø°åD‘· eT]j·TT |ü]s¡ø£åD #·s¡´\T ˇø£ eqs¡T>± H˚\
H˚\ n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTÆq |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ düVü≤» eqs¡T.
eTq+ eTq uÛÑ÷$Tì >∑‘· ‘·sê\‘√ |ü+#·T≈£îHêï+. n<˚ Ç~ yÓTTø£ÿ\ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\≈£î e÷<Ûä´eT+, $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ Je⁄\≈£î
$<Ûä+>± uÛÑ$wü´‘·TÔ ‘·sê\‘√ ≈£L&Ü |ü+#·Tø√e\dæ ñqï~. ì\j· T +. H˚ \ ˇø£ Jeq e´edü ú . ø=ìï ôd+{° M T≥s¡ ¢
ÄVü‰s¡+, ìyêdü+, <äTdüT\Ô T ‘·~‘·s¡ ÁbÕ<∏$ä Tø£ nedüsê\˝À ‘=+uÛ’… ˝À‘·T es¡≈£î H˚\ @s¡Œ&É{≤ìøÏ $T*j·Tq¢ dü+e‘·‡sê\T
◊<äT XÊ‘·+ uÛÑ÷$T qT+&ç bı+<äT‘ê+. e÷qe ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\ |ü & É T ‘· T +~. m‘· T Ô | ü ˝ ≤¢ \ T, e÷‘· è •\ ˝Ò < ë Ä<Û ë s¡ • \,
e\q uÛÑ÷kÕs¡+ ø°åDÏ+#·&Éy˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü uÛÑ÷$TøÏ qwüº+ ø£*–+#˚ o‘√wüídæú‹, eø£ådü+|ü<ä, Ç‘·s¡ s¡ø±\ JesêX¯ó\T, ø±\+
düVü≤» X¯≈£îÔ\ y˚>±ìï ≈£L&Ü rÁe‘·s¡+ #˚XÊsTT. yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ H˚\ @s¡Œ&É{≤ìøÏ eTTK´yÓTÆq ø±s¡ø±\T>± |üì
n≥M ìs¡÷à\q, n‹>± y˚T‘·≈î£ yê&É&+É , >∑qT\T, ø±«Ø\T #˚kÕÔsTT. ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·˝À¢ e÷s¡TŒ, ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü≤ #·s¡´\T, >±*,
Væ≤e÷˙ q<ë\T, XË~’ \∏ ´ |ü<ës¡ú ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\T yÓTT<ä˝q’… Á|üø£ ‹
Á‘·e«&É+ e+{Ï ø=ìï e÷qe ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\T ≈£L&Ü uÛÑ÷kÕs¡ jÓTTø£ÿ $$<Ûä X¯≈£îÔ\T H˚\ @s¡ Œ &É { ≤ìøÏ <√Vü ≤ <ä + #˚ k ÕÔ s TT.
ø°åD‘·≈£î >∑D˙j·T+>± <√Vü≤<ä|ü&ܶsTT. H˚ \ ˝À »]π > s¡ k Õj· T q, ùd+ÁBj·T e÷s¡TŒ\T eTTK´yÓTqÆ y˚.
>∑qT\ ÁbÕ+‘ê\T Á‘·e«ø£+ |üì |üPs¡ÔsTTq ‘·sê«‘·, ˝À‘Ó’q
>∑T+≥\T, ô|<ä› >∑T≥º\‘√ e~*y˚jT· ã&ܶsTT. C≤s¡+â &é, #Ûr· dÔ >t &∑ ,éÛ H˚\ ô|’ bıs¡
H˚\ m>∑Te bıs¡
eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ eT]j·TT ˇ&çXÊ e+{Ï sêÁcÕº\˝À >∑qT\ Á‘·e«ø£+
ø±s¡D+>± n&Ée⁄\ q]øÏ y˚‘· e\q rÁeyÓTÆq uÛÑ÷ø°åD‘· uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤+˝À yê‘êes¡D+ Á|üuÛ≤yêìï
@s¡Œ&ç+~. >∑T»sê‘Y, sê»kÕúHé, eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ, eTVü‰sêÁwüº e+{Ï m<äTs=ÿqï sêfi¯ófl ÇdüTø£, dæ˝Ÿº eT{Ϻ
sêÁcÕº˝À¢ uÛÑ÷kÕs¡ ø°åD‘·≈£î Á|ü<Ûëq ø±s¡D≤\˝À n~Ûø£ y˚T‘·
ˇø£{Ï. |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, |ü•ÃeT ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ sêÁcÕº˝À¢, ˙{Ï
ì\«\ ø±s¡D+>± H˚\˝À \eD°j·T‘·, øå±s¡‘· ô|]–, n~Ûø£ ˙{Ï düuŸÁkÕº≥yéT yê‘êes¡D Á|üuÛ≤yêìï
m<äTs=ÿqï e÷‘·è•˝≤ |ü<ës¡ú+
bÕs¡T<ä\ uÛÑ÷ø°åD‘·≈£î <ë] rdæ+~. dæyÓT+{Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT ø√dü+
düTqï|ü⁄ sêsTT bı&ç #˚jT· &É+, dæsê$Tø˘ |ü]ÁX¯eT ø√dü+ ø±˝…‡’ {Ÿ
eT]j·TT k˛|tk˛ºHé e+{Ï Kì» Á|üÁøÏj·T yê‘êes¡D+˝À uÛ≤Ø
yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À <Ûä÷[ì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔ+~. á <äTeTTà, <Ûä÷[ yÓT\¢>±
uÛ÷Ñ ñ|ü]‘·\+ô|’ #˚] ˇø£ bıs¡>± @s¡Œ&ç ˙s¡T Ç+πø Á|üÁøÏjT· qT
eT]+‘· Ä\dü´+ #˚düTÔ+~. á eT<Ûä´ ø±\+˝À bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ yê‘êes¡D Á|üuÛ≤e+
˝Òì e÷‘·è Ä<Ûës¡•\
e´sêú\T <˚X¯+˝Àì nH˚ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À uÛÑ÷$T eT]j·TT
˙{Ï ø±\TcÕ´ìøÏ Á|ü<Ûëq ø±s¡D≤\T>± e÷sêsTT.
∫Á‘·+ ` 1.5 : eT{Ϻ qeT÷Hê
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 13
important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile.
and inorganic materials (Fig. 1.5). Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion
On the basis of the factors responsible for of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are
soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat
chemical and physical properties, the soils of and other cereal and pulse crops. Due to its
India are classified in different types. high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are
intensively cultivated and densely populated.
Classification of Soils Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and
India has varied relief features, landforms, can be productive after proper treatment and
climatic realms and vegetation types. These irrigation.
have contributed in the development of various
Black Soil
types of soils.
These soils are black in colour and are also
Alluvial Soils known as regur soils. Black soil is ideal for
This is the most widely spread and important growing cotton and is also known as black
soil. In fact, the entire northern plains are made cotton soil. It is believed that climatic condition
of alluvial soil. These have been deposited by along with the parent rock material are the
three important Himalayan river systems – the important factors for the formation of black soil.
Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap
soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan
through a narrow corridor. Alluvial soil is also plateau and is made up of lava flows. They
found in the eastern coastal plains particularly cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra,
in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and
the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. extend in the south east direction along the
Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
The black soils are made up of extremely
fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known
for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition,

Fig. 1.6: Alluvial Soil

The alluvial soil consists of various

proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move
inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles
appear some what bigger in size. In the upper
reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of
the break of slope, the soils are coarse. Such
soils are more common in piedmont plains
such as Duars, Chos and Terai Terai.
Apart from the size of their grains or
components, soils are also described on the
basis of their age. According to their age alluvial Fig. 1.7: Black Soil
Bangar
soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar
Bangar) they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium
Khadar
Khadar). The bangar soil
and new alluvial (Khadar carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These
has higher concentration of kanker nodules soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and They develop deep cracks during hot weather,
is more fertile than the bangar
bangar. which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.

14 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

eT{Ϻ˝À ùd+ÁBj·T (VüA´eTdt), nø£s¡“q |ü<ësêú\T (∫Á‘·+ yÓTT‘·+Ô >± ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\\T #ê˝≤ kÕs¡e+‘·yTÓ qÆ $. á H˚\˝À¢
1.5) ≈£L&Ü ñ+{≤sTT. m≈£îÿe>± #Ós¡≈£î, e], >√<ÛäTeT\T, Ç‘·s¡ ‘·D<ÛëHê´\T,
H˚\ ìsêàD+, s¡+>∑T, eT+<ä+, Äø£‹, ej·TdüT‡, s¡kÕj·Tq, |ü|⁄ü Œ<ÛëHê´\ |ü+≥\ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\≈£î nqTyÓq’ bı{≤wt, bòÕdüŒ]ø˘
uÛÖ‹ø£ \ø£Då ≤\≈£î ø±s¡DeTj˚T´ ø±s¡ø±\ Ä<Ûës¡+>±, uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ÄeT¢+, düTqï+ ‘·–q ìwüŒ‹Ô˝À ñ+{≤sTT. ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\\T >∑\
˝Àì H˚\\qT $$<Ûä s¡ø±\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. ÁbÕ+‘ê\T n‘·´+‘· kÕs¡e+‘·yÓTÆq$ ne&É+ e\¢ m≈£îÿe
H˚\\ eØZø£s¡D kÕ>∑T#˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·÷, »qkÕ+Á<ä‘· ø£*– ñHêïsTT. X¯ówüÿ
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ yÓ$’ <Û´ä yÓTqÆ HÓd’ ]ü øZ £ \ø£Då ≤\qT, uÛ÷Ñ dü«s¡÷bÕ\qT ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì H˚\\T m≈£îÿe øå±s¡‘ê«ìï ø£*– ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ yê{ÏøÏ
yê‘êes¡D bıs¡\qT, eø£å dü+|ü<äqT ø£*– ñ+~. Ç$ $$<Ûä dü]jÓTÆ q X¯ó~∆ eT]j·TT ˙{Ï edü‘T· \T ø£*ŒùdÔ n$ ñ‘êŒ<äø‘£ q· T
s¡ø±\ H˚\\ n_Ûe~∆øÏ <√Vü≤<ä|ü&ܶsTT. dü+‘·]+#·T≈£î+{≤sTT.
ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\\T
Ç~ n‘·´+‘· $düÔ‘·+>± yê´|æ+∫q eTTK´yÓTÆq H˚\. q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\
ìC≤ìøÏ, ñ‘·Ôs¡ yÓTÆ<ëHê\T yÓTT‘·Ô+ ˇ+Á&ÉT eT{Ϻ‘√ @s¡Œ&ܶsTT. á H˚\\T q\T|ü⁄ s¡+>∑T˝À ñ+{≤sTT, M{Ïì sπ >∑&ç H˚\\T
Ç$ eT÷&ÉT eTTK´yÓTÆq Væ≤e÷\j·T qB e´edüú\T- dæ+<ÛäT, nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T. q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\ |ü‹Ô kÕ>∑T≈£î nqTyÓ’q~.
>∑+>±, ÁãVü≤à|ü⁄Á‘· q<äT\ <ë«sê ìπøå|æ+#·ã&ܶsTT. á H˚\\T Bìì q\¢ |ü‹Ô H˚\ nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T. q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\
sê»kÕúH,é >∑T»sê‘Y\˝À ≈£L&Ü Çs¡Tø¬ q’ ø±]&ÜsY <ë«sê $dü]Ô +∫ @s¡Œ&É{≤ìøÏ e÷‘· •˝≤ |ü<ës¡ú+‘√ bÕ≥T yê‘êes¡D
ñHêïsTT. ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\ ‘·÷s¡TŒ rs¡ yÓTÆ<ëHê\˝À eTTK´+>± |ü]dæú‘·T\T eTTK´yÓTÆq ø±s¡ø±\T nì qeTTà‘ês¡T. &Óø£ÿHéÁ{≤|t
eTVü‰q~, >√<ëe], ø£cÕí, ø±y˚Ø q<äT\ &Ó˝≤º\˝À ≈£L&Ü (ãkÕ˝Ÿ)¶ ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ m≈£îÿe>± ø£ì|æ+#˚ á s¡ø|£ ⁄ü H˚\\T ˝≤yê
ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~. Á|üyêVü‰\‘√ @s¡Œ&ç, yêj·Te´ <äø£ÿHé |”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷$T˝À $düÔ]+∫
ñ+~. n$ eTVü‰sêÁwü,º kÂsêÁwü,º e÷˝≤«, eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ, #Ûr· dÔ >t &∑ éÛ
ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì |”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷eTT\˝À yê´|æ+∫ ñHêïsTT. >√<ëe],
ø£cÕí ˝Àj·T\ yÓ+ã&ç Äπ>ïj·T ~X¯˝À ≈£L&É yê´|æ+∫ ñHêïsTT.
q\¢sπ >∑&ç H˚\\T |üP]Ô>± ã+ø£eT{Ï‘º √ @s¡Œ&çq n‘·T´‘·eÔ T
H˚\\T. á H˚\\T ‘˚eTqT ì\T|ü⁄≈î£ H˚ kÕeTsêú´ìøÏ Á|üd~æ .∆ n<äq+>±

∫Á‘·+ ` 1.6 : ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\

ˇ+Á&ÉT eT{Ϻ˝À ÇdüTø£, dæ˝Ÿº eT]j·TT ã+ø£eT{Ϻ $$<Ûä
ìwüŒ‘·TÔ\˝À ñ+{≤sTT. qB ˝Àj·T\ ˝À|ü* ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î
yÓ[¢q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT, H˚\ πsDTe⁄\T |ü]e÷D+˝À ø=+‘· ô|<ä›$>±
ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. qB˝Àj·T m>∑Te ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À nq>± yê\T
ÁbÕs¡+uÛyÑ TÓ qÆ ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î <ä>sZ∑ ˝¡ Àì H˚\\T eTT‘·ø>£ ± ñ+{≤sTT.
n≥Te+{Ï H˚\\T <äTyêsY‡, #√dt eT]j·TT f…sêsTT e+{Ï |üs«¡ ‘·
bÕ<ä ÁbÕ+‘· yÓTÆ<ëHê\˝À n‹ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT.
H˚\\T yê{Ï sπ DTe⁄\T ˝Ò<ë uÛ≤>±\ |ü]e÷D+ ø±≈£î+&Ü, ∫Á‘·+ ` 1.7 : q\¢ H˚\
yê{Ï ej·TdüT‡ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ≈£L&Ü $e]+#·ã&ܶsTT. yê{Ï yê{Ï˝À ø±*¸j·T+ ø±s√“H˚{Ÿ, yÓT^ïwæj·T+, bı{≤wt, düTqï+
ej·TdüT‡ Á|üø±s¡+ ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\\qT |ü⁄sê‘·q ˇ+Á&ÉT (uÛÑ+>∑sY) e+{Ï b˛wüø±\T |ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ñHêïsTT. á H˚\˝À kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
eT]j·TT q÷‘·q ˇ+Á&ÉT (U≤<äsY)>± eØZø£]+#·e#·TÃ. U≤<äsY bòÕdüŒs¡dt yÓ÷‘ê<äT ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~. á H˚\\T y˚&ç
ø£+fÒ uÛÑ+>∑sY H˚\˝À >∑T\ø£sêfi¯fl kÕ+Á<ä‘· n~Ûø£+>± ñ+~. yê‘êes¡D+˝À ˝À‘Ó’q |ü>∑Tfi¯flqT @s¡Œs¡∫ H˚\˝À yêj·TT
uÛ+Ñ >∑sY ø£+fÒ yÓT‘·ìÔ , kÕs¡e+‘·yTÓ qÆ H˚\\qT U≤<äsY ø£*– ñ+~. Á|üdüs¡D≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&É‘êsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 15
 India: Major Soil Types

16 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
Á|ü<Ûëq H˚\\ s¡ø±\T
bÕøÏkÕÔHé

#Ó’Hê
({Ïu{… Ÿ)
Hb˚ Õ˝Ÿ
uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé

ã+>±¢<X˚ Ÿ
ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK

eTj·THêàsY

nπs_j·÷ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
düeTTÁ<ä+
n&Ée⁄\T |üs¡«rj·T H˚\\T
ˇ+Á&ÉT H˚\\T
|üdüT|ü⁄ mÁs¡ H˚\\T
q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\\T
˝Ò≥¬s’{Ÿ H˚\\T
X¯ówüÿ H˚\\T
\ø£åB«|t
(uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+) n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T
(uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)

Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰ düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+: Á|ü<Ûëq H˚\\ s¡ø±\T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 17

These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to conservation techniques particularly in the hilly
work on unless tilled immediately after the first areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
shower or during the pre-monsoon period. this soil is very useful for growing tea and
coffee. Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Red and Yellow Soils
Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops
Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks like cashew nut.
in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and
Arid Soils
southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Yelllow
and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle They are generally sandy in texture and saline
Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of in nature. In some areas the salt content is
the Western Ghats. These soils develop a very high and common salt is obtained by
reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in evaporating the water. Due to the dry climate,
crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks high temperature, evaporation is faster and the
yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. soil lacks humus and moisture. The lower
horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar
Laterite Soil because of the increasing calcium content
Laterite has been derived from the Latin word downwards. The Kankar layer formations in
‘later’ which means brick. The laterite soil the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of
develops under tropical and subtropical water. A fter proper irrigation these soils
climate with alternate wet and dry season. This become cultivable as has been in the case of
soil is the result of intense leaching due to western Rajasthan.
heavy rain. Lateritic soils are mostly deep to
Forest Soils
very deep, acidic (pH<6.0), generally deficient
in plant nutrients and occur mostly in These soils are found in the hilly and
southern states, Western Ghats region of mountainous areas where sufficient rain
Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West forests are available. The soils texture varies
Bengal and North-east regions. Where these according to the mountain environment
soils support deciduous and evergreen forests,
it is humus rich, but under sparse vegetation
and in semi-arid environment, it is generally
humus poor. They are prone to erosion and
degradation due to their position on the
landscape. After adopting appropriate soil

Fig. 1.9: Arid Soil

where they are formed. They are loamy and
silty in valley sides and coarse grained in
the upper slopes. In the snow covered areas
of Himalayas, these soils experience
denudation and are acidic with low humus
content. The soils found in the lower parts of
the valleys particularly on the river terraces
Fig. 1.8: Laterite Soil and alluvial fans are fertile.

18 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

á H˚\\T ‘˚eT>± ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT õ>∑≥>± ñ+{≤sTT eT]j·TT ã{Ϻ Áø£eTø£åj·÷ìøÏ, ø°åD‘·≈£î >∑Tsö‘êsTT. eTTK´+>± ø£sêï≥ø£,
yÓTT<ä{Ï es¡¸+ |ü&çq yÓ+≥H˚ ˝Ò<ë s¡T‘·T|üeHês¡+uÛÑ ø±˝≤˝˝À øπ s¡fi,¯ ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT\˝Àì ø=+&É ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ‘·–q H˚\ dü+s¡øDå£
<äTìï‘˚ ‘·|üŒ |ü+≥ y˚j·T&É+ ø£wüº+. |ü<ä∆‘·T\qT nqTdü]+∫q ‘·s¡Tyê‘·, á H˚\ {°, ø±|ò”ì
ms¡T|ü⁄ eT]j·TT |üdüT|ü⁄ H˚\\T |ü+&ç+#·&ÜìøÏ #ê˝≤ nqTe⁄>± ñ+~. J&ç||ü ⁄ü Œ e+{Ï |ü+≥\≈£î
<äø£ÿHé |”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷$T jÓTTø£ÿ ‘·÷s¡TŒ, <äøÏåD uÛ≤>±\˝À ‘·≈£îÿe ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ eT]j·TT πøs¡fi¯˝Àì mÁs¡{Ï ˝Ò≥¬s’{Ÿ
es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ düŒ¤{Ïø±ø±s¡ n–ï •\\ô|’ mÁs¡ H˚\ H˚\\T nqT≈£L\+.
n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+<äT‘·T+~. ˇ&çXÊ, #Û·rÔdt|òüT&Ûé, eT<Ûä´ >∑+>± X¯ówüÿ H˚\\T
yÓTÆ<ëq+˝Àì <äøÏåD ÁbÕ+‘ê\T eT]j·TT |ü•ÃeT ø£qTeT\˝Àì X¯ówüÿ H˚\\T ms¡T|ü⁄ qT+&ç >√<ÛTä eT s¡+>∑T\˝À ñ+{≤sTT.
|üs¡«‘·bÕ<ä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ≈£L&Ü |üdüT|ü⁄, ms¡T|ü⁄ H˚\\T kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± á H˚\\T ÇdüTø£ ˝≤>± \eD°j·T dü«uÛ≤e+ ø£*–
ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. düŒ¤{Ïø±ø±s¡, s¡÷bÕ+‘·s¡ •\\˝À ÇqTeTT yê´|æÔ ñ+{≤sTT. ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ ñ|ü⁄Œ yÓ÷‘ê<äT #ê˝≤ m≈£îÿe>±
#Ó+<ä&É+ e\¢ á H˚\\T mÁs¡{Ï s¡+>∑TqT ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT. Ç~ ñ+≥T+~ eT]j·TT ˙{Ïì Ä$] #˚j·T&É+ <ë«sê kÕ<Ûës¡D
ôV’≤Á&˚f…&é s¡÷|ü+˝À ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |üdüT|ü⁄ s¡+>∑T˝À ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~. ñ|ü⁄ŒqT bı+<äe#·TÃ. bı&ç yê‘êes¡D+, n~Ûø£ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·
˝Ò≥¬s’{Ÿ H˚\ ø±s¡D+>± uÛ≤w”ŒuÛÑeq+ y˚>∑+>± ñ+≥÷, eT{Ϻ˝À ùd+ÁBj·T‘·,
‘˚eT ñ+&Ée⁄. ÁøÏ+~øÏ yÓfi‚fl ø=~› ø±*¸j·T+ |ü]e÷D+
ª˝Ò≥¬s’{Ÿμ nH˚ |ü<ä+ ª˝Ò≥sYμ nH˚ ˝≤{ÏHé |ü<ä+ qT+&ç
ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï ø±s¡D+>± H˚\ ~>∑Te øÏå‹C ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT ø£+ø£s¡
ñ<ä“$+∫+~. ˝Ò≥sY nq>± Ç≥Tø£ nì ns¡ú+. ˝Ò≥¬s’{Ÿ H˚\\T
ÄÁø£$T+∫+~. ~>∑Te øÏå‹C≤˝À¢ì ø£+ø£s¡ bıs¡ ìsêàD≤\T ˙{Ï
Äj·Tq πsK, ñ|ü Äj·Tq πsU≤ o‘√wüídæú‹ ø£*–q ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À
#=s¡u≤≥¢qT ìs√~ÛkÕÔsTT. düs¬ q’ ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\ ‘·sê«‘· á H˚\\T
ÄÁs¡(∆ ‘˚eT), ÄHêÁs¡(∆ bı&ç) ø±˝≤\T ‘·s#¡ T· >± e÷s¡T‘·÷ ñ+&É&+É
|ü•ÃeT sê»kÕúHé˝À e˝… kÕ>∑T˝ÀøÏ ekÕÔsTT.
e\q @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. á H˚\ uÛ≤Ø es¡¸+ ø±s¡D+>± eT]j·TT
rÁeyÓTqÆ Ç+≈£î&ÉT |ò*ü ‘·+>± @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. #ê˝≤kÕs¡T¢ ˝Ò≥s¬ {’ Ÿ n≥M H˚\\T
H˚\\T ˝À‘·T>± ˝Ò<ë eT]+‘· ˝À‘·T>± ñ+&ç ÄeT¢‘ê«ìï ø£*– á H˚\\T ‘·–q+‘· esê¸s¡D≤´\T n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñqï
ñ+{≤sTT (pH<6.0). kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± yÓTTø£ÿ\≈£î ø±e\dæq ø=+&É eT]j·TT |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. H˚\\ Äø£‹
b˛wüø±\T ñ+&Ée⁄. á H˚\\T <äøDåÏ sêÁcÕº\T, eTVü‰sêÁwüº jÓTTø£ÿ n$ @s¡Œ&çq |üs¡«‘· yê‘êes¡D≤ìï ã{Ϻ e÷s¡T‘·÷ ñ+≥T+~.
|ü•ÃeT ø£qTeT\ ÁbÕ+‘·+, ˇ&çXÊ, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ˝Àì ø=ìï
ÁbÕ+‘ê\T eT]j·TT áXÊq´ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À m≈£îÿe>± ñHêïsTT.
Ä≈£îsê\Tà eT]j·TT dü‘·‘· Vü≤]‘· n&Ée⁄\T ñqï #√≥ á
H˚\\˝À ùd+ÁBj·T‘· |ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ñ+≥T+~. ø±ì ns¡T<Ó’q
eèø£ådü+|ü<ä, ñ|ü X¯ówüÿ |üsê´es¡D+ ÁøÏ+<ä kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
ùd+ÁBj·T‘· ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~. uÛÑ÷$Tô|’ n$ ñqï kÕúHêìï

∫Á‘·+ ` 1.9 : X¯ówüÿ H˚\

n$ ˝Àj·T\ yÓ’|ü⁄ eT{Ϻ, ãTs¡<ä>± ñ+≥÷ m>∑Te yê\T\˝À
eTT‘·ø£>± ñ+{≤sTT. Væ≤e÷\j·÷\˝Àì eT+#·T‘√ ø£|üŒã&çq
ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ á H˚\\T ô|’bıs¡ ø=≥Tº≈£îb˛sTT, ÄeT¢+ m≈£îÿe>±,
ùd+ÁBj·T‘· ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+{≤sTT. ˝Àj·T\ ~>∑Te uÛ≤>±\˝À
eTTK´+>± qB k˛bÕHê\T eT]j·TT ˇ+Á&ÉT ìπøbå Õ\‘√ ø£ì|æ+#˚
H˚\\T kÕs¡e+‘·yÓTÆq$.
∫Á‘·+ ` 1.8 : ˝Ò≥¬s’{Ÿ H˚\
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 19
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
The denudation of the soil cover and
subsequent washing down is described as soil
erosion. The processes of soil formation and
erosion, go on simultaneously and generally
there is a balance between the two. Sometimes,
this balance is disturbed due to human
activities like deforestation, over-grazing,
construction and mining etc., while natural
forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil
erosion. The running water cuts through the
clayey soils and makes deep channels as
gullies
gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation
and is known as bad land land. In the Chambal
Fig. 1.11: Gully Erosion
basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes
water flows as a sheet over large areas down a channels for the quick flow of water leading to
slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. soil erosion.
This is known as sheet erosionerosion. Wind blows Ploughing along the contour lines can
loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due to This is called contour ploughing. Steps can be
defective methods of farming. Ploughing in a cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace
wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form cultivation restricts erosion. Western and
central Himalayas have well developed terrace
farming. Large fields can be divided into strips.
Strips of grass are left to grow between the
crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.
This method is known as strip cropping.
Planting lines of trees to create shelter also
works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are
called shelter belts. These shelter belts have
contributed significantly to the stabilisation of
sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in
western India.

Fig. 1.10: Soil Erosion

20 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

H˚\ ø√‘· eT]j·TT H˚\ |ü]s¡ø£åD
H˚\ ô|’bıs¡ ‘=\–b˛sTT, Áø£eT+>± ÁøÏ+~øÏ ø=≥Tºø=ì
b˛e&É+ eTè‹Ôø± Áø£eTø£åj·T+>± e]í+#·ã&ç+~. H˚\ ìsêàD+
eT]j·TT ø√‘· Á|üÁøÏj·T\T @ø£ø±\+˝À ø=qkÕ>∑T‘êsTT.
kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± s¬ +&ç+{Ï eT<Û´ä düeT‘·T\´‘· ñ+≥T+~. ø=ìïkÕs¡T,¢
n≥M ìs¡÷à\q, n‹>± y˚T|ü&É+, ìsêàD+ eT]j·TT >∑qT\
Á‘·e«ø£+ yÓTT<ä˝…’q e÷qe ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\ ø±s¡D+>± á
düeT‘·T\´‘· #Ó~]b˛‘·T+~, nsTT‘˚ >±*, Væ≤e÷˙q<ä+ eT]j·TT
˙s¡T e+{Ï düVü≤» X¯≈£îÔ\T H˚\ Áø£eTø£åj·÷ìøÏ <ë]rkÕÔsTT.
Á|üeVæ≤+#˚ ˙s¡T ã+ø£eT{Ϻ H˚\\ >∑T+&Ü yÓfi‚fl≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø√‘·øÏ
>∑T]#˚dü÷Ô ˝À‘Ó’q e÷sêZ\qT >±&ÉT\T>± @s¡Œs¡TdüTÔ+~. uÛÑ÷$T
kÕ>∑T≈£î |üìøÏ sê≈£î+&Ü b˛sTT ;&ÉT uÛÑ÷$T>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~. ∫Á‘·+ ` 1.11 : |ü≥ Áø£eTø£åj·T+
#·+ã˝Ÿ qB |ü]yêVü≤ø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À Ç≥T e+{Ï uÛÑ÷eTT\qT ˙s¡T ‘·«s¡>± Á|üeVæ≤+#·{≤ìøÏ e÷sêZ\T @s¡Œ&ç H˚\ Áø£eTø£j
å ÷· ìøÏ
˝Àj·T\T n+{≤s¡T. ø=ìïkÕs¡T¢ ˙s¡T $XÊ\yÓTÆq ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À
yê\T>± ÁøÏ+~øÏ yÓfi¯ó‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ˇø£ bıs¡e˝… Á|üeVæ≤düTÔ+~. <ë]rdüT+Ô ~.
n≥Te+{Ï dü+<äsꓤ\˝À H˚\ ô|b’ ıs¡ ø=≥Tºø=ìb˛‘·T+~. BìH˚ ø±+≥÷sY πsK\ yÓ+≥ <äTqï&É+ e\¢ yê\T\ qT+&ç ˙{Ï
ªª|ü≥Áø£eTø£åj·T+μμ n+{≤s¡T. >±* M#˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #·<äTHÓ’q ˝Ò<ë Á|üyêVü‰ìï ‘·–Z+#·e#·TÃ. BH˚ï ªø±+≥÷sY <äTqTï&ÉTμ n+{≤s¡T.
yê\T>± ñqï uÛ÷Ñ $Tô|’ e<äT\T>± ñqï eT{Ϻ ø=≥Tº≈î£ b˛e{≤ìï @≥yê\T ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À k˛bÕHê\qT @sêŒ≥T #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ yÓT≥T¢>±
ª|üeq Áø£eTø£åj·T+μ n+{≤s¡T. ˝À|üuÛÑ÷sTTwüºyÓTÆq e´ekÕj·T >∑&ç¶ì ø£‹Ô]+#·e#·TÃ. k˛bÕq e´ekÕj·T+ Áø£eTø£åj·÷ìï
|ü<ä∆‘·T\T ≈£L&Ü H˚\ ø√‘·≈£î ø±s¡DeTe⁄‘êsTT. yê\T>± ñqï n]ø£&TÉ ‘·T+~. |ü•ÃeT eT]j·TT eT<Û´ä Væ≤e÷\j·÷\T k˛bÕq
ÁbÕ+‘êìï ô|’qT+&ç ÁøÏ+~øÏ ‘·|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü<䛋˝À <äTqï≥+ e\q
e´ekÕj·÷ìï u≤>± n_Ûe~∆ #˚XÊsTT. $XÊ\yÓTÆq πøåÁ‘ê\qT
uÛ≤>±\T>± (Ádæº|t‡) $uÛÑõ+#·e#·TÃ. |ü+≥\ eT<Ûä´ >∑&ç¶#êfi¯ófl
ô|s¡>∑{≤ìøÏ @sêŒ≥T ñ+&Ü*. Ç~ >±* jÓTTø£ÿ Á|üuÛ≤yêìï
‘·–ZdüTÔ+~. á |ü<ä∆‹ì Ádæº|t Áø±|æ+>¥ n+{≤s¡T. ÄÁX¯j·÷ìï
ø£*Œ+#·&ÜìøÏ #Ó≥¢ es¡dü\qT Hê≥&É+ ≈£L&Ü Ç<˚ $<Ûä+>±
|üì#˚düTÔ+~. n≥Te+{Ï #Ó≥¢ es¡Tdü\qT ôw\ºsY u…˝Ÿº n+{≤s¡T.
á ôw\ºsY u…˝Ÿº\T ÇdüTø£ ~ã“\ dæúØø£s¡D≈£î eT]j·TT |ü•ÃeT
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì m&Ü]ì dæúØø£]+#·&ÜìøÏ >∑D˙j·T+>±
<√Vü≤<ä|&ü ܶsTT.

∫Á‘·+ ` 1.10 : eTè‹Ôø± Áø£eTø£åj·T+

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 21

 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation (c) Over irrigation
(b) Deforestation (d) Overgrazing
(ii) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab (c) Haryana
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand
(iii) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
(a) Uttar Pradesh (c) Rajasthan
(b) Maharashtra (d) Jharkhand

2 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three
main features of this type of soil.
(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not
increased much since 1960-61?
(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of
resources?

PROJECT/ACTIVITY
1 . Make a project showing consumption and conservation of resources in your locality.
2 . Have a discussion in the class – how to conserve various resources used in
your school.
3 . Imagine if oil supplies get exhausted, how will this affect our life style?

22 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T
1. ãVüQfi¯ m+|æø£ Á|üX¯ï\T.
(i) |ü+C≤uŸ˝À uÛÑ÷ø°åD‘·≈£î øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À @~ Á|ü<Ûëq ø±s¡D+?
(m) n~Ûø£ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô (dæ) n~Ûø£ ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\
(_) n≥M ìs¡÷à\q (&ç) n‹>± y˚T|ü&É+
(ii) øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À @ sêÁwüº+˝À k˛bÕq e´ekÕj·T+ neT\T˝À ñ+~?
(m) |ü+C≤uŸ (dæ) Vü≤sê´Hê
(_) ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ yÓTÆ<ëHê\T (&ç) ñ‘·ÔsêK+&é
(iii) øÏ+~ @ sêÁcÕº˝À¢ q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\ m≈£îÿe>± ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~?
(m) ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ (dæ) sê»kÕúHé
(_) eTVü‰sêÁwüº (&ç) C≤s¡â+&é
2. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 30 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
(i) q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\ ñqï eT÷&ÉT sêÁcÕº\T eT]j·TT n+<äT˝À Á|ü<Ûëq+>± |ü+&ç+#˚ |ü+≥qT ù|s=ÿq+&ç.
(ii) ‘·÷s¡TŒ rs¡+˝Àì qB &Ó˝≤º\˝À @ s¡ø£yÓTÆq H˚\ ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~? á s¡øy £ ÓTÆq H˚\ jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT
Á|ü<Ûëq \ø£åD≤\qT ‘Ó\|ü+&ç.
(iii) ø=+&É ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À H˚\ ø√‘·qT ìj·T+Á‹+#·&ÜìøÏ m˝≤+{Ï #·s¡´\T rdüTø√e#·TÃ?

3. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.

(i) uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À uÛÑ÷ $ìjÓ÷>∑ qeT÷HêqT $e]+#·+&ç eT]j·TT 1960-61 qT+&ç n≥M uÛÑ÷$T
m+<äT≈£î ô|<ä›>± ô|s¡>∑˝Ò<äT?
(ii) kÕ+πø‹ø£‘· eT]j·TT Ä]úø±_Ûe~∆ eqs¡T\ n~Ûø£ $ìjÓ÷>±ìøÏ m˝≤ <ë]rdæ+~?

ÁbÕC…ø˘º / ø£è‘·´+
1. MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì eqs¡T\ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ eT]j·TT |ü]s¡ø£åDqT #·÷|æ+#˚ ÁbÕC…ø˘ºqT s¡÷bı+~+#·+&ç.
2. MT bÕsƒ¡XÊ\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ $$<Ûä eqs¡T\qT m˝≤ ø±bÕ&ÉTø√yê* ` ‘·s¡>∑‹˝À #·]Ã+#·+&ç.
3. #·eTTs¡T düs¡|òüsê Ä–b˛e&É+ eTq Jeq $<ÛëHêìï m˝≤ Á|üuÛ≤$‘·+ #˚düTÔ+~?

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 23

 4 . Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the
hidden answers.
(i) Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals.
(ii) A type of non-renewable resource.
(iii) Soil with high water retaining capacity.
(iv) Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate.
(v) Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion.
(vi) The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.

S F G S F O B R O M S U A P J

Q G A F F O R E S T A T I O N

P N R E C P R S L D M I L N F

S N A T Q X U O V A I O L A L

O D E I D R J U J L D B N B D

T G H M I N E R A L S A X M W

B V J K M E D C R U P F M H R

L A T E R I T E M V A Z T V L

A B Z O E N M F T I S D L R C

C G N N S Z I O P A X T Y J H

K J G K D T D C S L S E G E W

24 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 4.øÏ+~ dü÷#·q\ Ä<Ûës¡+>± |üõ˝Ÿ˝À ì\Te⁄, n&ɶ+>± ñqï düe÷<ÛëHê\qT yÓ~øÏ ø£qT>=q+&ç.
(Bìì Ä+>∑¢+˝ÀH˚ |üP]+#·+&ç. MT kÂ\uÛÑ´+ ø√dü+ ‘Ó\T>∑T nqTyê<ä+ Çe«ã&ç+~)
(i) (uÛÑ÷$T, ˙s¡T, eø£ådü+|ü<ä eT]j·TT KìC≤\ s¡÷|ü+˝À eTq≈£î Á|üø£è‹ dæ<ä∆+>± \_Û+∫q es¡+)

(ii) (ˇø£ s¡ø£yÓTÆq ‘·]–b˛j˚T eqs¡T)

(iii) (n~Ûø£ ˙{Ïì ì\T|ü⁄≈£îH˚ kÕeTs¡ú´+ ø£*–q H˚\)
(iv) (s¡T‘·T|üeq yê‘êes¡D+˝Àì ‘·&ç H˚\\T)
(v) (H˚\ ø√‘·qT n]ø£≥º&ÜìøÏ ô|<ä› m‘·TÔq #Ó≥¢qT Hê≥&É+)
(vi) (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì >=|üŒ yÓTÆ<ëHê\T á H˚\\‘√ s¡÷bı+~+#·ã&ܶsTT)

S F G S F O B R O M S U A P J

Q G A F F O R E S T A T I O N

P N R E C P R S L D M I L N F

S N A T Q X U O V A I O L A L

O D E I D R J U J L D B N B D

T G H M I N E R A L S A X M W

B V J K M E D C R U P F M H R

L A T E R I T E M V A Z T V L

A B Z O E N M F T I S D L R C

C G N N S Z I O P A X T Y J H

K J G K D T D C S L S E G E W

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II eqs¡T\T eT]j·TT n_Ûeè~∆ 25

 Flora and Fauna in IIndia
Fauna ndia
Narak! My Lord, you are the creator of music
If you look around, you will be able to find
in the world of Lepchas
that there are some animals and plants which
Oh Narak! My Lord, let me dedicate are unique in your area. In fact, India is one
myself to you of the world’s richest countries in terms of
Let me gather your music from the its vast array of biological diversity. This is
springs, the rivers, the mountains, the forests, possibly twice or thrice the number yet to be
the insects and the animals discovered. You have already studied in detail
Let me gather your music from the sweet about the extent and variety of forest and
breeze and offer it to you wildlife resources in India. You may have
realised the importance of these resources
Source: Lepcha folk song from northern part of in our daily life. These diverse flora and
West Bengal fauna are so well integrated in our daily life
that we take these for granted. But, lately,
they are under great stress mainy due to
We share this planet with millions of other insensitivity to our environment.
living beings, starting from micro-organisms
and bacteria, lichens to banyan trees,
elephants and blue whales. This entire
habitat that we live in has immense Find out stories prevalent in your region
biodiversity. We humans along with all living which are about the harmonious relationship
organisms form a complex web of ecological between human beings and nature.
system in which we are only a part and very
much dependent on this system for our own
C onservation of Forest and Wildlife in
Forest
existence. For example, the plants, animals
India
and micro-organisms re-create the quality of
the air we breathe, the water we drink and Conservation in the background of rapid
the soil that produces our food without which decline in wildlife population and forestry has
we cannot survive. Forests play a key role in become essential. But why do we need to
the ecological system as these are also the conserve our forests and wildlife? Conservation
primary producers on which all other living preserves the ecological diversity and our life
beings depend. support systems – water, air and soil. It also
preserves the genetic diversity of plants and
animals for better growth of species and
breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are
Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is still dependent on traditional crop varieties.
immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the
species, diverse in form and function but maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.
closely integrated in a system through In the 1960s and 1970s, conservationists
multiple network of interdependencies. demanded a national wildlife protection

26 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T

Hês¡ø˘! z uÛÑ>∑yêHé, ˝…bÕÃdt ‘Ó>∑ dü+^‘· Á|ü|ü+#êìøÏ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì eø£åC≤\+ eT]j·TT »+‘·TC≤\+:
düwæºø£s¡Ô qTy˚«. MT #·T≥Tº Á|üø£ÿ\ #·÷ùdÔ, ns¡T<Ó’q »+‘·Te⁄\T eT]j·TT
z, Hês¡ø˘! Hê Á|üuÛÑTyê, qqTï H˚qT ˙≈£î n+øÏ‘·+ yÓTTø£ÿ\T MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ñHêïj·Tì MTs¡T >∑T]Ô+#·>∑\s¡T.
#˚düTø√ìe⁄«. yêdüÔyêìøÏ, $kÕÔs¡yÓTÆq JeyÓ’$<∏ä´ neT]ø£˝À n‘·´+‘·
dü+|üqï+>± ñqï Á|ü|ü+#· <˚XÊ\˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ˇø£{Ï.
˙{Ï ãT>∑Z\T, q<äT\T, |üs¡«‘ê\T, n&Ée⁄\T, ø°≥ø±\T, eTq<˚X¯+˝À Ç+ø± ø£qT>=qã&Éì Je⁄\ dü+K´ ãVüQXÊ
»+‘·Te⁄\ qT+&ç ˙ dü+^‘êìï Áb˛>∑T#˚düTø√ìe⁄«. ø£qT>=qï yê{Ïø£+fÒ ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë eT÷&ÉT ¬s≥T¢ m≈£îÿe>±
eT<ÛTä s¡yTÓ qÆ ∫s¡T>±* qT+&ç ˙ dü+^‘êìï ùdø£]+∫ MT≈£î ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. MTs¡T uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì eq´ÁbÕDT\T, n≥M eqs¡T\
ìy˚~+#·ìe⁄«. $d”sÔ +í¡ eT]j·TT yÓ$’ <Ûë´ìï Ç~es¡øπ $es¡+>± #·~$ ñHêïs¡T.
Ä<Ûës¡+: |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ ñ‘·Ôs¡ uÛ≤>∑+˝À bÕ&ÉT≈£îH˚ ˝…bÕà eTq s√EyêØ J$‘·+˝À á eqs¡T\ ÁbÕeTTK´‘·qT MTs¡T
C≤q|ü<ä bÕ≥. Á>∑ V æ ≤ +∫ ñ+&É e #· T Ã. á $_Û q ï eø£ å C ≤\+ eT]j· T T
dü÷ø£åàJe⁄\T, u≤´ø°º]j·÷, ˝…’¬øq¢ qT+&ç eTÁ] #Ó≥T¢, »+‘·TC≤\+ eTq <Ó’q+~q J$‘·+˝À u≤>± ø£*dæb˛sTT+~
@qT>∑T\T eT]j·TT ˙* ‹$T+>∑˝≤\ es¡≈£î \ø£å˝≤~ Je⁄\‘√ ø±ã{Ϻ eTq+ M{ÏøÏ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·qT Çe«+. ø±˙ Ç{°e\ ø±\+˝À,
eTq+ á Á>∑Vü‰ìï |ü+#·T≈£î+≥THêï+. eTq+ ìedæ+#˚ á Á|ü<Ûëq+>± |üsê´es¡D+ |ü≥¢ eTq ìs¡¢ø£å ´+ ø±s¡D+>± n$
rÁe ˇ‹Ô&çøÏ >∑Ts¡e⁄‘·THêïsTT.
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À nbÕs¡yÓTÆq JeyÓ’$<Ûä´+ ñ+~. nìï JesêX¯ó
\qT ø£\T|ü⁄ø=ì ˇø£ dü+øÏw¢ ºü |üsê´es¡D e´edüqú T @s¡Œs¡TdüTHÔ êï+. ø£è‘·´+:
eTqT>∑&É ø=s¡≈£î á e´edüúô|’ m≈£îÿe>± Ä<Ûës¡|ü&˚ e÷qe⁄\+ e÷qe⁄\T eT]j·TT Á|üø£ ‹ eT<Û´ä kÕeTs¡d´ü dü+ã+<Ûëìï
Bì˝À ˇø£ uÛ≤>∑+ e÷Á‘·y˚T. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î: eTq eTqT>∑&É≈£î >∑T]+∫ MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À u≤>± ÁbÕ#·Ts¡´+˝À ñqï
ø£<∏äHê\qT ‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç.
n‘·´edüsy¡ TÓ qÆ |”˝ÃÒ dü«#·Ãy¤ TÓ qÆ >±*, Á‘êπ> ˙s¡T, ‹H˚ ÄVü‰sêìï
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd H˚\ yÓTT<ä˝q’… yê{Ï HêD´‘·qT yÓTTø£ÿ\T, »+‘·Te⁄\T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ |ü]s¡ø£åD:
eT]j·TT dü÷ø£å àJe⁄\T |ü⁄q:düèwæºkÕÔsTT. |üsê´es¡D e´edüú˝À eq´ÁbÕDT\ dü+K´ eT]j·TT n≥M dü+|ü<ä y˚>∑+>±
n&Ée⁄\T ø°\ø£ bÕÁ‘· b˛wækÕÔsTT. m+<äTø£+fÒ n$ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ ø°åDÏdüTÔqï H˚|ü<∏ä´+˝À |ü]s¡ø£åD ‘·|üŒìdü] nsTT+~. nsTT‘˚
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô <ës¡T\T ø±ã{Ϻ nìï JesêX¯ó\T yê{Ïô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç eTq+ eTq n&É e ⁄\qT, eq´ÁbÕDT\qT m+<ä T ≈£ î
J$kÕÔsTT. ø±bÕ&ÉTø√yê*? dü+s¡øDå£ nH˚~ |üsê´es¡D yÓ$’ <∏ë´ìï eT]j·TT
eTq JeHêìøÏ eT÷˝≤<Ûësê˝…q’ ˙s¡T, >±*, H˚\\qT dü+s¡ødåÏ Tü +Ô ~.
JeyÓ’$<Ûä´+ ˝Ò<ë Je dü+ã+<ÛäyÓTÆq yÓ’$<Ûä´+: Ç~ C≤‘·T\ yÓTs¡T>¬ q’ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\ eT]j·TT e+X¯eè~› »]π>˝≤
eq´ÁbÕDT\T, ô|+|ü⁄&ÉT C≤‘·T\˝À nbÕs¡+>± ñ+&ç, yÓTTø£ÿ\, »+‘·Te⁄\ »qT´ yÓ’$<∏ë´ìï ≈£L&Ü |ü]s¡øÏådüTÔ+~.
yê{Ï s¡÷|ü+, |üìrs¡T˝À _ÛqïyÓTÆq~>± ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î eTq+, e´ekÕj·T+˝À Ç+ø± kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T |ü+≥
|üsd¡ Œü s¡ Ä<Ûë]‘·yTÓ qÆ ãVüQfi¯ nqTdü+<Ûëq+ <ë«sê ˇø£ s¡ø±\ô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|&ü TÉ ‘·THêï+. eT‘·‡´ dü+|ü<ä ≈£L&Ü »\ JeyÓ$’ <Û´ä
e´edü˝ú À düìïVæ≤‘·+>± ø£*dæb˛j·÷sTT. ìs¡«Vü≤Dô|’ m≈£îÿe>± Ä<Ûës¡|&ü ç ñ+≥T+~.
1960,1970 <äXø¯ ±\˝À Jedü+s¡ø≈å£ î£ \T C≤rj·T kÕúsTT˝À
eq´ÁbÕDT\ s¡ø£åD ø±s¡´Áø£eT+ ø±yê\ì? ã\+>± ø√sês¡T.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T 27
 Tribal girls using bamboo saplings in a
nursery at Mukhali near Silent Valley

Tribal women selling minor forest produce Leaf litter collection by women folk

Fig. 2.1

programme. The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Project Tiger

Act was implemented in 1972, with various Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in
provisions for protecting habitats. An all-India the faunal web. In 1973, the authorities
list of protected species was also published. realised that the tiger population had
The thrust of the programme was towards dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated
protecting the remaining population of certain 55,000 at the turn of the century. The major
endangered species by banning hunting, threats to tiger population are numerous,
giving legal protection to their habitats, and such as poaching for trade, shrinking
restricting trade in wildlife. Subsequently, habitat, depletion of prey base species,
central and many state governments growing human population, etc. The trade
established national parks and wildlife of tiger skins and the use of their bones in
sanctuaries about which you have already traditional medicines, especially in the
studied. The central government also Asian countries left the tiger population on
announced several projects for protecting the verge of extinction. Since India and
specific animals, which were gravely Nepal provide habitat to about two-thirds
threatened, including the tiger, the one- of the surviving tiger population in the
horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or world, these two nations became prime
hangul, three types of crocodiles – fresh water targets for poaching and illegal trading.
crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, “Project Tiger”, one of the well-
the Asiatic lion, and others. Most recently, the publicised wildlife campaigns in the world,
Indian elephant, black buck (chinkara), the was launched in 1973. Tiger conservation
great Indian bustard (godawan) and the snow has been viewed not only as an effort to
leopard, etc. have been given full or partial save an endangered species, but with
legal protection against hunting and trade
throughout India.
28 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
 ôd’˝…+{Ÿ yê´© düMT|ü+˝Àì eTTU≤* e<ä› qs¡‡Ø˝À
yÓ<äTs¡T yÓTTø£ÿ\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔqï –]»q u≤*ø£\T.

n≥M ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT $Áø£sTT+#˚ –]»q eTVæ≤fi¯\T, sê*q Ä≈£î\qT ùdø£]düTqÔ ï eTVæ≤fi¯\T

∫Á‘·+ -2.1

1972˝À, eq´ÁbÕDT\ ÄyêkÕ\qT s¡øÏå+#·&ÜìøÏ $$<Ûä f…Æ>∑sY ÁbÕC…ø˘º

ìã+<Ûäq\‘√ uÛ≤s¡rj·T eq´ÁbÕDT\(s¡ø£åD) #·≥º+ neT\T eq´ÁbÕDÏ #·Á≥+˝Àì ø°\ø£yTÓ qÆ eq´ÁbÕDT\ C≤‘·T\˝À
˝ÀìøÏ ‘Ó#êÃs¡T. nœ\ uÛ≤s¡‘· s¡øÏå‘· C≤‘·T\ C≤_‘êqT ≈£L&Ü |ü⁄* ≈£L&Ü ˇø£{.Ï 20e X¯‘êã› ÁbÕs¡+uÛ+Ñ ˝À 55,000
Á|ü#·T]+#ês¡T. y˚≥qT ìùw~Û+#·&É+, yê{Ï ÄyêkÕ\≈£î >± ñqï |ü⁄\T\ dü+K´ 1973˝À n~Ûø±s¡T\T n+#·Hê
#·≥º|üs¡yÓTÆq s¡ø£åD ø£*Œ+#·&É+, eq´ÁbÕDT\ yêDÏ»´+ MT<ä y˚ùd Hê{ÏøÏ 1,827≈£î ‘·–+Z <äì Á>∑V≤æ +#ês¡T. yêDÏ»´+
Ä+ø£\å T $~Û+#·&+É <ë«sê n+‘·]+∫ b˛‘·Tqï ø=ìï C≤‘·T\˝À ø√dü+ y˚{≤&É≥+, ÄyêkÕ\T ‘·–bZ ˛e&É+, ms¡ Ä<Ûë]‘·
C≤‘·T\ ø°åD‘·, ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï e÷qe »HêuÛ≤ e+{Ï$
$T–*q yê{Ïì s¡øÏå+#·&É+ á ø±s¡´Áø£eT+ jÓTTø£ÿ eTTK´ |ü⁄\T\ dü+K´ Áø£eT+>± ‘·>∑Z&ÜìøÏ nH˚ø£ Á|ü<Ûëq
ñ<˚›X¯´+. ‘·s¡Tyê‹ ø±\+˝À MTs¡T Ç|üŒ{Ïπø n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚dæq ø±s¡D≤\T. |ü⁄* #·sêà\ yê´bÕs¡+ eT]j·TT kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T
C≤rj·T ñ<ë´qeHê\T eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ nuÛj Ñ ÷· s¡D≤´\qT Wwü<Ûë\˝À yê{Ï meTTø£\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ e\q
øπ +Á<ä eT]j·TT nH˚ø£ sêÁwüº Á|üuTÑÛ ‘ê«\T @sêŒ≥T #˚XÊsTT. |ü⁄*, eTTK´+>± Ädæj·÷ <˚XÊ\˝À |ü⁄\T\T n+‘·]+∫
ˇ+{Ï ø=eTTà K&ÉeZ T>∑+, ø±oàsY õ+ø£ ˝Ò<ë Vü≤+>∑÷˝Ÿ, eT÷&ÉT b˛e&ÜìøÏ <ä>∑Zs¡>± ñHêïsTT. Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À J$+∫ ñ
s¡ø±\ yÓTTdüfió¯ fl - eT+∫˙{Ï yÓTTdü*, ñ|ü⁄Œ˙{Ï yÓTTdü* eT]j·TT qï |ü ⁄ \T\ dü + K´ eT÷&ç + ≥ ¬ s +&É T e+‘· T \T
|òüT]j·T˝Ÿ`Ädæj·÷ dæ+Vü‰\‘√ düVü‰ rÁeyÓTÆq eTT|ü⁄Œ˝À ñqï uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ , H˚bÕ˝Ÿ\˝À ñqï+<äTq, á s¬ +&ÉT <˚XÊ\T
ì]›wüº »+‘·Te⁄\qT s¡øÏå+#·&ÜìøÏ πø+Á<ä Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ nH˚ø£ y˚≥, nÁø£eT yê´bÕsêìøÏ Á|ü<ëÛ q \øå±´\T>± e÷sêsTT.
1973˝À ÁbÕs¡ + _Û + ∫q ªªÁbÕC… ø ˘ º f… Æ > ∑ s Y μ μ
|ü<∏äø±\qT ≈£L&Ü Á|üø£{Ï+∫+~. Çy˚ø±ø£, Ç{°e\ uÛ≤s¡rj·T Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· m≈£îÿe>± Á|ü#ês¡+ #˚j·Tã&çq
@qT>∑T, ø£wüõí +ø£ (∫+ø±sê), ã≥º y˚Tø£|≥æ º (>√<ëeHé) eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ Á|ü#ês¡ ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\˝À ˇø£{Ï. |ü⁄\T\
eT+#·T ∫s¡T‘· yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{ÏøÏ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ n+‘·{≤ y˚≥ dü+s¡ø£åD nH˚~ n+‘·]+∫b˛‘·Tqï C≤‘·T\qT s¡øÏå+#˚
eT]j·TT yê´bÕs¡+ qT+&ç |üP]Ô>± ˝Ò<ë bÕøÏøå +£ >± #·≥|º sü y¡ TÓ qÆ Á|üj·T‘·ï+>± e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü, >∑D˙j·TyÓTÆq
s¡ø£åD ø£*Œ+#ês¡T.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T 29
 Fig. 2.2: Rhino and deer in Kaziranga National Park

equal importance as a means of much of its forest and wildlife resources are
preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude. either owned or managed by the government
Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, through the Forest Department or other
Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, government departments. These are classified
Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya under the following categories.
Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in
(i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the
Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam
total forest land has been declared
and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are
reserved forests
forests. Reserved forests are
some of the tiger reserves of India.
regarded as the most valuable as far as the
conservation of forest and wildlife resources
are concerned.
The conservation projects are now focusing
on biodiversity rather than on a few of its (ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the
components. There is now a more intensive total forest area is protected forest, as
search for different conservation measures. declared by the Forest Department. This
Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find forest land are protected from any further
a place in conservation planning. In the depletion.
notification under Wildlife Act of 1980 and (iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other
1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, forests and wastelands belonging to
beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to both government and private individuals
the list of protected species. In 1991, for the and communities.
first time plants were also added to the list,
Reserved and protected forests are also
starting with six species.
referred to as permanent forest estates
maintained for the purpose of producing
timber and other forest produce, and for
Collect more information on the wildlife protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the
sanctuaries and national parks of India and largest area under permanent forests,
cite their locations on the map of India. constituting 75 per cent of its total forest area.
Jammu and Kashmir, A ndhra Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West
Types and Distribution of Forest and
Bengal, and Maharashtra have large
Wildlife Resources
percentages of reserved forests of its total forest
Even if we want to conserve our vast forest and area whereas Bihar, Haryana, Punjab,
wildlife resources, it is rather difficult to Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan have
manage, control and regulate them. In India, a bulk of it under protected forests. All North-

30 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 |ü≥+ 2.2: ø£»s¡+>± H˚wüq˝Ÿ bÕsYÿ˝Àì ¬s’H√, õ+ø£\T
|ü]e÷D+˝À Je s¡ø±\qT düeT ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·‘√ n≥M, eq´ ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\˝À m≈£îÿe uÛ≤>∑+ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«
dü + s¡ ø Ï å + #˚ kÕ<Û ä q +>± |ü ] >∑ D Ï + #· ã &É T ‘√+~. j· ÷ »e÷q´+˝Àì n≥M XÊK ˝Ò < ë Ç‘· s ¡ Á|ü u Û Ñ T ‘· «
ñ‘·sÔ êK+&é˝Àì ø±¬s“{Ÿ C≤rj·T ñ<ë´qeq+, |ü•ÃeT j·÷»e÷Hê´\T ìs¡«Væ≤düTHÔ êïsTT. M{Ïì ÁøÏ+~ $uÛ≤>±\T>±
u…+>±˝Ÿ˝Àì düT+<äsYãHé‡ C≤rj·T ñ<ë´qeq+,
eØZø]£ +#·e#·TÃ.
eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ˝Àì u≤+<Ûäyé>∑sY C≤rj·T ñ<ë´qeq+,
sê»kÕúHé˝Àì dü]kÕÿ eq´ÁbÕDT\ nuÛÑj·÷s¡D´+, (i) nuÛÑj·÷s¡D≤´\T (]»s¡T« #˚j·Tã&çq): yÓTT‘·Ô+ n≥M
nkÕ‡+˝Àì eTqdt |ü⁄\T\ nuÛÑj·÷s¡D´ πø+Á<ä+ uÛ÷Ñ $T˝À dü>±ìøÏ ô|>’ ± nuÛj Ñ ÷· s¡D≤´\T>± Á|üø{£ +Ï #ês¡T.
eT]j·TT πøs¡fi¯˝Àì ô|]j·÷sY |ü⁄\T\ nuÛÑj·÷s¡D´ n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î
πø+Á<ä+ yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq dü+ã+~Û+∫q+‘· es¡≈£î nuÛÑj·÷s¡D≤´\T n‘·´+‘·
|ü⁄\T\ dü+s¡ø£åD πø+Á<ë\T. $\TyÓ’q$>± |ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT.
|ü]s¡ø£åD ÁbÕC…≈£îº\T eTT+<äT>± nqT≈£îqï ø=ìï n+XÊ\ (ii) s¡øÏå‘· n&Ée⁄\T: n≥M XÊK Á|üø£{Ï+∫q≥T¢>± yÓTT‘·Ô+
ô|’H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ JeyÓ’$<Ûä´+ô|’ <äwæº kÕ]düTÔHêïsTT. n≥M ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À <ë<ë|ü⁄ eT÷&ç+≥ ˇø£ e+‘·T s¡øÏå‘·
$$<Ûä |ü]s¡ø£åD #·s¡´\ ø√dü+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT eT]+‘· rÁeyÓTÆq XÀ<Ûäq n&É$. á n≥M uÛ÷Ñ $T eT]+‘· ‘·–bZ ˛≈£î+&Ü s¡økåÏ ÕÔsT¡ .
»s¡T>∑T‘√+~. |ü]XÀ<Ûäq ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï ø=B›, ø°≥ø±\T ≈£L&Ü
(iii) eØZø£]+#·ã&Éì n&Ée⁄\T: Ç$ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«, Áô|’y˚≥T e´≈£îÔ\T
|ü]s¡øDå£ Á|üD≤[ø£˝À #√≥T bı+<ä&+É ÁbÕs¡+_Û+#êsTT. 1980,
1986 eq´ÁbÕDT\ #·≥º+ Á|üø£≥q˝À, ø=ìï e+<ä\ s¡ø±\ eT]j·TT dü+|òü÷\≈£î #Ó+~q Ç‘·s¡ n&Ée⁄\T eT]j·TT
d”‘êø√ø£ ∫\Tø£\T, ∫eTà≥\T, ;{Ï˝Ÿ‡, ˇø£ ‘·÷˙>∑ s¡øÏå‘· ã+»s¡T uÛÑ÷eTT\T.
C≤‘·T\ C≤_‘ê˝À #˚s¡Ãã&ܶsTT. 1991˝À yÓTT<ä{ÏkÕ]>± nuÛj Ñ ÷· s¡D≤´\T, s¡ø‘åÏ · n&Ée⁄\qT ø£\|ü ñ‘·Œ‹Ôø,Ï Ç‘·s¡
Äs¡TC≤‘·T\ yÓTTø£ÿ\qT ≈£L&Ü á C≤_‘ê˝À #˚sêÃs¡T. n≥M ñ‘·Œ‘·T\Ô ø£T eT]j·TT s¡øDå£ ø±s¡D≤\ ø√dü+ ìs¡«Væ≤+#·ã&˚
ø£è‘·´+: XÊX¯«‘· n≥M øπ Áå ‘ê\T>± ≈£L&Ü dü÷∫kÕÔsT¡ . eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ, <ëì
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì eq´ÁbÕDT\ nuÛj Ñ ÷· s¡D≤´\T, C≤rj·T yÓTT‘·Ô+ n≥M $d”Ôs¡í+˝À 75 XÊ‘·+ XÊX¯«‘· n&Ée⁄\ ÁøÏ+<ä
ñ<ë´qeHê\ô|’ eT]+‘· düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+∫, n‹ô|<ä› $d”Ôsêíìï ø£*– ñ+~. »eT÷à`ø±oàsY, Ä+Á<ÛÁä |ü<X˚ Ÿ,
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ |ü≥+˝À Ä ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç . ñ‘·sÔ êK+&é, øπ s¡fi,¯ ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ, eTVü‰sêÁwüº yÓTT‘·+Ô
n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\ s¡ø±\T eT]j·TT yê´|æÔ: n≥M $d”sÔ +í¡ ˝À m≈£îÿe XÊ‘·+ nuÛj Ñ ÷· s¡D≤´\qT (]»sY« n&Ée⁄\T)
eTq $kÕÔs¡yÓTÆq n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\qT ø£*–j·TT+&É>± ;Vü‰sY, Vü≤sê´Hê, |ü+C≤uŸ, Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ,
eTq+ |ü]s¡ø+åÏ #·Tø√yê\qT≈£îqï|üŒ{Ïø,° yê{Ïì ìs¡«Væ≤+#·&+É , ˇ&çXÊ, sê»kÕúH\é ˝À m≈£îÿe uÛ≤>∑+ s¡ø‘åÏ · n&Ée⁄\ ÁøÏ+<ä ñHêïsTT.
ìj·T+Á‹+#·&+É , Áø£eTãB›ø]£ +#·≥+ #ê˝≤ ø£w+ºü . uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À,
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T 31
 Can you find out the reasons for the above mentioned problems?

eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of
very high percentage of their forests as rules and regulations which do not allow
unclassed forests managed by local hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against
communities. any outside encroachments.
The famous Chipko movement in the
Community and Conservation
Himalayas has not only successfully resisted
Conservation strategies are not new in our deforestation in several areas but has also
country. We often ignore that in India, forests shown that community afforestation with
are also home to some of the traditional indigenous species can be enormously
communities. In some areas of India, local successful. Attempts to revive the traditional
communities are struggling to conserve these conservation methods or developing new
habitats along with government officials, methods of ecological farming are now
recognising that only this will secure their own widespread. Farmers and citizen’s groups like
long-term livelihood. In Sariska Tiger Reserve, the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and
Rajasthan, villagers have fought against Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of
mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In diversified crop production without the use of
many areas, villagers themselves are protecting synthetic chemicals are possible and
habitats and explicitly rejecting government economically viable.
involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in In India joint forest management (JFM)
the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared programme furnishes a good example for
1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev involving local communities in the

32 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 ô|’q ù|s=ÿqï düeTdü´\≈£î ø±s¡D≤\qT MTs¡T ø£qT>=q>∑\sê?

nìï áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº\T eT]j·TT >∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ì e+{Ï yê] kı+‘· ìj·TeT ìã+<Ûäq\qT yÓ\¢&ç+#·&É+ <ë«sê
n~Û ø £ XÊ‘· + n&É e ⁄\T kÕú ì ø£ kÕe÷õø£ esêZ \ #˚ 1,200 ôV≤ø±ºs¡¢ n≥M ÁbÕ+‘êìï uÛ … ’ s √<˚ y é &Üø£ y é
ìs¡«Væ≤+#·ã&ÉT‘·Tqï eØZø£]+#·ã&Éì n&Ée⁄\T>± ñHêïsTT. ªk˛+#· T ]>±μ Á|ü ø £ { Ï + #ês¡ T .
düeT÷Vü≤+ eT]j·TT |ü]s¡ø£åD: Væ≤e÷\j·÷˝À¢ Á|üdæ~∆ #Ó+~q ∫b˛ÿ ñ<ä´eT+ nH˚ø£
eTq <˚X¯+˝À düVü≤»eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡ø£åD eP´Vü‰\T ø=‘·Ô ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À n≥M ìs¡÷à\qqT $»j·Te+‘·+>± ìs√~Û+#·&yÉ T˚
ø±<äT. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À n&Ée⁄\T ø=ìï kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T »q ø±≈£î+&Ü kÕúìø£ C≤‹ yÓTTø£ÿ\‘√ kÕe÷õø£ n&Ée⁄\ ô|+|üø£+
düeT÷Vü‰\≈£î ≈£L&Ü ì\j·T+>± ñHêïj·Tì eTq+ ‘·s¡#·T>± u≤>± $»j·Te+‘·eTe⁄‘·T+<äì ≈£L&Ü #·÷|æ+~. Á|üdüTÔ‘·+
$düà]kÕÔeTT. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À, kÕúìø£ kÕ+Á|ü<ësTTø£ |ü]s¡ø£åD≤ |ü<ä∆‘·T\qT |ü⁄qs¡T<ä∆]+#·&ÜìøÏ ˝Ò<ë
kÕe÷õø£ esêZ\T Á|üuÛÑT‘·« n~Ûø±s¡T\‘√ ø£*dæ á ÄyêkÕ\qT |üsê´es¡D e´ekÕj·T+˝À ø=‘·Ô |ü<‘∆ä T· \qT n_Ûe~∆ #˚jT· &Üìø°
|ü]s¡ø+åÏ #·&ÜìøÏ b˛sê&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. Ç$ e÷Á‘·yT˚ yê] Bs¡øÈ ±*ø£ Á|üj·T‘êï\T $düÔ‘·+>± »s¡T>∑T‘·THêïsTT. ‘ÓÁV”≤ eT]j·TT
qe<ëq´˝Àì ;CŸ ã#êy√ Ä+<√fi¯H(é $‘·qÔ dü+s¡øDå£ ñ<ä´eT+)
JeH√bÕ~ÛøÏ düTs¡øÏå‘·eTì >∑T]Ô+#ês¡T. sê»kÕúHé˝Àì dü]kÕÿ ˝À ¬s’‘·T\T eT]j·TT bÂs¡dü+|òü÷\T ø£èÁ‹eT s¡kÕj·THê\T
|ü⁄\T\ dü+s¡øDå£ øπ +Á<ä+˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï yÓTìÆ +>¥øÏ e´‹πsø£+>±, ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·≈£î+&Ü, Ä]úø£+>± ì\Á<=≈£îÿø=H˚˝≤ ñ+&˚ $_Ûqï
nø£ÿ&ç kÕúì≈£î\T ªªeq´ÁbÕDÏ dü+s¡ø£åD #·{º+μμ Ä<Ûës¡+>± |ü+≥\qT ‘·–q kÕúsTT˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·T≥+ kÕ<Ûä´y˚Tqì
b˛sê&Üs¡T. ñ≥+øÏd÷ü Ô yÓTìÆ +>¥≈î£ nH˚ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À, Á>±eTdüT˝ú Ò #·÷|æ+#ês¡T.
ÄyêkÕ\qT ø±bÕ&ÉT‘·÷, Á|üuÛÑT‘·« Á|üy˚Tj·÷ìï düŒwüº+>± ø°åDÏ+∫q n&Ée⁄\ |ü⁄qs¡T<ä∆s¡D eT]j·TT ìs¡«Vü≤D˝À
‹s¡dÿü ]düTHÔ êïs¡T. sê»kÕúH˝é Àì n˝≤«sY õ˝≤¢˝Àì ◊<äT Á>±e÷\ kÕúìø£ Á|ü»\qT uÛ≤>∑kÕ«eT´+ #˚j·TT≥≈£î uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À
ìyêdæ‘·T\T ãj·T{Ï yê] ÄÁø£eTD\≈£î e´‹πsø£+>± y˚≥≈£î ÁbÕs¡+_Û+∫q ñeTà&ç n≥M ìs¡«Vü≤D (C….m|òt.j·TyéT)
nqTeT‹+#·ø£b˛e&É+ eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\qT dü+s¡øÏå+#·≥+ ø±s¡´Áø£eT+ nH˚~ ˇø£ eT+∫ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D>± #Ó|üŒe#·TÃ.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T 33
 Sacred groves - a wealth of diverse and rare management and restoration of degraded
species forests. The programme has been in
Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on formal existence since 1988 when the state
the premise that all creations of nature have to be of Odisha passed the first resolution for
protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin joint forest management. JFM depends
forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the on the formation of local (village)
forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of institutions that undertake protection
forest or parts of large forests have been left activities mostly on degraded forest land
untouched by the local people and any interference managed by the forest department. In
with them is banned. return, the members of these communities
Certain societies revere a particular tree which are entitled to intermediary benefits like
they have preserved from time immemorial. The non-timber forest produces and share in
Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region the timber harvested by ‘successful
worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba protection’.
(Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of The clear lesson from the dynamics of
Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus both environmental destruction and
indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during reconstruction in India is that local
weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees communities everywhere have to be
are considered sacred. involved in some kind of natural resource
Indian society comprises several cultures, each management. But there is still a long way
with its own set of traditional methods of conserving to go before local communities are at the
nature and its creations. Sacred qualities are often centre-stage in decision-making. Accept
ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and only those economic or developmental
animals which are closely protected. You will find activities, that are people centric,
troops of macaques and langurs around many environment-friendly and economically
temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of rewarding.
temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in
Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai and
Write a short essay on any practices
peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the
which you may have observed and
community and nobody harms them.
practised in your everyday lives that
conserve and protect the environment
around you.

“The tree is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness and benevolence and

makes no demand for its sustenance, and extends generously the products of its
life activity. It affords protection to all beings, offering shade even to the axemen
who destroy it”.
Gautama Buddha (487 B.C.)

34 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 |ü$Á‘·yTÓ qÆ eHê\T - ˇø£ $_Ûqï, ns¡T<Óq’ C≤‘·T\ dü+|ü<:ä 1988˝À ˇ&çXÊ sêÁwüº+ C≤sTT+{Ÿ bòÕ¬sdtº y˚TH˚CŸyÓT+{Ÿ ø√dü+
Á|üø£‹ Äsê<Ûäq nH˚~ á düwæº˝À düVü≤»+>± ñqï yÓTT<ä{Ï rsêàHêìï ÄyÓ÷~+∫q|üŒ{Ï qT+&ç á ø±s¡´Áø£eT+
Á|üøè£ ‹ì s¡ø+åÏ #ê\H˚ kÕúìø£ –]»qT\ |ü⁄sê‘·q $XÊ«kÕìøÏ n~Ûø±]ø£+>± ñìøÏ˝ÀìøÏ e∫Ã+~. n≥M XÊK nBÛq+˝À
Á|ürø£. |ü$Á‘· eHê\T (<˚e <˚e‘·\ eHê\T) nì |æ\eã&˚ ñ+&˚ ø°Då +Ï ∫q n≥M uÛ÷Ñ eTT\ jÓTTø£ÿ s¡øDå£ ≤ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\qT
e÷qe Á|üy˚Tj·T+ ˝Òì düVü≤» n&Ée⁄\qT Ç≥Te+{Ï #˚|üfÒº kÕúìø£ dü+düú\ @sêŒ≥Tô|’ ñeTà&ç n≥M ìs¡«Vü≤D
qeTàø±\T dü+s¡øÏå+#êsTT. á n≥M uÛÑ÷uÛ≤>±\qT ˝Ò<ë Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+≥T+~. Á|ü‹|òü\+>± á dü+|òü÷\ düuÛÑT´\T
$XÊ\ n&Ée⁄\˝À ø=+‘· uÛÑ÷uÛ≤>±\qT kÕúìø£ Á|ü»\T eT<Ûä´e]Ô‘·« Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ ù|s¡T‘√ ø£\ù|‘·s¡ n≥M ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T
düŒ è•+#·≈î£ +&Ü e~˝ÒXÊs¡T. nø£ÿ&É e÷qe ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\qT
eT]j·TT |ü+&ç+∫q ø£\|ü˝À ø=+‘· uÛ≤>±ìï ª$»j·Te+‘·yÓTÆq
≈£L&Ü ìùw~+#ês¡T.
s¡ø£åDμ |ü<ä∆‹ <ë«sê bı+<äT‘·THêïs¡T.
ø=ìï düe÷C≤\T nHê~>± dü+s¡ø+åÏ #·ã&çq ˇø£ Á|ü‘´˚ ø£yTÓ qÆ
#Ó≥TºqT >ös¡$kÕÔs¡T. #Û√{≤ Hê>¥|üPsY ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï |üsê´es¡D $<Û«ä +dü+ eT]j·TT
eTT+&Ü\T, dü+‘·˝Ÿ\T eTVüQyê (u≤dæj·÷˝≤{Ïbò˛*j·÷) |ü⁄q]ïsêàD Á|üÁøÏj·T qT+&ç H˚s¡TÃ≈£îqï bÕsƒ¡+ @eT+fÒ, kÕúìø£
eT]j· T T ø£ < ä + ã (Ä+‘√ø±|ò ü \ dt ø£ < ä + ã) #Ó ≥ ¢ q T ‘Ó>∑\qT Á|ü‹#√{≤ @<√ ˇø£ $<Ûä+>± düVü≤» eqs¡T\
|üPõkÕÔsT¡ . ˇ&çXÊ eT]j·TT ;Vü‰sY˝Àì –]»qT\T $yêVü≤ ìs¡«Vü≤D˝À uÛ≤>∑kÕ«eTT\qT #˚j·÷*. nsTT‘˚ kÕúìø£ ‘Ó>∑\T
düeTj·T+˝À ∫+‘· ({≤eT]+&Édt Ç+&çø±) eT]j·TT ìs¡jí ÷· ~Ûø±s¡+˝À Á|ü<ëÛ q bÕÁ‘· b˛wæ+#ê\+fÒ Ç+ø± düTBs¡+È >±
e÷$T&ç (eT+–ô|òsê Ç+&çø±) #Ó≥¢qT |üPõkÕÔs¡T. eTq˝À ø£èwæ #˚j·÷*‡ ñ+~. Á|ü»\T πø+Á<ä+>± ñ+&˚, |üsê´es¡D
#ê˝≤ eT+~ sê$, eTÁ] #Ó≥q¢ T |ü$Á‘·yTÓ qÆ ~>± uÛ≤$kÕÔsT¡ . nqT≈£L\yÓTqÆ eT]j·TT Ä]úø+£ >± ˝≤uÛ<Ñ ëj·Tø£yTÓ qÆ Ä]úø£ ˝Ò<ë
uÛ≤s¡rj·T düe÷»+ nH˚ø£ dü+düÿ ‘·T\qT ø£*– n_Ûe~∆ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\qT e÷Á‘·y˚T ÄyÓ÷~+#ê*.
ñ+~. neìï Á|üø£‹ì eT]j·TT <ëì düwæºì |ü]s¡øÏå+#˚
dü+Á|ü<ëj·T |ü<ä∆‘·T\qT ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. ˙{Ï ãT>∑Z\T, ø£è‘·´+:
|üs¡«‘· •Ksê\T, yÓTTø£ÿ\T, »+‘·Te⁄\≈£î |ü$Á‘· \ø£åD≤\T
ñHêïj·Tì m\¢y˚fi¯˝≤ q$Tà |ü]s¡øÏådüTÔHêïs¡T. MTs¡T #ê˝≤ MT <Ó’q+~q J$‘·+˝À MT #·T≥÷º ñqï |üsê´es¡D≤ìï
<˚yê\j·÷\ e<ä› nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\ ø√‘·T\ (eTø±ø˘, \+>∑÷sY) |ü]s¡øÏå+∫, ø±bÕ&˚ @yÓ’Hê |ü<ä∆‘·T\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫ MTs¡T
>∑T+|ü⁄\qT #·÷kÕÔsT¡ . yê{Ïì Ä\j·÷ìøÏ uÛ≈Ñ î£ \Ô T>± uÛ≤$+∫ >∑eTì+∫q, Ä#·]+∫q yê{Ïô|’ ˇø£ ∫qï yê´dü+
b˛wækÕÔs¡T. sê»kÕúHé˝Àì _c˛íjYT Á>±e÷\˝À eT]j·TT Áyêj·T+&ç.
#·T≥Tº|üø£ÿ\ ø£wüíõ+ø£, (∫+ø±s¡), ˙˝Ÿ>±jYT >∑T+|ü⁄\qT,
HÓeTfi¯¢qT düe÷»+˝À n+‘·sꓤ>∑+>± #·÷kÕÔs¡T. yê{ÏøÏ
mes¡÷ Vü‰ì #˚j·Ts¡T.

ªªá uÛÑ÷$Tô|’ n|ü]$T‘· <äj·T eT]j·TT <ëq >∑TD+ ø£*–q @¬ø’ø£ J$ #Ó≥Tº. ‘·q eTqT>∑&É≈£î me] qT+&û @MT
Ä•+#·≈£î+&Ü ‘·q ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT J$‘ê+‘·+ ñ∫‘·+>± ÇdüTÔ+~. nìï Je⁄\≈£L s¡ø£åD Çe«&É+‘√ bÕ≥T ‘·qqT
qs¡ø£&ÜìøÏ e∫Ãq yê]øÏ ≈£L&Ü ˙&Éì#˚à ìkÕ«s¡ú J$ #Ó≥Tº e÷Á‘·y˚Tμμ.
>ö‘·eT ãT<äT∆&ÉT ( ø°.|üP .487 )

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T 35

 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1 . Multiple choice questions

(i) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve
community participation?
(a) Joint forest management (c) Chipko Movement
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan (d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

2 . Match the following.

Reserved forests other forests and wastelands belonging to both

government and private individuals and
communities
Protected forests forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the
conservation of forest and wildlife resources
Unclassed forests forest lands are protected from any further depletion

3 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

4 . Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife
in India?
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

36 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T
1. ãVüQfi¯ m+|æø£ Á|üX¯ï\T.
1. øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À @ |ü]s¡ø£åD eP´Vü‰\T H˚s¡T>± kÕe÷õø£ uÛ≤>∑kÕ«e÷´ìï ø£*– ñ+&Ée⁄?
(m) ñeTà&ç n≥M ìs¡«Vü≤D (dæ) ∫b˛ÿ ñ<ä´eT+
(_) ;CŸ ã#êy√ Ä+<√fi¯Hé ($‘·Ôq dü+s¡ø£åD ñ<ä´eT+) (&ç ) eq´ÁbÕDT\ nuÛ Ñ j · ÷ s¡ D ≤´\
dü]Vü≤<äT.›
2. øÏ+~ yê{Ïì »‘·|üs¡#·+&ç.
nuÛj
Ñ ÷· s¡D≤´\T(]»sY« Á|üuÛÑT‘·« eT]j·TT Áô|’y˚{Ÿ e´≈£îÔ\T eT]j·TT kÕúìø£ düeT÷Vü‰\≈£î #Ó+~q
#˚j·Tã&çq n&Ée⁄\T) Ç‘·s¡ n&Ée⁄\T eT]j·TT ã+»s¡T uÛÑ÷eTT\T.
s¡øÏå‘· n&Ée⁄\T n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡ø£åD˝À n&Ée⁄\T n‘·´+‘·
$\TyÓ’q$>± |ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&É‘êsTT.
eØZø£]+#·ã&Éì n&Ée⁄\T n≥M uÛÑ÷eTT\T eT]+‘· ø°åDÏ+#·≈£î+&Ü s¡øÏå+#·ã&É‘êsTT

3. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 30 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.

(i) JeyÓ’$<Ûä´+ n+fÒ @$T{Ï? e÷qe J$‘ê\≈£î JeyÓ’$<Ûä´+ m+<äT≈£î eTTK´yÓTÆq~?

(ii) e÷qe ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\T eø£C å ≤\ eT]j·TT »+‘·TC≤˝≤\ jÓTTø£ÿ ø°D

å ‘·qT m˝≤ Á|üu≤Û $‘·+ #˚XÊsTT?
$e]+#·+&ç.
4. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
(i) uÛ≤s¡‘<
· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì n&Ée⁄\T, eq´ÁbÕDT\qT düe÷C≤\T m˝≤ s¡ø+åÏ ∫ ø±bÕ&ÉT‘·THêïjÓ÷ $e]+#·+&ç.
(ii) n&Ée⁄\T, eq´ÁbÕDT\ dü+s¡ø£åD ø=s¡≈£î nqTdü]+#˚ ø=ìï eT+∫ $<ÛëHê\qT qyÓ÷<äT #˚j·T+&ç.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II n≥M eT]j·TT eq´ÁbÕDT\ eqs¡T\T 37

You already know that three-fourth of the WATER SCARCITY AND THE NEED FOR WATER
earth’s surface is covered with water, but only CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater
that can be put to use. This freshwater is mainly Given the abundance and renewability of
obtained from surface run off and ground water water, it is difficult to imagine that we may
that is continually being renewed and suffer from water scarcity. The moment we
recharged through the hydrological cycle. All speak of water shortages, we immediately
water moves within the hydrological cycle associate it with regions having low rainfall
ensuring that water is a renewable resource. or those that are drought prone. We
You might wonder that if three-fourth of instantaneously visualise the deserts of
the world is covered with water and water is a Rajasthan and women balancing many
renewable resource, then how is it that ‘matkas’ (earthen pots) used for collecting and
countries and regions around the globe suffer storing water and travelling long distances to
from water scarcity? Why is it predicted that get water. True, the availability of water
by 2025, nearly two billion people will live in resources varies over space and time, mainly
absolute water scarcity? due to the variations in seasonal and annual
precipitation, but water scarcity in most cases
38 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES
 »\ eqs¡T\T

ùV≤ |æ+øÏ, nkÕ‡+ es¡<\ä ô|’ f…*$»Hé ˝À Á|ükÕs¡yTÓ qÆ ÄdüøøÔÏ s£ ¡

yês¡Ô\qT #·÷XÊyê? z <˚e⁄&Ü! n$ m+‘· $<Ûä«+kÕìï
düwæ+º #êsTT. yê{Ï Á|üyêVü≤ e÷s¡+Z ˝À ñqï Á|ü‹<ëìï HêX¯q+
#˚j·T&Éy˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü ‘·T&ç∫ô|fÒºkÕsTT.

ne⁄qT ∫+≥÷, H˚q÷ #·÷kÕqT. Ç~ ÄX¯Ãs¡´+>±

˝Ò<ë! ˙s¡T ÁbÕD+ b˛j·T>∑\<äT n˝≤π> ÁbÕD+
rj·T>∑\<äT n+fÒ ÄX¯Ãs¡´+>± ˝Ò<ä÷? ˙s¡T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü
eTq+ @+ #˚j·T>∑\+? eTq≈£î Á‘ê>∑&ÜìøÏ, eTq
ÄVü‰sêìï e+&ÉTø√e&ÜìøÏ, eTq ã≥º\T ñ‘·ø£&ÜìøÏ,
eTq+ kÕïq+ #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ Ç˝≤ Á|ü‹ |üìø° ˙s¡T ø±yê*.
e÷ Hêqï ‘·q ø£sêà>±s¡+˝À nH˚ø£ |üqT\≈£î #ê˝≤
˙s¡T nedüs¡eTì Hê‘√ #Óù|Œyês¡T. yê] j·T+Á‘ê\
o‘·©ø£s¡D≈£î ≈£L&Ü ˙s¡T nedüs¡eTì ˙≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ? ìC≤ìøÏ »\$<äT´‘Y
πø+Á<ë\T düs¡|òüsê #˚ùd $<äT´‘Y X¯øÏÔ‘√ ø£sêà>±s¡+ q&ÉTdüTÔ+~. e÷qe⁄\T
nHê~>± q<äT\ yÓ+≥, Ç‘·s¡ ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü‰˝…’q ˙{Ï ãT>∑Z\T, düs¡düT‡\T,
#Ós¡Te⁄\T, ˇj·÷dædüT‡\ yÓ+≥ ìedæ+#·&ÜìøÏ ø±s¡Dy˚T$T{À Hê≈£î Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
ns¡úyÓTÆ+~.

uÛ Ñ ÷ ñ|ü ] ‘· \ + Hê\T–+≥ eT÷&=+‘· T \T ˙{Ï # ˚ ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· eT]j·TT ˙{Ï dü+s¡øDå£ , ìs¡«Vü≤D\ ÄeX¯´ø£‘·
Äe]+#·ã&ç ñ+<äì MT≈£î Ç|üŒ{Ïπø ‘Ó\TdüT. ø±˙ Bì˝À ø=~› ˙s¡T düeT~∆>± \_Û+#˚ |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ eqs¡T nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°
uÛ≤>∑+ e÷Á‘·y˚T ªeT+∫ ˙s¡Tμ>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·Tø√>∑\+. á eTq+ ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘‘· √ u≤<Û|ä &ü TÉ ‘·THêïeT+fÒ }Væ≤+#·&yÉ T˚ ø£w+ºü .
eT+∫˙{Ïì Á|ü<Ûëq+>± eTq+ ñ|ü]‘·\ Á|üyêVü‰\T eT]j·TT
uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ »˝≤\ qT+&ç bı+<äT‘·THêï+. uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ »˝≤\T »\ #·Áø£+ eTq+ m|ü⁄Œ&ÓH’ ê ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· >∑T]+∫ e÷{≤¢&‘ç ˚ yÓ+≥H˚ eTq≈£î
<ë«sê ìs¡+‘·s¡+ |ü⁄qs¡T<ä›]+|üã&ÉT‘·÷, ‹]– Ç+≈£î‘·÷ uÛÑØÔ ‘·≈î£ ÿe es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ˝Ò<ë ø£sT¡ e⁄ |”&‘ç · ÁbÕ+‘ê\T
#˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. yÓTT‘·Ô+ ˙s¡T »\#·Áø£+˝À ø£<äT\T‘·Tqï >∑Ts¡TÔ≈£îkÕÔsTT. ‘·ø£åDy˚T eTq≈£î sê»kÕÔHé m&Üs¡T\‘√ bÕ≥T
|ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ eqs¡T. Ád”\Ô T ˙{Ï ø=s¡≈î£ m≈£îÿe <ä÷sê\T Á|üj÷· DÏd÷ü ,Ô ˙{Ïì ùdø£]+∫
Hê*Z+≥ eT÷&=+‘·T\ uÛ÷Ñ ñ|ü]‘·\+ ˙{Ï#˚ Äe]+|üã&ç ì\« ñ+#·&ÜìøÏ yê&˚ nH˚ø£ eT{≤ÿ\(eT{Ϻ ≈£î+&É\T)qT
ñ+&ç, ˙s¡T |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ eqs¡T nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°, Á|ü|ü+#· ‘·\MT<ä u≤´˝…H‡é #˚d÷ü Ô yÓfifl‚ <äèXÊ´\T >∑Ts¡T≈Ô î£ ekÕÔsTT. ì»y˚T,
yê´|üÔ+>± ñqï <˚XÊ\T, ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·‘√ m˝≤
u≤<Û|ä &ü TÉ ‘·THêïjÓ÷ #·÷dæ MTs¡T nX¯Ãs¡´b˛e#·TÃ? 2025 Hê{ÏøÏ ˙{Ï eqs¡T\ \uÛÑ´‘· düú\+ eT]j·TT ø±˝≤ìï ã{Ϻ, eTTK´+>±
<ë<ë|ü⁄ s¬ +&ÉT _*j·Tq¢ eT+~ Á|ü»\T ø£∫Ñ·+>± ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘‘· √ ø±˝≤qT>∑TD+>± yê]¸ø£ nebÕ‘·+˝Àì yÓ’$<Ûë´\ ø±s¡D+>±
J$+#ê*‡ edüTÔ+<äì n+#·Hê y˚j·Tã&ç+~. m+<äT≈£î? e÷s¡T‘·÷ ñ+≥T+~. ø±˙, #ê˝≤ dü+<äsꓤ\˝À ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 39
is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use consequent greater demands for water, and
and unequal access to water among different unequal access to it. A large population
social groups. requires more water not only for domestic use
Where is then water scarcity likely to but also to produce more food. Hence, to
occur? As you have read in the hydrological facilitate higher food-grain production, water
cycle, freshwater can be obtained directly resources are being over-exploited to expand
from precipitation, surface run off and irrigated areas for dry-season agriculture.
groundwater. Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer
Is it possible that an area or region may of water. Now it is needed to revolutionise the
have ample water resources but is still facing agriculture through developing drought
water scarcity? Many of our cities are such resistant crops and dry farming techniques.
examples. Thus, water scarcity may be an You may have seen in many television
outcome of large and growing population and advertisements that most farmers have their

Water, Water Everywhere, Not a Drop to Drink Drink::

After a heavy downpour, a boy collects drinking
water in Kolkata. Life in the city and its adjacent
districts was paralysed as incessant overnight rain,
meaning a record 180 mm, flooded vast area and
disruted traffic.

A Kashmiri earthquake survivor carries water in

the snow in a devastated village.

Fig. 3.1: Water Scarcity

40 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

˙{Ï eqs¡T\ n~Ûø£ <√|æ&û, n~Ûø£ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ eT]j·TT $$<Ûä ˙{Ï ndüe÷q n+<äTu≤≥T e\¢ ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· @s¡Œ&Ée#·TÃ. n~Ûø£
kÕe÷õø£ düeT÷Vü‰\ eT<Û´ä ndüe÷q ˙{Ï |ü+|æD° n<˚ ø±s¡D≤\ »HêuÛ≤ e\q πøe\+ >∑Vü≤ nedüsê\≈£î e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü
e\q @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. m≈£îÿe ÄVü‰sêìï ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ≈£L&Ü #ê˝≤ yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À
˙s¡T nedüs¡+. ÄVü‰s¡ <ÛëHê´\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì ô|+#·&ÜìøÏ, yÓT≥º
n˝≤+≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· mø£ÿ&É @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~? MTs¡T uÛÑ÷eTT\qT ˙{Ï m<ä›&ç ø±\+˝Àq÷ e´ekÕj·T+ øÏ+~øÏ ‘Ó∫Ã
»\#·Áø£+˝À #·~$q≥T¢>± eT+∫˙{Ïì nebÕ‘·+, ñ|ü]‘·\ kÕ>∑T uÛ÷Ñ $T $d”sÔ +í¡ ô|+#·&+É e\q ˙{Ï eqs¡T\qT n~Ûø+£ >±
Á|üyêVü‰\T eT]j·TT uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ »˝≤\ qT+&ç H˚sT¡ >± bı+<äe#·TÃ. $ìjÓ÷–düTHÔ êï+. ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ kÂø£sê´\T ø£*–q kÕ>∑T uÛ÷Ñ $T
ˇø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+ ˝Ò<ë $XÊ\yÓTÆq Á|ü<˚X¯+ |ü⁄wüÿ\+>± »\ n‹ô|<ä› ˙{Ï $ìjÓ÷>∑<ës¡T>± ñ+~. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ˙{Ï m<ä›&çì
eqs¡T\qT ø£*– ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘q· T m<äTs=ÿH˚ neø±X¯+ ‘·≥Tº≈£îH˚ |ü+≥\qT, yÓT≥ºkÕ>∑T |ü<䛑·T\qT n_Ûeè~› #˚j·T&É+
ñ+<ë? eTq q>∑ s ê\T #ê˝≤ es¡ ≈ £ î M{Ï ø Ï eT+∫ <ë«sê e´ekÕj·÷ìï $|ü¢yê‘·àø£+>± e÷sêÃ*‡q nedüs¡+
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T. uÛ≤Ø>± ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï »HêuÛ≤ nedüsê\ e\¢, ñ+~. #ê˝≤ eT+~ ¬s’‘·T\T ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ ø√dü+, ‘·eT
ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT ô|+#·Tø√e&ÜìøÏ ‘·eT bı˝≤˝À¢ kı+‘· u≤e⁄\T,
ˇø£yÓ’|ü⁄ ÇÁC≤sTT˝Ÿ <˚X¯+˝À 25 ôd.MT. es¡¸bÕ‘·+
qyÓ÷<äe⁄‘·THêï ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· ˝Ò<äT. ø±ì eTs=ø£ yÓ’|ü⁄ düTe÷s¡T
114 ôd+.MT. yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï eTq <˚X¯+˝À Á|ü‹
dü+e‘·‡s¡+ @<√ ˇø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ‘·|üŒì dü]>± ø£s¡Te⁄
@s¡Œ&ÉT‘·Tqï~. eTq <˚X¯+˝À ñqï ˙{Ï eqs¡T\T, »˝≤X¯j·÷\
dü+s¡ø£åD≈£î ‘·–q @sêŒ≥T¢ ˝Òìø±s¡D+>± es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙s¡T
ø±\Te\T, q<äT\ <ë«sê y˚>∑+>±, e<Ûë>± düeTTÁ<ä+˝À
ø£*dæb˛‘·Tqï~. Bì‘√ esê¸ø±\+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· düTe÷s¡T ‘=$Tà~
HÓ\\T <˚X¯+˝À ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·Tqï~. ndü\T ø±s¡D+
@eT+fÒ <˚X¯+˝À ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·qT ìj·T+Á‹+#·T≥≈£î, ˙{Ïì ì\«
ñ+#·&ÜìøÏ dü¬s’q @sêŒ≥T¢ ˝Òø£b˛e&É+. dü]jÓÆTq
˙s¡T, Á|ü‹ #√{≤ ˙s¡T, Á‘ê>∑&ÜìøÏ #·Tø£ÿ ˙s¡T ˝Ò<äT: »˝≤X¯j·÷\qT @sêŒ≥T #˚düT≈£îqï≥¢sTT‘˚ eTq+ ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·qT
uÛ≤Øes¡¸+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê˝À ˇø£ u≤\T&ÉT ‘ê>∑T˙{Ïì düT\uÛÑ+>± n~Û>∑$T+#·e#·TÃ.
ùdø£]düTÔqï <äX¯´+. sêÁ‹ >∑]wü˜ kÕúsTT˝À m&É‘Ó]|æ ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü
|ü&çq 180 $T.$T. uÛ≤Ø es¡¸+ ø±s¡D+>± q>∑s¡+, <ëì Á|üø£ÿq
ñqï õ˝≤¢˝À »q Jeq+ ndüÔe´düÔyÓTÆ+~. á esê¸\ ø±s¡D+>±
n~Û ø £ uÛ ≤ >∑ + es¡ < ä \ ˝À ∫≈£ î ÿ≈£ î +~ eT]j· T T Á{≤|ò æ ø ˘
düú+_+∫+~.

uÛÑ÷ø£+|ü+˝À <Óã“‹qï ø±oàs√¢ì ˇø£ Á>±eT+˝À eTVæ≤fi¯

eT+#·T˝À ˙{Ïì rdüT≈£îyÓfi¯ó‘·Tqï <äX¯´+.
∫Á‘·+. 3.1 : ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 41
own wells and tube-wells in their farms for long-term basis by ensuring functionality of
irrigation to increase their produce. But have the tap water connections. (Source: Economic
you ever wondered what this could result in? Survey 2020–21, p.357)
That it may lead to falling groundwater levels, India’s rivers, especially the smaller ones,
adversely affecting water availability and food have all turned into toxic streams. And even
security of the people. the big ones like the Ganga and Yamuna
Post-independent India witnessed are far from being pure. The assault on
intensive industrialisation and urbanisation, India’s rivers – from population growth,
creating vast opportunities for us. Today, large agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and
industrial houses are as commonplace as the industrialisation – is enormous and growing
industrial units of many MNCs (Multinational by the day….. This entire life stands
Corporations). The ever-increasing number of threatened.
industries has made matters worse by exerting Source: The Citizens’ Fifth Report, CSE, 1999.
pressure on existing freshwater resources.
Industries, apart from being heavy users of You may have already realised that the need
water, also require power to run them. Much of the hour is to conserve and manage our
of this energy comes from hydroelectric power. water resources, to safeguard ourselves from
Today, in India hydroeclectric power health hazards, to ensure food security,
contributes approximately 22 per cent of the continuation of our livelihoods and productive
total electricity produced. Moreover, activities and also to prevent degradation of our
multiplying urban centres with large and natural ecosystems. Over exploitation and
dense populations and urban lifestyles have mismanagement of water resources will
not only added to water and energy impoverish this resource and cause ecological
requirements but have further aggravated the
crisis that may have profound impact on
problem. If you look into the housing societies
our lives.
or colonies in the cities, you would find that
most of these have their own groundwater
pumping devices to meet their water needs. From your everyday experiences, write a short
Not surprisingly, we find that fragile water proposal on how you can conserve water.
resources are being over-exploited and have
caused their depletion in several of these cities. MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND
So far we have focused on the quantitative INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
aspects of water scarcity. Now, let us consider But, how do we conserve and manage water?
another situation where water is sufficiently Archaeological and historical records show
available to meet the needs of the people, but,
that from ancient times we have been
the area still suffers from water scarcity. This
constructing sophisticated hydraulic
scarcity may be due to bad quality of water.
structures like dams built of stone rubble,
Lately, there has been a growing concern that
reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals
even if there is ample water to meet the needs
for irrigation. Not surprisingly, we have
of the people, much of it may be polluted by
continued this tradition in modern India by
domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals,
building dams in most of our river basins.
pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture,
thus, making it hazardous for human use.
Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India
Government of India has accorded highest
priority to improve the quality of life and • In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura
enhance ease of living of people especially those near Allahabad had sophisticated water
living in rual areas by announcing the Jal harvesting system channelling the flood
Jeevan Mission (JJM). The Goal of JJM is to water of the river Ganga.
enable every rural household get assured • During the time of Chandragupta Maurya,
supply of potable piped water at a service level dams, lakes and irrigation systems were
of 55 litres per capita per day regularly on extensively built.
42 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES
uÀs¡T u≤e⁄\qT ø£*Z ñ+&É&Üìï MTs¡T nH˚ø£ f…*$»Hé ©≥s¡¢ eT+∫ ˙{Ïì ô|’|ü⁄ ˝…’qT¢ <ë«sê Áø£eT+ ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&Ü
Á|ükÕsê\˝Àì Á|üø£≥q\˝À #·÷dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. nsTT‘˚ Bì Bs¡Èø±*ø£ ÁbÕ‹|ü~ø£q n+~#·&É+. (eT÷\+: Ä]∆ø£ düπs«
|ò*ü ‘·+ @$T≥H˚~ MTs¡T m|ü⁄Œ&ÓH’ ê Ä˝À∫+#êsê? Ç~ uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ ¤ 2020-21 ù|õ. 357)
»˝≤\ ˙{ÏeT≥º+ |ü&bç ˛e&ÜìøÏ <ë] rj·Te#·TÃ, ˙{Ï \uÛ´Ñ ‘· uÛ≤s¡‘· <˚X¯+˝Àì q<äT\T eTTK´+>± ∫qï q<äT\˙ï $wü|üP]‘·
eT]j·TT Á|ü»\ ÄVü‰s¡ uÛÁÑ <ä‘· ô|’ Á|ü‹≈£L\ Á|üu≤Û e+ #·÷|üe#·TÃ. Á|üyêVü‰\T>± e÷sêsTT. >∑+>±, j·TeTTHê e+{Ï ô|<ä› q<äT\T
kÕ«‘· + Á‘ê´q+‘· s ¡ uÛ ≤ s¡ ‘ · < ˚ X ¯ + y˚ > ∑ e +‘· y Ó T Æ q ≈£L&É dü«#·Ã¤‘·≈£î <ä÷s¡+>± ñHêïsTT. »HêuÛ≤ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\,
bÕ]ÁXÊMTø°Ïø£s¡D, |ü≥ºD°ø£s¡DqT #·$#·÷dæ+~. Ç~ eTq≈£î e´ekÕj·T Ä<ÛäT˙ø£s¡D, |ü≥ºD°ø£s¡D, bÕ]ÁXÊMTø£s¡D e+{Ï
$kÕÔs¡yÓTÆq neø±XÊ\qT ø£*Œ+∫+~. H˚&ÉT ô|<ä› bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ yê{Ï e\q <˚X¯+˝À q<äT\ô|’ »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï <ë&ç s√E s√E≈£î
dü+düú\T ãVüQfi¯ C≤‹ dü+düú\ kÕúsTTøÏ m~>±sTT. HêHê{Ïø° ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï~. Bì e\q yÓTT‘·Ô+ JeÁbÕDT\≈£î eTT|ü⁄Œ
ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï |ü]ÁX¯eT\ ø±s¡D+>± ñqï eT+∫ ˙{Ï eqs¡T\ô|’ bı+∫ ñ+~.
ˇ‹Ô&ç ô|]– |ü]dæú‹ eT]+‘· ~>∑C≤]+~. |ü]ÁX¯eT\T ˙{Ïì (eT÷\+ : ~ dæ{ÏC…Hé‡ |òæ|òtÔ ]b˛sYº, dæ.mdt.Ç. 1999)
n~Ûø£+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔsTT. n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü yê{Ïì q&É|ü&ÜìøÏ
X¯øÏÔ ≈£L&Ü nedüs¡+. á X¯øÏÔ˝À n~Ûø£ uÛ≤>∑+ »\ $<äT´‘Y eTq ˙{Ï eqs¡T\qT dü+s¡øÏå+#·&É+, ìs¡«Væ≤+#·&É+,
qT+&ç edüTÔ+~. H˚&ÉT uÛ≤s¡‘· <˚X¯+˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ne⁄‘·Tqï yÓTT‘·Ô+ nHês√>±´\ qT+&ç eTq*ï eTq+ s¡ ø Ï å + #· T ø√e&É + ,
$<äT´‘Y˝À »\ $<äT´‘Y <ë<ë|ü⁄ 22 XÊ‘·+ yê{≤qT ø£*– ÄVü ‰ s¡ u Û Ñ Á <ä ‘ · , JeH√bÕ~Û , ñ‘êŒ<ä ø £ ø±s¡ ´ ø£ ˝ ≤bÕ\qT
ñ+~. n+‘˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü n~Ûø£ »HêuÛ≤, »qkÕ+Á<ä‘·‘√ ≈£L&çq ø=qkÕ–+#·&É+, eTq düVü≤» |üsê´es¡D e´edüú\ ø°åD‘·qT
|ü≥ºD ÁbÕ+‘ê\ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\, |ü≥ºD Jeq XË’* ˙s¡T, X¯øÏÔ ìyê]+#·&É+ á düeTj·T+˝À nedüs¡eTì MTs¡T Ç|üŒ{Ïπø
nedüsê\qT ô|+#·&yÉ T˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü düeTdü´qT eT]+‘· rÁe‘·s+¡ Á>∑Væ≤+∫ ñ+{≤s¡T. eqs¡T\ <äT]«ìjÓ÷>∑+, ˙{Ï ìs¡«Vü≤D˝À
#˚d+æ ~. MTs¡T q>∑sê\˝Àì Vü≤Ödæ+>¥ kıôd{’ d° t ˝Ò<ë ø±\˙\qT ˝ÀbÕ\T nH˚$ ˙{Ï eqs¡T\T ‘·>∑Z&Üìø°, eTq J$‘ê\ô|’ rÁe
|ü]o*ùdÔ #ê˝≤ es¡≈î£ ˙{Ï nedüsê\ ø√dü+ uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ ¤ »˝≤\qT Á|üuÛ≤e+ #·÷ù| |üsê´es¡D dü+øå√uÛ≤ìø° ø±s¡DeTe⁄‘·THêïsTT.
‘√&É&ÜìøÏ M{ÏøÏ dü«+‘·+>± |ü+|ü⁄ ôd≥T¢ ñ+&É&+É MTs¡T #·÷ùd ø£è‘·´+:
ñ+{≤s¡T. q>∑sê\˝À ˙{Ï eqs¡T\T n~Ûø£+>± <√|æ&ûøÏ MT s√EyêØ nqTuÛÑyê\ qT+&ç MTs¡T ˙{Ïì m˝≤
>∑ T s¡ e ⁄‘· T HêïsTT. |ò ü * ‘· + >± q>∑ s ê˝À¢ ˙{Ï eqs¡ T \T dü+s¡øÏå+#·e#√à ˇø£ ∫qï Á|ü‹bÕ<äqqT sêj·T+&ç.
‘·–Zb˛e&ÜìøÏ ø±s¡DeTe⁄‘·THêïj·Tì eTq+ #Ó|üŒ&É+˝À ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ qB ÁbÕC…≈£îº\T, düeTÁ>∑ »\ eqs¡T\
nX¯Ã´s¡´+ ˝Ò<äT. ìs¡«Vü≤D
Ç|ü Œ {Ï es¡ ≈ £ î eTq+ ˙{Ï ø=s¡ ‘ · |ü ] e÷D≤ìøÏ nsTT‘˚ eTq+ ˙{Ïì @ $<Ûä+>± dü+s¡øÏå+#·Tø√yê*?
dü+u+~Û+∫q n+XÊ\ô|’ <äwæº kÕ]+#ê+. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Á|ü»\ eT]j·TT m˝≤ ìs¡«Væ≤+#ê*? ÁbÕNq ø±\+ qT+&ç eTq+
nedüsê\T rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ ‘·–q+‘· ˙s¡T n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° ˙{Ï bÕs¡ T <ä ˝ ø=s¡ ≈ £ î •\\‘√ ì]à+∫q Äqø£ ≥ º \ T,
˙{Ï ø=s¡‘‘· √ u≤<Û|ä &ü TÉ ‘·Tqï ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q eTs=ø£ »˝≤X¯j÷· \T ˝Ò<ë ‘·{≤ø±\T, düsd¡ Tü ‡\T, >∑≥T¢, ø±\Te\T e+{Ï
|ü]dæú‹ì |ü]o*<ë›+. á ø=s¡‘· ˙{Ï HêD´‘· ˝Òø£b˛e&É+ n<ÛäTHê‘·q ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ kÂø£sê´\qT ì]à+#·T≈£îqï≥T¢
e\q @s¡Œ&ç ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. Á|ü»\ nedüsê\qT rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ |ü⁄sêedüTÔ, #ê]Á‘·ø£ Ä<Ûësê\T ñHêïsTT. nsTT‘˚ Ä<ÛäTìø£
|ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ˙s¡T ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° #ê˝≤ es¡≈£î >∑Vü≤, bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À nH˚ø£ qB |üØyêVü≤ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À Äqø£≥º\T
e´sêú\T, e´ekÕj·T+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ ms¡Te⁄\T, |ü⁄s¡T>∑T ì]à+#·&É+ nH˚ á kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·÷ìï ø=qkÕ–+#·&É+˝À
eT+<äT\ e\¢ ø£\Twæ‘·yÓTÆ ‘·<ë«sê eTq $ìjÓ÷>±ìøÏ ÄX¯Ãs¡´+ ˝Ò<äT.
Á|üe÷<äø£s¡+ ne⁄‘·Tqï~. uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ ª»˝Ÿ JeHé $TwüHéμ ÁbÕNq uÛ≤s¡‘· <˚X¯+˝À ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ ìsêàD≤\T
(C….C….m+)ì Á|üø{£ +Ï #·&+É <ë«sê eTTK´+>± Á>±MTD ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢  Áø° . |ü P .1e X¯ ‘ êã∆ + ˝À n\Vü ‰ u≤<é dü M T|ü + ˝Àì
ìedæ+#˚ Á|ü»\ Jeq Á|üe÷D≤ìï, Jeq kÂ\uÛ≤´ìï Á•+>∑y˚s¡|ü⁄s¡+˝À >∑+>± q~ es¡<ä ˙{Ïì eT[fl+#˚
n<ÛäTHê‘·q ˙{Ï ìs¡«Vü≤D e´edüú ñ+&˚~.
ô|+#·&ÜìøÏ n~Ûø£ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·qT Ç∫Ã+~. C….C….m+ jÓTTø£ÿ  #·+Á<ä >∑T|üÔ eTÚs¡T´ì ø±\+˝À Äqø£≥º\T, düs¡düT‡\T,
\ø£å´+ Á|ü‹ Á>±MTD ≈£î≥T+ã+˝Àì Á|ü‹ e´øÏÔø° s√E≈£î 55 ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ e´edüú\T $düÔ‘·+>± ì]à+#·ã&ܶsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 43
 • Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works
have also been found in Kalinga, A dam is a barrier across flowing water that
(Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often
Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
(Maharashtra), etc. “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the
structure. Most dams have a section called a
• In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the spillway or weir over which or through which
largest artificial lakes of its time was built. it is intended that water will flow either
• In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, intermittently or continuously. Dams are
Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for classified according to structure, intended
supplying water to Siri Fort area. purpose or height. Based on structure and
Source: Dying Wisdom, CSE, 1997. the materials used, dams are classified as
timber dams, embankment dams or masonry
dams, with several subtypes. According to
the height, dams can be categorised as large
dams and major dams or alternatively as low
dams, medium height dams and high dams.

handicap of its colonial past. Jawaharlal Nehru

proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of
modern India’; the reason being that it would
integrate development of agriculture and the
village economy with rapid industrialisation and
growth of the urban economy.

Find out more about any one traditional

Fig. 3.2: Hirakud Dam
method of building dams and irrigation works.
What are dams and how do they help us
in conserving and managing water? Dams
were traditionally built to impound rivers and We have sown the crops in Asar
rainwater that could be used later to irrigate We will bring Bhadu in Bhadra
agricultural fields. Today, dams are built not Floods have swollen the Damodar
just for irrigation but for electricity generation,
The sailing boats cannot sail
water supply for domestic and industrial
uses, flood control, recreation, inland Oh! Damodar, we fall at your feet
navigation and fish breeding. Hence, dams are Reduce the floods a little
now referred to as multi-purpose projects Bhadu will come a year later
where the many uses of the impounded water Let the boats sail on your surface
are integrated with one another. For example,
(This popular Bhadu song in the Damodar valley
in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra – region narrates the troubles faced by people
Nangal project water is being used both for owing to the flooding of Damodar river known
hydel power production and irrigation. as the river of sorrow.)
Similarly, the Hirakud project in the
Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of In recent years, multi-purpose projects
water with flood control. and large dams have come under great
Multi-purpose projects, launched after scrutiny and opposition for a variety of
Independence with their integrated water reasons. Regulating and damming of rivers
resources management approach, were thought affect their natural flow causing poor sediment
of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom
development and progress, overcoming the of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream
44 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES
  n<Û ä T Hê‘· q ˙{Ï b Õs¡ T <ä \ |ü q T\≈£ î dü + u+~Û + ∫q n&ÉT¶ø=ì, Ä ˙{Ïì eT[fl+#·&ÜìøÏ ì]à+∫q ìsêàDy˚T
Ä<Ûësê\T ø£[+>∑(ˇ&çXÊ),Hê>±s¡Tq® ø=+&É (Ä+Á<ÛÁä |ü<X˚ Ÿ), Äqø£≥º ˝Ò<ë &Ü´yéT. Bì e\q ‘·s#¡ T· >± ˇø£ »˝≤X¯jT· +
u…q÷ïs¡T (ø£sêí≥ø£ ), ø=˝≤Ω|üPsY (eTVü‰sêÁwüº) yÓTT<ä˝…’q ˝Ò<ë düsd¡ Tü ‡ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. &Ü´yéT(Äqø£≥)º nH˚ |ü<ëìï
ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ø£qT>=qã&ܶsTT. m≈£îÿe>± ìsêàD+ nH˚ |ü<ëìøÏ ø±≈£î+&Ü ]»sê´j·TsY
 11e X¯‘êã∆+˝À ì]à+∫q uÛÀbÕ˝Ÿ düs¡düT‡ Äø±\+˝Àì (»˝≤X¯j·T+)qT dü÷∫+#·T≥≈£î yê&É‘ês¡T. m≈£îÿe
n‹ô|<ä› ø£Á‹eT düs¡düT‡\˝À ˇø£{Ï. Äqø£≥º\T dæŒ˝Ÿy˚ ˝Ò<ë n\T>∑T nH˚ $uÛ≤>±ìï ø£*–
 14e X¯‘êã∆+˝À dæ]ø√≥ ÁbÕ+‘êìøÏ ˙{Ï düs¡|òüsê ñ+{≤sTT. á dæŒ˝Ÿy˚ ô|’ qT+&ç ˙s¡T ~>∑Te≈£î
ø√dü+ Ç˝Ÿ≥T{Ÿ $Twt &Ûç©¢˝Àì Vü≤ÖdtU≤Hé ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ìs¡+‘·sêj·T+>± Á|üeVæ≤düT+Ô ~. Äqø£≥\º T yê{Ï ìsêàD+,
#Ós¡Te⁄qT ì]à+#ê&ÉT. Á|ü j Ó ÷ »q ñ<˚ › X Ê\T ˝Ò < ë m‘· T Ô Ä<Û ë s¡ + >±
(eT÷\+: &Ó’sTT+>¥ $CŸ&É+, dæ.mdt.Ç 1997) eØZø£]+#·ã&ÉT‘êsTT. ìsêàD+, yê&çq |ü<ësêú\
Ä<Ûës¡+>± Äqø£≥º\qT nH˚ø£ ñ|ü $uÛ≤>±\‘√ ≈£L&çq
ø=j·T´ Äqø£≥º\T, ø£s¡ø£≥º\T ˝Ò<ë sê‹ Äqø£≥º\T>±
eØZø]£ kÕÔsT¡ . m‘·TÔ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ô|<ä› Äqø£≥\º T, uÛ≤Ø‘·sV¡ ‰ü
Äqø£≥º\T ˝Ò<ë ‘·≈£îÿe m‘·TÔ, eT<ä´düú m‘·TÔ eT]j·TT
n‘·´+‘· m‘·ÔsTTq Äqø£≥º\T>± eØZø£]kÕÔs¡T.
»eVü≤sY˝≤˝Ÿ HÓÁVüA Äqø£≥º\qT ªÄ<ÛäTìø£ uÛ≤s¡‘· <˚X¯
<˚yê\j·÷\Tμ >± dü>∑s¡«+>± Á|üø£{Ï+#ês¡T. <ëìøÏ ø±s¡D+
e´ekÕj·÷_Ûeè~∆ eT]j·TT Á>±MTD Ä]∆ø£ e´edüú\qT
y˚>∑e+‘·yÓTÆq bÕ]ÁXÊMTø£s¡D eT]j·TT |ü≥ºD Ä]úø£ e~∆‘√
nqTdü+<Ûëq+ #˚j·÷*‡ ñ+&É≥y˚T.
∫Á‘·+. 3.2 : V”≤sê≈£î&é Äqø£≥º ø£è‘·´+:
Äqø£≥\º T eT]j·TT ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ |üqT\ ìsêàD+˝À @<ÓH’ ê
Äqø£≥º\T n+fÒ @$T{Ï, ˙{Ïì dü+s¡øÏå+#·&É+˝À, ˇø£ kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T |ü<ä∆‹ >∑T]+∫ eT]+‘· ‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç.
ìs¡ « Vü ≤ D˝À n$ eTq≈£ î m˝≤ dü V ü ‰ j· T |ü & É ‘ êsTT?
kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·Tø£+>± Äqø£≥º\T qB»˝≤\qT, es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì ndüs√¢ |ü+≥\T $‘·TÔ≈£îHêï+
ì\Te#˚jT· &ÜìøÏ ì]à+#·ã&ܶsTT. ‘·sT¡ yê‘· Ä ˙{Ïì e´ekÕj·T uÛ≤Á<ä˝À uÛ≤<äT ‘ÓkÕÔ+
øπ Áå ‘ê\≈£î kÕ>∑T ˙s¡T>± n+~+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·e#·TÃ. H˚&TÉ <ëyÓ÷<äsYqT es¡<ä\T eTT+#Ó‘êÔsTT
Äqø£≥º\T πøe\+ ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ ø√düy˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü $<äT´‘Y kÕπ> |ü&Ée\T kÕ>∑˝Òe⁄
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô, >∑Vü≤, bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ nedüsê\≈£î ˙{Ï düs¡|òüsê, es¡<ä z <ëyÓ÷<äsY! ˙ bÕ<ë\ô|’ |ü&É‘ê+
ìj·T+Á‘·D, $H√<ä+, n+‘·s¡Z‘· »\s¡yêD≤, #˚|ü\ ô|+|üø£+ es¡<ä\qT ø=+#Ó+ ‘·–Z+#·T
ø√dü+ ì]à+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\¢ á nqø£≥\º qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT uÛ≤<äT ˇø£ dü+e‘·‡s¡+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· edüTÔ+~
ªãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø±\Tμ>± |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. M{Ï e\q ãVüQfi¯ |ü&Ée\qT ˙ô|’ |üj·Tì+#·ìe⁄«.
Á|üj÷Ó »Hê\T #˚≈L£ s¡T‘êsTT. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î düfC¢Ò Ÿ-_j·÷dt qB (<ëyÓ÷<äs¡ ˝Àj·T ÁbÕ+‘êìøÏ #Ó+~q á Á|üdæ<ä› uÛ≤<äT bÕ≥
|üØyêVü≤ø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+, uÛ≤Áø±q+>∑˝Ÿ ÁbÕC…ø˘º ˙{Ïì »\$<äT´‘Y <äT'Kq~>± |æ\eã&˚ <ëyÓ÷<äsY q~ es¡<ä\ ø±s¡D+>±
‘·j·÷ØøÏ eT]j·TT e´ekÕj·÷ìøÏ yê&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>± Á|ü»\T m<äTs=ÿ+≥Tqï Çã“+<äT\qT $e]düTÔ+~.)
eTVü‰q~ |üØyêVü≤ø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+ ñqï V”≤sê≈£î&é ÁbÕC…≈£îº es¡<ä Ç{°e\ ø±\+˝À ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø±\T, uÛ≤Ø
ìj·T+Á‘·D eT]j·TT ˙{Ïì ì\«#˚j·T&É+ nH˚ yê{Ïì Äqø£≥º\T $_Ûqï ø±s¡D≤\ e\¢ ì•‘· |üØø£å≈£î, e´‹πsø£‘·≈£î
nqTdü+<Ûëq+ #˚düTÔ+~. >∑Ts¡j·÷´sTT. Äqø£≥º\ ìsêàD≤\T m≈£îÿe ø±e&É+ eT]j·TT
kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´q+‘·s¡+ ÁbÕs¡+_Û+#·ã&çq ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü‰\qT ìj·T+Á‹+#·&É+ e\¢ q<äT\ düVü≤»
|ü<øä∏ ±\T, düeTÁ>∑ »\ eqs¡T\ $<Ûëq+ <ë«sê <˚XÊìï n_Ûe~∆, Á|ü y êVü≤+ Á|ü u Û ≤ $‘· + n>∑T≥#˚ ˙{Ï Á|ü y êVü ≤ + ‘· – Z
|ü⁄s√>∑‹ yÓ’|ü⁄ q&ç|æ+∫, ˇø£Hê{Ï e\dübÕ\≈£î\ yÓ’|òü˝≤´\qT »˝≤X¯j·÷\ n&ÉT>∑Tq neπøåbÕ\T ô|]–b˛‘êsTT. sêfi¯fl
n~Û>∑$T+#·&ÜìøÏ kÕ<Ûäq+>± uÛ≤$+#ês¡T. ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü‰ìï Á|üyêVü≤+‘√ ≈£L&çq q~ n&ÉT>∑T uÛ≤>∑+ »\#·sê\≈£î
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 45
beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic Source: S. Sharma, quoted in In the Belly of
life. Dams also fragment rivers making it the River. Tribal conflicts over development in
Narmada valley, A. Baviskar, 1995.
difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially
for spawning. The reservoirs that are created
on the floodplains also submerge the existing
vegetation and soil leading to its Sardar Sarovar Dam has been built over
decomposition over a period of time. the Narmada River in Gujarat. This is one
Multi-purpose projects and large dams of the largest water resource projects of
have also been the cause of many new India covering four states—Maharashtra,
environmental movements like the ‘Narmada Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ The Sardar Sarovar project would meet the
etc. Resistance to these projects has primarily requirement of water in drought-prone and
been due to the large-scale displacement of desert areas of Gujarat (9,490 villages and
local communities. Local people often had to 173 towns) and Rajasthan (124 villages).
give up their land, livelihood and their meagre Source: http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/
access and control over resources for the greater project.aspx
good of the nation. So, if the local people are
not benefiting from such projects then who is Irrigation has also changed the cropping
benefited? Perhaps, the landowners and large pattern of many regions with farmers shifting
farmers, industrialists and few urban centres. to water intensive and commercial crops. This
Take the case of the landless in a village – does has great ecological consequences like
he really gain from such a project? salinisation of the soil. At the same time, it has
transformed the social landscape i.e.
increasing the social gap between the richer
landowners and the landless poor. As we can
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save see, the dams did create conflicts between
Narmada Movement is a Non Governmental people wanting different uses and benefits from
Organisation (NGO) that mobilised tribal the same water resources. In Gujarat, the
people, farmers, environmentalists and Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and
human rights activists against the Sardar almost caused a riot over the higher priority
Sarovar Dam being built across the given to water supply in urban areas,
Narmada river in Gujarat. It originally particularly during droughts. Inter-state water
focused on the environmental issues related disputes are also becoming common with
to trees that would be submerged under the regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the
dam water. Recently it has re-focused the multi-purpose project.
aim to enable poor citizens, especially
the oustees (displaced people) to get
full rehabilitation facilities from
the government. Do you know that the Krishna-Godavari
People felt that their suffering would not dispute is due to the objections raised by
be in vain… accepted the trauma of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
displacement believing in the promise of governments? It is regarding the diversion
irrigated fields and plentiful harvests. So, of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra
often the survivors of Rihand told us that they government for a multipurpose project. This
accepted their sufferings as sacrifice for the would reduce downstream flow in their
sake of their nation. But now, after thirty bitter states with adverse consequences for
years of being adrift, their livelihood having agriculture and industry.
even being more precarious, they keep
asking: “Are we the only ones chosen to
make sacrifices for the nation?” Make a list of inter-state water disputes.

46 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

ÄyêdüjÓ÷>∑´+ ø±≈£î+&Ü b˛‘·T+~. Äqø£≥º\T q<äT\qî eT÷\+ : mdt. X¯s¡à. ÇHé ~ u…*¢ Ä|òt ~ ]esY ˝À
eTTø£ÿ\T>± #˚d÷ü Ô »\ #·sê\T e\dü yÓfifl¯ &Üìï ø£w‘ºü s· +¡ #˚d÷ü ,Ô ñ<äVü≤]+#ês¡T. qs¡à<ë ˝Àj·T˝À n_Ûe~∆ô|’ –]»q
Á|ü‘˚´øÏ+∫ yê{Ï dü+‘êH√‘·Œ‹Ôô|’ <äTÁwüŒuÛ≤yêìï #·÷|ü⁄‘êsTT. dü+|òüTs¡¸D\T m. uÛÑ$kÕÿsY 1995.
es¡<ä yÓTÆ<ëHê\˝À ì]à+#·ã&çq »˝≤X¯j·T ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ?
ñqï eø£å dü+|ü<ä, H˚\ ˙≥ eTTì–b˛sTT, Ç$ ø=+‘· ø±˝≤ìøÏ >∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì qs¡à<ë q~ô|’ düsê›sY düs√esY &Ü´yéT
≈£î[flb˛e&ÜìøÏ <ë]rkÕÔsTT. ø£≥ºã&ç+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À n‹ô|<ä› ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\
ãVüQfi≤s¡kú Õ<Ûøä £ |ü<øä∏ ±\T, uÛ≤Ø Äqø£≥\º T ªªqs¡à<ë ã#êy√ ÁbÕC…≈£îº\˝À Ç~ ˇø£{Ï. Bì ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ Hê\T>∑T
Ä+<√fi¯Héμμ, ªª‘ÓÁV”≤ &Ü´yéT Ä+<√fi¯Héμμ ˝≤+{Ï nH˚ø£ ø=‘·Ô sêÁcÕº˝q’… eTVü‰sêÁwü,º eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ, >∑T»sê‘Y, sê»kÕúH\é ˝À
|üsê´es¡D ñ<ä´e÷\≈£î ø±s¡D+ nsTTHêsTT. á ÁbÕC…≈î£ \º qT yê´|æ+∫ ñqï~. >∑T»sê‘Y (9490 Á>±e÷\T, 173
e´‹πsøÏ+#·&ÜìøÏ Á|ü<Ûëq ø±s¡D+ kÕúìø£ düeT÷Vü‰\qT ô|<ä› |ü≥ºD≤\T) sê»kÕÔHé (124 Á>±e÷\T)˝Àì ø£s¡Te⁄ |”&ç‘·,
m‘·TÔq ‘·s¡*+#·&É+. <˚X¯ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ ø√dü+ kÕúìø£ Á|ü»\T m&Ü] ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì ˙{Ï nedüsêìï á düsê›sY düs√esY
‘·s#¡ T· >± ‘·eT uÛ÷Ñ $T, JeH√bÕ~Û, eqs¡T\ô|’ yê]≈£îqï ø=~›bÕ{Ï ÁbÕC…ø˘º rs¡TdüTÔ+~.
neø±XÊ\T eT]j·TT ìj·T+Á‘·DqT e<äT\Tø√e\dæ ñ+≥T+~. eT÷\+: http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/
nsTT‘˚ Ç˝≤+{Ï ÁbÕC…≈£îº\ e\q kÕúìø£ Á|ü»\≈£î Á|üjÓ÷»q+ project.aspx

˝Ò≈£î+fÒ eT] mes¡T ˝≤uÛÑ+ bı+<äT‘ês¡T? ãVüQXÊ uÛÑ÷ ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ nH˚ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\ |ü+≥\ düs[¡ ì e÷s¡Ã&É+‘√,
j·T»e÷qT\T eT]j·TT ô|<ä› ¬s’‘·T\T, bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£y˚‘·Ô\T, ø=ìï s¬ ‘’ T· \T ˙{Ï Ä<Ûë]‘· eT]j·TT yêDÏ»´ |ü+≥\ yÓ|’ ⁄ü ≈£î e÷sês¡T.
|ü≥ºD πø+Á<ë\T ˝≤uÛÑ|ü&ç ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. ˇø£ Á>±eT+˝À uÛÑ÷$T Ç~ eT‹Ôø± \eD°j·T‘·qT ô|+#·&É+ e+{Ï >=|üŒ |üsê´es¡D
˝Òì yê] $wüj·Ty˚T rdüTø=+fÒ Bì e\q yês¡T ì»+>± \_∆ |ü ] D≤e÷\qT ø£ * – ñ+~. n<˚ dü e Tj· T +˝À <Û ä ì ø£
bı+<äT‘êsê? uÛÑ÷kÕ«eTT\T, uÛÑ÷$T ˝Òì ù|<ä\ eT<Ûä´ n+‘·sêìï ô|+#·T‘·÷
qs¡à<ë ã#êy√ Ä+<√fi¯Hé ˝Ò<ë ùdyé qs¡à<ë eT÷yéyÓT+{Ÿ kÕe÷õø£ eTTK∫Á‘êìï e÷]Ã+~. Äqø£≥\º ˝Àì »˝≤\ qT+&ç
nH˚~ >∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì qs¡à<ëq~ô|’ ì]àdüTqÔ ï düsê›sY düs√esY $$<Ûä ñ|üjÓ÷>±\T, Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\qT Ä•+#˚≥Te+{Ï Á|ü»\
nqø£≥º≈£î e´‹πsø£+>± –]»q Á|ü»\qT, ¬s’‘·T\qT, eT<Û´ä Ç$ >=&Ée\T düwæ+º #êsTT. eTTK´+>± ø£sT¡ e⁄ düeTj·T+˝À
|üsê´es¡D y˚‘·Ô\qT, e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ ø±s¡´ø£s¡Ô\qT |ü≥ºD ÁbÕ+‘ê\ ˙{Ï düs¡|òüsê≈£î n~Ûø£ ÁbÕeTTK´‘· Çe«&É+ô|’
düMTø£]+∫q Á|üuÛÑT‘˚«‘·s¡ dü+düú (mHé õ ˇ). Ç~ yÓTT<ä≥, >∑T»sê‘Y˝À düãs¡à‹ q~ |ü]yêVü≤ø£ s¬ ‘’ T· \T Ä+<√fi¯q #˚jT· &ÉyT˚
Äqø£≥º e\¢ ˙{Ï˝À eTTì– b˛j˚T #Ó≥¢≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q ø±ø£ <ë<ë|ü⁄ n\¢sT¡ ¢ düwæ+º #ês¡T. ãVüQfi≤s¡kú Õ<Ûøä £ |ü<øä∏ ±\ ìsêàD
|üsê´es¡D düeTdü´\ô|’ <äwæº ô|{Ϻ+~. Ç{°e\ Ç~ Ks¡TÃ\T eT]j·TT yê{Ï Á|üj÷Ó »Hê\qT |ü+#·Tø√e&É+˝À n+‘·sY
ìsê«dæ‘T· \≈£î |ü⁄qsêyêdü Á|üj÷Ó »Hê\T ø£*Œ+#ê\H˚ \ø£´å + sêÁwüº »\ $yê<ë\T ≈£L&Ü düs¡« kÕ<Ûës¡DeTe⁄‘·THêïsTT.
ô|’ <äwæº kÕ]+∫+~. MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ?
‘·eT ø£wüº+ eè<ë ø±<äì uÛ≤$+∫q Á|ü»\T uÛÑ÷eTT\T ø£sêí≥ø£, Ä+Á<ÛÁä |ü<X˚ Ÿ Á|üuTÑÛ ‘ê«\T nuÛ´Ñ +‘·sê\T ˝ÒeHÓ‘&Ô· +É
kÕ>∑T ne⁄‘êj·T˙, |ü+≥\T düeT~∆>± |ü+&ÉT‘êj·T˙ q$Tà e\q ø£cÕí->√<ëe] $yê<ä+ ‘·˝…‹Ô+<äì MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ?
u≤<ÛäqT uÛÑ]düTÔHêïs¡T. ø±ã{Ϻ Äqø£≥º e\q ìsêÁX¯j·TT˝…’q á $yê<ä+ eTVü‰sêÁwüº Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ ø√j·Tq e<ä› ˇø£
yês¡T <˚X¯+ ø√dü+ ‘·eT u≤<Ûä\qT ‘ê´>∑+>± uÛ≤$+#ês¡ì ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø£+ ø√dü+ n~Ûø£ ˙{Ïì eT[fl+#·&ÜìøÏ
]Vü‰+&é e÷≈£î #ÓbÕŒs¡T. ø±ì Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT eTTô|’Œ dü+e‘·‡sê\ dü+ã+~Û+∫q~. Ç~ ~>∑Te≈£î e#˚à ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü‰ìï
#˚<äT nqTuÛÑyê\ ‘·s¡Tyê‘·, yê] JeH√bÕ~Û eT]+‘· ‘·–dZ Tü +Ô ~. Bì e\q e´ekÕj·T+, |ü]ÁX¯eT\ ô|’ Á|ü‹≈£L\
Á|ü e ÷<ä ø £ s ¡ + >± e÷]q ‘· s ¡ T yê‘· yês¡ T Ç˝≤ Á|üuÛ≤e+ |ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
n&ÉT>∑T‘·THêïs¡T ªª<˚X+¯ ø√dü+ ‘ê´>±\T #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ eTeTà*ï
e÷Á‘·y˚T m+|æø£ #˚düT≈£îHêïsê?μμ ø£è‘·´+:
n+‘·sY sêÁwüº »\$yê<ë\ô|’ ˇø£ C≤_‘ê ‘·j÷· s¡T#˚j
˚ T· +&ç.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 47

 India: Major Rivers and Dams

48 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

 d+æ <
÷äÛ q~ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
bÕøÏkÕúHé Á|ü<Ûëq q<äT\T eT]j·TT ÁbÕC…≈£îº\T
dü˝≤˝Ÿ &ÜyéT
q~

q ~
<÷äÛ

+ Ÿq~
d+æ

J\ NHêu _j·÷dt q~
ê$ q~ #ÓH’ ê
s ~ uÛ≤Áø±q+>∑˝Ÿ
¢fü … Ÿ q
C ({Ïu{… Ÿ)
d ‘ÓÁV”≤ ~V
kÕ+>¥b˛ q~ ü‰+>
XÊs¡< ~ jT· e
>+∑ >

¥q
qs√sê H˚bÕ˝Ÿ ~
±q
ëq~

|Tüò | uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé

ø√dæ q~
Tüò sê ˝ÀVæ≤‘Y q~
˝Ÿ q~ q~ >∑+
ã &Éø ÁãVü≤à|ü⁄Á‘ê q~
#·+ u≤´πsCŸ
TTH

ø√{≤ ˘ q~
êq

é
q ~
~

sêD≤Á|ü‘ê|t kÕ>∑sY H >±+>±q~

k˛‹\j·
~

>±+BÛkÕ>∑sY T ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
≤« q

yÓT<Æ ë∏ Hé
uÒ{

]Vü‰+&é ø√HêsY|ü+#Ó{Ÿ ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK

düsê›sY düs√esY <ëyÓ÷<äsY q~
qs¡à<ëq~ Væ≤sê≈£î&é
‘ê|æq~ eTV‰ü q eTj·THêàsY
>√< ô| ~
ëe] H>é +∑ >
Á|ües¡ q~ ±q~
u+>±fi¯U≤‘·+
nπs_j·÷ düeTTÁ<ä+ ø=j·øTHê
è£ cÕ
qí ~ Hê>±s¡T®q kÕ>∑sY
‘·T+>∑uÛÑÁ<ë q~
∑uÛÑÁ<ë
>
‘·T+

yÓT≥÷ºsY bıqïj·TsY
ø±y˚]q~

ô|]j·÷sY n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T

\ø£Bå e⁄\T (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)
(uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)

Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : Á|ü<Ûëq q<äT\T eT]j·TT ÁbÕC…≈£îº\T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 49

 Most of the objections to the projects arose RAINWATER HARVESTING
due to their failure to achieve the purposes for
Many thought that given the disadvantages
which they were built. Ironically, the dams that
and rising resistance against the multi-purpose
were constructed to control floods have
projects, water harvesting system was a viable
triggered floods due to sedimentation in the
alternative, both socio-economically and
reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly
environmentally. In ancient India, along with
been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there
time of excessive rainfall. You may have seen existed an extraordinary tradition of water-
or read how the release of water from dams harvesting system. People had in-depth
during heavy rains aggravated the flood knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types
situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006. and developed wide ranging techniques to
The floods have not only devastated life and harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water
property but also caused extensive soil erosion. and flood water in keeping with the local
Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains ecological conditions and their water needs. In
were deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser, further hill and mountainous regions, people built
adding on to the problem of land degradation. diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of
It was also observed that the multi-purpose the Western Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop
projects induced earthquakes, caused water- rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised
borne diseases and pests and pollution to store drinking water, particularly in
resulting from excessive use of water. Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people
developed inundation channels to irrigate their

Collect information about flood prone areas of the country

50 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

 ÁbÕC…≈£îº\qT @ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ ø√dü+ ì]à+#ês√ yê{Ïì es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD
kÕ~Û + #· ˝ Ò ø £ b˛e&É + e\q #ê˝≤ nuÛ Ñ ´ +‘· s ê\T ãVü Q fi≤s¡ ú k Õ<Û ä ø £ |ü < ∏ ä ø ±\ô|’ ñqï Á|ü ‹ ≈£ L \‘· \ T,
e´ø£eÔ Te⁄‘·THêïsTT. es¡<\ä ìj·T+Á‘·D≈£î ì]à+∫q Äqø£≥\º T ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï e´‹πsø£‘·\ ø±s¡D+>± kÕe÷õø£+>±, Ä]úø£+>±
»˝≤X¯j·÷\˝À |üP&çø£ ø±s¡D+>± es¡<ä\≈£î >∑Ts¡e≥+‘√ eT]j· T T |ü s ê´es¡ D |ü s ¡ + >± ˙{Ï dü + s¡ ø £ å D ≤ |ü < ä › ‹
Vü‰kÕ´düŒ<ä+>± e÷s¡T‘·Tqï$. uÛ≤Ø esê¸\ düeTj·T+˝À es¡<\ä qT Ä#·sD¡ j ° T· yÓTqÆ Á|ü‘ê´e÷ïj·T+ nì #ê˝≤ eT+~ uÛ≤$düTHÔ êïs¡T.
ìj· T +Á‹+#· & É + ˝À ô|<ä › Äqø£ ≥ º \ T #ê˝≤ es¡ ≈ £ î ÁbÕNq uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À n<ÛäTHê‘·q ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\ ìsêàD≤\‘√
$|ò\ü eTj·÷´sTT. 2006 ˝À eTVü‰sêÁwüº eT]j·TT >∑T»sê‘Y\˝À bÕ≥T nkÕ<Ûës¡D ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD≤ $<Ûëq+ ñ+&˚~. Á|ü»\≈£î
uÛ≤Øesê¸\ düeTj·T+˝À Äqø£≥º\ qT+&ç ˙{Ïì $&ÉT<ä\ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ eT]j·TT H˚\ s¡ø±\ >∑T]+∫ ˝À‘Ó’q ne>±Vü≤q
#˚j·T&É+ e\¢ es¡<ä rÁe‘· m+‘· ñ<Ûä‘·+ nsTT+<√ MTs¡T ñ+&˚~ eT]j·TT yês¡T kÕúìø£ |üsê´es¡D |ü]dæú‘·T\≈£î yê]
#·÷dæ ˝Ò<ë #·~$ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. es¡<ä\T ÁbÕD, ÄdæÔ qcÕº\qT ˙{Ï nedüsê\≈£î nqT>∑TD+>± es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙s¡T, uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ »˝≤\T,
ø£*–+#·&yÉ T˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü $düÔ ‘· H˚\ ø√‘·≈î£ <ë]rkÕÔsTT. es¡<ä qB˙s¡T eT]j·TT es¡<ä ˙{Ïì ùdø£]+#˚+<äT≈£î $düÔ‘·yÓTÆq
yÓT<Æ ëq\˝À neπøbå Õ\T #˚s&¡ +É e\q yê{Ï˝Àì düV≤ü » ms¡Te⁄>± kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·qT n_Ûe~∆ #˚kÕs¡T. |ü•ÃeT Væ≤e÷\j·÷\˝Àì
#Ó|üŒã&˚ dæ˝Ÿº(yÓT‘·Ôì ÇdüTø£, ã+ø£eT{Ϻ Ç‘·s¡ ùd+ÁBj·T
|üs«¡ ‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À Á|ü»\T e´ekÕj·T+ ø√dü+ >∑˝Ÿ‡ ˝Ò<ë ≈£î˝Ÿ‡
|ü<ësêú\‘√ ìπø|å ‘æ y· TÓ qÆ H˚\) ‘·–bZ ˛‘·T+~. Ç~ uÛ÷Ñ kÕs¡ ø°Då ‘·
e+{Ï ˙{Ï eT[¢+|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\qT ì]à+#ês¡T. eTTK´+>±
düeTdü´qT eT]+‘· rÁe‘·s+¡ #˚dTü +Ô ~. ãVüQfi≤s¡kú Õ<Ûøä £ |ü<øä∏ ±\T
uÛÑ÷ø£+bÕ\≈£î ø±s¡Dy˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü »\ dü+Áø£$T‘· yê´<ÛäT\≈£î sê»kÕÔHé˝À ‘ê>∑T˙{Ïì ì\« #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ªô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï
≈£L&Ü ø±s¡D+ ne⁄‘·THêïsTT. n~Ûø£ ˙{Ï $ìjÓ÷>∑+ e\q dü+s¡ø£åDμ |ü<䛋 kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± Ä#·]+#·ã&ÉT‘√+~. u…+>±˝Ÿ
‘Ó>∑Tfi¯ófl eT]j·TT ø±\Twü´+ ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï~. ˝Àì es¡ < ä yÓ T Æ < ëHê\˝Àì Á|ü » \T ‘· e T bı˝≤\≈£ î
˙s¡T n+~#˚ + <ä T ≈£ î es¡ < ä ø±\Te\qT n_Û e ~∆ #˚ XÊs¡ T .

es¡<ä\T
rdüTø√e\dæq ÁbÕ<∏$ä Tø£ uÛÁÑ <ä‘ê #·s´¡ \T/C≤Á>∑‘\Ô· T
• ‘êC≤ yê‘êes¡D düe÷#ês¡+, es¡<ä ôV≤#·Ã]ø£\ ø√dü+ πs&çjÓ÷/{Ï.$ \qT #·÷&É+&ç. düe÷#êsêìï Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î
‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· +&ç.
• Á|ü‹ Ç+{À¢ n‘·´edüs¡ øÏ{Ÿ ì ‘·j÷· s¡T#˚jT· +&ç. n+<äT˝À b˛s¡ãº T˝Ÿ sπ &çj÷Ó /Á{≤ì‡düsº ,Y {≤sYÃ, ùdŒsY u≤´≥Ø\T,
nedüsy¡ TÓ qÆ eT+<äT\‘√ bÕ≥T Á|ü<eä∏ T ∫øÏ‘‡· ô|f…,º ˇ.ÄsY.mdt. bı&ç, ÄVü‰s¡ |ü<ësêú\T, ‘ê>∑T˙s¡T, n–Zô|f…\º T,
ø=y=«‘·T\Ô T eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ nedüsy¡ TÓ qÆ edüTeÔ ⁄\T ñ+&˚˝≤ #·÷düTø√+&ç.
• MT Ç+{À¢ Vü≤]πøHé B|ü+, ‘êfi¯ófl, s¡ã“s¡T >={≤º\T, >=&ÉT>∑T, yÓ<Tä s¡T ø£Ás¡ ñ+#·Tø√+&ç. n$ ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü eÉ #·TÃ.
• MT q>∑<Tä , ÄuÛsÑ D¡ ≤\T, $\TyÓq’ edüTeÔ ⁄\T, eTTK´yÓTqÆ |üÁ‘ê\T yÓTT<ä˝q’… yê{Ïì düTs¡ø‘åÏ y· TÓ qÆ dü\ú +˝À ñ+#·+&ç.
• es¡<ä\T dü+uÛÑ$+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ MT ≈£î≥Tã düuÛÑT´\T eT]j·TT |üX¯óe⁄\‘√ bÕ≥T düVü‰j·Tø£ •_sê\T, ‘·s¡*+|ü⁄
πø+Á<Ûë\T, m‘·ÔsTTq ÁbÕ+‘ê\ e+{Ï düTs¡øÏå‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î #˚s¡Tø√+&ç.
• MT Ç+{Ï qT+&ç ãj·T\T<˚sπ eTT+<äT $<äT´‘Y eT]j·TT >±´dt ø£HøÓ Hå£ é \qT ø£fj ºÒ T· +&ç.
es¡<\ä düeTj·T+˝À
• es¡<ä ˙{Ï˝ÀøÏ Á|üy˚•+#· e<äT›. n~ Á|üe÷<äø£s¡+ ø±e#·TÃ.
• es¡<˙ä {Ï˝À ˝Ò<ë düMT|ü+˝À Ä&ÉTø√e&ÜìøÏ |æ\\¢ qT nqTeT‹+#·e<äT.›
• eTTs¡T>∑T ˙{Ï ø±\Te\T, >∑T+≥\T, ø±\Te\T, ø£\«s¡T\º T yÓTT<ä˝q’… yê{ÏøÏ <ä÷s¡+>± ñ+&É+&ç.
• bÕeTT\ |ü≥¢ C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± ñ+&É+&ç. es¡<ä\ düeTj·T+˝À bÕeTT ø±≥T¢ kÕ<Ûës¡D+.
• $<äT´<ë|ò÷ü ‘êìï ìyê]+#·&ÜìøÏ $<äT´‘Y dü+ú u≤\T eT]j·TT |ü&bç ˛sTTq $<äT´‘Y ˝…q’ ¢ qT+&ç <ä÷s¡+>± ñ+&É+&ç.
• ‘·&ç $<äT´‘Y ñ|üø£s¡D≤\T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·e<äT›. ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ eTT+<äT yê{Ïì ‘·ìF #˚j·T+&ç.
• ‘êC≤>± e+&çq eT]j·TT bı&ç ÄVü‰sêìï ‹q+&ç. MT ÄVü‰sêìï m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ eT÷‘·ô|{Ϻ ñ+#·+&ç.
• ø±∫ e&ÉuÀdæq Á‘ê>∑T˙{Ïì yê&É+&ç.
• MT Ç+{Ï düMT|ü+˝Àì nìï ø±\Te\qT, >∑T+≥\qT X¯óÁã+>± ñ+#·+&ç.
• ì\« ñqï ˙s¡T, ˙{Ï <ë«sê dü+Áø£$T+#˚ yê´<ÛTä \qT |ü⁄{Ï+º #·>\∑ <äT. nHês√>∑´+ ø£*‘Z ˚ yÓ<’ ´ä düV‰ü j·T+ rdüTø√+&ç.
• |ü]düsê\qT ÁøÏ$Ts¡Væ≤‘·+>± #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ;¢∫+>¥ bÂ&És¡T, düTqï+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·+&ç.

<˚X¯+˝Àì es¡<ä |”&ç‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\ >∑T]+∫ düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 51
fields. In arid and semi-arid regions,
agricultural fields were converted into rain fed
storage structures that allowed the water to
stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in
Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of
Rajasthan.

Fig. 3.4
(a) Recharge through Hand Pump
In the semi-arid and arid regions of
Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi
a n d B a r m e r, a l m o s t a l l t h e h o u s e s
traditionally had underground tanks or
tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks
could be as large as a big room; one
household in Phalodi had a tank that was
6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44
metres wide. The tankas were part of the well-
developed rooftop rainwater harvesting
system and were built inside the main house
or the courtyard. They were connected to the
sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel
down the pipe and was stored in these
underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain
(b) Recharge through Abandoned Dugwell was usually not collected as this would clean
• Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from
• Filtered using sand and bricks the subsequent showers was then collected.
• Underground pipe takes water to sump for
immediate usage The rainwater can be stored in the
• Excess water from the sump is taken to the well tankas till the next rainfall making it an
• Water from the well recharges the underground extremely reliable source of drinking water
• Take water from the well (later) when all other sources are dried up,
Fig 3.3: Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or

52 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

X¯ówüÿ, ñ|ü X¯ówüÿ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì e´ekÕj·T πøåÁ‘ê\qT esê¸<Ûës¡
ì\« ìsêàD≤\T>± e÷sêÃs¡T. á ì\« #˚j·Tã&çq ˙s¡T
C…’dü©àsY˝Àì ªU≤~Hé‡μ, sê»kÕúHé˝Àì Ç‘·s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì
MTs¡T
˙{Ï dü+s¡ø≈å£ î£ ˝≤?
ªCÀVü≤&é‡μ H˚\\qT ‘˚eT>± ñ+&˚≥≥T¢ #˚düTÔ+~.
Ç~ ãTT‘·T|üeq ø±\+, es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï #·Tø£ÿ\T ˝…ø£ÿô|≥º&É+˝À e÷‘√ ø£\e+&ç.

(b) #˚‹ |ü+|ü⁄ <ë«s¡ |ü⁄qs¡T<ä›]+#·&É+ ∫Á‘·+. 3.4:

sê»kÕúHé˝Àì ñ|üX¯ówüÿ, X¯ówüÿ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À eTTK´+>±
_ø£˙sY, |òü˝À&ç eT]j·TT u≤s¡àsY ˝À <ë<ë|ü⁄ nìï Çfi¯fl˝À
dü+ÁbÕ<ëj·Tø£+>± ‘ê>∑T ˙s¡T ì\« #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤
{≤´+≈£î\T ˝Ò<ë ≥+ø±\qT ˙{Ï ì\« ø√dü+ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
{≤´+≈£î\T ô|<ä› >∑~ n+‘· $XÊ\+>± ñ+{≤sTT; |òü˝À&ç˝Àì
ˇø£ Ç+{Ï {≤´+ø˘ 6.1MT ˝À‘·T, 4.27MT bı&Ée⁄ eT]j·TT
2.44 MT yÓ&É\TŒ\‘√ ñ+~. u≤>± n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+~q ªªô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ
es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åDμμ e´edüú˝À ≥+ø±\T uÛ≤>∑+>± ñ+&ç,
Ç+{Ï ˝À|ü\ ˝Ò<ë Ç+{Ï Äes¡D˝À ì]à+#·ã&ܶsTT. Ç+&É¢
yê\T ø£|ü⁄Œ\ qT+&ç ˇø£ ô|’|ü⁄ <ë«sê M{ÏøÏ nqTdü+<ÛëìkÕÔs¡T.
ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ\ô|’ |ü&çq es¡¸+ ô|’|ü⁄ qT+&ç ÁøÏ+<äøÏ Á|üeVæ≤+∫
(_) ìs¡T|üjÓ÷>∑yÓTÆq u≤$ <ë«sê |ü⁄q:uÛÑØÔ(Ø#êsY® #˚j·T&É+) ≥+ø±˝À¢ ì\« #˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·T+~. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± yÓTT<ä{ÏkÕ]
 ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì |æ $ dæ ô|’|ü⁄ <ë«sê ùdø£]+#·&É+.
|ü&çq es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙s¡T ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ\qT eT]j·TT ô|’|ü⁄\qT X¯ó
 ÇdüTø£ eT]j·TT Ç≥Tø£\qT|üjÓ÷–+∫ X¯ó~∆ #˚j·T&É+.
 uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ ô|’|ü⁄ n‘·´edüs¡ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ ø√dü+ ˙{Ïì dü+|ü⁄ e<ä›≈£î ÁuÛÑ|üs¡TdüTÔ+~ ø£qTø£ ùdø£]+#·ã&É<äT. nq+‘·s¡+ ≈£î]dæq
‘ÓdüTÔ+~. es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì ùdø£]kÕÔs¡T.
 dü+|ü⁄ qT+&ç n<äq|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì u≤$˝ÀøÏ rdüTø=+{≤s¡T.
 u≤$˝Àì ˙s¡T uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ ˙{Ïì |ü⁄qs¡T<ä›]düTÔ+~. á es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì eTs¡˝≤ esê¸\T |ü&˚+‘·es¡≈£î ≥+ø±\˝À
 u≤$ qT+&ç ˙{Ïì rdüTø√+&ç. (‘·sê«‘·) ì\« #˚dæ Ç‘·s¡ nìï s¡ø±\ ˙{Ï eqs¡T\T m+&çb˛sTTq|ü⁄&ÉT
∫Á‘·+. 3.3 : ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD Á|ü<Ûëq+>± y˚dü$ø±\+˝À qeTà<ä–q Á‘ê>∑T˙{Ï eqs¡T>±
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·e#·TÃqT. »\ eqs¡T\T 53
 many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop
rainwater harvesting is being successfully
adapted to store and conserve water. In
Gendathur, a remote backward village in
Mysuru, Karnataka, villagers have installed, in
their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting
system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200
households have installed this system and the
village has earned the rare distinction of being
rich in rainwater. See Fig. 3.6 for a better
A kul leads to a circular village tank, as the above understanding of the rooftop rainwater harvesting
in the Kaza village, from which water is released as
system which is adapted here. Gendathur
and when required.
receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm,
Fig 3.5: Traditional method of rainwater and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and
harvesting of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and
use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From
palar pani
pani, as commonly referred to in these the 200 houses, the net amount of rainwater
parts, is considered the purest form of harvested annually amounts to 1,00,000 litres.
natural water. Many houses constructed
underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to
beat the summer heat as it would keep the
room cool.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most

common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya.
It is interesting because Cherapunjee and
Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55
km. from Shillong receive the highest
rainfall in the world, yet the state capital
Shillong faces acute shortage of water.
Nearly every household in the city has a Rooftop harvesting was common across the towns
rooftop rainwater harvesting structure. and villages of the Thar. Rainwater that falls on the
sloping roofs of houses is taken through a pipe into
Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water an underground tanka (circular holes in the ground).
requirement of the household comes from built in the main house or in the courtyard. The
rooftop water harvesting. picture above shows water being taken from a
neighbour’s roof through a long pipe. Here the
neighbour’s rooftop has been used for collection of
rainwater. The picture shows a hole through which
rainwater flows down into an underground tanka.
Find out other rainwater harvesting systems
existing in and around your locality. Fig. 3.6

Today, in western Rajasthan, sadly the Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which
practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the has made rooftop rainwater harvesting
decline as plenty of water is available due to the structure compulsory to all the houses
perennial Indira Gandhi Canal, though some across the state. There are legal provisions
houses still maintain the tankas since they do to punish the defaulters.
not like the taste of tap water. Fortunately, in

54 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

 Á>±MTD eT]j·TT |ü≥ºD≤\˝Àì nH˚ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ˙{Ïì ì\«
#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT dü+s¡øÏå+#·&ÜìøÏ ªô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï
dü+s¡ø£åDμqT $»j·Te+‘·>± d”«ø£]+#ês¡T. ø£sêí≥ø£˝Àì
yÓ T Æ d ü ÷ s¡ T ˝À ˇø£ e÷s¡ T eT÷\ yÓ q Tø£ ã &ç q Á>±eTyÓ T Æ q
>¬ +&É‘÷· sÔ ˝Y À Á>±eTdüT\Ô T ‘·eT ˙{Ï nedüsê\T rs¡TÃø√e&ÜìøÏ
yê] >∑èVü‰\˝À ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD |ü<䛋ì @sêŒ≥T
#˚düT≈£îHêïs¡T. <ë<ë|ü⁄ 200 ≈£î≥T+u≤\T á |ü<䛋ì
nqTdü]+#êsTT. Bì‘√ á Á>±eT+ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï‘√ düeT~∆>±
ô|q’ #·÷düTqÔ ï~ U≤C≤ Á>±e÷\˝Àì ª≈£î˝Ÿμ nqã&˚ ˇø£ e‘êÔø±s¡ ñqï Á>±eT+>± ns¡T<Ó’q >∑T]Ô+|ü⁄qT bı+~+~. Çø£ÿ&É
Á>±eT ø=\qT. <ëì qT+&ç nedüs¡yÓTÆq|ü⁄&ÉT ˙{Ïì $&ÉT<ä\ ne\+_+#·ã&çq ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD |ü<䛋 >∑T]+∫
#˚kÕÔs¡T. eT]+‘· ne>±Vü≤q ø√dü+ ∫Á‘·+ 3.6 qT #·÷&É+&ç. >¬ +&É‘÷· sÔ Y
∫Á‘·+. 3.5 : kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD |ü<䛋 Á>±eT+˝À 1000 $T.MT. yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ qyÓ÷<äe⁄‘·T+~.
Ç+<äT˝À <ë<ë|ü⁄ 80 XÊ‘·+ ùdø£s¡D kÕeTs¡ú´+‘√ eT]j·TT
á ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙s¡T ˝Ò<ë |ü˝≤sY bÕ˙ì 10 {≤´+≈£î\‘√ Á|ü‹ Ç\T¢ dü+e‘·‡sêìøÏ 50000 ©≥s¡¢ ˙{Ïì
ùdø£]+∫ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·Tø√e#·TÃ. 200 Çfi¯fl qT+&ç dü+e‘·‡sêìøÏ
dü«#·Ãy¤ TÓ qÆ s¡÷|ü+˝Àì düV≤ü » ˙s¡T>± |ü]>∑DkÏ ÕÔsT¡ . y˚d$ü y˚&ìç ùdø£]+#˚ düsêdü] es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙s¡T 100000 ©≥s¡T¢.
‘·≥Tºø√e&ÜìøÏ #ê˝≤ Çfi¯fl˝À ≥+ø±øÏ ÄqTø=ì uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤
>∑<äT\qT ì]à+#ês¡T. n~ >∑~ì #·\¢>± ñ+#·T‘·T+~.

ÄdüøÏÔ ø£s¡yÓTÆq yêdüÔe+

y˚T|òü÷\j·T˝Àì wæ˝≤¢+>¥˝À ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï ùdø£s¡D
düs¡«kÕ<Ûës¡DyÓTÆq |ü<䛋. ÄdüøÏÔø£s¡yÓTÆq $wüj·Ty˚TeT+fÒ
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ n‘·´~Ûø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ qyÓ÷<äj˚T´ ∫s¡|ü⁄+õ
eT]j·TT e÷dæHésêyéT\T wæ˝≤¢+>¥ øÏ 55 øÏ.MT. <ä÷s¡+˝À
ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° sêÁwüº sê»<Ûëì wæ˝≤¢+>¥ ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·qT
m<äTs=ÿ+≥Tqï~. q>∑s+¡ ˝Àì <ë<ë|ü⁄ Á|ü‹ Ç+{ø° ô|ø’ |£ ⁄ü Œ <∏ ë sY |ü ≥ º D ≤\T, Á>±e÷\˝À ô|’ ø £ | ü ⁄ Œ ˙{Ï dü + s¡ ø £ å D
es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD≤ ìsêàD+ ñ+≥T+~. Ç+{Ï yÓTT‘·Ô+ düs¡«kÕ<Ûës¡D+. Ç+&É¢ yê\T ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ\ô|’ |ü&˚ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì
˙{Ï nedüsê\˝À <ë<ë|ü⁄ 15-25 XÊ‘·+ ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ ˙{Ï ô|’|ü⁄ <ë«sê ≥+ø± (uÛÑ÷$T˝À e‘êÔø±s¡ s¡+Á<Ûë\T)˝ÀøÏ
rdüT≈£î+{≤s¡T. Ç+{Ï˝À|ü\ ˝Ò<ë Äes¡D+˝À ≥+ø±\T
dü+s¡ø£åD <ë«sê n+<äT‘·T+~. ì]àkÕÔs¡T. ô|’ ∫Á‘·+˝À bıs¡T>∑Tyê] ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ qT+&ç bı&Éyê{Ï
ô|’|ü⁄ <ë«sê ˙s¡T rdüT≈£î+≥THêïs¡T. Çø£ÿ&É es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì
ø£è‘·´+: ùdø£]+#˚+<äT≈£î bıs¡T>∑Tyê] ô|’ø£|ü⁄ŒqT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ês¡T.
MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À eT]j·TT #·T≥TºÁ|üø£ÿ\ ñqï Ç‘·s¡ es¡¸|ü⁄ ∫Á‘·+˝À #·÷|æq $<Ûä+>± ˇø£ s¡+Á<Ûä+ <ë«sê es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙s¡T
˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD |ü<䛑·T\T ø£qT>=q+&ç. uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“ ≥+ø±˝ÀøÏ Á|üeVæ≤düTÔ+~.
∫Á‘·+. 3.6
H˚&ÉT |ü•ÃeT sê»kÕÔHé˝À ìs¡+‘·s¡+ Á|üeVæ≤+#˚ Ç+~sê ÄdüøÏÔ ø£s¡yÓTÆq yêdüÔe+
>±+BÛ ø±\Te e\q |ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ˙s¡T n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñqï+<äTq sêÁwüº+˝Àì nìï >∑èVü‰\≈£î ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD≤
es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD n\yê≥T ‘·>∑TZ‘·T+&É≥+ $#ês¡ø£s¡+. ìsêàD≤ìï ‘·|üŒìdü] #˚dæq uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯|ü⁄ yÓTT≥º yÓTT<ä{Ï
≈£îfi≤sTT ˙{Ï s¡T∫ì Çwüº|ü&Éì ø±s¡D+>± Ç|üŒ{Ïø° ø=ìï Ç+&ÉT¢ sêÁwü º + ‘· $ Tfi¯ H ê&É T . Bìì n‹Áø£ $ T+∫q yê]ì
≥+ø±\qT ìs¡«Væ≤düTÔHêïsTT. n<äwüºeXÊ‘·TÔ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì •øÏå+#˚+<äT≈£î #·{≤º\T ñHêïsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 55
 BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream
and spring water by using bamboo pipes, is prevalent.
About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system,
gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally
reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.

Picture 1: Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs

on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.

Picture 2 and 3: The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert Picture 4: If the pipes pass a road,
water to the plant site where it is distributed into branches, again they are taken high above the land.
made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes. The flow of
water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.

Picture 5 and 6
Reduced channel sections
and diversion units are
used at the last stage of
water application. The last
channel section enables
water to be dropped near
the roots of the plant.

Fig 3.7

1. Collect information on how industries are polluting our water resources.

2. Enact with your classmates a scene of water dispute in your locality.

56 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

 yÓ<Tä s¡T _+<äT ùd<ä´ |ü<‹∆ä
yÓ<äTs¡T >={≤º\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ Á|üyêVü‰ìï eT]j·TT }≥ ˙{Ïì düs¡|òüsê #˚ùd
200 @fi¯¢ Hê{Ï |ü⁄sê‘·q $<Ûëq+ y˚T|òü÷\j·÷˝À Ç|üŒ{ÏøÏ Á|üã\+>± ñ+~.
düTe÷s¡T 18 qT+&ç 20 ©≥s¡¢ ˙s¡T yÓ<äTs¡T >=≥º|ü⁄ e´edüú˝ÀøÏ Á|üy˚•düTÔ+~.
Ç~ e+<ä\ MT≥s¡¢ ≈£î ô|’>± s¡yêD≤ #˚j·Tã&ç ∫es¡≈£î yÓTTø£ÿ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À
ì$TcÕìøÏ 20 qT+∫ 80 #·Tø£ÿ\T>± |ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
∫Á‘·+ 1: ø=+&É ô|’uÛ≤>±\˝Àì XÊX¯«‘· ˙{Ï ãT>∑Z\ qT+&ç ˙{Ïì >∑Ts¡T‘ê«ø£s¸¡ D
X¯øÏÔ <ë«sê ÁøÏ+<ä≈£î eTs¡\Ã&ÜìøÏ yÓ<äTs¡T >={≤º\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

∫Á‘·+ 2 eT]j·TT 3: yÓ<äTs¡T‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚dæq≥Te+{Ï »\e÷s¡Z $uÛ≤>±\T ˙{Ïì ∫Á‘·+ 4: ô|’|ü⁄\T s√&é ≈£î n&ɶ+>± y˚j·Te\dæ
yÓTTø£ÿ\Tqï ÁbÕ+‘êìøÏ eT[flkÕÔsTT. eTs¡˝≤ $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ yÓ<äTs¡T ô|’|ü⁄\‘√ @s¡Œ&çq e∫Ãq|ü ⁄ &É T uÛ Ñ ÷ $TøÏ ø=+‘· m‘· T Ô ˝ À
ñ|ü »\e÷s¡Z $uÛ≤>±\ qT+&ç ˙{Ïì yÓTTø£ÿ\≈£î n+~kÕÔsTT. á ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü‰ìï @sêŒ≥T#˚kÕÔsT¡ .
ô|’|ü⁄\ neT]ø£qT e÷s¡TÃ≥ <ë«sê ìj·T+Á‹kÕÔs¡T.

∫Á‘·+ 5 eT]j·TT 6 :
˙{Ï |ü+|æD° ∫e] <äX¯˝À
‘·–Z+∫q »\e÷s¡Z $uÛ≤>±\T
eT]j·TT ˙{Ï eT[¢+|ü⁄ j·T÷ì≥¢qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ∫e] »\e÷s¡Z
$uÛ≤>±\ <ë«sê ˙s¡T yÓTTø£ÿ jÓTTø£ÿ
y˚ s ¡ ¢ ≈ £ î _+<ä T e⁄\ s¡ ÷ |ü + ˝À
#˚sT¡ ‘·T+~.

∫Á‘·+. 3.7

ø£è‘·´+:
1. eTq »\ eqs¡T\qT |ü]ÁX¯eT\T m˝≤ ø£\Twæ‘·+ #˚düTÔHêïjÓ÷ düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç.
2. MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ˙{Ï $yê<ä <äXÊ´ìï MT düVü≤ $<ë´s¡T∆\‘√ Á|ü<ä]Ù+#·+&ç.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 57

 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as
‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.
(a) Region with high annual rainfall.
(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.
(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.
(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multi-
purpose river projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from
water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of
livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our
homes.
(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them
correctly.
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban
lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural
flow and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher
priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during
droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting
has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira
Gandhi Canal.

2 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

3 . Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is
carried out.
(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting
methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

58 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II WATER RESOURCES

 nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T
1. ãVüQfiË’∫Ãø££ Á|üX¯ï\T.
( i) ÁøÏ+<ä Çe«ã&çq düe÷#ês¡+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ª˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· e\q Çã“+<äT\qT m<äTs=ÿH˚ ÁbÕ+‘ê\Tμ
˝Ò<ë ªm<äTs=ÿqì ÁbÕ+‘ê\T>±μ >± eØZø£]+#·+&ç.
(m) n~Ûø£ yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï ÁbÕ+‘·+
(_) n~Ûø£ yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ eT]j·TT n~Ûø£ »HêuÛ≤ ø£*Zq ÁbÕ+‘·+
(dæ) n~Ûø£ yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° ˙s¡T m≈£îÿe>± ø£\Twæ‘·yÓTÆq ÁbÕ+‘·+.
(&ç) ‘·≈£îÿe es¡¸bÕ‘·+ eT]j·TT ‘·≈£îÿe »HêuÛ≤ ø£*Zq ÁbÕ+‘·+
( ii) á ÁøÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø±\≈£î nqT≈£L\+>± ˝Òì yê<äq @~?
(m) ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø±\T ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘·‘√ u≤<Ûä|ü&ÉT‘·Tqï ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î ˙{Ïì rdüT≈£îekÕÔsTT.
(_) ˙{Ï Á|üyêVü‰ìï ìj·T+Á‹+#·&+É <ë«sê ãVüQfi≤s¡kú Õ<Ûøä £ |ü<øä∏ ±\T es¡<\ä qT ìj·T+Á‹+#·&+É ˝À
düV‰ü j·T|ü&‘É êsTT.
(dæ) ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø±\ <ë«sê Á|ü»\T ô|<ä› m‘·TÔq ìsêÁX¯j·TT\T ø±e&Éy˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü yê]
JeH√bÕ~Ûì ø√˝ÀŒ‘ês¡T.
(&ç) ãVüQfi≤s¡úkÕ<Ûäø£ |ü<∏äø±\T eTq |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î, eTq >∑Vü‰\≈£î ø±e\dæq $<äT´‘Y qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô
#˚kÕÔsTT.
( iii) Çø£ÿ&É ø=ìï ndü‘·´ yêø£´ s¡÷bÕ\T(Á|ü‹bÕ<äq\T) ñHêïsTT. yê{Ïì >∑T]Ô+∫ dü]#˚dæ sêj·T+&ç.
(m) n~Ûø£ »qkÕ+Á<ä‘·‘√ ô|s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |ü≥ºD πø+Á<ë\T eT]j·TT |ü≥ºD Jeq XË’* ˙{Ï
eqs¡T\qT düÁø£eT+>± $ìjÓ÷–+#·&É+˝À düVü‰j·T|ü&ç+~.
(_) q<äT\ ìj·T+Á‘·D eT]j·TT Äqø£≥º\T q~ düVü≤» Á|üyêVü‰˙ï, <ëì neπøå|ü Á|üyêVü‰˙ï
Á|üuÛ≤$‘·+ #˚j·Te⁄.
(dæ) >∑T»sê‘Y˝À eTTK´+>± ø£sT¡ e⁄\ düeTj·T+˝À |ü≥Dº ÁbÕ+‘ê\ ˙{Ï düs|¡ süò ê≈£î n~Ûø£ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·
Ç∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT düãs¡à‹ |üØyêVü≤ø£ ¬s’‘·T\T Ä+<√fi¯q #Ó+<ä˝Ò<äT.
(&ç) Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ sê»kÕúHé˝À Ç+~sê>±+BÛ ø±\Te ø±s¡D+>± ˙{Ï \uÛÑ´‘· m≈£îÿe>± ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°
ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï dü+s¡ø£åD |ü<䛋 Á|üC≤<äs¡D bı+~+~.
2. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 30 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
( i) ˙s¡T |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ eqs¡T>± m˝≤ e÷s¡T‘·T+<√ $e]+#·+&ç.
( ii) ˙{Ï ø=s¡‘· n+fÒ @$T{Ï eT]j·TT <ëìøÏ Á|ü<Ûëq ø±s¡D≤\T @$T{Ï ?
( iii) ãVüQfi≤s¡ú kÕ<Ûäø£ qB |ü<∏äø±\ jÓTTø£ÿ nqT≈£L\‘·\T eT]j·TT Á|ü‹≈£L\‘·\qT b˛\Ã+&ç.
3. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
( i) sê»kÕúHé˝Àì ñ|üX¯ówüÿ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï ùdø£s¡D m˝≤ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+<√ #·]Ã+#·+&ç.
( ii) ˙{Ïì dü+s¡øÏå+#·&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT ì\« #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ï ùdø£s¡D |ü<䛑·T\
jÓTTø£ÿ Ä<ÛäTìø£ nqTdüs¡D\T m˝≤ »s¡T>∑T‘·THêïjÓ÷ $e]+#·+&ç.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II »\ eqs¡T\T 59

India is an agriculturally important country. through natural processes; land productivity
Two-thirds of its population is engaged in in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer
agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary does not use fertilisers or other modern
activity, which produces most of the food that inputs. It is known by different names in
we consume. Besides food grains, it also different parts of the country.
produces raw material for various industries. Can you name some such types of farmings?
Can you name some industries based on
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like
agricultural raw material?
Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland;
Moreover, some agricultural products like Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of
tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported. Chhattishgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
TYPES OF FARMING
Jhumming: The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture
Agriculture is an age-old economic activity in is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central
our country. Over these years, cultivation America, ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela, ‘Roca’ in
methods have changed significantly depending Brazil, ‘Masole’ in Central Africa, ‘Ladang’
upon the characteristics of physical in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.
environment, technological know-how and In India, this primitive form of cultivation
socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from is called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya
subsistence to commercial type. At present, in Pradesh, ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh,
different parts of India, the following farming ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha,
systems are practised. ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’
in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in the
Primitive Subsistence Farming Himalayan belt, ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand, and
This type of farming is still practised in few ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region.
pockets of India. Primitive subsistence
agriculture is practised on small patches of
land with the help of primitive tools like hoe,
dao and digging sticks, and family/community
labour. This type of farming depends upon
monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and
suitability of other environmental conditions
to the crops grown.
It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Farmers clear a patch of land and produce
cereals and other food crops to sustain their
family. When the soil fertility decreases, the
farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land
for cultivation. This type of shifting allows
Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil Fig. 4.1

60 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

 e´ekÕj·T+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ e´ekÕj·T Á|ü<Ûëq <˚X¯+. <˚X¯ »HêuÛ≤˝À ‹]– ì+|ü&ÜìøÏ düVü≤ø£]düTÔ+~. ¬s’‘·T\T ms¡Te⁄\T ˝Ò<ë Ç‘·s¡
eT÷&ç+≥ s¬ +&ÉT e+‘·T\ eT+~ e´ekÕj·T |üqT\˝À ìeT>∑ïyÓTÆ Ä<ÛäTìø£ kÕ<ÛäHê\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·q+<äTe\¢ á s¡ø£yÓTÆq
ñHêïs¡T. eTq+ $ìjÓ÷–+#˚ ÄVü‰sêìï #ê˝≤ es¡≈£î ñ‘·Œ‹Ô e´ekÕj·T+˝À uÛÑ÷$T ñ‘êŒ<äø£‘· ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~.
#˚ùd e´ekÕj·T+ ˇø£ ÁbÕ<∏$ä Tø£ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤|ü+. ÄVü‰s¡ <ÛëHê´\‘√ <˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À Bìì $$<Ûä ù|s¡¢‘√ |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
bÕ≥T Ç~ $$<Ûä |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î ø±e\dæq eTT&çdsü T¡ ≈£î\qT ≈£L&Ü MTs¡T n˝≤+{Ï ø=ìï e´ekÕj·T s¡ø±\qT ù|s=ÿq>∑\sê?
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔqï~. Bìì nkÕ‡+, y˚T|ò÷ü \j·T, $TCÀsê+ eT]j·TT Hê>±˝≤+&é
e´ekÕj·T eTT&ç|ü<ësêú\ô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&çq ø=ìï |ü]ÁX¯eT\ e+{Ï áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº\˝À ªs¡a÷$T+>¥μ n˙, eTDÏ|Pü sY˝À ªbÕeTÚ¢μ
ù|s¡T¢ #Ó|üŒ>∑\sê? n˙, #Ûr· wÔ >t &∑ ˝éÛ Àì ãdüsÔ Y õ˝≤¢˝À eT]j·TT n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY
n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü ‘˚j÷· ≈£î, ø±|ò,” düT>∑+<Ûä Á<äyê´\T yÓTT<ä˝q’… Be⁄\˝À ª~|üμ nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
ø=ìï e´ekÕj·T ñ‘·Œ‘·T\Ô T m>∑TeT‹ ≈£L&Ü #˚jT· ã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. s¡a÷$T+>¥: ªqs¡T≈£î-ø±\TÃμ e´ekÕj·÷ìï yÓTøχø√
e´ekÕj·T+ - s¡ø±\T eT]j·TT eT<Ûä´ nyÓT]ø±˝À ª$T˝≤Œμ, yÓHÓE˝≤˝À
e´ekÕj·T+ nH˚~ eTq <˚X¯+˝À nHê~>± edüTÔqï Ä]úø£ ªø=qTø√μ, Áu…õ˝Ÿ˝À ªs√ø±μ, eT<Ûä´ ÄÁ|òæø±˝À ªeTk˛˝Ÿμ,
ø±s¡´ø£˝≤|ü+. >∑‘· ø=ìï dü+e‘·‡sê\T>± uÛÖ‹ø£ |üsê´es¡D+, Ç+&√H˚wj æ ÷· ˝À ª˝≤&Ü+>¥μ, eT]j·TT $j·T‘êï+˝À ªπsμ
kÕ+πø‹ø£ HÓ’|ü⁄D´+ eT]j·TT kÕe÷õø£`kÕ+düÿ è‹ø£ |ü<䛑·T\ nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
e+{Ï \ø£åD≤\ô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç kÕ>∑T |ü<䛑·T\T >∑D˙j·T+>± uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À á Ä~eT kÕ>∑TqT eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ˝À
e÷sêsTT. e´ekÕj·T+ JeHê<Ûës¡+ qT+&ç yêDÏ»´ nedüsê\≈£î ªuÒyêsYμ ˝Ò<ë ª<äVæ≤j·÷μ nì, Ä+Á<Ûä Á|ü<˚XŸ˝À ªb˛&ÉTμ
‘·>∑Z≥Tº>± e÷s¡T‘·÷ e⁄+~. Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä ˝Ò<ë ªô|+&Éμ nì, ˇ&çXÊ˝À ªbÕeT <ä_μ ˝Ò<ë ªø√eTHéμ
ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À, á ÁøÏ+~ e´ekÕj·T $<ÛëHê\T Ä#·s¡D˝À ˝Ò<ë ªÁ_+>±μ nì, |ü•ÃeT ø£qTeT\˝À ª≈£îe÷]μ nì
e⁄HêïsTT. |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. Äπ>ïj·T sê»kÕúHé˝À ªyêÁ˝Òμ ˝Ò<ë ªyêÁ˝Òºμ,
Ä~eT JeHê<Ûës¡ e´ekÕj·T+ Væ≤e÷\j·T ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ªœ˝Ÿμ, C≤sêâ+&é˝À ª≈£îs¡Te,
á s¡ø£yÓTÆq e´ekÕj·T+ Ç|üŒ{Ïø° uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ø=ìï áXÊq´ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ªs¡a÷$T+>¥μ nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ø=qkÕ–düTHÔ êïs¡T. Ä~eT JeHê<Ûës¡ e´ekÕj·T+
∫qï ø£eT‘ê\˝À bÕs¡, ø£‹Ô, ‘·y˚« ø£Ás¡\T e+{Ï |ü⁄sê‘·q
|ü]ø£sê\T eT]j·TT ≈£î≥T+ã+ / düeT÷Vü≤ düuTÑÛ ´\ düV‰ü j·T+‘√
#˚kÕÔs¡T. á s¡ø£yÓTÆq e´ekÕj·T+ ãTT‘·Te⁄\T, H˚\ jÓTTø£ÿ
düV≤ü »kÕs¡+ eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ nqT≈£L\ |üsê´es¡D |ü]dæ‘ú T· \ô|’
Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+≥T+~.
Ç~ ªqs¡T≈£î eT]j·TT ø±\TÃμ |ü<䛋˝À »]π> e´ekÕj·T+.
¬s’‘·T\T ‘·eT ≈£î≥T+u≤ìï b˛wæ+#·Tø√e&ÜìøÏ ø=+‘· uÛÑ÷$Tì
#·<äTqT #˚dæ ‘·D<ÛëHê´\T eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ ÄVü‰s¡ |ü+≥\qT
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔsT¡ . uÛ÷Ñ kÕs¡+ ‘·–qZ |ü⁄Œ&ÉT, s¬ ‘’ T· \T y˚s=ø£ ÁbÕ+‘êìøÏ
e÷] kÕ>∑T ø√dü+ eTs=ø£ Áø=‘·Ô uÛÑ÷$Tì #·<äTqT #˚kÕÔs¡T. á
s¡ø£yÓTÆq e÷s¡TŒ Á|üø£è‹ düVü≤» Á|üÁøÏj·T\ <ë«sê H˚\ kÕsêìï ∫Á‘·+. 4.1
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 61
 Rinjha lived with her family in a small village Plantation is also a type of commercial
at the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoys farming. In this type of farming, a single crop
watching her family members clearing, is grown on a large area. The plantation has
slashing and burning a patch of land for an interface of agriculture and industry.
cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating Plantations cover large tracts of land, using
the fields with water running through a capital intensive inputs, with the help of
bamboo canal from the nearby spring. She migrant labourers. All the produce is used as
loves the surroundings and wants to stay raw material in respective industries.
here as long as she can, but this little girl In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane,
has no idea about the declining fertility of
banana, etc., are important plantation crops.
the soil and her family’s search for fresh a
Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in
patch of land in the next season.
Karnataka are some of the important plantation
crops grown in these states. Since the
Can you name the type of farming Rinjha’s production is mainly for market, a well-
family is engaged in? developed network of transport and
Can you enlist some crops which are grown communication connecting the plantation
in such farming? areas, processing industries and markets plays
an important role in the development of
Intensive Subsistence Farming plantations.
This type of farming is practised in areas of
high population pressure on land. It is labour-
intensive farming, where high doses of
biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
obtaining higher production.
Can you name some of the states of India
where such farming is practised?
Though the ‘right of inheritance’ leading to
the division of land among successive
generations has rendered land-holding size
uneconomical, the farmers continue to take
maximum output from the limited land in the Fig. 4.2: Banana plantation in Southern
absence of alternative source of livelihood. part of India
Thus, there is enormous pressure on
agricultural land.

Commercial Farming
The main characteristic of this type of farming
is the use of higher doses of modern inputs,
e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order
to obtain higher productivity. The degree of
commercialisation of agriculture varies from
one region to another. For example, rice is a
commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but
in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
Can you give some more examples of crops
which may be commercial in one region and
may provide subsistence in another region? Fig. 4.3: Bamboo plantation in North-east

62 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE
62
 ]+C≤ ‘·q ≈£î≥T+ã+‘√ ø£*dæ nkÕ‡+˝Àì ~|ü⁄ ‘√≥\ô|+|üø£+ ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ s¡ø£yÓTÆq yêDÏ»´ e´ekÕj·T
•yês¡¢˝Àì ˇø£ ∫qï Á>±eT+˝À ìedæ+#˚~. ÄyÓT ‘·q $<Ûëq+. á s¡ø£yÓTÆq e´ekÕj·T+˝À ˇπø |ü+≥qT m≈£îÿe
≈£î≥T+ã düuTÑÛ ´\T kÕ>∑T ø√dü+ ø=+‘· uÛ÷Ñ $Tì ªªqs¡T≈£î, $d”Ôs¡í+˝À |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. ‘√≥\ô|+|üø£+ nH˚~ e´ekÕj·T+
ø±\TÃμμ |ü<䛋˝À X¯óÁuÛÑ+ #˚j·T&É+ #·÷dæ Äq+~dü÷Ô
e⁄+&˚~. düMT|ü+˝Àì ˙{ÏãT>∑Z qT+&ç yÓ<äTs¡T ø±\Te eT]j·TT |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT nqTdü+<Ûëq+ #˚dTü +Ô ~. ‘√≥\ô|+|üø+£
<ë«sê Á|üeVæ≤+#˚ ˙{Ïì bı˝≤\≈£î eT[fl+#·&+É ˝À ÄyÓT e\dü ≈£L©\ düVü‰j·T+‘√, n~Ûø£ eT÷\<Ûäq+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫
‘·s¡#·T>± yê]øÏ düVü‰j·T+ #˚düTÔ+~. ÄyÓT ‘·q#·T≥÷º ô|<ä› uÛÑ÷uÛ≤>±\˝À #˚kÕÔs¡T. Ç+<äT˝Àì nìï ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT
ñqï |ü]düsê\qT Áù|$Tdü÷Ô, ‘·q≈£î M˝…’q+‘· ø±\+ dü+ã+~Û‘· |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À eTT&çdüs¡T≈£î>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
nø£ÿ&˚ ñ+&Ü\ì ø√s¡T≈£î+≥T+~. ø±˙ Ä ∫qï uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ‘˚j·÷≈£î, ø±|ò”, s¡ã“s¡T, #Ós¡≈£î, ns¡{Ï,
ne÷àsTTøÏ ‘·–Zb˛‘·Tqï uÛÑ÷kÕs¡+ >∑T]+∫ >±ì, e#˚Ã
ãTT‘·Te⁄˝À ‘·q ≈£î≥T+ã+ Ç+ø=ø£ ø=‘·Ô uÛÑ÷$T ø√dü+ yÓTT<ä˝q’… $ eTTK´yÓTqÆ ‘√≥ |ü+≥\T. nkÕ‡+, ñ‘·sÔ ¡ u…+>±˝Ÿ˝À
nH˚«wæ+#ê\ì Ä ∫qï ne÷àsTTøÏ ‘Ó*j·T<äT. ‘˚j·÷≈£î, ø£sêí≥ø£˝À ø±|ò” Ä sêÁcÕº˝À¢ |ü+&ç+#˚ eTTK´yÓTÆq
]+C≤ ≈£î≥T+ã+ m˝≤+{Ï e´ekÕj·T+ #˚düTÔ+<√ MTs¡T ‘√≥ |ü+≥\T. ñ‘·Œ‹Ô Á|ü<Ûëq+>± e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ ø√düy˚T ø±ã{Ϻ
#Ó|Œü >∑\sê? ‘√≥|ü+≥\ ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT, ñÁ<äZVü≤D |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT eT]j·TT
n≥Te+{Ï e´ekÕj·T+˝À |ü+&ç+#˚ ø=ìï |ü+≥\‘√ MTs¡T e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ\qT ø£\T|ü⁄‘·÷ u≤>± n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+~q s¡yêD≤, Á|ükÕs¡
ˇø£ C≤_‘ê ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T>∑\sê? kÕ<ÛHä ê\T ‘√≥|ü+≥\ n_Ûe~∆˝À Á|ü<ëÛ q bÕÁ‘· b˛wædTü HÔ êïsTT.
kÕ+Á<ä JeHê<Ûës¡ e´ekÕj·T+
á s¡ø£yÓTÆq e´ekÕj·T+ uÛÑ÷$Tô|’ n~Ûø£ »HêuÛ≤ ˇ‹Ô&ç
ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ Ä#·]+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç~ ÁX¯eT‘√ ≈£L&ÉT≈£îqï
e´ekÕj·T+. Bì˝À n~Ûø£ ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì bı+<˚+<äT≈£î n~Ûø£
yÓ÷‘ê<äT˝À Jes¡kÕj·Tq ms¡Te⁄\T, ˙{Ïì yê&ÉT‘ês¡T.
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À n≥Te+{Ï e´ekÕj·T+ #˚ùd ø=ìï sêÁcÕº\ ù|s¡T¢
#Ó|Œü >∑\sê?
yês¡d‘ü «· Vü≤≈£îÿ e\q ‘·s‘¡ s· ê\T>± uÛ÷Ñ $uÛ»Ñ q »s¡T>∑T‘·÷,
ø£ e T‘· |ü ] e÷D+ ˝≤uÛ Ñ k Õ{Ï ø±q|ü Œ {Ï ø ° JeH√bÕ~Û ø Ï
Á|ü‘ê´e÷ïj·T+ ˝Òøb£ ˛e&É+‘√ s¬ ‘’ T· \T á |ü]$T‘· uÛ÷Ñ ø£eT‘ê\
qT+&ç >∑]wü˜ ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì bı+<ä&ÜìøÏ ø£èwæ #˚düTÔHêïs¡T. B+‘√
e´ekÕj·T uÛÑ÷eTT\ô|’ rÁe ˇ‹Ô&ç ô|]–+~. ∫Á‘·+. 4.2 : <äøÏåD uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ns¡{Ï‘√≥ kÕ>∑T
yêDÏ»´ e´ekÕj·T+
Ä<ÛäTìø£ ñ‘êŒ<äø±\qT $]$>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ á
s¡ø£yÓTÆq e´ekÕj·T+ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü<Ûëq \ø£åD+. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î
n~Ûø£ ñ‘êŒ<äø£‘·qT bı+<˚+<äT≈£î n~Ûø£ ~>∑Tã&çì#˚à (HYV)
$‘·ÔHê\T, s¡kÕj·Tìø£ ms¡Te⁄\T, ÁøÏ$T dü+Vü‰s¡ø£ eT+<äT\T,
|ü⁄s¡T>∑TeT+<äT\T, yÓTT<ä\>∑Tyê{Ïì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+. nsTT‘˚
á e´ekÕj·T+ jÓTTø£ÿ yêDÏ»´|üs¡yÓTÆq $düÔ‹ ÁbÕ+‘êìïã{Ϻ
e÷s¡T‘·÷ ñ+≥T+~. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î, Vü≤sê´Hê, |ü+C≤uŸ\˝À
e] yêDÏ»´ |ü+≥ ø±>± ˇ&çXÊ˝À Ç~ JeHê<Ûës¡ |ü+≥>±
|ü+&çdüTÔHêïs¡T.
MTs¡T ˇø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À yêDÏ»´|üs¡+>± eTs=ø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À
JeHê<Û ë sêìï n+~+#˚ |ü + ≥\≈£ î eT]ø=ìï
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T Çe«>∑\sê? ∫Á‘·+. 4.3 : áXÊq´+˝À yÓ<äTs¡T‘√≥ kÕ>∑T
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 63
CROPPING PATTERN vegetables and fodder crops. Sugarcane takes
almost a year to grow.
You have studied the physical diversities and
plurality of cultures in India. These are also Major Crops
reflected in agricultural practices and
A variety of food and non food crops are grown
cropping patterns in the country. Various
in different parts of the country depending
types of food and fibre crops, vegetables and upon the variations in soil, climate and
fruits, spices and condiments, etc. constitute cultivation practices. Major crops grown in
some of the important crops grown in the India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee,
country. India has three cropping seasons — sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton and jute, etc.
rabi
rabi, kharif and zaid
zaid.
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October Rice: It is the staple food crop of a majority of
to December and harvested in summer from the people in India. Our country is the second
April to June. Some of the important rabi crops largest producer of rice in the world after China.
are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. It is a kharif crop which requires high
Though, these crops are grown in large parts temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity
of India, states from the north and north- with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas
western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rice is grown in the plains of north and
Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important north-eastern India, coastal areas and the
for the production of wheat and other rabi deltaic regions. Development of dense network
crops. Availability of precipitation during
winter months due to the western temperate
cyclones helps in the success of these crops.
However, the success of the green revolution
in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh
and parts of Rajasthan has also been an
important factor in the growth of the above-
mentioned rabi crops.
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of
monsoon in different parts of the country and
these are harvested in September-October.
Important crops grown during this season are
paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong,
urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.
Some of the most important rice-growing Fig. 4.4 (a): Rice Cultivation
regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions
of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly
the (Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar. Recently, paddy has also become
an important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In
states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha,
three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These
are Aus, Aman and Boro.
In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,
there is a short season during the summer
months known as the Zaid season. Some of
the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are
watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, Fig. 4.4 (b): Rice is ready to be harvested in the
field
64 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE
|ü+≥\ XË’* ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\T eT]j·TT |üXó¯ Á>±dü|⁄ü |ü+≥\T |ü+&çkÕÔsT¡ . #Ós≈¡ î£
MTs¡T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì uÛÖ‹ø£ yÓ’$<Ûë´\T eT]j·TT $_Ûqï |ü+≥ ô|s¡>∑&ÜìøÏ <ë<ë|ü⁄ ˇø£ @&Ü~ |ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
dü+düÿ‘·T\ >∑T]+∫ #·~$ ñ+{≤s¡T. Ç$ <˚X+¯ ˝Àì e´ekÕj·T Á|ü<Ûëq |ü+≥\T
|ü<‘∆ä T· \qT, |ü+≥\ XË*’ ˝À ≈£L&Ü Á|ü‹_+_kÕÔsTT. $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ <˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À H˚\, o‘√wüídæú‹ eT]j·TT
ÄVü‰s¡ eT]j·TT Hês¡ |ü+≥\T, ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\T, |ü+&ÉT¢, düT>∑+<Ûä kÕ>∑T |ü<‘∆ä T· ˝À¢ì yÓ$’ <Ûë´\qT ã{Ϻ $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ ÄVü‰s¡ eT]j·TT
Á<äyê´\T eT]j·TT eTkÕ˝≤ ~qTdüT\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ eTq<˚X¯+˝À ÄVü‰sπ ‘·s¡ |ü+≥\T |ü+&çkÕÔsT¡ . e], >√<ÛTä eT\T, ∫s¡T<ÛëHê´\T,
|ü+&ç+#˚ ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq |ü+≥\T. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À eT÷&ÉT |ü|⁄ü Œ\T, ‘˚j÷· ≈£î, ø±|ò,” #Ós≈¡ î£ , q÷HÓ –+»\T, |ü‹,Ô »q|üHês¡
s¡ø±\ |ü+≥ø±˝≤\T ñHêïsTT- s¡;, KØ|òt, C…’<é. yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À |ü+&ç+#˚ Á|ü<Ûëq |ü+≥\T.
s¡ ; |ü + ≥\qT nø√º ã sY qT+&ç &ç ô d+ãsY eT<Û ä ´ e]: Ç~ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì n~Ûø£ Á|ü»\ Á|ü<Ûëq ÄVü‰s¡
o‘êø±\+˝À $‘·TÔ‘ês¡T eT]j·TT @Á|æ˝Ÿ qT+&ç pHé eT<Ûä´ |ü+≥. Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ #Ó’Hê ‘·sê«‘· n‘·´~Ûø£+>± e]ì
y˚dü$˝À |ü+≥qT ø√kÕÔs¡T. >√<ÛäTeT, u≤Ø¢, ãsƒê˙\T, X¯q>∑\T, ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd ¬s+&Ée <˚X¯+ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+. Ç~ n~Ûø£ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·,
Äyê\T nH˚$ ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq s¡; |ü+≥\T. á |ü+≥\T (25 C ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe) eT]j·TT 100 ôd+.MT ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe
O

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì #ê˝≤ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À |ü+&ç+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+, n~Ûø£ ÄÁs¡‘› · nedüsy¡ TÓ qÆ KØ|òt |ü+≥. Bìì
ñ‘·Ôs¡, yêj·Te´ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ ‘·≈£îÿe es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ ≈£L&Ü ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\
Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ, »eT÷à ø±oàsY, ñ‘·sÔ êK+&é, ñ‘·sÔ ¡ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ e+{Ï sêÁcÕº\T düVü‰j·T+‘√ |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T.
>√<ÛäTeT eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ s¡; |ü+≥\ ñ‘·Œ‹ÔøÏ eTTK´yÓTÆq$. ñ‘·Ôs ¡, áXÊq´ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ˝Àì yÓTÆ<ëHê\T, rs¡
|ü•ÃeT düeTo‘√wüí ‘·TbòÕqT\ ø±s¡D+>± o‘êø±\+˝À ≈£î]ùd ÁbÕ+‘ê\T, &Ó˝≤º ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À e]ì m≈£îÿe>± |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T.
es¡¸bÕ‘·+ á |ü+≥\T u≤>± |ü+&É&ÜìøÏ düVü‰j·T|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
@~ @yÓTÆq|üŒ{Ïø° |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, |ü•ÃeT ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ
eT]j·TT sê»kÕúHé˝Àì ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À Vü≤]‘· $|ü¢e+
$»j·Te+‘·+ ø±e&É+ ≈£L&Ü ô|’q ù|s=ÿqï s¡; |ü+≥\
n_Ûe~Û∆øÏ <√Vü≤<ä|ü&ç+~.
<˚X+¯ ˝À $$<Ûä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ãTT‘·T|üeq ÁbÕs¡+uÛ+Ñ ˝À KØ|òt
|ü+≥\T y˚kÕÔs¡T. M{Ïì ôdô|º+ãsY-nø√ºãsY˝À ø√kÕÔs¡T. e],
yÓTTø£ÿC§qï, C§qï, dü»,® ø£+~, ô|düs,¡ $TqTeTT, |ü‹,Ô »q|üHês¡,
y˚s¡TXËq>∑, k˛j·÷;Hé yÓTT<ä\>∑Tq$ á ø±\+˝À |ü+&ç+#˚
eTTK´yÓTÆq |ü+≥\T. nkÕ‡+, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ, ˇ&çXÊ
rs¡ÁbÕ+‘ê\T, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ, ‘Ó\+>±D, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, πøs¡fi¯ ∫Á‘·+. 4.4 (b) : e] kÕ>∑T
eT]j·TT eTVü‰sêÁwüº (ø=+ø£D rs¡ ÁbÕ+‘·+), ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ
eT]j·TT ;Vü‰sY\T <˚X¯+˝Àì ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq e] |ü+&ç+#˚
ÁbÕ+‘ê\T. Ç{°e\ |ü+C≤uŸ eT]j·TT Vü≤sê´Hê\˝À e] ≈£L&Ü
ˇø£ eTTK´yÓTÆq |ü+≥>± e÷]+~. nkÕ‡+, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ,
ˇ&çXÊ e+{Ï sêÁcÕº˝À¢ @&Ü~øÏ eT÷&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ e] |ü+≥qT
|ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. Ä eT÷&ÉT |ü+≥\qT Ädt, neTHé, uÀs√ nH˚
ù|s¡¢‘√ |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
s¡; eT]j·TT KØ|òt |ü+≥ ø±˝≤\ eT<Ûä´, y˚dü$ HÓ\\˝À
C…’<é nì |æ\Teã&˚ dü«\Œ ø±\|ü⁄ |ü+≥ ñ+≥T+~. ªC…’<éμ
düeTj·T+˝À |ü⁄#·Ãø±j·T, ø£s÷¡ “»(muskmelon) <√düø±j·T, ∫Á‘·+. 4.4 (_) : ø√‘·≈£î dæ<ä∆+>± ñqï e] bı\+
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 65
 India: Distribution of Rice

66 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
e]

bÕøÏkÕúHé

#Ó’Hê
H˚bÕ ({Ïu{… Ÿ)
˝Ÿ
uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé

u+>±¢<˚XŸ

ø£sêZ≥ø£ sπ K

e÷´Hée÷sY

nπs_j·÷ düeTTÁ<ä+
ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+

n~Ûø£+>± e] |ü+&ç+#˚ ÁbÕ+‘·+

n\Œ+>± e] |ü+&ç+#˚ ÁbÕ+‘·+

\ø£åBe⁄\T n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T

(Ç+&çj÷· ) (Ç+&çj÷· )

Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : e] $düÔs¡D

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 67

of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it
possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall
such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.
Wheat: This is the second most important
cereal crop. It is the main food crop, in north
and north-western part of the country. This
rabi crop requires a cool growing season and
a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It
requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly-
distributed over the growing season. There are
two important wheat-growing zones in the
Fig. 4.6: Bajra Cultivation
country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-
west and black soil region of the Deccan. The
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
major wheat-producing states are Punjab,
Gujarat and Haryana. Ragi is a crop of dry
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
regions and grows well on red, black, sandy,
Bihar and Rajasthan.
loamy and shallow black soils. Major ragi
M illets: Jowar, bajra and ragi are the producing states are: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
important millets grown in India. Though, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.
Maize: It is a crop which is used both as food
and fodder. It is a kharif crop which requires
temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows
well in old alluvial soil. In some states like Bihar
maize is grown in rabi season also. Use of
modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilisers
and irrigation have contributed to the
increasing production of maize. Major maize-
producing states are Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana.
Pulses: India is the largest producer as well
as the consumer of pulses in the world.
Fig. 4.5: Wheat Cultivation

these are known as coarse grains, they have

very high nutritional value. For example, ragi
is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro
nutrients and roughage. Jowar is the third
most important food crop with respect to area
and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly
grown in the moist areas which hardly needs
irrigation. Major Jowar producing States are
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow
Fig. 4.7: Maize Cultivation
black soil. Major Bajra producing States are

68 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

‘·≈î£ ÿe es¡¸bÕ‘·+ >∑\ |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, |ü•ÃeT ñ‘·sÔ Á¡ |ü<X˚ Ÿ,
sê»kÕúHé˝Àì ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ø±\Te\T, >=≥º|ü⁄ u≤e⁄\
<ë«sê ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä˝ kÂø£sê´\qT $düÔ è‘·+>± n_Ûe~∆ #˚jT· &É+
e\q e]ì |ü+&ç+#·&É+ kÕ<Ûä´|ü&ç+~.
>√<ÛäTeT: Ç~ ¬s+&Ée n‹ eTTK´yÓTÆq ‘·D<Ûëq´ |ü+≥. Ç~
<˚X¯+˝Àì ñ‘·Ôs¡ eT]j·TT yêj·Te´ uÛ≤>∑+˝À Á|ü<Ûëq ÄVü‰s¡
|ü+≥. á s¡; |ü+≥≈£î #·\¢ì yê‘êes¡D+‘√bÕ≥T |üø±«ìøÏ
e#˚à düeTj·T+˝À Á|üø±X¯e+‘·yÓTÆq dü÷s¡´s¡•à nedüs¡+.
|ü+≥ø±\eT+‘ê düe÷q+>± $düÔ]+∫ ñ+&˚ 50 qT+&ç 75
ôd+.MT yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+ BìøÏ nedüs+¡ . eTq <˚X+¯ ˝À s¬ +&ÉT ∫Á‘·+. 4.6 : dü»® kÕ>∑T
eTTK´yÓTÆq >√<ÛäTeT |ü+&ç+#˚ ÁbÕ+‘ê\T ñHêïsTT. n$
eTVü‰sêÁwü,º >∑T»sê‘Y eT]j·TT Vü≤sê´Hê sêÁcÕº\˝À |ü+&çkÕÔsT¡ .
yêj·Te´+˝Àì >∑+>±-dü≥¢CŸ yÓTÆ<ëHê\T eT]j·TT <äø£ÿHé
sê– |ü+≥ bı&ç yê‘êes¡D+ >∑\ ms¡T|ü⁄, q\T|ü⁄, ÇdüTø£,
ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì q\¢sπ >∑&ç H˚\\T. |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, ñ‘·sÔ Á¡ |ü<X˚ Ÿ,
˝À$T, ‘˚*ø¬ q’ q\¢sπ >∑&ç H˚\˝À¢ u≤>± ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. Á|ü<ëÛ q+>±
eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ, ;Vü‰sY eT]j·TT sê»kÕúHé Á|ü<ëÛ q+>± >√<ÛTä eT\qT
sê>∑T\qT ø£sêí≥ø£, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ, ñ‘·sÔ êK+&é,
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd sêÁcÕº\T.
dæøÿÏ +, C≤s¡+â &é, ns¡TD≤#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ sêÁcÕº\T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚dTü HÔ êïsTT.
∫s¡T<ÛëHê´\T: C§qï, dü»® eT]j·TT sê– uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À |ü+&ç+#˚
yÓTTø£ÿC§qï: Ç~ ÄVü ‰ s¡ + >±q÷, |ü X ¯ ó e⁄\ <ëD≤>±qT
eTTK´yÓTÆq ∫s¡T<ÛëHê´\T. M{Ïì eTT‘·ø£ <ÛëHê´\T nì ≈£L&Ü
ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü ˚ |ü+≥. KØ|òt ø±\+˝À |ü+&˚ yÓTTø£ÿC§qï≈£î 21+C
qT+&ç 27+C \ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· nedüs¡+. |ü⁄sê‘·q ˇ+Á&ÉTH˚\\T
BìøÏ n‘·´+‘· nqT≈£L\+. ;Vü‰sY e+{Ï ø=ìï sêÁcÕº\˝À
yÓTTø£ÿC§qïqT s¡; ø±\+˝À ≈£L&Ü |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. n~Ûø£
~>∑Tã&çì#˚Ã $‘·ÔHê\T, s¡kÕj·Tìø£ ms¡Te⁄\T, ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\
e+{Ï Ä<ÛäTìø£ kÕ<ÛäHê\ yê&Éø£+ yÓTTø£ÿC§qï ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì
ô|+#·&ÜìøÏ <√Vü≤<ä|ü&ܶsTT. yÓTTø£ÿC§qï Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ø£sêí≥ø£,
eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ, ñ‘·Ôs¡ Á|ü<˚XŸ, ;Vü‰sY, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ, ‘Ó\+>±D
sêÁcÕº\˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ne⁄‘·Tqï~.
|ü|ü⁄Œ<ÛëHê´\T: Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À |ü|ü⁄Œ<ÛëHê´\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝Àq÷,
∫Á‘·+. 4.5 : >√<ÛäTeT kÕ>∑T $ìjÓ÷>∑+˝Àq÷ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ Á|ü<ÛäeT kÕúq+˝À ñ+~.
|æ\TkÕÔs¡T. Ç$ n‘·´~Ûø£ b˛wüø£ $\Te\qT ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î sê>∑T\˝À ÇqTeTT, ø±*¸j·T+, Ç‘·s¡ dü÷ø£åà
b˛wüø±\T eT]j·TT Js¡íÁøÏj·T≈£î nedüs¡yÓTÆq |ü<ësê∆\T #ê˝≤
|ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ñ+{≤sTT. eTq <˚X¯+˝À $d”Ôs¡í+, ñ‘·Œ‹ÔøÏ
dü+ã+~Û+∫ C§qï eT÷&Ée n‹ eTTK´yÓTÆq ÄVü‰s¡ |ü+≥.
Ç~ m≈£îÿe>± ‘˚eT ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ kÕ>∑T #˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·Tqï
esê¸<Ûës¡ |ü+≥. BìøÏ ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\ nedüs¡+ ˝Ò<äT. eTq
<˚X¯+˝À C§qï\qT eTVü‰sêÁwüº, ø£sêí≥ø£, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ eT]j·TT
eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ sêÁcÕº\˝À m≈£îÿe>± ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔHêïs¡T.
dü»® |ü+≥ ÇdüTø£ H˚\\T, ‘˚*ø£bÕ{Ï q\¢H˚\˝À¢ u≤>±
ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. dü»® |ü+≥qT Á|ü<ëÛ q+>± sê»kÕúH,é ñ‘·sÔ Á¡ |ü<X˚ Ÿ, ∫Á‘·+. 4.7 : yÓTTø£ÿC§qï kÕ>∑T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 69

 India: Distribution of Wheat

70 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
>√<ÛäTeT

bÕøÏkÕúHé

#Ó’Hê
H˚bÕ ({Ïu{… Ÿ)
˝Ÿ
uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé

u+>±¢<˚XŸ

ø£s¡ÿ≥ πsK
eTj·THêàsY

nπs_j·÷
düeTTÁ<ä+ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+

n~Ûø£+>± >√<ÛäTeT |ü+&ç+#˚ ÁbÕ+‘·+

n\Œ+>± >√<ÛäTeT |ü+&ç+#˚ ÁbÕ+‘·+

\ø£åBe⁄\T n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T

(Ç+&çj÷· ) (Ç+&çj÷· )

Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : >√<ÛäTeT $düÔs¡D

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 71

These are the major source of protein in a Brazil. It is the main source of sugar, gur
vegetarian diet. Major pulses that are grown (jaggary), khandsari and molasses. The major
in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, sugarcane-producing states are Uttar
peas and gram. Can you distinguish which of Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil
these pulses are grown in the kharif season Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar,
and which are grown in the rabi season? Pulses Punjab and Haryana.
need less moisture and survive even in dry
Oil Seeds: In 2018 India was the second
conditions. Being leguminous crops, all these
largest producer of groundnut in the world
crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility
by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these after China. In rapeseed production India was
are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. third largest producer in the world after
Major pulse producing states in India are Canada and China in 2018. Different oil seeds
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, are grown covering approximately 12 per cent
Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. of the total cropped area of the country. Main
oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut,
Food Crops other than Grains mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean,
Sugarcane: It is a tropical as well as a castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and
subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and sunflower. Most of these are edible and used
humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to as cooking mediums. However, some of these
27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm. are also used as raw material in the production
and 100cm. Irrigation is required in the of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts
variety of soils and needs manual labour from for about half of the major oilseeds produced in
sowing to harvesting. India is the second the country. Gujarat was the largest producer
largest producer of sugarcane only after of groundnut followed by Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu in 2019–20. Linseed and mustard are rabi
crops. Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and
rabi crop in south India. Castor seed is grown
both as rabi and kharif crop.
Tea: Tea cultivation is an example of
plantation agriculture. It is also an important
beverage crop introduced in India initially by
the British. Today, most of the tea plantations
are owned by Indians. The tea plant grows
well in tropical and sub-tropical climates
endowed with deep and fertile well-drained
soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea
bushes require warm and moist frost-free
climate all through the year. Frequent showers
Fig. 4.8: Sugarcane Cultivation evenly distributed over the year ensure

Fig. 4.9: Groundnut, sunflower and mustard are ready to be harvested in the field

72 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

XÊø±Vü‰s¡T\≈£î nedüs¡eTsTTq e÷+düø£‘·TÔ\T Á|ü<Ûëq+>± yÓTT<ä˝…’q ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T \_ÛkÕÔsTT. eTq <˚X¯+˝À Á|ü<Ûëq+>±
|ü|⁄ü Œ<ÛëHê´\ qT+&ç \_ÛdTü qÔ ï$. ø£+<äT\T, $TqTeTT\T, ô|dü\T, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ, eTVü‰sêÁwüº, ø£sêí≥ø£, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ,
eTdü÷sY, ãsƒê˙\T eT]j·TT X¯q>∑\T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À |ü+&ç+#˚ ‘Ó\+>±D, ;Vü‰sY, |ü+C≤uŸ eT]j·TT Vü≤sê´Hê #Ós≈¡ î£ |ü+&ç+#˚
Á|ü<ëÛ q |ü|⁄ü Œ<ÛëHê´\T. M{Ï˝À @ |ü|⁄ü Œ<ÛëHê´\T KØ|òt ø±\+˝À sêÁcÕº\T.
|ü+&çkÕÔs√, y˚{Ïì s¡; ø±\+˝À |ü+&çkÕÔs√ >∑T]Ô+#·>∑\sê? q÷HÓ –+»\T: 2018˝À y˚s¡TXËq>∑ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À #Ó’Hê ‘·sê«‘·
|ü|⁄ü Œ<ÛëHê´\T ‘·≈î£ ÿe ‘˚eT eT]j·TT bı&ç yê‘êes¡D+˝À ≈£L&Ü Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ¬s+&Ée kÕúq+˝À ñ+~. Äyê\
|ü+&ÉT‘êsTT. ø£+~|ü|ü⁄Œ $TqVü‰ ˝…>∑÷´$Tqd” ≈£î≥T+u≤ìøÏ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À 2018˝À ø¬ q&Ü, #ÓH’ ê ‘·sê«‘· uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ Á|ü|+ü #·+˝À
#Ó+~q á yÓTTø£ÿ\˙ï ≈£L&Ü yê‘êes¡D+ qT+&ç qÁ‘·»ìì eT÷&Ée kÕúq+˝À ñ+~. <˚X¯+˝Àì yÓTT‘·Ô+ |ü+≥ $d”Ôs¡í+˝À
Á>∑Væ≤+∫ H˚\˝À Á|ü‹cÕº|üq #˚dæ uÛÑ÷kÕsêìï ô|+#·T‘êsTT. <ë<ë|ü⁄ 12 XÊ‘·+˝À $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ q÷HÓ –+»\T |ü+&çdTü HÔ êïs¡T.
n+<äTe\¢ M{Ïì m≈£îÿe>± Ç‘·s¡ |ü+≥\ eT<Ûä´˝À e÷]Œ&ç uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À y˚sT¡ XËq>∑, Äyê\T, ø=ã“], qTe⁄«\T, k˛j·÷;Hé,
|ü+≥>± |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À Á|ü<Ûëq+>± eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ, ÄeTT<ë\T, |ü‹Ô $‘·ÔHê\T, n$X¯\T, bı<äT›‹s¡T>∑T&ÉT e+{Ï
sê»kÕúHé, eTVü‰sêÁwüº, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ eT]j·TT ø£sêí≥ø£ sêÁcÕº\T q÷HÓ –+»\qT m≈£îÿe>± |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. M{Ïì Á|ü<Ûëq+>±
|ü|ü⁄Œ<ÛëHê´\qT |ü+&çkÕÔsTT. ÄVü‰s¡+ø√dü+ e+≥q÷HÓ\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T. M{Ï˝À
<ÛëH˚´‘·s¡ ÄVü‰s¡ |ü+≥\T ø=ìï+{Ïì düãT“\T, kÂ+<äs´¡ ˝Ò|Hü ê\T eT]j·TT Wwü<äÛ ˝Ò|Hü ê\
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À eTT&ç |ü<ës¡ú+>± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T.
#Ós≈¡ î£ : Ç~ nj·Tq eT]j·TT ñ|ü nj·Tq sπ U≤ ÁbÕ+‘·|⁄ü |ü+≥. KØ|òt ø±\+˝À ô|]π> y˚sT¡ X¯q>∑ <˚X+¯ ˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô nj˚T´
Ç~ 21 C qT+&ç 27 C ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·, 75 ôd+.MT qT+&ç 100
O O
yÓTT‘·+Ô q÷HÓ –+»\˝À dü>+∑ yê{≤qT ÄÁø£$TdüTqÔ ï~. 2019-
ôd+.MT. yê]¸ø£ es¡¸bÕ‘·+, ‘˚eT‘√ ≈£L&çq yê‘êes¡D+˝À 20˝À y˚s¡TXËq>∑ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À >∑T»sê‘Y yÓTT<ä{Ï kÕúq+˝À
u≤>± ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. ‘·≈£îÿe es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ ñ+&É>±, sê»kÕúHé, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT ‘·sê«‹ kÕúHê˝À¢ ñHêïsTT.
˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\ nedüs¡+. á |ü+≥qT $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ eTè‹Ôø£˝À¢ n$XË\T, Äyê\T s¡;˝À |ü+&ç+#˚ |ü+≥\T. qTe⁄«\T ñ‘·Ôs¡
|ü+&ç+#·e#·TÃ. BìøÏ $‘·Ô&É+ qT+&ç ø√‘· es¡≈£î ≈£L©\T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À KØ|òt |ü+≥>±q÷, <äøÏåD uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À s¡;
nedüs¡+. Áu…õ˝Ÿ ‘·sê«‘· #Ós¡≈£î ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ¬s+&Ée |ü+≥>±q÷ |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. ÄeTT<ë\qT s¡;, KØ|òt ¬s+&ÉT
kÕúq+˝À ñ+~. #Ós≈¡ î£ qT+&ç #·ø¬ ÿs¡, u…\+¢ , K+&ÉkÕs¡, yÓTT˝≤dædt ø±˝≤˝À¢q÷ |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T.
‘˚j·÷≈£î: ‘√≥|ü+≥\ e´ekÕj·÷ìøÏ ‘˚j·÷≈£î ˇø£ eT+∫
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D. ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À Ç~ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À Á_{Ïwt yê]#˚
Á|üy˚X¯ô|≥ºã&çq eTTK´yÓTÆq bÕ˙j·T|ü⁄ |ü+≥. H˚&ÉT #ê˝≤
‘˚j·÷≈£î ‘√≥\T uÛ≤s¡rj·TT\ j·÷»e÷q´+˝À ñHêïsTT.
‘˚j÷· ≈£î Äj·Tq eT]j·TT ñ|ü Äj·Tq ÁbÕ+‘·|⁄ü |ü+≥. ˝À‘Óq’ ,
kÕs¡e+‘·yÓTÆq @≥yê\T H˚\\T ñ+&ç ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\ edü‘·T\T
ø£*–, VüA´eTdt, ùd+Á~j·T |ü<ësêú\T n~Ûø+£ >± >∑\ eT‹Ôø\£ T
á |ü+≥≈£î n‘·´+‘· nqT≈£L\+. ‘˚j·÷≈£î yÓTTø£ÿ\≈£î @&Ü~
bı&Ée⁄Hê yÓ#·Ãì ‘˚eT‘√ ≈£L&çq eT+#·T ˝Òì yê‘êes¡D+
∫Á‘·+. 4.8 : #Ós¡≈£î kÕ>∑T ñ+&Ü*. @&Ü~ bı&Ée⁄Hê ‘·s#¡ T· >± |ü&˚ es¡¸|⁄ü »\T¢\T Ä≈£î\

∫Á‘·+. 4.9 : y˚s¡TX¯q>∑, bı<äT›‹s¡T>∑T&ÉT, Äyê\T bı\+˝À ø√j·T&ÜìøÏ dæ<ä∆+>± ñHêïsTT

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 73
continuous growth of
tender leaves. Tea is a
l a b o u r- i n t e n s i v e
industry. It requires
abundant, cheap and
skilled labour. Tea is
processed within
the tea garden to restore
its freshness. Major tea-
producing states are
Assam, hills of Darjeeling Fig. 4.10: Tea Cultivation Fig. 4.11: Tea-leaves Harvesting
and Jalpaiguri districts,
West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart Horticulture Crops: In 2018, India was the
from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, second largest producer of fruits and
Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are vegetables in the world after China. India is a
also tea-producing states in the country. In producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
2018 India was the second largest producer Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
of tea after China. Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal,
Coffee: Indian coffee is known in the world for oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee
its good quality. The Arabica variety initially (Meghalaya), bananas of Kerala, Mizoram,
brought from Yemen is produced in the Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, lichi and guava
country. This variety is in great demand all over of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapples of
the world. Initially its cultivation was Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh,
introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even Telangana and Maharashtra, apples, pears,
today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand
the world over.

Fig. 4.12: €Apricots, apple and pomegranate

Fig. 4.13: Cultivation of vegetables – peas, cauliflower, tomato and brinjal

Source: Pocket book of agricultural statistics, 2020, Govt. of India. Directorate of Economics and Statistics.

74 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

ìs¡+‘·s¡ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\≈£î ‘√&ÉŒ&É‘êsTT.
‘˚j·÷≈£î ÁX¯eTkÕ+Á<ä |ü]ÁX¯eT. BìøÏ
düeT~∆>±, #Íø£>± \_Û+#˚ HÓ|’ ⁄ü D´+ >∑\
ø±]à≈£ î \T nedü s ¡ + . ‘˚ j · ÷ ≈£ î qT
X¯ ó ~Û › # ˚ ù d≥|ü ⁄ Œ&É T ‘êC≤<ä q +
ø√˝ÀŒ≈£î+&Ü ñ+&É&ÜìøÏ ‘√≥\˝ÀH˚
X¯ ó ÁuÛ Ñ | ü s ¡ T kÕÔ s ¡ T . eTq <˚ X ¯ + ˝À
Á|ü<ëÛ q+>± nkÕ‡+, &Ü]®*+>¥ ø=+&É\T, ∫Á‘·+. 4.10 : ‘˚j·÷≈£î kÕ>∑T ∫Á‘·+. 4.11 : ‘˚j·÷≈£î ø√j·TT≥
»˝…ÌŒ>∑T] õ˝≤¢\T, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ,
‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT eT]j·TT πøs¡fi¯ sêÁcÕº\˝À ‘˚j·÷≈£îqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ñ<ë´q |ü+≥\T: 2018˝À #Ó’Hê ‘·sê«‘· Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À |ü+&ÉT¢
#˚kÕÔs¡T. M{Ï‘√ bÕ≥T Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<˚XŸ, ñ‘·ÔsêK+&é, eT]j·TT ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ¬s+&Ée kÕúq+˝À
y˚T|òü÷\j·T, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ eT]j·TT Á‹|ü⁄s¡ sêÁcÕº\T ≈£L&Ü ñ+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ñwüíeT+&É\ eT]j·TT düeTo‘√wüí eT+&É\
‘˚j·÷≈£îqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔHêïsTT. 2018˝À #Ó’Hê ‘·sê«‘· s¡ø£|ü⁄ |ü+&É¢qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔ+~. eTVü‰sêÁwüº, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ,
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ‘˚j·÷≈£î ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À ¬s+&Ée kÕúq+˝À ñ+~. ‘Ó\+>±D, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ˝À |ü+&˚ e÷$T&ç,
ø±|ò”: uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô nj˚T´ ø±|ò” HêD´‘·|üs¡+>± Hê>¥|Pü sY, ∫s¡|⁄ü +J (y˚T|ò÷ü \j·T)\˝À Hê]+», øπ s¡fi,¯ $TCÀs¡+,
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ Á|üdæ~∆ #Ó+~+~. ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À jÓTeTHé qT+&ç eTVü‰sêÁwüº eT]j·TT ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝Àì ns¡{Ï, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ,
‘Ó∫Ãq ns¡_ø± s¡ø±ìï <˚X¯eT+‘ê |ü+&çdüTÔHêïs¡T. á s¡ø£+ ;Vü‰sY\˝À *∫ eT]j·TT C≤eT, y˚T|òü÷\j·T˝Àì nHêdü,
ø±|ò”øÏ Á|ü|ü+#·yê´|üÔ+>± eT+∫ –sêø° ñ+~. ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À Ä+Á<ÛÁä |ü<X˚ Ÿ, ‘Ó\+>±D, eTVü‰sêÁwü\º ˝À Á<ëø£,å »eT÷à`ø±oàsY,
u≤u≤ ãT&ÜHé ø=+&É\ô|’ kÕ>∑T #˚j·Tã&çq á ø±|ò” |ü+≥qT Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<˚XŸ˝Àì j·÷|æ˝Ÿ‡, uÒ], ÄÁ|æø±≥T¢, yê˝Ÿq{Ÿ\≈£î
Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ ø£sêí≥ø£, πøs¡fi¯, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝Àì ˙\–] |üs¡«‘ê\˝À Á|ü|ü+#·yê´|üÔ+>± eT+∫ –sêø° ñ+~.
|ü+&çdüTÔHêïs¡T.

∫Á‘·+. 4.12 : ÄÁ|æø±{Ÿ‡, j·÷|æ˝Ÿ eT]j·TT <ëìeTà

∫Á‘·+. 4.13 : ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\ kÕ>∑T ` ãsƒê˙\T, ø±©|òü¢esY, ≥yÓ÷{≤, e+ø±j·T

eT÷\+ : bÕ¬ø{Ÿ ãTø˘ Ä|òt nÁ–ø£\ÃsY kÕº{Ïdæºø˘‡, 2020, uÛ≤s¡‘·Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+. &Ó’¬sø£ºπs{Ÿ Ä|òt mø£Hê$Tø˘‡ n+&é kÕº{Ïdæºø˘‡.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 75
 India is an important producer of pea, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil
cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
and potato.
Jute: It is known as the golden fibre. Jute grows
Non-Food Crops well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood
Rubber: It is an equatorial crop, but under plains where soils are renewed every year. High
special conditions, it is also grown in tropical temperature is required during the time of
and sub-tropical areas. It requires moist and growth. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and
humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.
cm. and temperature above 25°C. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes,
Rubber is an important industrial raw yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Due to its
material. It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres
Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar and packing materials, particularly the nylon.
islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. Technological and Institutional Reforms
It was mentioned in the previous pages that
List the items which are made of rubber and agriculture has been practised in India for
are used by us. thousands of years. Sustained uses of land
without compatible techno-institutional
Fibre Crops: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural changes have hindered the pace of agricultural
silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. development. Inspite of development of sources
The first three are derived from the crops grown of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts
in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of of the country still depend upon monsoon and
the silkworms fed on green leaves specially natural fertility in order to carry on their
mulberry. Rearing of silk worms for the agriculture. For a growing population, this
production of silk fibre is known as sericulture
sericulture. poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which
provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent
Cotton: India is believed to be the original
of its population, needs some serious technical
home of the cotton plant. Cotton is one of the
and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation,
main raw materials for cotton textile industry.
consolidation of holdings, cooperation and
In 2017, India was second largest producer of
abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority
cotton after China. Cotton grows well in drier
to bring about institutional reforms in the
parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan
country after Independence. ‘Land reform’ was
plateau. It requires high temperature, light
the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The
rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and
right of inheritance had already lead to
bright sun-shine for its growth. It is a kharif
fragmentation of land holdings necessitating
crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
consolidation of holdings.
Major cotton-producing states are–
The laws of land reforms were enacted but
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
the implementation was lacking or lukewarm.
The Government of India embarked upon
introducing agricultural reforms to improve
Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.
The Green Revolution based on the use of
package technology and the White Revolution
(Operation Flood) were some of the strategies
initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
But, this too led to the concentration of
development in few selected areas. Therefore,
in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land
development programme was initiated, which
Fig. 4.14: Cotton Cultivation
included both institutional and technical
76 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE
 ãsƒê˙, ø±©|òü¢esY, ñ*¢, ø±´uÒJ, ≥yÓ÷{≤, e+ø±j·T ‘Ó\+>±D, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ
eT]j·TT ã+>±fi≤<äT+|ü\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ eTTK´yÓTÆq~. Á|ü<Ûëq+>± |ü‹Ôì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd sêÁcÕº\T.
ÄVü‰πs‘·s¡ |ü+≥\T »q|üHês¡: Bìì ã+>±s¡T |”#·T (>√˝…¶Hé ô|ò’ãsY) nì ≈£L&Ü
s¡ã“s¡T: Ç~ uÛÑ÷eT<Ûä´πsU≤ ÁbÕ+‘·|ü⁄ |ü+≥. ø±˙ ø=ìï Á|ü‘˚´ø£ n+{≤s¡T. Á|ü‹ dü+e‘·‡s¡+ H˚\\T |ü⁄qs¡T<ä∆]+#·ã&˚ es¡<ä
|ü]dæú‘·T˝À¢ Äj·TqπsU≤, ñ|üÄj·TqπsU≤ ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ ≈£L&Ü á yÓTÆ<ëHê\˝Àì ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ kÂø£s¡´+ ñqï kÕs¡e+‘·yÓTÆq
|ü+≥qT |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. BìøÏ 200 ôd+.MT ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe H˚\˝À¢ »qTeTT u≤>± |ü+&ÉT‘·T+~. á |ü+≥ ô|]π> düeTj·T+˝À
es¡¸bÕ‘·+, 25°C ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·, ‘˚eT eT]j·TT n~Ûø£ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\T nedüs¡+. |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ, ;Vü‰sY, nkÕ‡+,
ÄÁs¡›‘·‘√ ≈£L&çq yê‘êes¡D+ nedüs¡+. ˇ&çXÊ, y˚T|òü÷\j·T sêÁcÕº\T »qTeTT |ü+&ç+#˚ eTTK´yÓTÆq
s¡ã“s¡T ˇø£ eTTK´yÓTÆq bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ eTT&ç |ü<ës¡ú+. Ç~ sêÁcÕº\T. >√HÓ dü+#·T\T, #ê|ü\T, ‘êfi¯ó¢, <ës¡+, ‹yêN\T,
Á|ü<Ûëq+>± πøs¡fi¯, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, ø£sêí≥ø£, n+&Ée÷Hé- ìø√u≤sY Ç‘·s¡ ø£fi≤K+&Ü\ ‘·j·÷Ø˝À Bìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bì <Ûäs¡
Be⁄\T eT]j·TT y˚T|ò÷ü \j·T˝Àì >±s√ ø=+&É\˝À ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. m≈£îÿe>± ñ+&É&É+ e\¢ Bì e÷¬sÿ{Ÿì dæ+<∏ä{Ïø˘ <ësê\T,
ø£‘·´+ bÕ´øÏ+>¥ yÓT{°]j·T˝Ÿ‡, eTTK´+>± HÓ’˝≤Hé ÄÁø£$T+#êsTT.
eTq+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ edüTÔe⁄\˝À s¡ã“s¡T‘√ ‘·j·÷¬s’q kÕ+πø‹ø£ eT]j·TT dü+kÕú>∑‘· dü+düÿs¡D\T
yê{Ï C≤_‘ê ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T+&ç. uÛ ≤ s¡ ‘ · < ˚ X ¯ + ˝À y˚ \ dü + e‘· ‡ sê\T>± e´ekÕj· T +
Hês¡ |ü+≥\T: |ü‹Ô, »q|üHês¡, >∑+C≤sTT (ôV≤+|t), düVü≤» »s¡T>∑T‘√+<äì eTT+<äT ù|J\˝À #Ó|⁄ü Œ≈£îHêï+. ‘·–q kÕ+πø‹ø£-
|ü≥Tº uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À |ü+&ç+#˚ Hê\T>∑T eTTK´yÓTqÆ Hês¡ |ü+≥\T. dü+kÕú>∑‘· e÷s¡TŒ\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü uÛÑ÷$Tì ìs¡+‘·s¡+ yê&É&É+e\¢
|ü≥Tº $TqVü‰ $T–*q eT÷&É÷ H˚\˝À ô|s¡T>∑T‘êsTT. ø±˙ |ü≥TºqT e´ekÕj· T n_Û e ~∆ ≈£ î +≥T|ü & É T ‘√+~. ˙{Ï b Õs¡ T <ä \
e÷Á‘·+ Á|ü‘´˚ ø£+>± eT\“Ø Ä≈£î\qT ‹H˚ |ü≥Tº|⁄ü s¡T>∑T\ qT+&ç kÂø£sê´\qT n_Ûe~∆ #˚dqæ |üŒ{Ïø° <˚X+¯ ˝Àì #ê˝≤ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔsT¡ . |ü≥Tº ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ø√dü+ |ü≥Tº |ü⁄s¡T>∑T\qT ô|+#·&Üìï ¬s’‘·T\T Ç|üŒ{Ïø° ‘·eT e´ekÕj·÷ìï ø=qkÕ–+#·&ÜìøÏ
ªôd]ø£\ÃsY μ n+{≤s¡T. s¡T‘·T|üeHê\T, H˚\ düVü≤»kÕs¡+ô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñHêïs¡T.
|ü‹Ô: uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ |ü‹Ô |ü+≥øÏ |ü⁄{Ϻì\T¢>± qeTTà‘ês¡T. q÷\T ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï »HêuÛ≤≈£î Ç~ rÁeyÓTÆq düyê\T>± e÷]+~. <˚X¯
eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î ø±e\dæq Á|ü<Ûëq eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\˝À |ü‹Ô »HêuÛ≤˝À 60 XÊ‘êìøÏ ô|’>± JeH√bÕ~Ûì ø£*ŒdüTÔqï
eTTK´yÓTqÆ ~. 2017˝À |ü‹Ô ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À #ÓH’ ê ‘·sê«‘· uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ e´ekÕj·T+˝À ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq kÕ+πø‹ø£, dü+kÕú>∑‘·
¬s+&Ée kÕúq+˝À ñ+~. bı&ç yê‘êes¡D+ >∑\ <äø£ÿHé dü+düÿs¡D\T nedüs¡+. n+<äTø√dü+ kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´q+‘·s¡+
|”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷$T˝Àì q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\˝À¢ |ü‹Ôì m≈£îÿe>± |ü+&çkÕÔs¡T. <˚X¯+˝À ñeTà&ç e´ekÕj·T+, uÛÑ÷ø£eT‘ê\ @ø°ø£s¡D, düVü≤ø±s¡
n~Ûø£ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\T, ‘·≈£îÿe es¡¸bÕ‘·+ ˝Ò<ë ˙{ÏbÕs¡T<ä\, 210 dü+|ò÷ü \T, »MT+<ëØ e´edüú s¡<Tä › yÓTT<ä˝q’… dü+kÕú>‘∑ · dü+düÿs¡D\≈£î
s√E\ eT+#·T ˝Òì yê‘êes¡D+, Á|üø±X¯e+‘·yÓTÆq dü÷s¡´s¡•à ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘· ì#êÃs¡T. yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü+#·es¡¸ Á|üD≤[ø£˝À ªuÛÑ÷
|ü‹Ô |ü+≥≈£î n‘·´+‘· nqT≈£L\+. Ç~ KØ|òt˝À |ü+&˚ |ü+≥ dü+düÿs¡D\Tμ Á|ü<Ûëq n+X¯eTsTT+~. yês¡dü‘·« Vü≤≈£îÿ e\¢
eT]j·TT Bì |üø±«ìøÏ 6 qT+&ç 8 HÓ\\ düeTj·T+ |ü&TÉ ‘·T+~. Ç|üŒ{Ïπø ∫ÛHêï_ÛqïyÓTÆq uÛÑ÷ø£eT‘ê\qT @ø°ø£‘·+ #˚j·Te\dæq
eTVü‰sêÁwüº, >∑T»sê‘Y, eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ, ø£sêí≥ø£, Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ, nedüs¡+ ñqï~.
uÛÑ÷dü+düÿs¡D\ #·{≤º\T neT\T˝ÀøÏ e∫ÃHê Ä#·s¡D˝À
n$ |üP]Ô kÕúsTT˝À $»j·Te+‘·+ ø±˝Ò<äT. uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+
e´ekÕj·÷ìï yÓTs¡T>∑T|ü]#˚+<äT≈£î 1960, 1970\˝À
nH˚ø£ dü+düÿs¡D\qT #˚|ü{Ϻ+~. ñeTà&ç kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·ô|’
Ä<Ûës¡|ü&çq Vü≤]‘· $|ü¢e+, X‚«‘· $|ü¢e+ (Ä|üπswüHé |òü¢&é)
nH˚$ uÛ≤s¡rj·T e´ekÕj·÷ìï yÓTs¡T>∑T|üs#¡ &· ÜìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+_Û+∫q
ø=ìï eP´Vü‰\T. ø±˙ Ç$ ≈£L&Ü ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\ n_Ûe~∆øÏ
e÷Á‘· y ˚ T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ܶsTT. n+<äTe\¢ 1980\T, 1990
\˝À dü+kÕú>∑‘· eT]j·TT kÕ+πø‹ø£ dü+düÿs¡D\T ¬s+&ç+{Ï˙
∫Á‘·+. 4.14 : |ü‹Ô kÕ>∑T ø£*|æ ªdüeTÁ>∑ uÛÑ÷ n_Ûe~∆ ø±s¡´Áø£eT+μ ÁbÕs¡+_Û+#ês¡T.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 77
 Fig. 4.15: Modern technological equipments used in agriculture

reforms. Provision for crop insurance against Satyagraha as one of the foremost
drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, satyagrahis. He was one of the votaries of
establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative Gandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. After
societies and banks for providing loan facilities Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave
to the farmers at lower rates of interest were undertook padyatra to spread Gandhiji’s
some important steps in this direction. message covered almost the entire country.
Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Once, when he was delivering a lecture at
Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor
schemes introduced by the Government of India landless villagers demanded some land for
for the benefit of the farmers. Moreover, special their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave
weather bulletins and agricultural programmes could not promise it to them immediately but
for farmers were introduced on the radio and assured them to talk to the Government of
television. The government also announces India regarding provision of land for them if
minimum support price, remunerative and they undertook cooperative farming.
procurement prices for important crops to check Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood
the exploitation of farmers by speculators and up and offered 80 acres of land to be
middlemen. distributed among 80 land-less villagers.
This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Later he
travelled and introduced his ideas widely all
Collect information about agriculture,
over India. Some zamindars, owners of
horticulture, agricultural schemes, etc. from
many villages offered to distribute some
Farmers’ Portal website https://farmer.
villages among the landless. It was known
gov.in/FarmerHome.aspx. Discuss about the
as Gramdan. However, many land-owners
benefits of the information available on
chose to provide some part of their land to
the portal.
the poor farmers due to the fear of land
ceiling act. This Bhoodan- Gramdan
Bhoodan – Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also
Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as known as the Blood-less Revolution.
his spiritual heir. He also participated in

78 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

 ∫Á‘·+. 4.15 : e´ekÕj·T+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Ä<ÛäTìø£ kÕ+πø‹ø£ |ü]ø£sê\T
ø£s¡Te⁄, es¡<ä\T, ‘·TbÕqT, n–ïÁ|üe÷<ä+, |ü+≥ ‘Ó>∑Tfi¯ófl ≈£L&Ü ˇø£s¡T. >±+BÛJ #Ó|æŒq Á>±eT dü«sê»´ uÛ≤eq≈£î
yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ dü+uÛÑ$+∫q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü+≥\ ;e÷qT ø£*Œ+#·&É+, ø£≥Tºã&çq yê]˝À Äj·Tq ˇø£sT¡ . >±+BÛJ eTs¡D+ ‘·sê«‘·
Á>±MTD u≤´+≈£î\T, düVü≤ø±s¡ dü+|òü÷\ @sêŒ≥T eT]j·TT Äj·Tq dü+<˚XÊìï <˚Xe¯ T+‘·{≤ ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· &ÜìøÏ $H√u≤
¬s’‘·T\≈£î ‘·≈£îÿe e&û¶øÏ ãTTD dü<äTbÕj·÷\qT n+~+#·&ÜìøÏ uÛ≤y˚ bÕ<äj·÷Á‘· #˚|ü{≤ºs¡T. ˇø£kÕ] nj·Tq Ä+Á<Ûä
u≤´+≈£î\ @sêŒ≥T e+{Ï ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTqÆ #·s´¡ \T #˚|≥ü 㺠&ܶsTT. Á|ü<˚XŸ˝Àì b˛#·+|ü*¢˝À ñ|üHê´dü+ #˚düTÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT,
uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ ¬s’‘·T\ Á|üjÓ÷»q+ ø√dü+ øÏkÕ‡Hé Á¬ø&ç{Ÿ ø=+‘·eT+~ uÛÑ÷$T˝Òì ù|<äyês¡T ‘·eT Ä]úø£ m<äT>∑T<ä\
ø±sY¶ (KCC), e´øÏÔ>∑‘· Á|üe÷<ä ;e÷ |ü<∏äø£+ (PAIS) e+{Ï ø√dü+ ø=+‘· uÛ÷Ñ $Tì ø√sês¡T. $H√u≤ uÛ≤y˚ yÓ+≥H˚ yê]øÏ
ø=ìï Ç‘·s¡ |ü<∏äø±\qT Á|üy˚X¯ô|{Ϻ+~. n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü πs&çjÓ÷, yê>±›q+ #˚j·T˝Òø£b˛j·÷s¡T. nsTT‘˚ yês¡T düVü≤ø±s¡
f…*$»q¢˝À ¬s’‘·T\ ø√dü+ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ yê‘êes¡D ãT˝…{ÏqT¢, e´ekÕj·T+ #˚|&ü ‘ç ˚ yê]øÏ uÛ÷Ñ $Tì düeT≈£Ls¡Ã&É+ >∑T]+∫
e´ekÕj·T ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\qT Á|üy˚X¯ô|{≤ºs¡T. ¬s’‘·T\ô|’ dü{≤º uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+‘√ e÷{≤¢&É‘êqì Vü‰MT Ç#êÃs¡T.
yê´bÕs¡düTÔ\T, eT<Ûä´es¡TÔ\ <√|æ&ûì n]ø£≥º&ÜìøÏ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ nø£kÕà‘·TÔ>± ÁosêeT#·+Á<ë¬s&ç¶ nH˚ ¬s’‘·T ˝Ò∫ uÛÑ÷$T ˝Òì
eTTK´yÓTÆq |ü+≥\≈£î ø£˙dü eT<䛑·T <Ûäs¡, ˝≤uÛÑ<ëj·Tø£+>± 80 eT+~ Á>±eTdüTÔ\≈£î ‘·q 80 mø£sê\ uÛÑ÷$Tì
ñ+&˚ ùdø£s¡D <Ûäs¡\qT ≈£L&Ü Á|üø£{Ï+∫+~. |ü+#˚+<äT≈£î eTT+<äTø=#êÃs¡T. Ç˝≤ #˚j·T&Üìï ªuÛÑ÷<ëHéμ
ø£‘·´+ nì |æ*#˚yês¡T. ‘·sT¡ yê‘· $H√uÛ≤u≤y˚ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ n+‘·{≤
¬s’‘·T\ b˛s¡º˝Ÿ yÓuŸôd’{Ÿ https://farmer.gov.in/
|üs¡´{Ï+∫ ‘·q Ä˝À#·q\qT $düÔ‘·+>± Á|ü#ês¡+ #˚XÊs¡T.
FarmerHome.aspx. qT+&ç e´ekÕj· T +, ø=+‘·eT+~ »MT+<ës¡T¢, #ê˝≤ Á>±e÷\ j·T»e÷qT\T
ñ<ë´qeq+, e´ekÕj·T |ü<øä∏ ±\T yÓTT<ä˝q’… yê{Ï >∑T]+∫ ø=ìï Á>±e÷\qT uÛÑ÷$T˝Òì yê]øÏ |ü+|æD° #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç. b˛s¡º˝Ÿ˝À n+<äTu≤≥T˝À eTT+<äTø=#êÃs¡T. Bìì Á>±eT<ëHé nì |æ*#˚yês¡T. uÛÑ÷
ñqï düe÷#ês¡+ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|üj÷Ó »Hê\ >∑T]+∫ #·]Ã+#·+&ç. |ü]$T‹ #·≥º+ uÛÑj·T+‘√ #ê˝≤ eT+~ uÛÑ÷ j·T»e÷qT\T
‘·eT uÛÑ÷$T˝À ø=+‘· uÛ≤>±ìï ù|<ä ¬s’‘·T\≈£î Çe«&ÜìøÏ
uÛÑ÷<ëHé - Á>±eT<ëHé ˇ|ü⁄Œ≈£îHêïs¡T. $H√u≤ uÛ≤y˚ ÁbÕs¡+_Û+∫q á uÛÑ÷<ëHé-
eTVü‰‘êà >±+BÛ $H√u≤ uÛ≤y˚qT ‘·q Ä<Ûë´‹àø£ yês¡dTü &ç>± Á>±eT<ëHé ñ<ä´e÷ìï ªªs¡øbÔ£ Õ‘·sV¡ ≤æ ‘· $|üe¢ +μμ nì ≈£L&Ü
Á|üø{£ +Ï #ês¡T. dü‘ê´Á>∑V≤ü +˝À bÕ˝§Zqï eTTKT´\˝À Äj·Tq n+{≤s¡T.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 79

 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single
crop is grown on a large area?
(a) Shifting Agriculture
(b) Plantation Agriculture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Intensive Agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice
(b) Gram
(c) Millets
(d) Cotton

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses
(b) Jawar
(c) Millets
(d) Sesamum

2 . Answer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions
required for its growth.
(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the
government in the interest of farmers.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in
agricultural production.
(ii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

PROJECT WORK
1 . Group discussion on the necessity of literacy among farmers.
2 . On an outline map of India show wheat producing areas.

80 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

 nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T
1. ãVüQfi¯ m+|æø£ Á|üX¯ï\T.
( i) m≈£îÿe $d”Ôs¡í+˝À ˇπø s¡ø£yÓTÆq |ü+≥ |ü+&ç+#·&Üìï ÁøÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À @ ù|s¡T‘√ |æ\TkÕÔeTT?
(m) $kÕÔ|üq e´ekÕj·T+ (_) ‘√≥ |ü+≥\ kÕ>∑T
(dæ) ñ<ë´q |ü+≥\ kÕ>∑T (&ç) kÕ+Á<ä e´ekÕj·TeTT
( ii) øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À s¡; |ü+≥ @~?
(m) _j·T´+ (_) X¯q>∑\T
(dæ) ∫s¡T<ÛëHê´\T (&ç) |ü‹Ô
(iii) ÁøÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À ˝…>∑T´$Tqd” s¡ø£|ü⁄ |ü+≥ @~?
(m) |ü|ü⁄Œ<ÛëHê´\T (_) C§qï\T
(dæ) ∫s¡T<ÛëHê´\T (&ç) qTe⁄«\T
2. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 30 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
(i) ˇø£ eTTK´yÓTqÆ bÕ˙j·T|ü⁄ |ü+≥ ù|s¡T ‘Ó*|æ <ëì ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\≈£î nedüsy¡ TÓ qÆ uÛÖ>√[ø£ |ü]dæ‘ú T· \qT
ù|s=ÿq+&ç.
(ii) uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ˇø£ Á|ü<ÛëqyÓTÆq |ü+≥qT ù|s=ÿì <ëìì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT ‘Ó\|ü+&ç.
(iii) s¬ ‘’ T· \ Á|üj÷Ó »Hê\ ø√dü+ Á|üuTÑÛ ‘·«+ Á|üyX˚ ô¯ |{Ïqº $$<Ûä dü+kÕú>‘∑ · dü+düÿs¡D ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\ C≤_‘ê
‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T+&ç.
3. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
(i) e´ekÕjÓ÷‘·Œ‹Ôì ô|+#·&ÜìøÏ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ rdüT≈£î+≥Tqï ø=ìï #·s¡´\qT ‘Ó\|ü+&ç.
(ii) e] |ü+≥ ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\≈£î nqT≈£L*+#˚ uÛÖ>√[ø£ |ü]dæú‘·T\qT $e]+#·+&ç.
ÁbÕC…≈£îº |üì
1. ¬s’‘·T˝À¢ nø£åsêdü´‘· ÄeX¯´ø£‘·ô|’ ã+<ä #·s¡Ã.
2. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ |ü≥+˝À >√<ÛäTeT\qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 81

ACTIVITY
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the
hidden answers.

A Z M X N C B V N X A H D Q
S D E W S R J D Q J Z V R E
D K H A R I F G W F M R F W
F N L R G C H H R S B S V T
G B C W H E A T Y A C H B R
H R T K A S S E P H X A N W
J I E S J O W A R J Z H D T
K C L A E G A C O F F E E Y
L T E F Y M T A T S S R G I
P D E J O U Y V E J G F A U
O U M H Q S U D I T S W S P
U O A C O T T O N E A H F O
Y O L F L U S R Q Q D T W I
T M U A H R G Y K T R A B F
E A K D G D Q H S U O I W H
W Q Z C X V B N M K J A S L

1 . The two staple food crops of India.

2 . This is the summer cropping season of India.
3 . Pulses like arhar, moong, gram, urad contain…
4 . It is a coarse grain.
5 . The two important beverages in India are…
6 . One of the four major fibers grown on black soils.

82 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II AGRICULTURE

 ø£è‘·´+:
øÏ+<ä Çe«ã&çq ≈£L¢\≈£î düe÷<ÛëHê\T >∑&ÉT\˝À n&ɶ+, ì\Te⁄>± yÓ~øÏ >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.

A Z M X N C B V N X A H D Q
S D E W S R J D Q J Z V R E
D K H A R I F G W F M R F W
F N L R G C H H R S B S V T
G B C W H E A T Y A C H B R
H R T K A S S E P H X A N W
J I E S J O W A R J Z H D T
K C L A E G A C O F F E E Y
L T E F Y M T A T S S R G I
P D E J O U Y V E J G F A U
O U M H Q S U D I T S W S P
U O A C O T T O N E A H F O
Y O L F L U S R Q Q D T W I
T M U A H R G Y K T R A B F
E A K D G D Q H S U O I W H
W Q Z C X V B N M K J A S L

1. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ¬s+&ÉT Á|ü<Ûëq ÄVü‰s¡ |ü+≥\T.

2. Ç~ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À y˚dü$ |ü+≥\ ø±\+.
3. ø£+<äT\T, ô|dü\T, X¯q>∑\T, $TqTeTT\T e+{Ï |ü|ü⁄Œ<ÛëHê´\˝À ñ+&˚$...
4. Ç~ eTT‘·ø£ <Ûëq´+.
5. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ¬s+&ÉT eTTK´yÓTÆq bÕ˙j·T|ü⁄ |ü+≥\T...
6. q\¢πs>∑&ç H˚\˝À¢ ô|]π> Hê\T>∑T Á|ü<Ûëq Hês¡ |ü+≥\˝À ˇø£{Ï.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II e´ekÕj·T+ 83

 Haban comes to Guwahati with his father A bright smile from toothpaste
from a remote village. and minerals
He sees people getting into strange Toothpaste cleans your teeth. Abrasive
house like objects which move along the minerals like silica, limestone, aluminium
road. He also sees a “kitchen” dragging a oxide and various phosphate minerals do the
number of house along with it. He is amazed cleaning. Fluoride which is used to reduce
and asked his father “Why don’t our houses cavities, comes from a mineral fluorite. Most
move like the one we saw in Guwahati, Ba?” toothpaste are made white with titanium
Ba replies, “These are not houses, they oxide, which comes from minerals called
are buses and trains. Unlike our houses these rutile, ilmenite and anatase. The sparkle in
are not made of bricks and stones, metal like some toothpastes comes from mica. The
iron and alluminium are used in making toothbrush and tube containing the paste are
these. They do not move on their own. They made of plastics from petroleum. Find out
are driven by an engine which needs energy where these minerals are found?
to work.”
Dig a little deeper and find out how many
We use different things in our daily life made minerals are used to make a light bulb?
from metal. Can you list a number of items
used in your house made of metals. Where do
All living things need minerals
these metals come from?
You have studied that the earth’s crust is Life processes cannot occur without minerals.
made up of different minerals embedded in the Although our mineral intake represents only
rocks. Various metals are extracted from these about 0.3 per cent of our total intake of
minerals after proper refinement. nutrients, they are so potent and so important
Minerals are an indispensable part of our that without them we would not be able to
lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin utilise the other 99.7 per cent of foodstuffs.
to a towering building or a big ship, all are
made from minerals. The railway lines and the Dig a little deeper and collect “Nutritional
tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements Facts” printed on food labels.
and machinery too are made from minerals.
Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are What is a mineral?
manufactured from minerals and run on Geologists define mineral as a
power resources derived from the earth. Even “homogenous, natura lly occurring substance
the food that we eat contains minerals. In all with a definable internal structure.” Minerals
stages of development, human beings have are found in varied forms in nature, ranging
used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.
festivities, religious and ceremonial rites. Why are they so varied?

84 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T

Vü≤ãHé ˇø£ e÷s¡TeT÷\ Á>±eT+ qT+&ç ‘·q ‘·+Á&ç‘√ ≥÷‘Yù|dtº eT]j·TT KìC≤\T qT+&ç
ø£*dæ >öVü≤‹øÏ e#êÃ&ÉT. Á|üø±X¯e+‘·yTÓ qÆ ∫s¡Tqe⁄«
n‘·&ÉT s√&É¢ô|’ ø£~˝Ò $+‘Ó’q Çfi¯fle+{Ï yê{Ï˝ÀøÏ ≥÷‘Yù|dtº MT <ä+‘ê\qT X¯óÁuÛÑ|üs¡TdüTÔ+~. dæ*ø±,
Á|ü»\T mø£ÿ&É+ #·÷XÊ&ÉT. <ëì‘√ bÕ≥T nH˚ø£ Çfi¯flqT düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT, n\÷´$Tìj·T+ Ĭø’‡&é eT]j·TT $$<Ûä
˝≤>∑T‘·Tqï e+≥>∑~ì ≈£L&Ü #·÷XÊ&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT s¡ø±\ bòÕùdŒ¤{Ÿ e+{Ï sê|æ&ç KìC≤\qT X¯óÁuÛÑ|üs¡#·T≥≈£î
ÄX¯ à s¡ ´ b˛sTT ‘· q ‘· + Á&ç ‘ √ ªª>öVü ≤ ‹˝À eTq+ $ìjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. bò˛¢¬s’{Ÿ nH˚ Kì»+ qT+&ç ø±${°dt
#·÷dæq≥Te+{Ï yê{Ïe˝Ò eTq Çfi¯ófl m+<äT≈£î ø£<ä\e⁄ ‘·–Z+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ bò˛¢¬s’&é edüTÔ+~. s¡Tf…Æ˝Ÿ,
HêHêïμμ nì n&ç>±&ÉT. Ç\àHÓ’{Ÿ eT]j·TT nqfÒdt nH˚ KìC≤\ qT+&ç e∫Ãq
‘·+Á&ç düe÷<Ûëq$Tdü÷Ô, ªªÇ$ Çfi¯ó¢ ø±<äT n$ {Ï{≤ìj·TyéT Ĭø̇&é‘√ ‘·j·÷¬s’q ≥÷‘Yù|dtº\≈£î ‘Ó\T|ü⁄
ãdüT‡\T, ¬s’fi¯ó¢. eTq Çfi¯¢˝≤>± Ç$ Ç≥Tø£\T, sêfi¯¢‘√ s¡+>∑T edüTÔ+~. ø=ìï ≥÷‘Y ù|düTº\˝À yÓTs¡T|ü⁄ nÁuÛÑø£+
#˚dæq$ ø±e⁄, M{Ïì ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T&É+˝À ÇqTeTT, qT+&ç edüTÔ+~. ≥÷‘Y Áãwt eT]j·TT ù|dtºqT ø£*– ñqï
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ e+{Ï ˝ÀVü‰\qT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#ês¡T. n$ ≥÷´ãT, ô|Á{À*j·T+ qT+&ç e#˚à bÕ¢dæºø˘‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡T
‘·eT+‘·≥ ‘êeTT>± ø£<ä\e⁄. X¯øÏÔ‘√ q&ç#˚ Ç+»Hé #˚kÕÔs¡T. á KìC≤\T mø£ÿ&É <=s¡T≈£î‘êjÓ÷ ‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç?
yê{Ïì q&ç|ædüTÔ+~. ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚dæ, ø±+‹ì#˚à ã\T“qT
eTq+ ì‘·´ J$‘·+˝À ˝ÀVü≤+‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚dæq nH˚ø£ ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ mìï KìC≤\T ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs√
edüTeÔ ⁄\qT ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔ+. MT Ç+{À¢ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ edüTeÔ ⁄\˝À ‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç?
˝ÀVü‰\‘√ #˚dqæ yê{Ï C≤_‘ê ‘·j÷· s¡T #˚jT· >∑\sê? á ˝ÀVü‰\T nìï Je⁄\≈£L KìC≤\T nedüs¡+
mø£ÿ&É qT+&ç ekÕÔsTT? KìC≤\T ˝Ò≈î£ +&Ü Je Á|üÁøÏjT· \T »s¡>e∑ ⁄. eTq+ rdüT≈£îH˚
•\\˝À ìøÏ|å yÔü TÓ qÆ $$<Ûä KìC≤\‘√ uÛ÷Ñ |ü≥\+ @s¡Œ&ç+~ yÓ T T‘· Ô + b˛wü ø ±\˝À π ø e\+ 0.3 XÊ‘· + e÷Á‘· y ˚ T
nì MTs¡T #·~yês¡T. dü¬s’q X¯óB∆ø£s¡D ‘·sê«‘· á KìC≤\ KìC≤\qT rdüT≈£î+≥Tqï|üŒ{Ïø°, n$ ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü eTq+
qT+&ç $$<Ûä ˝ÀVü‰\T dü+Á>∑Væ≤+#·ã&É‘êsTT. $T–*q 99.7 XÊ‘·+ ÄVü‰s¡ |ü<ësêú\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T
KìC≤\T eTq J$‘·+˝À ˇø£ $&ÉBj·T˝Òì uÛ≤>∑+. eTq+ ø√˝Òq+‘· X¯øÏÔe+‘·yÓTÆq$ eT]j·TT eTTK´yÓTÆq$.
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ <ë<ë|ü⁄ nìï edüTeÔ ⁄\T, ∫qï >∑T+&ÉTdü÷~ qT+&ç ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± |ü]o*+∫ ÄVü‰s¡ ˝ÒãT˝Ÿ‡ô|’ eTTÁ~+∫q
m‘Ó’Ôq uÛÑeq+ ˝Ò<ë ô|<ä› z&É es¡≈£î n˙ï KìC≤\‘√ ªªb˛wüø±Vü‰s¡ yêdüÔyê\Tμμ ùdø£]+#·+&ç.
‘·j·÷s¡sTTHêsTT. ¬s’˝Ò« ˝…’qT¢, s√&É¢ ‘ês¡T (ù|$+>¥), eTq
|üìeTT≥T¢, j·T+Á‘ê\T ≈£L&Ü KìC≤\‘√ ‘·j÷· s¡T#˚jT· ã&ܶsTT. Kì»+ n+fÒ @$T{Ï?
ø±s¡T,¢ ãdüT‡\T, s¬ fi’ ó¯ ,¢ $e÷Hê\T KìC≤\‘√ ‘·j÷· s¡T#˚jT· ã&ç, uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô\T KìC≤ìï ªªìs¡«#·˙j·TyÓTÆq n+‘·s¡Z‘·
uÛ÷Ñ $T qT+&ç \_Û+#˚ X¯øÔÏ eqs¡T\‘√ q&ÉTkÕÔsTT. eTq+ ‹H˚ ìsêàD+‘√ düC≤rj·TyÓTÆq, düVü≤»+>± \_Û+#˚ |ü<ës¡ú+μμ>±
ÄVü‰s¡+ ≈£L&Ü KìC≤\qT ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. n_Ûe~∆ jÓTTø£ÿ ìs¡«∫+#ês¡T. ø£]qƒ yÓTqÆ eÁ»+ qT+&ç eT<äTyÓq’ {≤˝Ÿÿ (bÂ&És)Y
nìï <äX¯\˝À, e÷qe⁄\T ‘·eT JeH√bÕ~ÛøÏ, n\+ø£s¡D≈£î, es¡≈£î Á|üø£‹˝À KìC≤\T $$<Ûä s¡÷bÕ˝À¢ ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. n$
y˚&ÉTø£\T, eT‘·|üs¡yÓTÆq, Ä#ês¡ e´eVü‰sê\≈£î KìC≤\qT m+<äT≈£î Ç+‘· yÓ’$<Ûä´+>± ñHêïsTT?
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#ês¡T.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 85
 You have already learnt about rocks. Rocks sufficient concentration to make its extraction
are combinations of homogenous substances commercially viable. The type of formation or
called minerals
minerals. Some rocks, for instance structure in which they are found determines
limestone, consist of a single mineral only, but the relative ease with which mineral ores may
majority of the rock consist of several minerals be mined. This also determines the cost of
in varying proportions. Although, over 2000 extraction. It is, therefore, important for us to
minerals have been identified, only a few are understand the main types of formations in
abundantly found in most of the rocks. which minerals occur.
A particular mineral that will be formed Minerals generally occur in these forms:
from a certain combination of elements (i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks
depends upon the physical and chemical minerals may occur in the cracks,
conditions under which the material forms. crevices, faults or joints. The smaller
This, in turn, results in a wide range of colours, occurrences are called veins and the
hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density that larger are called lodes
lodes. In most cases,
a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use they are formed when minerals in liquid/
these properties to classify the minerals. molten and gaseous forms are forced
upward through cavities towards the
Study of Minerals by Geographers and earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as
Geologists they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin,
Geographers study minerals as part of the copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained
earth’s crust for a better understanding of from veins and lodes.
landforms. The distribution of mineral (ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals
resources and associated economic activities occur in beds or layers
layers. They have been
are of interest to geographers. A geologist, formed as a result of deposition,
however, is interested in the formation of accumulation and concentration in
minerals, their age and physical and horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of
chemical composition. iron ore have been concentrated as a result
of long periods under great heat and
However, for general and commercial pressure. Another group of sedimentary
purposes minerals can be classified as under. minerals include gypsum, potash salt and
sodium salt. These are formed as a result
MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS of evaporation especially in arid regions.
Where are these minerals found? (iii) Another mode of formation involves the
Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The decomposition of surface rocks, and the
term ore is used to describe an accumulation removal of soluble constituents, leaving
of any mineral mixed with other elements. The a residual mass of weathered
mineral content of the ore must be in material containing ores. Bauxite is
formed this way.

Fig. 5.1
86 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES86
 MTs¡T Ç|üŒ{Ïπø •\\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüT≈£îHêïs¡T. •\\T jÓTTø£ÿ Kì» |ü<ës¡∆+ ‘·–q+‘· m≈£îÿe>± ˇπø #√≥ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&˚
ªKìC≤\Tμ >± |æ\Teã&˚ düC≤rj·T |ü<ësêú\ ø£\sTTø£. ø=ìï <ëìì yÓ*øÏ rj·T&É+ yêDÏ»´ |üs¡+>± –≥Tºu≤≥T ne⁄‘·T+~.
•\\T, ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT, ˇø£ KìC≤ìï e÷Á‘·y˚T Kì»<Ûë‘·Te⁄\qT m+‘· ‘˚*ø£>± yÓ*øÏrj·T>∑\e÷ nqï~ n$
ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. nsTT‘˚ •\˝À¢ m≈£îÿe uÛ≤>∑+ $$<Ûä @ $<Ûä+>± @s¡Œ&ܶsTT, ìsêàD+˝À \uÛÑ´eTe⁄‘·THêïsTT nH˚
ìwüŒ‘·TÔ\˝À nH˚ø£ KìC≤\T ñ+{≤sTT. düTe÷s¡T 2000 ≈£î <ëìô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+≥T+~. Ç~ yÓ*øÏr‘· Ks¡TÃqT ≈£L&Ü
ô|>’ ± KìC≤\T >∑T]Ô+∫q|üŒ{Ïø,° #ê˝≤es¡≈L£ •\˝À¢ düeTè~∆>± ìs¡sí TTdüT+Ô ~. n+<äTe\¢, KìC≤\T mìï s¡ø±\T>± @s¡Œ&É‘êjÓ÷
ø£ì|æ+#˚$ ø=ìï e÷Á‘·y˚T. ns¡ú+ #˚düTø√e&É+ eTq≈£î #ê˝≤ eTTK´+.
ˇø£ ì]›wºü eT÷\ø±\ düyT˚ àfi¯q+ <ë«sê ˇø£ Á|ü‘´˚ ø£ Kì»+ KìC≤\T kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± á s¡÷bÕ˝À¢ \_ÛkÕÔsTT.
@s¡Œ&É&+É nH˚~ n~ m≥Te+{Ï uÛÖ‹ø£, s¡kÕj·Tq |ü]dæ‘ú T· \˝À (i) n–ï•\\T, s¡÷bÕ+‘·s¡ •\\˝À >∑\ |ü>∑Tfi¯ó¢, $∫ÃHêï\T,
@s¡Œ&ç+~ nH˚ <ëìì ã{Ϻ ñ+≥T+~. Ç~ Ä Á|ü‘˚´ø£ Kì»+ ÁuÛÑ+XÊ\T ˝Ò<ë n+‘·sê\˝À KìC≤\T @s¡Œ&Ée#·TÃ. ∫qï
ø£*– ñ+&˚ $düÔ è‘·ÁX‚DÏ s¡+>∑T\T, ø±]ƒq´+, düŒ{Ïø£ s¡÷bÕ\T, yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À \_Û+#˚ yê{Ïì yÓsTTHé‡ nì, ô|<ä› yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À
yÓTs¡T|ü⁄ eT]j·TT kÕ+Á<ä‘·\≈£î <ë] rdüTÔ+~. KìC≤\qT \_Û+#˚ yê{Ïì ª˝À&é‡μ nì |æ\TkÕÔsT¡ . #ê˝≤ dü+<äsꓤ\˝À,
eØZø£]+#·&ÜìøÏ uÛÑ÷$C≤„q XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô\T á \ø£åD≤\qT Á<äe/ø£]–q, yêj·TT s¡÷bÕ˝À¢ì KìC≤\T uÛÑ÷ ñ|ü]‘·\
ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . ≈£îVü≤sê\ <ë«sê ô|’øÏ e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ç$ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. Ç$
uÛÑ÷>√fi¯ eT]j·TT uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô\#˚ ô|’øÏ sêe&É+ e\q #·\¢ã&ç >∑{Ϻ>± e÷s¡T‘êsTT. ‘·>∑s¡+,
KìC≤\ n<Û´ä j·Tq+ sê–, õ+ø˘, d”dü+ yÓTT<ä˝…’q Á|ü<Ûëq ˝ÀVü≤ KìC≤\qT
uÛÑ÷>√fi¯ XÊÁdüÔE„\T uÛÑ÷ dü«s¡÷bÕ\qT dü]>± ns¡ú+ yÓsTTHé‡, ˝À&é‡ qT+&ç bı+<äT‘ês¡T.
#˚ d ü T ø√&ÜìøÏ KìC≤\qT uÛ Ñ ÷ |ü ≥ \+˝À uÛ ≤ >∑ + >± (ii) neπø| å Dü •\\˝À nH˚ø£ KìC≤\T ªdü+düsÔ ê\Tμ(u…&‡é ) ˝Ò<ë
n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚kÕÔs¡T. uÛÑ÷>√fi¯ XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô\≈£î Kì» eqs¡T\ ªbıs¡\μ˝À @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. øÏ‹å » düe÷+‘·s¡ bıs¡\˝À ìπø|å Dü ,
$düsÔ D¡ , yê{ÏøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q Ä]úø£ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\T ÄdüøìÔÏ dü+∫‘·+, øπ +ÁBø£sD¡ |ò*ü ‘·+>± n$ @s¡Œ&ܶsTT. Bs¡øÈ ±˝≤\
ø£*–kÕÔsTT. nsTT‘˚, ˇø£ uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô, KìC≤\ bÕ≥T n~Ûø£ y˚&ç$T, |”&ÉHê\≈£î >∑T]ø±e&É+ e\q u§>∑TZ,
@sêŒ≥T, yê{Ï ej·TdüT‡, uÛÖ‹ø£, s¡kÕj·Tq ≈£Ls¡TŒô|’ ø=ìï s¡ø±\ ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄\T πø+ÁBø£è‘·yÓTÆ ñHêïsTT.
ÄdüøÏÔ ø£*– ñ+{≤&ÉT. õ|ü‡+, bı{≤wt kÕ˝Ÿº, k˛&çj·T+ kÕ˝Ÿº nH˚$ neπøå|ü
nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°, kÕ<Ûës¡D eT]j·TT yêDÏ»´ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ KìC≤\ jÓTTø£ÿ eTs=ø£ düeT÷Vü≤+. Ç$ eTTK´+>± X¯ówüÿ
ø√dü+ KìC≤\qT ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± eØZø£]+#·e#·TÃ. ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À »]π> u≤w”ŒuÛÑeq+ |òü*‘·+>± @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
KìC≤\T @s¡Œ&˚ $<Ûëq+
(iii) KìC≤\T @s¡Œ&˚ eTs=ø£ $<Ûëq+˝À ñ|ü]‘·\ •\\T
á KìC≤\T mø£ÿ&É <=s¡T≈£î‘êsTT?
$∫ÃqïeTe«≥+, ø£]–b˛j˚T |ü<ësêú\T ‘=\–+#·ã&ç,
KìC≤\T kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ªª<Ûë‘·Te⁄\˝Àμμ ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. @<ÓH’ ê
<Ûë‘·Te⁄\T ø£*qZ XË~’ \∏ ´ |ü<ës¡ú neX‚cÕ\T e~*ô|≥ºã&É&+É
ˇø£ Kì»+ Ç‘·s¡ eT÷\ø±\‘√ ø£*dæ dü+∫‘·eTe&Üìï
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. u≤¬ø’ ‡{Ÿ á $<Ûä+>±H˚ @s¡Œ&ç+~.
$e]+#·&ÜìøÏ <Ûë‘·Te⁄ nH˚ |ü<ëìï ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. <Ûë‘·Te⁄
KìC≤\ eØZøs£ D¡
KìC≤\T

˝ÀVü≤KìC≤\T n˝ÀVü≤KìC≤\T X¯øÏÔ KìC≤\T

ñ<ë nÁuÛÑø£+, ñ|ü⁄Œ, bı{≤wt, u§>∑TZ, ô|Á{À*j·T+,
ÇqTeTT ø£*–q$(ô|Áò s¡d)t ÇqTy˚T‘·s(¡ HêHé-ô|Áò s¡d)t n‘·´+‘· $\TyÓ’q$ dü\Œ¤s,Y Á>±HÓ{’ Ÿ, düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT,
ñ<ë. ÇqT|ü Kì»+, düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄
ñ<ë. sê–, d”dü+, ñ<ë. ã+>±s¡+, yÓ+&ç, bÕ\sêsTT, ÇdüTø£sêsTT
e÷+>∑˙dt, ì¬ø˝Ÿ ø√u≤˝Ÿº ‘·>∑s¡+, u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ bÕ¢{Ïq+ yÓTT<ä˝…’q$. yÓTT<ä˝q’… $
yÓTT<ä˝q’… $ yÓTT<ä˝q’… $.
∫Á‘·+: 5.1
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 87
(iv)
(iv)Certain minerals may occur as alluvial non-ferrous minerals. The vast alluvial plains
deposits in sands of valley floors and the of north India are almost devoid of economic
base of hills. These deposits are called minerals. These variations exist largely because
‘placer deposits’ and generally contain of the differences in the geological structure,
minerals, which are not corroded by water. processes and time involved in the formation
Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most of minerals.
important among such minerals. Let us now study the distribution of a few
(v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities major minerals in India. Always remember that
of minerals, but most of these are too widely the concentration of mineral in the ore, the ease
diffused to be of economic significance. of extraction and closeness to the market play
However, common salt, magnesium and an important role in affecting the economic
bromine are largely derived from ocean viability of a reserve. Thus, to meet the demand,
waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in a choice has to be made between a number of
manganese nodules. possible options. When this is done a mineral
‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into a mine
mine.

Ferrous Minerals
Rat-Hole Mining. Do you know that most
Ferrous minerals account for about three-
of the minerals in India are nationalised
fourths of the total value of the production of
and their extraction is possible only after
metallic minerals. They provide a strong base
obtaining due permission from the
for the development of metallurgical industries.
government? But in most of the tribal
India exports substantial quantities of ferrous
areas of the north-east India, minerals are
minerals after meeting her internal demands.
owned by individuals or communities. In
Meghalaya, there are large deposits of coal, Iron Ore
iron ore, limestone and dolomite etc. Coal Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone
mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done of industrial development. India is endowed
by family member in the form of a long with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India
narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat hole’ is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is
mining. The National Green Tribunal has the finest iron ore with a very high content of
declared such activities illegal and iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic
recommended that these should be qualities, especially valuable in the electrical
stopped forthwith. industry. Hematite ore is the most important
industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity
Dig a little deeper: What is the difference used, but has a slightly lower iron content than
between an open pit mine, a quarry and an magnetite. (50-60 per cent). In 2018–19 almost
underground mine with shafts? entire production of iron ore (97%) accrued
from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and
India is fortunate to have fairly rich and Jharkhand. The remaining production (3%)
varied mineral resources. However, these are was from other states.
unevenly distributed. Broadly speaking,
peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves
of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other
Kudre in Kannada means horse. The
non-metallic minerals. Sedimentary rocks on
highest peak in the western ghats of
the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula,
Karnataka resembles the face of a horse.
in Gujarat and Assam have most of the
The Bailadila hills look like the hump of
petroleum deposits. Rajasthan with the rock
an ox, and hence its name.
systems of the peninsula, has reserves of many

88 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

(iv) ø=ìï KìC≤\T ˝Àj·T\ ñ|ü]‘·\|ü⁄ ÇdüTø£˝À, ø=+&É\ yÓTÆ<ëHê\˝À Ä]úø£+>± ˝≤uÛÑ<ëj·Tø£yÓTÆq KìC≤\T <ë<ë|ü⁄>±
ÁøÏ+~ uÛ≤>∑+˝À ˇ+Á&ÉTìπøåbÕ\T>± @s¡Œ&Ée#·TÃ. á ˝Òe⁄. uÛÖ>√[ø£ ìsêàD+, Á|üÁøÏj·T\T, KìC≤\T @s¡Œ&É&ÜìøÏ
ìπøbå Õ\qT ªù|d¢ sü Y &çbÕõ≥T¢μ nì |æ\TkÕÔsT¡ . kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± |ü{Ϻq ø±\+˝Àì uÛÒ<ë\ e\q á yÓ’$<Ûë´\T m≈£îÿe>±
Ç$ ˙{Ï#˚ ‘·T|ü⁄Œ |ü≥ºì KìC≤\qT ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT. ñ+{≤sTT.
Ç≥Te+{Ï KìC≤˝À¢ ã+>±s¡+, yÓ+&ç, ‘·>s∑ +¡ , bÕ¢{qÏ + #ê˝≤ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ø=ìï Á|ü<Ûëq KìC≤\ $düÔs¡DqT eTq+
eTTK´yÓTÆq$. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n<Û´ä j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+. <Ûë‘·Te⁄˝À Kì» kÕ+Á<ä‘,· yÓ*øÏr‘·
(v) düeTTÁ<ä»˝≤˝À¢ KìC≤\T m≈£îÿe |ü]e÷D+˝À ñ+{≤sTT. kÂ\uÛÑ´+, e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ≈£î <ä>∑Zs¡>± ñ+&É≥+ nH˚~ Ä KìC≤\
Ç$ $düÔ è‘·+>± yê´|æ+∫ ñ+&É&+É e\¢ Ä]úø£ ÁbÕeTTK´‘·qT yÓ*øÏr‘· Ä]úø+£ >± –≥Tºu≤≥T ne⁄Hê ø£<ë nH˚<ëìï Á|üu≤Û $‘·+
dü+‘·]+#·Tø√˝Ò<äT. nsTT‘˚ kÕ<Ûës¡D ñ|ü⁄Œ, yÓT^ïwæj·T+ #˚j·T&É+˝À eTTK´yÓTÆq bÕÁ‘· b˛wædüTÔ+<äì m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷
eT]j·TT ÁuÀyÓTÆHé\qT m≈£îÿe>± düeTTÁ<ä »˝≤\ qT+&ç >∑Ts¡T+Ô #·Tø√+&ç. n+<äTe\¢, &çe÷+&éqT rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ, kÕ<Û´ä eTj˚T´
rkÕÔsT¡ . düeTTÁ<ä|⁄ü uÛ÷Ñ ‘·˝≤\˝À ≈£L&Ü e÷+>∑˙dt >∑T[ø£\T nH˚ø£ e÷sêZ\˝À ‘·–q <ëìì m+|æø£ #˚düTø√yê*. n˝≤
m+|æø¬ q’ |ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷Á‘·yT˚ n~ ªKì»ìπø|å +ü μ ˝Ò<ë ª]»sY«μ >∑ì>±
düeT~∆>± ñ+{≤sTT.
e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
ÄdüøÏÔø£s¡yÓTÆq yêdüÔe+ ÇqT|ü KìC≤\T
sê{Ÿ-Vü≤√˝Ÿ yÓTÆì+>¥. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì #ê˝≤ KìC≤\T ˝ÀVü≤ KìC≤\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô yÓTT‘·+Ô $\Te˝À ÇqT|ü KìC≤\T
C≤rj·T+ #˚j·Tã&ܶsTT, Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ qT+&ç ‘·–q nqTeT‹ Hê*Z+≥ eT÷&Ée e+‘·T yê{≤qT ø£*Z ñ+{≤sTT. Ç$ ˝ÀVü≤
bı+~q ‘· s ê«‘· e÷Á‘· y ˚ T yê{Ï yÓ * øÏ r ‘· Ä<Ûë]‘· |ü]ÁX¯eT\ n_Ûe~∆øÏ ã\yÓTqÆ |ü⁄Hê~ì n+~düTHÔ êïsTT.
kÕ<Û ä ´ eTe⁄‘· T +<ä ì MT≈£ î ‘Ó \ TkÕ? ø±˙ áXÊq´ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ‘·q n+‘·s‘Z¡ · nedüsê\≈£î b˛qT $T–*q ÇqT|ü
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì #ê˝≤ –]»q ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À, KìC≤\T KìC≤\qT n~Ûø£ yÓTT‘·+Ô ˝À m>∑TeT‹ #˚dTü qÔ ï~.
e´≈£îÔ\T ˝Ò<ë dü+|òü÷\ j·÷»e÷q´+˝À ñHêïsTT. ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄ / eTT&ç ÇqTeTT
y˚T|òü÷\j·T˝À, u§>∑TZ, ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄, düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT ÇqT|ü Kì»+ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ Kì»+ eT]j·TT bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£
eT]j·TT &√\yÓTÆ{Ÿ yÓTT<ä˝…’q ìπøåbÕ\T n~Ûø£ yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À n_Ûe~∆øÏ yÓHÓïeTTø£. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ÇqT|ü Kì» eqs¡T\T
ñHêïsTT. CÀyÓ’, ∫s¡|ü⁄+õ\˝À bı&ÉyÓ’q, düqïì, kıs¡+>∑+ #ê˝≤ düeT~∆>± ñHêïsTT. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À HêD´yÓTÆq ÇqT|ü
‘·e«&É+ <ë«sê ≈£î≥T+ã düuÛÑT´\T u§>∑TZqT yÓ*øÏrkÕÔs¡T, <Ûë‘·Te⁄\T |ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ñHêïsTT. e÷>∑ïf…{Æ Ÿ nH˚~ n‘·´~Ûø+£ >±
Bìì ªsê´{Ÿ Vü≤√˝ŸŸμ yÓTÆì+>¥ nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. H˚wüq˝Ÿ Á^Hé 70 XÊ‘·+ es¡≈£î ÇqTeTT ø£*–q n‘·T´‘·ÔeT ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄.
Á{Ï ã T´q˝Ÿ Ç˝≤+{Ï ø±s¡ ´ ø£ ˝ ≤bÕ\T #· ≥ º $ s¡ T <ä ∆ e Tì BìøÏ n‘·´<äT“¤‘y· TÓ qÆ nj·TkÕÿ+‘· \ø£Då ≤\T ñHêïsTT, eTTK´+>±
Á|üø{£ +Ï ∫, M{Ïì yÓ+≥H˚ ì*|æyj ˚ ÷· \ì dæbÕò s¡dTü #˚d+æ ~. $<äT´‘Y |ü]ÁX¯eT˝À $\TyÓq’ ~. ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ |ü]e÷D+ |üs+¡ >±
ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+: zô|Hé |æ{Ÿ >∑ì, ø±«Ø ôV≤eTf…Æ{Ÿ n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTÆq bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ ÇqT|ü Kì»+,
eT]j·TT cÕ|òtº\‘√ ≈£L&çq uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ >∑ì eT<Ûä´ ‘˚&Ü @$T{Ï? ø±˙ Ç+<äT˝À e÷>∑ïf…Æ{Ÿ ø£+fÒ ÇqTeTT ø=+#Ó+ ‘·≈£îÿe
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À n~Ûø£ yÓTT‘·+Ô ˝À yÓ$’ <Û´ä yÓTqÆ Kì»eqs¡T\T |ü]e÷D+˝Àñ+≥T+~. (50-60 XÊ‘·+). 2018-19 ˝À
ñ+&É≥+ eTq n<äèwüº+. nsTT‘˚, Ç$ ndüe÷q+>± yê´|æ+∫ <ë<ë|ü⁄ yÓTT‘·+Ô ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô (97%) ˇ&çXÊ, #Ûr· dÔ >t &∑ ,éÛ
ø£sêí≥ø£, C≤s¡â+&é\ qT+&ç »]–+~. $T–*q (3%) ñ‘·Œ‹Ô
ñHêïsTT . dü÷\ú +>± #ÓbÕŒ\+fÒ, B«|üø\£ Œ •\\T u§>∑T,Z ˝ÀVü≤
Ç‘·s¡ sêÁcÕº\ qT+&ç »]–+~.
KìC≤\T, nÁuÛÑø£+ eT]j·TT nH˚ø£ Ç‘·s¡ n˝ÀVü≤ KìC≤\
ì\«\qT n~Ûø£+>± ø£*Z ñHêïsTT. B«|üø£\Œ |ü•ÃeT, ‘·÷s¡TŒ MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ?
bÕsêÙ «\ô|’qTqï neπøå|ü •\˝À¢, >∑T»sê‘Y, nkÕ‡+\˝À ø£qï&É uÛ≤wü˝À ≈£îÁ<˚ n+fÒ >∑TÁs¡+. ø£sêï≥ø£˝Àì |ü•ÃeT
ô|Á{À*j·T+ ìπøåbÕ\T n~Ûø£+>± ñHêïsTT. B«|üø£\Œ sê‹ ø£qTeT\˝Àì m‘ÓqÔ’ •Ks¡+ ≈£îÁ<˚eTTUŸ >∑TÁs¡|⁄ü eTTU≤ìï
e´edüú\‘√ sê»kÕúHé nH˚ø£ ÇqTy˚T‘·s¡ (HêHé`ô|òÁs¡dt) Kì» b˛* ñ+≥T+~. u…’˝~˝≤ ø=+&É\T m<äT› eT÷|ü⁄s¡+
ì\«\qT ø£*– ñ+~. ñ‘·sÔ ¡ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì $kÕÔsy¡ TÓ qÆ ˇ+Á&ÉT ˝≤>± ñ+{≤sTT. n+<äTπø M{ÏøÏ Äù|s¡T¢ e#êÃsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 89
 Though, the ores are not of very high
quality, yet they are efficiently exploited.
Iron ore is exported through Marmagao
port.
Manganese
Manganese is mainly used in the
manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese
alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required
to manufacture one tonne of steel. It is also
used in manufacturing bleaching powder,
insecticides and paints.

Andhra Others
Pradesh 2%
10%
Fig. 5.2: Iron ore mine
Karnataka
The major iron ore belts in India are: 12%

• Odisha-Jharkhand belt: In Odisha high Madhya

Pradesh
grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar 33%
mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar
districts. In the adjoining Singbhum
Odisha
district of Jharkhand haematite iron ore is
16%
mined in Gua and Noamundi.
• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in
Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high
grade hematites are found in the famous Maharashtra
Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district 27%
of Chhattisgarh. The range of hills Fig. 5.3: Production of Manganese showing
comprise of 14 deposits of super high state-wise share in per cent, 2018–19
grade hematite iron ore. It has the best
physical properties needed for steel
Dig a little deeper: Superimpose the maps
making. Iron ore from these mines is
showing distribution of iron ore, manganese,
exported to Japan and South Korea via
coal and iron and steel industry. Do you see
Vishakhapatnam port.
any correlation. Why?
• Ballari-Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru-
Tumakuru belt in Karnataka has large
reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines Non-Ferrous Minerals
located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka India’s reserves and production of non-
are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudremukh ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.
deposits are known to be one of the largest However, these minerals, which include
in the world. The ore is transported as copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold play a
slurry through a pipeline to a port near vital role in a number of metallurgical,
Mangaluru. engineering and electrical industries. Let us
• Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of study the distribution of copper and
Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. bauxite.

90 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 ˝Ò ø £ b ˛sTTq|ü Œ {Ï ø ° n$ dü e Ts¡ ú e +‘· + >± ‘· $ «
rj·Tã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. eTs¡à>√yê z&Éπse⁄ <ë«sê ÇqT|ü
Kì»+ m>∑TeT‹ #˚düTÔHêïs¡T.
e÷+>∑˙dt
e÷+>∑˙dt Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ñ≈£îÿ eT]j·TT ô|òÁs√-e÷+>∑˙dt
$TÁX¯eT+ ‘·j·÷Ø˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT‘·Tqï~. ˇø£ ≥qTï
ñ≈£îÿ ‘·j÷· ØøÏ <ë<ë|ü⁄ 10 øÏ˝À\ e÷+>∑˙dt nedüs+¡ . Bìì
;¢∫+>¥ bÂ&És,Y ÁøÏ$Tdü+Vü‰s¡ø±\T eT]j·TT ô|sTT+≥¢ ‘·j÷· Ø˝À
≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ Ç‘·s¡T\T
10% 2%
|ü≥+ 5.2 : ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·T >∑ì
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì Á|ü<Ûëq ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·T y˚TK\\T : ø£sêï≥ø£
12%
• ˇ&çcÕ-C≤s¡+â &é y˚TK\: ˇ&çcÕ˝À eTj·T÷sYu+ÑÛ CŸ eT]j·TT eT<Ûä´
¬ø+<äTs¡asY õ˝≤¢˝À¢ì u≤<ä+|üVü‰sY >∑qT\˝À n~Ûø£ Á|ü<˚XŸ
HêD´yÓTÆq ôV≤eTf…Æ{Ÿ Kì»+ \_ÛdüTÔ+~. |üø£ÿH˚ ñqï 33%
C≤s¡+â &é˝Àì dæ+>¥uyÑÛ Té õ˝≤¢˝Àì >±« eT]j·TT H√eTT+&ç˝À ˇ&çcÕ
ôV≤eTf…Æ{Ÿ ÇqT|ü Kì»+ ‘·e⁄«‘·THêïs¡T. 16%
• <äTsY-Z ãdüsÔ -Y #·+Á<ä|Pü sY y˚TK\ : #Ûr· dÔ >t &∑ ,éÛ eTVü‰sêÁwü˝º Àì
ñ+~. #Û·rÔdt>∑&Ûé˝Àì ãdüÔsY õ˝≤¢˝Àì Á|üdæ<ä∆ u…’\~˝≤ eTVü‰sêÁwüº
ø=+&É\ ÁX‚D˝Ï À n~Ûø£ HêD´yÓTqÆ ôV≤eTf…{Æ ŸqT ø£qT>=q&É+ 27%
»]–+~. á ø=+&É\ ÁX‚DT\T 14 n‘·´+‘· HêD´yÓTÆq
ôV≤eTf…Æ{Ÿ ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·T ìπøåbÕ\qT ø£*Z ñHêïsTT. Ç~ |ü≥+ 5.3 : 2018-19˝À sêÁcÕº\ yêØ>± e÷+>∑˙dt
ñ≈£îÿ ‘·j·÷ØøÏ nedüs¡yÓTÆq ñ‘·ÔeT uÛÖ‹ø£ \ø£åD≤\qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô yê{≤qT XÊ‘ê\˝À #·÷|ü⁄‘·T+~.
ø£*– ñ+~. á >∑qT\ qT+∫ ÇqT|ü Kì»+ $XÊK|ü≥ï+ ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+. ÇqT|ü Kì»+,
b˛s¡Tº <ë«sê »bÕHé, <äøÏåD ø=]j·÷\≈£î m>∑TeT‹ e÷+>∑˙dt, u§>∑TZ, ÇqTeTT, ñ≈£îÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT\ $düÔs¡DqT
ne⁄‘·T+~. #·÷|æ+#˚ y˚πs«s¡T |ü{≤\T <ä>∑Zs¡ ô|≥Tºø=ì, n˙ï ˇπø|ü≥+˝À
• ø£sêí≥ø£˝Àì ãfi≤¢]-∫Á‘·<Tä s¡-Z ∫ø˘eT+>∑fiS¯ s¡T-‘·TeT÷ÿs¡T y˚πs«s¡T s¡+>∑T˝À¢ ø£ì|æ+#˚˝≤ Á|ü<ä]Ù+#·+&ç.
y˚TK\: n~Ûø£ yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À ÇqT|ü<Ûë‘·T ìπøåbÕ\ì ø£*Z @<Ó’Hê düVü≤dü+ã+<Ûëìï MTs¡T >∑eTì+#êsê? m+<äT≈£î?
ñ+~. ø£sêï≥ø£˝Àì |ü•ÃeT ø£qTeT\˝À ñqï ≈£îÁ<˚eTTUŸ ÇqTù|‘·s(¡ HêHé-ô|Áò s¡d)t KìC≤\T
>∑qT\T 100 XÊ‘·+ m>∑TeT‹ $uÛ≤>∑+. ≈£îÁ<˚eTTUŸ ìπøbå Õ\T
Á|ü | ü + #· + ˝ÀH˚ n‹ô|<ä › ÇqT|ü ì π ø å b Õ˝À¢ ˇø£ { Ï > ± uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ ÇqTù|‘·s¡(HêHé-ô|òÁs¡dt) KìC≤\
ù|s¡T>±+#êsTT. eTT&ç KìC≤ìï düÁ¢ ] s¡÷|ü+˝À >=≥º|⁄ü e÷s¡+Z ñ‘·Œ‹Ô eT]j·TT ì\«\T n+‘· dü+‘·|æÔø£s¡+>± ˝Òe⁄.
<ë«sê eT+>∑fiS¯ s¡T düMT|ü+˝Àì z&Ésπ e⁄≈£î ‘·s*¡ kÕÔsT¡ . nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø,° sê–, u≤¬ø‡Ì {Ÿ, d”d+ü , õ+ø˘ eT]j·TT ã+>±s¡+‘√
≈£L&çq á KìC≤\T nH˚ø£ ˝ÀVü≤dü+Á>∑V≤ü , Ç+»˙]+>¥ eT]j·TT
• eTVü‰sêÁwüº->√yê y˚TK\ : >√yê eT]j·TT eTVü‰sêÁwüº˝Àì
m\ÁøÏøº ˝£ Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À ø°\ø£ bÕÁ‘· b˛wædTü HÔ êïsTT. sê–, u≤¬ø‡Ì {Ÿ
s¡‘·ï–] õ˝≤¢˝À¢ ñHêïsTT. KìC≤\T n+‘· m≈£îÿe HêD´‘·
$düÔs¡DqT eTq+ n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 91
 India: Distribution of Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite and Mica

92 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
Á|ü<Ûëq KìC≤\T

bÕøÏkÕúHé

H˚bÕ
˝Ÿ
uÛÑ÷{≤Hé
nJàsY
;esY
>∑j·T
ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
ø±{°ï Vü≤»ØuÛ≤>¥
neTsYø£+≥ø˘ düT+<äs|Y Tüò sY >± ø£s¡ÿ≥ πsK
eTj·T÷sY uÛÑ+CŸ
u≤˝≤|ò÷ü {Ÿ _˝≤dt|üPsY ø¬ +<äTs¡asY
Hê>¥|üPsY <äTsYZ eTj·THêàsY
uÛÑ+&Üsê yÓTÆø±\ ø=+&É\T bÕsêB«|t
nπs_j·÷ düeTTÁ<ä+ #·+Á<ä|üPsY ø√sê|ü⁄{Ÿ
u…’˝≤&çj·÷ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
$XÊK|ü≥ï+
s¡‘·ï–]
>√yê
e÷s¡à>√yê ∫Á‘·<äTs¡Z ãfi≤fl] ÇqT|ü<Ûë‘·T πøåÁ‘ê\T
•eyÓTT>∑Z HÓ\÷¢sT¡ ÇqT|ü<ëÛ ‘·T >∑qT\T
≈£îÁ<˚eTTUŸ ‘·TeT≈£Ls¡T ÇqT|ü<Ûë‘·Te⁄ m>∑TeT‹ ˇ&Éπse⁄\T
eT+>∑fi¯Ss¡T ∫ø£ÿeT+>∑fiS¯ s¡T e÷+>∑˙dt
u≤¬ø‡’ {Ÿ
nÁuÛøÑ +£
n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T
\ø£åBe⁄\T (Ç+&çj·÷)
(Ç+&çj·÷)
eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+
Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄, e÷+>∑˙dt, u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ eT]j·TT nÁuÛÑø£+ $düÔs¡D

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 93

Copper Andhra Others
Pradesh 2%
India is critically deficient in the reserve and 10%
production of copper. Being malleable, ductile
Karnataka
and a good conductor, copper is mainly used 12%
in electrical cables, electronics and chemical
Madhya
Pradesh
33%

Odisha
16%

Maharashtra
27%

Fig. 5.5: Production of Bauxite showing state-wise

share in per cent, 2018–19
Fig. 5.4: Copper mines at Malanjkhand
industries. The Balaghat mines in Madhya in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and
Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading Odisha was the largest bauxite producing
producers of copper. state in India in 2016-17. Panchpatmali
Bauxite
Though, several
ores contain
aluminium, it is
from bauxite, a
clay-like substance
that alumina and
later aluminium is
obtained. Bauxite
deposits are formed
by the decomposi-
tion of a wide
variety of rocks rich
in aluminium
silicates.
Aluminium is
an important metal
because it
combines the
strength of metals
such as iron, with
extreme lightness
and also with good Fig.5.6: Bauxite Mine
conductivity and
great malleability.
deposits in Koraput district are the most
India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found important bauxite deposits in the state.

94 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

sê– eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ
eTVü‰sêÁwüº 6% 3% Ç‘·s¡T\T 1%
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ sê– ì\«\T eT]j·TT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À rÁe ˝À≥TqT
ø£*– ñ+~. düÔs¡D°j·T >∑TD+, kÕπ> >∑TD+, ñ‘·ÔeT yêVü≤ø£ #·rÔdt|òüTsY 6%
\ø£åD≤\T ñ+&É&É+ e\¢ sê–ì Á|ü<Ûëq+>± m\ÁøϺø£˝Ÿ πøãT˝Ÿ‡,
>∑T»sê‘Y
m\Áø±ºìø˘‡, s¡kÕj·Tq |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T. 9%
ˇ&çcÕ
65%
C≤s¡â+&é
10%

|ü≥+ 5.5 : 2018`19 ˝À sêÁcÕº\ yêØ>± u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ

ñ‘·Œ‹Ô yê{≤qT XÊ‘ê\˝À #·÷|ü⁄‘·T+~.
|ü≥+ 5.4 : eT\+CŸK+&é e<ä› sê– >∑qT\T neTsYø+£ ≥ø˘ |”su¡ƒ ÷ÑÛ $T, yÓTøÆ ˝£ Ÿ ø=+&É\T eT]j·TT _˝≤dt|Pü sY-
eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ˝Àì u≤˝≤|ò÷ü {Ÿ >∑qT\T, sê»kÕúH˝é Àì UÒÁ‹ >∑qT\T, ø£{°ï |”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷$T ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ñHêïsTT.
C≤s¡â+&é˝Àì dæ+>¥uÛÑyéT õ˝≤¢ sê– ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À nÁ>∑>±$T>± 2016-17˝À uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À u≤¬ø‡’ {ŸqT n‘·´~Ûø+£ >±
ñHêïsTT. ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔqï sêÁwüº+ ˇ&çcÕ. ø√sê|ü⁄{Ÿ õ˝≤¢˝Àì |ü+#Y|ü‘·à*
u≤¬ø‡’ {Ÿ
nH˚ ø £ <Û ë ‘· T e⁄\˝À
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°
Ç~ u≤¬ ø ’ ‡ {Ÿ qT+&ç
\_ÛdüTÔ+~. Ç~ ã+ø£eTqTï
˝≤+{Ï |ü < ës¡ ú + .? Bì
qT+&ç n\÷´$THê, Ä
‘·<äT|ü] n\÷´$Tìj·T+
rkÕÔs¡T. n\÷´$Tìj·T+
dæ*πø{Ÿ\‘√ düeT~∆>± ñqï
nH˚ ø £ s¡ ø ±\ •\\T
$∫Ãqï+ ø±e&É + e\¢
u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ ìπøåbÕ\T @s¡Œ&ÉT
‘êsTT.
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ˇø£
eTTK´yÓ T Æ q ˝ÀVü ≤ +,
m+<äTø£+fÒ Ç~ ÇqTeTT
e+{Ï ˝ÀVü‰\ X¯øìÔÏ ø£*–, n‹ ‘˚*ø£>± ñ+&ç, ñ‘·eÔ T yêVü≤ø£‘,· |ü≥+ 5.6 : u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ >∑ì
düÔs¡D°j·T >∑TD≤ìï ø£*– ñ+≥T+~.
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ ìπøåbÕ\T Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ìπøåbÕ\T sêÁwüº+˝À n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTÆq u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ ìπøåbÕ\T.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 95

 In Rajasthan, the major mica producing
area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of
After the discovery of aluminium Emperor Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer
Napoleon III wore buttons and hooks on in the country.
his clothes made of aluminium and served
Rock Minerals
food to his more illustrious guests in
aluminium utensils and the less Limestone is found in association with rocks
honourable ones were served in gold and composed of calcium carbonates or calcium
silver utensils. Thirty years after this and magnesium carbonates. It is found in
incident aluminium bowls were most sedimentary rocks of most geological
common with the beggars in Paris. formations. Limestone is the basic raw
material for the cement industry and

Dig a little deeper: Locate the mines of Others

8%
Bauxite on the physical map of India. Maharashtra Rajasthan
4% 20%
Tamil Nadu
Non-Metallic Minerals 6%

Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates Gujarat

or leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. These 7%
sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be Madhya
Pradesh
layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters Telangana 13%
high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow 8%
or brown. Due to its excellent di-electric
strength, low power loss factor, insulating
Karnataka
properties and resistance to high voltage, mica 9% Andhra
is one of the most indispensable minerals used Chhattisgarh
Pradesh
13%
in electric and electronic industries. 11%
Mica deposits are found in the northern
edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Fig. 5.7: Production of Limestone showing
state-wise share in per cent, 2018–19
Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the
leading producer.

Hazards of Mining
Have you ever wondered about the efforts the miners make in making life comfortable
for you? What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment?
The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by
miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary
diseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs,
inundation and fires in coalmines are a
constant threat to miners.
The water sources in the region get
contaminated due to mining. Dumping of waste
and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil,
and increase in stream and river pollution.
Fig. 5.8: Air pollution due to
5.8
generation of dust in mining areas

96 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 sê»kÕúHé˝À, nJàsY #·T≥÷º Á|ü<ÛëqyÓTÆq nÁuÛÑø£+ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô
ÄdüøøÔÏ s£ y¡ TÓ qÆ yêdüeÔ + ÁbÕ+‘·+ ñ+~. Ä+Á<ÛÁä |ü<X˚ Ÿ˝Àì HÓ\÷¢sT¡ nÁuÛøÑ +£ y˚TK\ ≈£L&Ü
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ø£qT>=qï ‘·sê«‘· HÓb˛*j·THé III ‘·q <˚X¯+˝ÀH˚ eTTK´yÓTÆq ñ‘·Œ‹Ô<ës¡T.
<äTdüTÔ\ô|’ n\÷´$Tìj·T+‘√ #˚dæq ã≥qT¢, VüQø˘‡
<Ûä]+#ê&ÉT. n\÷´$Tìj·T+ bÕÁ‘·\˝À ‘·q $•wüº
sê‹ KìC≤\T
n‹<∏äT\≈£î ÄVü‰sêìï n+~+#ê&ÉT. ‘·≈£îÿe >ös¡e+ dü T qï|ü ⁄ sêsTT ø±*¸j· T + ø±s√“H˚ { Ÿ \ T ˝Ò < ë ø±*¸j· T +
ø£*–q yê]øÏ ã+>±s¡+, yÓ+&ç bÕÁ‘·\˝À e&ç¶+#ê&ÉT. eT]j· T T yÓ T ^ïwæ j · T + ø±s√“H˚ { Ÿ \ ‘√ ≈£ L &ç q •\˝À¢
á dü+|òüT≥q »]–q 30 @fi¯¢ ‘·sê«‘· bÕ´]dt˝Àì \_ÛdüTÔ+~. Ç~ nH˚ø£ uÛÖ>√[ø£ ìsêàD≤\ neπøå|ü •\\˝À
_#·Ã>±fi¯¢ e<ä› n\÷´$Tìj·T+ bÕÁ‘·\T ñ+&É≥+ ≈£L&Ü ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~. düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT dæyÓT+{Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î
düs«¡ kÕ<Ûës¡DyÓT+Æ ~.
Ç‘·s¡T\T 8%
ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+: uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ uÛÖ‹ø£ eTVü‰sêÁwüº 4% sê»kÕúHé 20%
|ü≥+˝À u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ >∑qT\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT 6%
n˝ÀVü≤ KìC≤\T
nÁuÛÑø£+ nH˚~ bıs¡\T ˝Ò<ë |ü\ø£\ es¡Tdü\‘√ @s¡Œ&çq >∑T»sê‘Y
Kì»+. Ç~ düqïì |ü\ø£\T>± düT\uÛÑ+>± $&çb˛‘·T+~. ø=ìï 7%
ôd+{°MT≥s¡¢ m‘·TÔ e÷Á‘·y˚T ñqï yÓTÆø± w”{Ÿ˝À yÓsTT´ bıs¡\T eT<Û´ä Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ
≈£L&Ü y˚j·T>∑*–q+‘· |ü\T#·>± á |ü\ø£\T ñ+{≤sTT. yÓTÆø± ‘Ó\+>±D 13%
bÕs¡<äs¡Ùø£+>±qT, q\T|ü⁄, Ä≈£î|ü#·Ã, ms¡T|ü⁄, |üdüT|ü⁄ ˝Ò<ë 8%
>√<ÛTä eT s¡+>∑T˝À ñ+≥T+~. <ëì n<äT“¤‘y· TÓ qÆ $<äT´‘Y nyêVü≤ø£
kÕeTs¡ú´+, X¯øÏÔì ‘·≈£îÿe>± ø√˝ÀŒj˚T \ø£åD+ $<äT´‘Y ã+<Ûäø£
\ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT n~Ûø£ y√˝ÒºJ ìs√<Ûäø£‘· ø±s¡D+>± nÁuÛÑø£+ ø£sêï≥ø£ 9%
Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ 13%
m\ÁøÏøº ˘ eT]j·TT m\Áø±ºìø˘ |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ n‘·´+‘· #Û·rÔdt>∑&é 11%
nedüs¡yÓTÆq KìC≤\˝À ˇø£{Ï>± ñ+~.
#Û√{≤ Hê>¥|Pü sY |”su¡ƒ ÷ÑÛ $T ñ‘·sÔ ¡ n+#·Tq nÁuÛøÑ +£ ìπøbå Õ\T |ü≥+ 5.7: 2018`19˝À düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô sêÁcÕº\ yêØ
ø£qT>=qã&ܶsTT. C≤s¡â+&é˝Àì ø√&Ós¡à >∑j·÷ - Vü≤C≤Øu≤>¥ yê{≤qT XÊ‘ê\˝À #·÷|ü⁄‘·T+~.
y˚TK\ n‘·´~Ûø£ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô<ës¡T.
>∑qT\ Á|üe÷<ë\T
>∑ì ø±]à≈£î\T MT J$‘êìï kÂø£s¡´e+‘·+>± e÷s¡Ã&ÜìøÏ #˚ùd Á|üj·T‘êï\ >∑T]+∫ MTs¡T m|ü⁄Œ&Ó’Hê Ä˝À∫+#êsê? >∑ì
ø±]à≈£î\ Äs√>∑´+ eT]j·TT |üsê´es¡D+ô|’ yÓTÆì+>¥ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|üuÛ≤yê\T
@$T{Ï?
>∑ì ø±]à≈£î\T |”˝Òà <äTeTTà eT]j·TT Vü‰ìø£s¡yÓTÆq bı>∑\T
yê]ì <äTs¡“¤s¡yÓTÆq }|æ]‹‘·TÔ\ dü+ã+~Û‘· yê´<ÛäT\≈£î >∑T] #˚kÕÔsTT.
>∑ì ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ\T ≈£L*b˛j˚T Á|üe÷<ä+, eTT+|ü⁄ eT]j·TT u§>∑TZ>∑qT\˝À
eT+≥\T ìs¡+‘·s¡+ >∑ì ø±]à≈£î\≈£î eTT|ü⁄Œ>± ñHêïsTT.
yÓTÆì+>¥ e\¢ Ä ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì ˙{Ï eqs¡T\T ø£\Twæ‘·
eTe⁄‘·THêïsTT. e´sêú\T eT]j·TT eT&ç¶ì &É+|æ+>¥ #˚j·T&É+ e\¢
uÛÑ÷$T, H˚\ ø°åDÏ+#·&É+ eT]j·TT Á|üyêVü‰\, q<äT\ ø±\Twü´+
ô|s¡T>∑T‘√+~. |ü≥+ 5.8: yÓTÆì+>¥ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À <äTeTTà ñ‘·Œqï+
ø±s¡D+>± yêj·TTø±\Twü´+
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 97
essential for smelting iron ore in the blast industry and agriculture upon mineral
furnace. deposits and the substances manufactured
from them. The total volume of workable
Dig a little deeper: Study the maps to explain mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction
why Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals. i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust. We are
rapidly consuming mineral resources that
Stricter safety regulations and required millions of years to be created and
implementation of environmental laws are concentrated. The geological processes of
essential to prevent mining from becoming a mineral formation are so slow that the rates
“killer industry”. of replenishment are infinitely small in
comparison to the present rates of
CONSERVATION OF MINERALS consumption. Mineral resources are,
We all appreciate the strong dependence of therefore, finite and non-renewable. Rich

98 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ eTT&ç |ü<ës¡ú+ eT]j·TT u≤¢dtº |òüπsïdt˝À ÇqT|ü edü T Ô e ⁄\ô|’ |ü ] ÁX¯ e T\T, e´ekÕj· T + Ä<Û ë s¡ | ü & É { ≤ìï
<Ûë‘·Te⁄qT ø£]–+#·&ÜìøÏ ‘·|üŒìdü]. eTqeT+<äs¡+ #·÷düTÔHêï+. ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ Kì» ìπøåbÕ\
ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+: #Û√{≤ Hê>¥|üPsY |ü]e÷D+ dü«\Œ+ n~ uÛÑ÷|ü≥\+˝À ˇø£ XÊ‘·+ e÷Á‘·y˚T.
n‹ô|<ä› KìC≤\ ì\«>± m+<äT≈£î ñ+<√ $e]+#·&ÜìøÏ Kì» eqs¡T\T s¡÷bı+~, @s¡Œ&É&ÜìøÏ $T*j·Tq¢ dü+e‘·‡sê\
|ü{≤\qT n<Û´ä j·Tq+#˚jT· +&ç. düeTj·T+ |ü&ÉT‘·T+~. ø±ì eTq+ yê{Ïì #ê˝≤ y˚>∑+>±
yÓTìÆ +>¥ ªªVü≤+‘·ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eTμμ>± e÷s¡≈î£ +&Ü ìs√~Û+#·&ÜìøÏ $ìjÓ÷–düTÔHêï+. Á|üdüTÔ‘· $ìjÓ÷>∑ πs≥T‘√ b˛*Ñ˚ ‹]–
ø£]ƒqyÓTÆq uÛÑÁ<ä‘ê ìã+<Ûäq\T eT]j·TT |üsê´es¡D #·{≤º\ |ü⁄qs¡T<ä›]+|üã&˚ πs≥T n‘·´+‘· ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+&˚≥+‘·>±.
neT\T nedüs¡+. Kì» ìsêàD+ jÓ T Tø£ ÿ uÛ Ö >√[ø£ Á|ü Á øÏ j · T \T #ê˝≤
KìC≤\ |ü]s¡ø£åD HÓeTà~>± »s¡T>∑T‘·THêïsTT. Kì» eqs¡T\T |ü]$T‘·yÓTÆq$,
Kì» ìπøbå Õ\T eT]j·TT yê{Ï qT+&ç ‘·j÷· s¡T #˚jT· ã&çq |ü⁄qs¡T<ä]∆ +#·˝ìÒ $.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 99
mineral deposits are our country’s extremely
valuable but short-lived possessions.
Continued extraction of ores leads to
increasing costs as mineral extraction comes
from greater depths along with decrease
in quality.
A concerted effort has to be made in order
to use our mineral resources in a planned and
sustainable manner. Improved technologies
need to be constantly evolved to allow use of
low grade ores at low costs. Recycling of metals,
using scrap metals and other substitutes are
steps in conserving our mineral resources for
the future. Fig. 5.9 (a): A view from inside of a coal mine

Dig a little deeper: Make a list of items where

substitutes are being used instead of minerals.
Where are these substitutes obtained from?

Energy Resources
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed
to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel
vehicles and to drive machinery in industries.
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals
like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and
from electricity. Energy resources can be
classified as conventional and non-
conventional sources. Conventional sources Fig. 5.9 (b): A view from outside of a coal mine
include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal,
petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both dependent on coal for meeting its commercial
hydel and thermal). Non-conventional sources energy requirements.
include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas As you are already aware that coal is
and atomic energy. Firewood and cattle dung formed due the compression of plant material
cake are most common in rural India. over millions of years. Coal, therefore, is found
According to one estimate more than 70 per in a variety of forms depending on the degrees
cent energy requirement in rural households of compression and the depth and time of
is met by these two ; continuation of these is burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce
increasingly becoming difficult due to peat. Which has a low carbon and high
decreasing forest area. Moreover, using dung moisture contents and low heating capacity.
cake too is being discouraged because it Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is
consumes most valuable manure which could soft with high moisture content. The principal
be used in agriculture. lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu
and are used for generation of electricity. Coal
Conventional Sources of Energy that has been buried deep and subjected to
Coal: In India, coal is the most abundantly increased temperatures is bituminous coal.
available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial It is the most popular coal in commercial use.
part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous
power generation, to supply energy to industry coal which has a special value for smelting iron
as well as for domestic needs. India is highly in blast furnaces. Anthracite is the highest
quality hard coal.

100 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

düTdü+|üqïyÓTÆq Kì» ìπøåbÕ\T eTq <˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ n‘·´+‘·
$\TyÓq’ dü+|ü<.ä ø±˙ Ç$ dü«\Œø±*ø£yTÓ qÆ $. ìs¡+‘·s¡ yÓ*øÏr‘·
e\q Kì»HêD´‘· ‘·>∑Z&É+‘√ bÕ≥T n~Ûø£ ˝À‘·T˝ qT+&û
‘·e«&É+ nH˚~ Ks¡TÃ ô|s¡>∑&ÜìøÏ <ë] rdüTÔ+~.
eTq Kì» eqs¡T\qT Á|üD≤[ø±ã<ä∆+>±, düTdæús¡ |ü<ä∆‹˝À
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T≈£îH˚+<äT≈£î dü$Twæº Á|üj·T‘·ï+ »s¡>±*. ‘·≈£îÿe
kÕúsTT <Ûë‘·Te⁄\qT ‘·≈£îÿe Ks¡TÑ√ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T≈£îH˚˝≤
yÓTs¡T>¬ q’ kÕ+πø‹ø£ |ü]C≤„Hêìï ìs¡+‘·s+¡ n_Ûe~∆ #˚dTü ≈£î+≥÷
ñ+&Ü*. ˝ÀVü‰\ |ü⁄q]«ìjÓ÷>∑+, ‘·T≈£îÿ ˝ÀVü‰\ yê&Éø£+
eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ Á|ü‘ê´e÷ïj·÷\qT nH˚«wæ+#·&É+ <ë«sê eTq+
Kì» eqs¡T\qT uÛÑ$wü´‘·TÔ ‘·sê\ ø√dü+ |ü]s¡øÏå+#·e#·TÃ. |ü≥+ 5.9 (b): u§>∑TZ >∑ì ˝À|ü* <äèX¯´+
ø=+#Ó+ ˝À‘·T>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚<ë›+: KìC≤\≈£î ã<äT\T>±
Á|ü‘ê´e÷ïj·÷\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT‘·Tqï edüTÔe⁄\ C≤_‘êqT
s¡÷bı+~+#·+&ç. á Á|ü‘ê´e÷ïj·÷\T y˚{Ï qT+&ç edüTÔHêïsTT?
X¯øÔÏ eqs¡T\T
nìï ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\≈£î X¯øÏÔ nedüs¡+. e+≥ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ,
yÓ\T‘·Ts¡T, y˚&çì n+~+#·&ÜìøÏ, yêVü≤Hê\qT q&É|ü&ÜìøÏ
eT]j·TT |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À j·T+Á‘ê\qT q&É|&ü ÜìøÏ Ç~ nedüs+¡ .
Ç+<Ûäq KìC≤˝…’q u§>∑TZ, ô|Á{À*j·T+, düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄,
j·TTπsìj·T+, $<äT´‘Y\ qT+&ç X¯øÏÔì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·Te#·TÃ. X¯øÏÔ
eqs¡ T \qT dü + Á|ü < ëj· T , dü + Á|ü < ëj˚ T ‘· s ¡ eqs¡ T \T>±
eØZø£]+#·e#·TÃ. dü+Á|ü<ëj·T eqs¡T\T: e+≥#Ós¡≈£î, |æ&Éø£\T, |ü≥+ 5.9 (_): u§>∑TZ >∑ì ãj·T{Ï <äèX¯´+
u§>∑TZ, ô|Á{À*j·T+, düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄, $<äT´‘Y (»\ eT]j·TT nedüsê\qT rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ u§>∑TZô|’ m≈£îÿe>± Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+~.
‘ê|ü ¬s+&É÷). dü+Á|ü<ëj˚T‘·s¡ eqs¡T\˝À kÂs¡, >±*, $T*j·Tq¢ dü+e‘·‡sê\bÕ≥T eèø£å |ü<ësêú\ô|’ ˇ‹Ô&ç
b˛≥TbÕ≥T¢, uÛÑ÷ñwüí, ãjÓ÷>±´dt, nDT X¯øÏÔ ñHêïsTT. Á>±MTD ø±s¡D+>± u§>∑TZ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+<äì MT≈£î Ç|üŒ{Ïπø ‘Ó\TdüT.
uÛ≤s¡‘·+˝À ø£f…º\T, |æ&Éø£\T düs¡«kÕ<Ûës¡D+. ˇø£ n+#·Hê uÛÑ÷kÕú|æ‘·yÓTÆq düeTj·T+, ˝À‘·T, |”&ÉqX¯øÏÔ Ä<Ûës¡+>± u§>∑TZ
Á|üø±s¡+ Á>±MTD >∑Vü‰\˝À 70 XÊ‘·+ ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe X¯øÏÔ $$<Ûä s¡÷bÕ\˝À \_ÛdüTÔ+~. ∫‘·Ô&ç H˚\\˝À ≈£î[flb˛‘·Tqï
nedüsê\T á ¬s+&ç+{Ï <ë«sêH˚ rs¡Ãã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. n≥M yÓTTø£ÿ\T |”{ŸqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔsTT. Ç~ ‘·≈£îÿe ø±s¡“Hé, n~Ûø£
$d”Ôs¡í+ ‘·>∑Z&É+ e\¢ M{Ïì ø=qkÕ–+#·≥+ ø£wüºeTe⁄‘·T+~. ‘˚eT ø£*– ñ+&ç ‘·≈£îÿe y˚&çì ÇkÕÔsTT. *¬>’ï{Ÿ nH˚~ n~Ûø£
n+‘˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü e´ekÕj·T+˝À n‘·´+‘· $\TyÓ’q ms¡Te⁄>± ‘˚eT‘√, yÓT‘·Ô>± ñ+&˚ ‘·≈£îÿe s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q >√<ÛäTeT s¡+>∑T
$ìjÓ÷–düTÔqï+<äT e\q |æ&Éø£\ yê&Éø£+ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘· ‘·>∑TZ‘·÷ u§>∑TZ. Á|ü<Ûëq *¬>’ï{Ÿ ì\«\T ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝Àì HÓ’y˚*˝À
edüTÔ+~. ñHêïsTT. M{Ïì $<äT´‘Y ñ‘·Œ‹ÔøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. uÛÑ÷$T˝À
dü+Á|ü<ëj·Tø£ X¯øÔÏ eqs¡T\T ˝À‘·T>± bÕ‹ô|≥ºã&çq, m≈£îÿe ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\≈£î >∑T¬s’q u§>∑TZ
u§>∑TZ: uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À, u§>∑TZ n‘·´+‘· düeT~∆>± \_Û+#˚ _≥T´$Tqdt u§>∑TZ. Ç~ yêDÏ»´ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À n‘·´+‘·
•˝≤» Ç+<Ûäq+. Ç~ <˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ X¯øÏÔ nedüsê\˝À Á|üC≤<äs¡D bı+~q u§>∑TZ. yÓT≥\]®ø£˝Ÿ u§>∑TZ nH˚~ n~Ûø£
>∑D˙j·TyÓTÆq uÛ≤>±ìï rs¡TdüTÔ+~. Ç~ $<äT´‘Y ñ‘·Œ‹Ôø°, HêD´‘·‘√ ≈£L&çq _≥T´$Tqdt u§>∑TZ. Bìì u≤¢dtº |òüπsïdt\˝À
|ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î X¯øÏÔì düs¡|òüsê #˚j·T&Üìø°Ï, >∑Vü≤ nedüsê\≈£L ÇqTeTTqT ø£]–+#·&ÜìøÏ yê&É&É+ e\¢ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ‘·q yêDÏ»´ Ç+<Ûäq ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. Ä+Á‘·ôd’{Ÿ n‘·´+‘· HêD´yÓTÆq >∑{Ϻ u§>∑TZ.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 101

 India: Distribution of Coal, Oil and Natural Gas

Collect information about cross country natural gas pipelines laid by GAIL
(India) under “One Nation One Grid”.

102 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯
kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·Tø£ X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T
bÕøÏkÕúHé

k˛ì|ü{Ÿ kÕVæ≤u≤u≤<é #Ó’Hê

&Ûç©¢ ãÁu≤˝≤ H˚bÕ˝ ({Ï
u{… Ÿ)
Ÿ eTø£+
>∑Ts¡TÁ>±yéT njÓ÷Hê¢ yÓ÷s¡Hé ~>±“sTT
cÕ»Vü‰Hé |üPsY uÛÑ÷{≤Hé dæu≤‡>∑sY qVü≤sYø{£ jÏ ÷·
»+õ qJsê
n+‘· Ĭs’j·÷ »>∑BwüOŒsY
dæ+>∑sö* ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
$»j· T |ü P sY u§ø±s√
ø£˝À˝Ÿ s¡a≤ãTyê sêDÏ>+∑ CŸ
s¡a]j·÷ ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK
e&√<äs¡ ø√sê“
n+ø£˝ÒX¯«sY
Vü≤Jsê eTj·THêàsY
uÒdæHé ‘ê\ÃsY
eTT+u≤sTTôV≤’
ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
dæ+>∑πsDÏ

u§>∑TøπZ Áå ‘ê\T
u§>∑TZ >∑qT\T
#·eTTs¡T øπ Áå ‘ê\T
Á|ü<Ûëq düVü≤» yêj·TT ì\«\T
HÓ’y˚* HVJ düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ ô|’|ü⁄˝…’Hé

n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY
\ø£åBe⁄\T Be⁄\T(Ç+&çj·÷)
(Ç+&çj·÷)
Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+
Væ≤+<ä÷
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+: u§>∑TZ, #·eTTs¡T eT]j·TT düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ $düÔs¡D
ø£è‘·´+:
ªªeHé H˚wüHé eHé Á–&éμμ øÏ+<ä ¬>sTT˝Ÿ (Ç+&çj·÷) @sêŒ≥T #˚dæq Áø±dt ø£+Á{° düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ ô|’|t˝…’Hé\ >∑T]+∫
düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 103
 In India coal occurs in rock series of two the surface. It can be used as a domestic and
main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector
over 200 million years in age and in tertiary to generate electricity, for heating purpose in
deposits which are only about 55 million years industries, as raw material in chemical,
old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as
which are metallurgical coal, are located in transport fuel and as cooking fuel. With the
Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). expansion of gas infrastructure and local city
Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important gas distribution (COD) networks, natural gas
coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel
Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India’s
Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai
states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal High and allied fields along the west coast
Pradesh and Nagaland. which are supplemented by finds in the
Remember coal is a bulky material, which Cambay basin. Along the East Coast, new
loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. reserves of natural gas have been discovered
Hence, heavy industries and thermal power in the Krishna-Godavari basin.
stations are located on or near the coalfields. The first 1,700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-
Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline,
Petroleum constructed by GAIL (India), linked Mumbai
Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major High and Bassein gas fields with various
energy source in India after coal. It provides fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in
fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for western and northen India. This artery
machinery and raw materials for a number of provided impetus to Indian gas market
manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries development. Overall, India’s gas infrastructure
act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, has expanded over ten times from 1,700 km
fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. to 18,500 km of cross-country pipelines and
Most of the petroleum occurrences in India is expected to soon reach over 34, 000 km as
are associated with anticlines and fault traps Gas Grid by linking all gas sources and
in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In consuming markets across the country
regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs including North Eastern states.
where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or Electricity
sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil Electricity has such a wide range of
is prevented from rising or sinking by applications in today’s world that, its percapita
intervening non-porous layers.
Petroleum is also found in fault traps
between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, Name some river valley projects and write
being lighter usually occurs above the oil. the names of the dams built on these rivers.
Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are
major petroleum production areas in India.
From the map locate the 3 major off shore fields
consumption is considered as an index of
of western India. Ankeleshwar is the most
development. Electricity is generated mainly in
important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest
oil producing state of India. Digboi, two ways: by running water which drives hydro
Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the turbines to generate hydro electricity; and by
important oil fields in the state. burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum
and natural gas to drive turbines to produce
Natural Gas thermal power. Once generated the electricity
Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits is exactly the same.
and is released when crude oil is brought to

104 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À u§>∑TZ ¬s+&ÉT Á|ü<Ûëq uÛÖ>√[ø£ j·TT>±\≈£î $&ÉT<ä\e⁄‘·T+~. Ç~ >∑èVü≤, bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ Ç+<Ûäq+>±
#Ó+~q sê‹ÁX‚DT\˝À nq>± 200 $T*j·THé dü+e‘·‡sê\ ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü TÉ ‘·T+~. Ç~ $<äT´‘·TqÔ T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ $<äT´‘Y
ej·TdüT‡ ø£*–q >√+&Ü«Hê eT]j·TT 55 $T*j·THé dü+e‘·‡sê\ s¡+>∑+˝À Ç+<Ûäq+>±, |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À y˚&ç #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ,
ej·TdüT ø£*–q ‘·èrj·T eTVü‰j·TT>∑|ü⁄ ìπøåbÕ\˝À \_ÛdüTÔ+~. s¡kÕj·THê\T, ô|Á{Às¡kÕj·THê\T, ms¡Te⁄\ |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À eTT&ç
<ëyÓ÷<äsY ˝Àj·T (|ü•ÃeTu…+>±˝Ÿ`C≤sêâ+&é)˝À ñqï yÓT≥\]®ø˝£ Ÿ |ü < ës¡ ú + >±, s¡ y êD≤ Ç+<Û ä q +>±, e+≥ Ç+<Û ä q +>±
u§>∑TZ >√+&Ü«Hê u§>∑TZ jÓTø£ÿ Á|ü<Ûëq eqs¡T. s¡a]j·÷, ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. >±´dt nekÕú|üq, kÕúìø£ q>∑s¡ >±´dt |ü+|æD°
sêDÏ>∑+CŸ, u§ø±s√ eTTK´yÓTÆq u§>∑TZ πøåÁ‘ê\T. >√<ëe], (COD) HÓ{ŸesYÿ\ $düÔs¡D‘√, düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ ≈£L&Ü eTTK´
eTVü‰q~, k˛Hé, yêsê∆ ˝Àj·T\T ≈£L&Ü u§>∑TZ ìπøbå Õ\qT ø£*– s¡yêD≤ Ç+<Ûäq+ (CNG) eT]j·TT e+≥ Ç+<Ûäq+ (PNG)
ñHêïsTT. n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+<äT‘√+~. uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü<ëÛ q >±´dt ì\«\T
áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº˝q’… y˚T|ò÷ü \j·T, nkÕ‡+, ns¡TD≤#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ eTT+u…’ ôV≤’ eT]j·TT |ü•ÃeT rs¡+ yÓ+ã&ç ñqï ø±+uÒ uÒdHæ ˝é Àì
eT]j·TT Hê>±˝≤+&é\˝À ‘·èrj·T eTVü‰j·TT>∑|ü⁄ u§>∑TZ nqTã+<Ûä øπ Áå ‘ê\˝À ø£qT>=Hêïs¡T. ‘·÷s¡TŒ rs¡+ yÓ+ã&ç, ø£cÕí-
<=s¡T≈£î‘·T+~.
u§>∑TZ nH˚~ m≈£îÿe düú˝≤ìï ÄÁø£$T+#˚ |ü<ës¡ú+. Ç~ >√<ëe] uÒdæHé˝À ø=‘·Ô düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ ì\«\T ø£qT>=Hêïs¡T.
ñ|üj÷Ó –+∫q ‘·sT¡ yê‘· ã÷&ç<>ä ± e÷] ãs¡Te⁄ ø√˝ÀŒ‘·T+<äì ¬>sTT˝Ÿ (Ç+&çj·÷) ì]à+∫q yÓTT<ä{Ï 1,700 øÏ.MT
>∑Ts¡TÔ+#·Tø√+&ç. n+<äTe\¢, uÛ≤Ø |ü]ÁX¯eT\T eT]j·TT ‘ê|ü bı&Éyq’Ó Vü≤Jsê-$»j·T|üPsY-»>∑Bwt|Pü sY (HVJ) Áø±dt ø£+Á{°
$<äT´‘Y øπ +Á<ë\T u§>∑TZ øπ Áå ‘ê\ |üøÿ£ q ˝Ò<ë düMT|ü+˝À ñHêïsTT. >±´dt ô||’ ˝t H’… ,é |ü•ÃeT, ñ‘·sÔ ¡ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì $$<Ûä ms¡Te⁄\T,
ô|Á{À*j·T+ $<äT´‘Y, bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ düeTT<ëj·÷\‘√ eTT+u…’ ôV≤’ , ãùd‡Hé >±´dt
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À u§>∑TZ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ô|Á{À*j·T+ ˝Ò<ë Kì» πøåÁ‘ê\qT nqTdü+<Ûëì+∫+~. á >±´dt ô|’|t˝…’Hé uÛ≤s¡rj·T
q÷HÓ Á|ü<Ûëq X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T. Ç~ y˚&ç eT]j·TT yÓ\T‘·Ts¡T ø√dü+ >±´dt e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ n_Ûe~∆øÏ Áù|s¡Dì∫Ã+~. yÓTT‘·Ô+MT<ä,
Ç+<ÛäHêìï n+~düTÔ+~, j·T+Á‘ê\ ø√dü+ ø£+<Óq\T, nH˚ø£ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ >±´dt eTÚ*ø£ dü<äTbÕj·÷\T 1,700 øÏ.MT
‘·j·÷Ø |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\qT n+~düTÔ+~. qT+&ç 18,500 øÏ.MT es¡≈£î Áø±dt ø£+Á{° ô|’|t˝…’Hé\≈£î |ü~
ô|Á{À*j·T+ X¯ó~∆ ø£sêà>±sê\T dæ+<∏ä{Ïø˘ eÁkÕÔ\T, ms¡Te⁄\T, s¬ ≥T¢ $dü]Ô +#êsTT. áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº\‘√ düV‰ü <˚Xy¯ ê´|ü+Ô >± nìï
nH˚ø£ s¡kÕj·Tq |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î ªªø°\ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eTμμ>± |üì#˚kÕÔsTT. >±´dt eqs¡T\T, $ìjÓ÷>∑ e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ\qT nqTdü+<Ûëq+ #˚jT· &É+
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ô|Á{À˝Ÿ ì\«˝À¢ m≈£îÿeuÛ≤>∑+ ‘·èrj·T <ë«sê ‘·«s¡˝À >±´dt Á–&é>± 34,000 øÏ.MT\≈£î #˚sT¡ ≈£î+≥T+<äì
eTVü‰j·TT>∑+˝À @s¡Œ&çq •\˝Àì n|üq‘·T\T eT]j·TT ÁuÛ+Ñ XÊ\˝À uÛ≤$düTÔHêïs¡T.
@s¡Œ&ܶsTT. eTT&ÉT‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\T, n|üq‘·T\T ˝Ò<ë >∑TeTà{≤\ $<äT´‘Y
•KsêÁ>∑ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À #·eTTs¡T ìπø|å ‘æ e· Te⁄‘·T+~. #·eTTs¡T ì\«
bıs¡ ˇø£ dü∫Á<ä düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT ˝Ò<ë ÇdüTø£sêsTT˝À ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ H˚{Ï Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À $<äT´‘·TÔ ãVüQfi¯ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\qT ø£*–
Bì <ë«sê #·eTTs¡T Á|üeVæ≤düT+Ô ~. n∫ÃÁ<ä bıs¡\ e\q #·eTTs¡T ñ+~, <ëì ‘· \ dü ] $ìjÓ ÷ >∑ + n_Û e ~∆ dü ÷ ∫ø£ > ±
yê´|æÔø±≈£î+&Ü ˝Ò<ë Ç+ø£≈£î+&Ü ìs√~Û+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. |ü]>∑DÏkÕÔs¡T. $<äT´‘·TÔ Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ¬s+&ÉT $<Ûë\T>± ñ‘·Œ‹Ô
dü∫Á<ä eT]j·TT n∫ÃÁ<ä •\\ eT<Ûä´ ñqï ÁuÛÑ+XÊ\˝À
≈£L&Ü ô|Á{À*j·T+ ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~. düVü≤»yêj·TTe⁄ ‘˚*ø£>± ø£è‘·´+:
ñ+&É≥+ e\q kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± #·eTTs¡T ô|’q ñ+≥T+~. ø=ìï qB ˝Àj·T ÁbÕC…≈£îº\ ù|s¡T¢ sêj·T+&ç eT]j·TT
eTT+u…’ ôV’≤, >∑T»sê‘Y, nkÕ‡+ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì Á|ü<Ûëq á q<äT\ô|’ ì]à+∫q Äqø£≥º\ ù|s¡¢qT Áyêj·T+&ç.
ô|Á{À*j·T+ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ÁbÕ+‘ê\T. |ü•ÃeT uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì 3
Á|ü<ëÛ q düeTTÁ<ärs¡ #·eTTs¡T yÓ*øÏr‘· øπ +Á<ë\qT |ü≥eTT <ë«sê ne⁄‘·T+~. y˚>∑+>± Á|üeVæ≤+#˚ ˙s¡T ≥¬s’“Hé\qT Á‹|üŒ&É+
>∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. n+πø¢X¯«sY >∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì n‹ eTTK´yÓTÆq πøåÁ‘·+. <ë«sê »\$<äT´‘Y ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ne⁄‘·T+~: eT]j·TT u§>∑TZ,
nkÕ‡+ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì |ü⁄sê‘·q #·eTTs¡T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô sêÁwüº+. ô|Á{À*j·T+, düVü≤»yêj·TTe⁄qT eT+&ç+#·&É+ <ë«sê ≈£L&Ü
~>±“sTT, qVü≤s¡ÿ{Ïj·÷ eT]j·TT yÓ÷s¡Hé-VüQÁ–»Hé nkÕ‡+ ≥¬s’ “Hé q&ç|æ+∫ ‘ê|ü$<äT´‘YqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔs¡T. @ s¡ø£+>±
sêÁwüº+˝Àì eTTK´yÓTÆq #·eTTs¡T πøåÁ‘ê\T.
düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ ‘·j÷· s¡T#˚dqæ , ∫e]øÏ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô nsTTq $<äT´‘Y ˇπø˝≤ ñ+≥T+~.
düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ ô|Á{À*j·T+ ìπøåbÕ\˝À ñ+&ç, eTT&ç
#· e TTs¡ T qT ñ|ü ] ‘· \ +ô|’ ø Ï rdü T ≈£ î e#˚ à Áø£ e T+˝À
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 105
 Rawat Bhata

India: Distribution of Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants

106 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
$<äT´‘Y bÕ¢+≥T¢

#Ó’Hê
&Û©ç ¢ ({Ïu…{Ÿ)
|òØü <ëu≤<é Hb˚ Õ˝ HêyéTs¡÷|t
qs√sê Ÿ
Vü≤s¡÷>∆ +∑ CŸ uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé
|ü+øÏ u§+¬>>’ ±Hé
|ü]#·Ã¤ ãsöì

dæ+Á>ö* ]Vü‰+&é ã+>±¢<X˚ Ÿ

düãs¡à‹ >±+BÛq>∑sY <äTsêZ|Pü sY
yêqø˘ã]
<ÛTä es¡yTé nVü≤à<ëu≤<é neTsYø+£ ≥ø˘ #·+Á<ä|⁄ü s¡ dü+‘·\~Vt≤ ø£sÿ¡ ≥πsK
kÕ‘·÷Œs¡ ø√sê“ ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê
ø£Áø±|üsY ñ¬ø’ ø√s¡&ç
uÛTÑ ôdy’ ê˝Ÿ ‘ê\ÃsY eTj·THêàsY
‘êsê|üPsY Hêdæø˘
Á{À+uÒ bÕ]¢ #·+Á<ä|Pü sY
j·TTsêHé
sêeT>∑T+&É+
ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
ø=‘·Ô>∑÷&Ó+

nπs_j·÷ düeTTÁ<ä+ $»j·Tyê&É

¬ø’>± nDT$<äT´‘Y
‘ê|ü$<äT´‘Y
mq֕sY
ø£\Œø£ÿ+

HÓy’ *˚
n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T
˝ø£Bå e⁄\T ≥÷´{Ïø√]Hé (Ç+&çj·÷)
(Ç+&çj·÷)

Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : u§>∑TZ, #·eTTs¡T eT]j·TT düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄ $düÔs¡D

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 107

 Hydro electricity is generated by fast
flowing water, which is a renewable resource.
India has a number of multi-purpose projects
like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley
corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc.
producing hydroelectric power.
Thermal electricity is generated by using
coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal
power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels
for generating electricity.
Collect information about thermal/hydel Fig. 5.10: Solar operated electronic milk
power plants located in your state. Show them testing equipment
on the map of India.
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy Collect information about newly established
solar power plants in India.
The growing consumption of energy has
resulted in the country becoming increasingly possibilities of tapping solar energy.
dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight
gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast
potential shortages have raised uncertainties becoming popular in rural and remote areas.
about the security of energy supply in future, Some big solar power plants are being
which in turn has serious repercussions on the established in different parts of India which will
growth of the national economy. Moreover, minimise the dependence of rural households
increasing use of fossil fuels also causes on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will
serious environmental problems. Hence, there contribute to environmental conservation and
is a pressing need to use renewable energy
sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass
and energy from waste material. These are
called non-conventional energy sources.
India is blessed with an abundance of
sunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has the
largest programmes for the development of
these renewable energy resources.
Nuclear or Atomic Energy
It is obtained by altering the structure of
atoms. When such an alteration is made, much Fig. 5.11: Wind mills – Nagarcoil
energy is released in the form of heat and this
is used to generate electric power. Uranium and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
Thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and Wind power
the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for
generating atomic or nuclear power. The India has great potential of wind power. The
Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil
Thorium. Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from
these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Locate the 6 nuclear power stations and find Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have
out the state in which they are located. important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer
Solar Energy are well known for effective use of wind energy
India is a tropical country. It has enormous in the country.

108 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 »\ $<äT´‘Y y˚>∑+>± Á|üeVæ≤+#˚ ˙{Ï <ë«sê ñ‘·Œ‹Ô
#˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç~ |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ eqs¡T. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À
uÛ≤Áø± q+>∑˝Ÿ, <ëyÓ÷<äsY yê´© ø±s=ŒπswüHé, ø=|æ* ôV’≤&É˝Ÿ
ÁbÕC…øº˘ yÓTT<ä˝q’… nH˚ø£ ãVüQfi≤s¡kú Õ<Ûøä £ ÁbÕC…≈î£ \º T »\$<äT´‘YqT
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔHêïsTT.
u§>∑TZ, ô|Á{À*j·T+ eT]j·TT düVü≤» yêj·TTe⁄qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ ‘ê|ü(<∏äs¡à˝Ÿ) $<äT´‘·TÔqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔs¡T.
‘ê|ü(<∏äs¡à˝Ÿ) $<äT´‘Y πø+Á<ë\T $<äT´‘·TÔqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
|ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£+ ø±ì •˝≤» Ç+<ÛäHê\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïsTT. |ü≥+ 5.10: kÂs¡X¯øÏÔ‘√ |üì#˚ùd m\Áø±ºìø˘ bÕ\T |üØø£å |ü]ø£sê\T
MT sêÁwü+º ˝À ñqï ‘ê|ü/»\ $<äT´‘Y øπ +Á<ë\ >∑T]+∫ ø£è‘·´+:
düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç. yê{Ïì uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ |ü≥+˝À uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À ø=‘·>Ô ± kÕú|+æ #·ã&çq kÂs¡ $<äT´‘Y bÕ¢+≥¢
#·÷|æ+#·+&ç. >∑T]+∫ düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç.
dü+Á|ü<ëj˚T‘·s¡ X¯øÔÏ eqs¡T\T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T≈£îH˚ nbÕs¡yÓTÆq neø±XÊ\qT ø£*– ñ+~.
ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï $<äT´‘YXø¯ ÔÏ $ìjÓ÷>∑+ |ò*ü ‘·+>± <˚X+¯ u§>∑T,Z bò˛{Ày√˝≤ºsTTø˘ f…ø±ï\J dü÷s¡´s¡•àì H˚s¡T>± $<äT´‘·TÔ>±
#· e TTs¡ T , >±´dt e+{Ï •˝≤» Ç+<Û ä H ê\ô|’ m≈£ î ÿe>± e÷s¡TdüT+Ô ~. Á>±MTD eT]j·TT e÷s¡TeT÷\ ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ kÂs¡Xø¯ ÔÏ
Ä<Ûës¡|&ü TÉ ‘√+~. #·eTTs¡T, >±´dt <Ûsä \¡ T ô|s¡>&∑ +É , yê{ÏøÏ ø=s¡‘· y˚>∑+>± ÁbÕ#·Ts¡´+ bı+<äT‘√+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä
@s¡Œ&˚ Á|üe÷<ä+ uÛÑ$wü´‘·TÔ˝À Ç+<Ûäq düs¡|òüsê uÛÑÁ<ä‘· >∑T]+∫ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ø=ìï ô|<ä› kÂs¡ $<äT´‘Y bÕ¢+≥T¢ kÕú|æ+#ês¡T. Ç$
nì•Ã‹ì ô|+#êsTT. Ç~ C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú e~∆ô|’ rÁeyÓTqÆ Á>±MTDT\T ø£f…º\T eT]j·TT |æ&Éø£\Tô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É{≤ìï
Á|üuÛ≤yêìï ø£*–düTÔ+~. n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü, •˝≤» Ç+<ÛäHê\ ‘·–kZ ÕÔsTT. Ç~ |üsê´es¡D |ü]s¡øDå£ ≈£î eT]j·TT e´ekÕj·T+˝À
$ìjÓ÷>∑+ ô|s¡>∑&É+ ≈£L&Ü rÁeyÓTÆq |üsê´es¡D düeTdü´\qT
ø£*–düT+Ô ~. n+<äTe\¢, kÂs¡Xø¯ ,ÔÏ >±*, b˛≥TbÕ≥T¢, ãjÓ÷e÷dt
eT]j·TT e´s¡ú |ü<ësêú\ qT+&ç ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚ùd $<äT´‘Y e+{Ï
|ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ Ç+<Ûäq eqs¡T\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*‡q nedüs¡+
ñ+~. M{Ïì dü+Á|ü<ëj˚T‘·s¡ Ç+<Ûäq eqs¡T\T n+{≤s¡T.
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À dü÷s¡´s¡•à, ˙s¡T, >±* eT]j·TT Je|ü<ësê∆\T
düeT~∆>± \_ÛdüTÔHêïsTT. á |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ Ç+<Ûäq eqs¡T\
n_Ûe~∆øÏ eTq<˚X¯+ ãèVü≤‘Y ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\qT neT\T#˚düTÔqï~.
nDTX¯øÔÏ
Ç~ nDTe⁄\ ìsêàD≤ìï e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê \_ÛdTü +Ô ~. |ü≥+ 5.11: $+&é$T˝Ÿ Hê>∑sYø√sTT˝Ÿ
n≥Te+{Ï e÷s¡TŒ #˚dqæ |ü⁄Œ&ÉT, #ê˝≤ X¯øÔÏ y˚&ç s¡÷|ü+˝À $&ÉT<ä\ ‘·–q+‘· ms¡Te⁄ düs¡|òüsê≈£î <√Vü≤<ä+ #˚düTÔ+~.
ne⁄‘· T +~. Ç~ $<ä T ´‘Y X¯ ø Ï Ô ì ñ‘· Œ ‹Ô #˚ j · T &ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. C≤s¡â+&é, sê»kÕúHé˝Àì Äsêe[ ÁX‚DT\˝À |üeq X¯øÏÔ
\_Û+#˚ j·TTπsìj·T+, <∏√]j·T+ nDTX¯øÏÔì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ >=|üŒ |üeq X¯øÏÔ kÕeTs¡ú´+ ø£*– ñ+~.
ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . øπ s¡fi˝¯ Àì yÓ÷HêC…{’ Ÿ ÇdüTø£˝À ≈£L&Ü <∏√]j·T+ n‹ô|<ä› $+&é bòÕyéT ø£¢düºsY ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝À Hê>∑sYø√sTT˝Ÿ qT+&ç
|ü⁄wüÿ\+>± ñ+≥T+~. eT<ÛäT¬s’ es¡≈£î ñ+~. Ç$ ø±≈£î+&Ü Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ, ø£sêí≥ø£,
6 nDT $<äT´‘Y πø+Á<ë\qT >∑T]Ô+∫, n$ @ sêÁcÕº\˝À >∑T»sê‘Y, πøs¡fi¯, eTVü‰sêÁwüº eT]j·TT \ø£åB«|t\˝À eTTK´yÓTÆq
ñHêïjÓ÷ ø£qTø=ÿ+&ç. |üeq πøåÁ‘ê\T ñHêïsTT. Hê>∑sYø√sTT˝Ÿ eT]j·TT C…’dü˝ÒàsY\T
kÂs¡ X¯øÏÔ <˚X¯+˝À |üeq X¯øÏÔì düeTs¡úe+‘·+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·Tø√e&É+˝À
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ ˇø£ ñwüíeT+&É\ <˚X¯+. Ç~ kÂs¡ X¯øÏÔì Á|üdæ~∆ #Ó+<ësTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 109
Biogas Geo Thermal Energy
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste Geo thermal energy refers to the heat and
are used to produce biogas for domestic electricity produced by using the heat from the
consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists
because, the Earth grows progressively hotter
with increasing depth. Where the geothermal
gradient is high, high temperatures are found
at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas
absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot.
It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s
surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used
to drive turbines and generate electricity.
There are several hundred hot springs in
India, which could be used to generate
electricity. Two experimental projects have been
set up in India to harness geothermal energy.
One is located in the Parvati valley near
Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other
Fig. 5.12: Biogas Plant
is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
organic matter yields gas, which has higher Conservation of Energy Resources
thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene,
Energy is a basic requirement for economic
dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants are set development. Every sector of the national
up at municipal, cooperative and individual economy – agriculture, industry, transport,
levels. The plants using cattle dung are known commercial and domestic – needs inputs of
as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. These energy. The economic development plans
provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form implemented since Independence necessarily
of energy and improved quality of manure. required increasing amounts of energy to
Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle remain operational. As a result, consumption
dung. It improves the quality of manure and of energy in all forms has been steadily rising
also prevents the loss of trees and manure due all over the country.
to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes. In this background, there is an urgent need
Tidal Energy to develop a sustainable path of energy
development. Promotion of energy conservation
Oceanic tides can be used to generate and increased use of renewable energy sources
electricity. Floodgate dams are built across are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
inlets. During high tide water flows into the India is presently one of the least energy
inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. efficient countries in the world. We have to
After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the adopt a cautious approach for the judicious
water retained by the floodgate flows back to use of our limited energy resources. For
the sea via a pipe that carries it through a example, as concerned citizens we can do our
power-generating turbine. bit by using public transport systems instead
In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of of individual vehicles; switching off electricity
Kuchchh in Gujarat on the western coast and when not in use, using power-saving devices
Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West and using non-conventional sources of energy.
Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising After all, “energy saved is energy produced”.
tidal energy.

110 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

ãjÓ÷>±´dt uÛÑ÷ñwüí X¯øÏÔ
Á>±MTD ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ >∑Vü≤ nedüsê\ ø√dü+ $ìjÓ÷–+#˚ uÛ Ñ ÷ ñwü í X ¯ ø Ï Ô nH˚ ~ uÛ Ñ ÷ $T ˝À|ü \ ñqï y˚ & ç ì
nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\ yÓTTø£ÿ\T eT]j·TT e´ekÕj·T e´sêú\T, »+‘·Te⁄\T ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·Tã&çq y˚&ç ˝Ò<ë $<äT´‘·TÔqT
eT]j·TT e÷qe e´sêú\T ãjÓ÷>±´dtqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ dü÷∫düTÔ+~. uÛÑ÷$T ˝À‘·T ô|]–q ø=B› y˚&ç ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~
ø±ã{Ϻ uÛÑ÷ñwüí X¯øÏÔ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. uÛÑ÷ñwüí Á|üeD‘· m≈£îÿe>±
ñqï #√≥, ‘·≈£îÿe ˝À‘·T˝À¢H˚ n~Ûø£ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\T ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT.
n≥Te+{Ï ÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤ »˝≤\T sêfi¯¢ qT+&ç ñcÕíìï
Á>∑Væ≤+∫ y˚&ç>± e÷s¡T‘êsTT. n~ uÛÑ÷$T ñ|ü]‘·\+ ô|’øÏ
e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä$]>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~. á Ä$] ≥¬s’“q¢qT
q&É | ü & ÜìøÏ eT]j· T T $<ä T ´‘· T Ô q T ñ‘· Œ ‹Ô #˚ j · T &ÜìøÏ
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~.
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À nH˚ø£ e+<ä\ y˚&ç ˙{Ï ãT>∑Z\T ñHêïsTT,
M{Ïì $<äT´‘·TÔqT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·e#·TÃ.
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À uÛÑ÷ñwüí X¯øÏÔì $ìjÓ÷–+#·Tø√e&ÜìøÏ ¬s+&ÉT
|ü≥+ 5.12 : ãjÓ÷>±´dt bÕ¢+≥T Á|üjÓ÷>±‘·àø£ ÁbÕC…≈£îº\T @sêŒ≥T #˚XÊs¡T. ˇø£{Ï Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ
ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . ùd+ÁBj·T |ü<ës¡∆+ ≈£î[flb˛e&É+ e\q >±´dt Á|ü<˚XŸ˝Àì eTDÏø£sYí düMT|ü+˝Àì bÕs¡«‹ ˝Àj·T˝À, eTs=ø£{Ï
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ne⁄‘·T+~. Ç~ øÏs√dæH,é |æ&øÉ \£ T, ø£Ás¡ u§>∑T‘Z √ b˛*Ñ˚ \&ÉUŸ˝Àì |ü⁄>± ˝Àj·T˝Àq÷ ñHêïsTT.
n~Ûø£ ñwüí kÕeTsêú´ìï ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. |ü⁄s¡bÕ\ø£, düVü≤ø±s¡, X¯øÔÏ eqs¡T\ |ü]s¡øDå£
e´øÏÔ>∑‘· kÕúsTT\˝À ãjÓ÷>±´dt bÕ¢+≥¢qT @sêŒ≥T #˚XÊs¡T. Ä]úø±_Ûe~∆øÏ X¯øÏÔ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ nedüs¡+. C≤rj·T Ä]úø£
Á>±MTD uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À |üXó¯ e⁄\ ù|&ÉqT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ ãjÓ÷>±´dt e´edü˝ú Àì Á|ü‹ s¡+>±ìøÏ - e´ekÕj·T+, |ü]ÁX¯eT\T, s¡yêD≤,
bÕ¢+≥¢qT ª>√ãsY >±´dt bÕ¢+≥T¢μ n+{≤s¡T. Ç$ Ç+<Ûqä + eT]j·TT yêDÏ»´ eT]j·TT <˚oj·T nedüsê\≈£î-X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\ düVü≤ø±s¡+
HêD´yÓTÆq ms¡Te⁄ s¡÷|ü+˝À ¬s’‘·T≈£î »+≥ Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\qT nedüs¡+. kÕ«‘·+Á‘·´+ e∫Ãq|üŒ{Ï qT+&ç neT\T #˚j·Tã&çq
n+~kÕÔsTT. |üX¯óe⁄\ ù|&É ãjÓ÷>±´dt ñ‘·Œ‹ÔøÏ n‘·´+‘· Ä]úø±_Ûe~∆ Á|üD≤[ø£\T neT\T≈£î X¯øÏÔ ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì ô|+#·&É+
düeTs¡úe+‘·yÓTÆ+~>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑ |ü&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç~ ms¡Te⁄ jÓTTø£ÿ nedüs¡+. |òü*‘·+>±, <˚X¯yê´|üÔ+>± nìï s¡÷bÕ˝À¢ Ç+<Ûäq
HêD´‘·qT yÓTs¡T>∑T|ü]∫ e+≥#Ós¡≈£î ø=s¡≈£î #Ó≥T¢ qs¡ø£&Üìï, $ìjÓ÷>∑+ Áø£eT+>± ô|s¡T>∑T‘√+~.
|æ&Éø£\ ø=s¡≈£î ù|&É yê&Éø±ìï ‘·–ZdüTÔ+~. á H˚|<ü ´ä∏ +˝À düTdæsú y¡ TÓ qÆ Ç+<ÛHä ê_Ûe~∆ e÷sêZìï ‘·j÷· s¡T
y˚˝≤X¯øÔÏ #˚j·÷*‡q nedüs¡+ m+‘Ó’Hê ñ+~. Ç+<Ûäq bı<äT|ü⁄qT
düeTTÁ<ä|⁄ü b˛≥TbÕ≥¢qT $<äT´‘Y ñ‘·Œ‹ÔøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·e#·TÃ. Áb˛‘·‡Væ≤+#·&É+ eT]j·TT |ü⁄qs¡T‘êŒ<äø£ X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\ yê&Éø±ìï
˙{Ï Á|üyX˚ ¯ e÷sêZìøÏ n&É+¶ >± es¡<ä ìs√<Ûøä £ >π ≥T¢ neTs¡TkÕÔsT¡ . ô|+#·&É+ ¬s+&É÷ düTdæús¡yÓTÆq X¯øÏÔ jÓTTø£ÿ ¬s+&ÉT bÕsêÙ«\T.
b˛≥T düeTj·T+˝À á Á|üy˚X¯ e÷s¡Z+ >∑T+&Ü ˙s¡T ˝À|ü*øÏ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ Á|ü|ü+#·+˝Àì n‹ ‘·≈£îÿe X¯øÏÔ
Á|üy˚•düTÔ+~. es¡<ä π>≥T eT÷dæq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä ˙s¡T ˝À|ü\ $ìjÓ÷–‘· <˚XÊ\˝À ˇø£{Ï. eTq |ü]$T‘· X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\qT
ì\Te]+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. es¡<>πä ≥T yÓ\T|ü\ b˛≥T ‘·–qZ ‘·sT¡ yê‘· Hê´j·Tã<ä∆+>± $ìjÓ÷–+#·Tø√e&ÜìøÏ eTq+ C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>±
á ì\Te]+|üã&çq ˙s¡T ˇø£ ô|’|ü⁄ <ë«sê $<äT´‘Y ñ‘·Œ‹Ô e´eVü≤]+#ê*. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î, u≤<Û´ä ‘· >∑\ bÂs¡T\T>± eTq+
#˚ ù d ≥¬ s ’ “Hé \ >∑ T +&Ü Á|ü e Væ ≤ dü ÷ Ô ‹]– dü e TTÁ<ä + ˝À e´øÏÔ>∑‘· yêVü≤Hê\≈£î ã<äT\T>± Á|üC≤ s¡yêD≤ e´edüú\qT
ø£*dæb˛‘·T+~. ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ <ë«sê eTq e+‘·T ø£wæ #˚j·Te#·TÃ.
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À >∑˝ŸŒ¤ Ä|òt K+uÛ≤{Ÿ, |ü•ÃeT rs¡+˝À ñ|üj÷Ó >∑+˝À ˝Òq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT $<äT´‘·TqÔ T ì*|æyj ˚ T· &É+, X¯øìÔÏ Ä<ë
>∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì >∑˝ŸŒ¤ Ä|òt ø£#Y, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ˝Àì düT+<äsYãHé #˚ùd |ü]ø£sê\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+, dü+Á|ü<ëj˚T‘·s¡ X¯øÏÔ
ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì >∑+>± &Ó˝≤º y˚˝≤X¯øÏÔì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·Tø√e&ÜìøÏ eqs¡T\qT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É nedüs+¡ . nìï+{Ïø+£ fÒ, eTTK´+>±
nqTyÓ’q |ü]dæú‘·T\qT n+~düTÔHêïsTT. ªªX¯øÏÔì Ä<ë #˚j·T&ÉeT+fÒ X¯øÏÔì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚dæqfÒ¢μμ.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 111
 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks,
leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(a) coal (b) bauxite (c) gold (d) zinc
(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following
minerals?
(a) bauxite (b) mica (c) iron ore (d) copper
(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the
following rocks?
(a) sedimentary rocks (c) igneous rocks
(b) metamorphic rocks (d) none of the above
(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
(a) oil (b) uranium (c) thorium (d) coal
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.
(a) ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(b) conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
(ii) What is a mineral?
(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources ?
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

112 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T
1. ãVüQfiË’∫Ãø£ Á|üX¯ï\T.
(i) •\\T $∫Ãqï+ ø±e&É+, XË~ ’ \∏ ´ |ü<ës¡+ú jÓTTø£ÿ neX‚cÕ\T e~*ô|≥º&+É <ë«sê øÏ+~ KìC≤\˝À
@~ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~?
(m) u§>∑TZ (_) u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ (dæ) ã+>±s¡+ (&ç) õ+ø˘
(ii) C≤s¡â+&é˝Àì ø√&Ósêà øÏ+~ KìC≤\˝À <˚ìì n~Ûø£+>± ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚düTÔ+~?
(m) u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ (_) nÁuÛÑø£+ (dæ) ÇqT|ü Kì»+ (&ç) sê–
(iii) øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À @ •\\ bıs¡\˝À KìC≤\T ìøÏå|üÔ+ #˚j·Tã&É‘êsTT eT]j·TT dü+∫‘·eTe⁄‘êsTT?
(m) neπøå|üD •\\T (dæ) n–ï •\\T
(_) s¡÷bÕ+‘·s¡ •\\T (&ç) ô|’y˚M ø±e⁄
(iv) yÓ÷H√C…’{Ÿ ÇdüTø£˝À øÏ+~ KìC≤\˝À @~ \_ÛdüTÔ+~?
(m) #·eTTs¡T (_) j·TTπsìj·T+ (dæ) <∏√]j·T+ (&ç) u§>∑TZ
2. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 30 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
(i) 30 |ü<ë\≈£î $T+#·≈£î+&Ü øÏ+~ yê{Ï eT<Ûä´ uÛÒ<ë\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.
(m) ÇqTeTT ø£*Zq(ô|òÁs¡dt) eT]j·TT ÇqTy˚T‘·s¡(HêHé`ô|òÁs¡dt) KìC≤\T
(_) dü+Á|ü<ëj·T eT]j·TT dü+Á|ü<ëj˚T‘·s¡ X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T
(ii) Kì»+ n+fÒ @$T{Ï?
(iii) n–ï•\\T eT]j·TT s¡÷bÕ+‘·s¡ •\\˝À KìC≤\T m˝≤ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT?
(iv) eTq+ Kì» eqs¡T\qT m+<äT≈£î dü+s¡øÏå+#·Tø√yê*?

3. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.

(i) uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À u§>∑TZ $düÔs¡DqT $e]+#·+&ç.
(ii) uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À kÂs¡X¯øÏÔøÏ ñ»«\ uÛÑ$wü´‘·TÔ ñ+<äì MTs¡T m+<äT≈£î nqT≈£î+≥THêïs¡T?

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 113

ACTIVITY
Fill the name of the correct mineral in the crossword below:

2 1
M

2
M

4 3
M

4
T

1 5 5
T
6
o

7
y

A CROSS D OWN
1. A ferrous mineral (9) 1. Found in placer deposit (4)
2. Raw material for cement industry (9) 2. Iron ore mined in Bailadila (8)
3. Finest iron ore with magnetic properties (9) 3. Indispensable for electrical industry (4)
4. Highest quality hard coal (10) 4. Geological Age of coal found in north east
5. Aluminium is obtained from this ore (7) India (8)
6. Khetri mines are famous for this mineral (6) 5. Formed in veins and lodes (3)
7. Formed due to evaporation (6)

114 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

 ø£è‘·´+:
~>∑Te Áø±dtesY¶˝À dü¬s’q KìC≤\ ù|s¡¢qT |üP]+#·+&ç:
2 1
M

2
M

4 3
M

4
T

1 5 5
T
6
o

7
y

n&ɶ+>± ì\Te⁄>±
1. ô|òÁs¡dt(ÇqTeTT ø£*Zq) Kì»+ (9) 1. ù|¢düsY &çbÕõ{Ÿ˝À ø£qT>=qã&ç+~ (4)
2. dæyÓT+{Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î eTT&ç|ü<ës¡ú+ (9) 2. u…’˝~˝≤˝À ‘·$«q ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄ (8)
3. nj·TkÕÿ+‘· \ø£åD≤\‘√ ≈£L&çq n‘·T´‘·ÔeT ÇqT|ü 3. $<äT´‘Y |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î nìyês¡´yÓTÆq~ (4)
Kì»+ (9) 4. áXÊq´ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ø£qT>=qã&çq u§>∑TZ jÓTTø£ÿ
4. n‘·´~Ûø£ HêD´‘· >∑\ >∑{Ϻ u§>∑TZ (10) uÛÖ>√[ø£ j·TT>∑+ (8)
5. á <Ûë‘·Te⁄ qT+&ç n\÷´$Tìj·T+ \_ÛdüTÔ+~ (7) 5. yÓsTTHé‡ eT]j·TT ˝À&釽À @s¡Œ&ç+~ (3)
6. UÒÁr >∑qT\T á KìC≤ìøÏ Á|üdæ~∆ #Ó+<ësTT (6)
7. u≤w”ŒuÛÑeq+ ø±s¡D+>± @s¡Œ&ç+~ (6)

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II KìC≤\T eT]j·TT X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T\T 115

 On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went to IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
a market with his parents. They purchased
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone
shoes and clothes for him. His mother
of development in general and economic
purchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas
development in particular mainly because–
(earthen lamps). Harish observed that the
shops in the market were flooded with • Manufacturing industries not only help in
items for sale. He wondered how so many modernising agriculture, which forms the
items could be made in such large backbone of our economy, they also reduce
quantities. His father explained that shoes, the heavy dependence of people on
clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured by agricultural income by providing them jobs
machines in large industries, some utensils in secondary and tertiary sectors.
are manufactured in small industries, while • Industrial development is a precondition for
items like diyas are made by individual eradication of unemployment and poverty
artisans in household industry. from our country. This was the main
philosophy behind public sector industries
Do you have some ideas about these
industries? and joint sector ventures in India. It was also
aimed at bringing down regional disparities
by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.
Production of goods in large quantities after
• Export of manufactured goods expands
processing from raw materials to more
trade and commerce, and brings in much
valuable products is called manufacturing. Do
needed foreign exchange.
you know that paper is manufactured from
wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel • Countries that transform their raw
from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite? materials into a wide variety of finished
Do you also know that some types of clothes goods of higher value are prosperous.
are manufactured from yarn which itself is an India’s prosperity lies in increasing and
industrial product? diversifying its manufacturing industries as
People employed in the secondary activities quickly as possible.
manufacture the primary materials into Agriculture and industry are not exclusive
finished goods. The workers employed in steel of each other. They move hand in hand. For
factories, car, breweries, textile industries, instance, the agro-industries in India have
bakeries etc. fall into this category. Some people given a major boost to agriculture by raising
are employed in providing services. In this its productivity. They depend on the latter for
chapter, we are mainly concerned with raw materials and sell their products such as
manufacturing industries which fall in the irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,
secondary sector. pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines
The economic strength of a country is and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus,
measured by the development of development and competitiveness of
manufacturing industries.

116 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T

BbÕe[ dü+<äs¡“¤+>± Vü≤Øwt n‘·ì ‘·*¢<ä+Á&ÉT\‘√ ñ‘êŒ<äø£‘·`ÁbÕeTTK´‘·

e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ ≈£î yÓfi≤¢&ÉT. yês¡T n‘·ìøÏ ã÷≥T¢, ã≥º\T kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ñ‘êŒ<äø£ s¡+>∑eTT n_Ûe~∆øÏ yÓHïÓ eTTø£>±qT,
ø=qT>√\T #˚XÊs¡T. n‘·ì ‘·*¢ bÕÁ‘·\T, |ü+#·<ës¡, {° Á|ü‘˚´øÏ+∫ Ä]úø±_Ûe~∆>± ≈£L&Ü |ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&ÉT‘√+~. BìøÏ
eT]j·TT ~j·÷\qT (eT{Ϻ Á|ü$T<ä\T) ø=qT>√\T #˚XÊs¡T. eTTK´ ø±s¡D+ `
 ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T eTq <˚X¯ Ä]úø£ e´edü≈ú î£ yÓHïÓ eTTø£
e÷¬sÿ{À¢ì <äTø±D≤\˙ï neTàø±ìøÏ ñ+∫q edüTÔe⁄\‘√
ì+&ç ñ+&É&Üìï Vü≤Øwt >∑eTì+#ê&ÉT.n‘·qT #ê˝≤ nsTTq≥Te+{Ï e´ekÕj·÷ìï Ä<ÛäT˙ø£]+#·&É+˝À
düVü‰j·T+ #˚j·T&Éy˚T ø±ø£ ~«rj·T, ‘·èrj·T s¡+>±\˝À
edü T Ô e ⁄\T n~Û ø £ |ü ] e÷D+˝À m˝≤ ‘· j · ÷ s¡ T ñ<√´>∑ ø£\Œq <ë«sê, øπ e\+ e´ekÕj·Ts¡+>∑ Ä<ëj·T+ô|’
#˚j·Tã&ܶj·Tì ÄX¯Ãs¡´b˛j·÷&ÉT. ã÷≥T¢, ã≥º\T, Ä<Ûës¡|ü&çq Á|ü»\≈£î Ä]úø£ yÓdüT\Tu≤≥TqT ÇkÕÔsTT.
|ü+#·<ës¡ yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ uÛ≤Ø |ü]ÁX¯eT˝Àì j·T+Á‘ê\‘√  eTq <˚X¯+˝À ìs¡T<√´>∑+, ù|<ä]ø±ìï ìs¡÷à*+#·&ÜìøÏ
‘· j · ÷ s¡ T #˚ j · T ã&É ‘ êj· T ì, ø=ìï bÕÁ‘· \ T ∫qï bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ n_Ûe~∆ ˇø£ÿfÒ e÷s¡Z+. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À
|ü]ÁX¯eT˝À¢ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&É‘êj·Tì, eT{Ϻ Á|ü$T<ä\T Á|üuÛÑT‘·«s¡+>∑ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T, ñeTà&ç s¡+>∑ |ü]ÁX¯eT\
e+{Ï$ e´øÏ>Ô ‘∑ +· >± ø£fi≤ø±s¡T\T >∑Vü≤|ü]ÁX¯eT˝À ‘·j÷· s¡T yÓqT≈£îqï Á|ü<Ûëq‘·‘·«+ Ç<˚. –]»q, yÓqTø£ã&çq
#˚kÕÔs¡ì n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç $e]+#ê&ÉT. ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT kÕú|æ+#·&É+ <ë«sê ÁbÕ+rj·T
á |ü]ÁX¯eT\ >∑T]+∫ MT≈£î @yÓTHÆ ê ne>±Vü≤q ñ+<ë? ndüe÷q‘·\qT ‘·–Z+#·&É+ ≈£L&Ü Bì \ø£å´+.
 ñ‘êŒ<äø£ edüTÔe⁄\ m>∑TeT‹ yê´bÕs¡ yêDÏC≤´\qT
eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\ qT+&ç nH˚ø£ Á|üÁøÏj·T\ <ë«sê uÛ≤Ø $dü]Ô dü÷,Ô m+‘√ nedüsy¡ TÓ qÆ $<˚oe÷s¡ø£ Á<äyê´ìï ≈£L&Ü
|ü]e÷D+˝À $\TyÓq’ edüTeÔ ⁄\T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚jT· &Üìï ñ‘êŒ<äø‘£ · Ä]®düTÔ+~.
(‘·j÷· Ø) nì n+{≤s¡T. ø£\|ü qT+∫ ø±–‘·+, #ÓsT¡ ≈£îqT+∫  eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\qT n~Ûø£ $\Te ø£*–q nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\
|ü+#·<ës¡, ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄ qT+∫ ÇqTeTT`ñ≈£îÿ eT]j·TT u≤¬ø‡’ {Ÿ n+‹eT edüTÔe⁄\T>± e÷πsà <˚XÊ\T dü+|üqïe+‘·yÓTÆq
qT+∫ n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚jT· ã&É‘êj·Tì MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ? <˚XÊ\T>± ñHêïsTT. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ dü+|ü<ä ‘·q
ø=ìï s¡ø±\ ã≥º\T ≈£L&Ü bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô nsTTq≥Te+{Ï ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT M˝…’q+‘· ‘·«s¡>± ô|+#·&É+
q÷\T‘√H˚ ‘·j÷· s¡T #˚kÕÔsì¡ MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ? eT]j·TT yÓ’$<Ûä´|üs¡#·&É+ MT<˚ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+~.
~«rj·T s¡+>∑+˝À |üì#˚ùd e´≈£î\Ô T ÁbÕ<∏$ä Tø£ |ü<ësêú\qT e´ekÕj·TeTT, |ü]ÁX¯eT\T <˚ìø£$ Á|ü‘˚´ø£yÓTÆq$ ø±e⁄.
n+‘·´edüTÔe⁄\T>± ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚kÕÔs¡T. ñ≈£îÿ ø£sêà>±sê\T, ø±s¡T¢, n$ ˇø£<ëì‘√ ˇø£{Ï nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·ã&ç ñ+{≤sTT.
eT<ä´+ ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚ùd ø£+ô|˙\T, eÁdüÔ ø£sêà>±sê\T eT]j·TT ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì e´ekÕj·Tø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T yê{Ï
uÒøØ£ \˝À |üì#˚ùd ø±]à≈£î\T Bì ÁøÏ+<ä≈î£ ekÕÔsT¡ . ø=+‘·eT+~ ñ‘êŒ<ä ø £ ‘ · q T ô|+#· & É + <ë«sê e´ekÕj· ÷ ìøÏ n~Û ø £
Áb˛‘ê‡Vü‰ìï n+~+#êsTT. á ˙{Ï bÕs¡T<ä\ >={≤º\T, ms¡Te⁄\T,
ùde\T n+~+#·&+É ˝À |üì#˚dTü HÔ êïs¡T. á n<Ûë´j·T+˝À eTq+
ÁøÏ$Tdü+Vü‰s¡ø±\T, |ü⁄s¡T>∑TeT+<äT\T, bÕ¢dæºø˘ eT]j·TT |æ.$.dæ
Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ~«rj·T s¡+>∑+˝À ñ+&˚≥≥Te+{Ï ñ‘êŒ<äø£ ô|’|ü⁄\T, j·T+Á‘ê\T eT]j·TT |ü]ø£sê\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïì
|ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q n+XÊ\qT |ü]o*<ë›+. ¬ s ’ ‘ · T \≈£ î $Áø£ s TTdü ÷ Ô , yê] e´ekÕj· T ñ‘· Œ ‘· T Ô \ qT
ˇø£ <˚X¯ Ä]úø£ X¯øÏÔì ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\ n_Ûe~∆ <ë«sê ùdø£]düTÔHêïsTT. Ä$<Ûä+>±, ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT n_Ûe~∆,
ø=\TkÕÔs¡T.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 117
manufacturing industry has not only allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit
assisted agriculturists in increasing their has changed over a period of time. At
production but also made the production present the maximum investment allowed
processes very efficient. is rupees one crore.
In the present day world of globalisation,
our industry needs to be more efficient and On the basis of ownership:
competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not • Public sector, owned and operated by
enough. Our manufactured goods must be government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
at par in quality with those in the • Private sector industries owned and
international market. Only then, will we be operated by individuals or a group of
able to compete in the international market. individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,
Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run
Classification of Industries by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
List the various manufactured products you
owned by public and private sector.
use in your daily life such as – transistors,
electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement, • Cooperative sector industries are owned
glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, and operated by the producers or
automobiles, medicines and so on. If we suppliers of raw materials, workers or
classify the various industries based on a both. They pool in the resources and share
particular criterion then we would be the profits or losses proportionately. Such
able to understand their manufacturing examples are the sugar industry in
better. Industries may be classified as Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.
follows:
Based on the bulk and weight of raw material
On the basis of source of raw materials and finished goods:
used: • Heavy industries such as iron and steel
• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk • Light industries that use light raw
textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, materials and produce light goods such
edible oil. as electrical goods industries.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement,
aluminium, machine tools,
petrochemicals.
Classify the following into two groups on the
According to their main role: basis of bulk and weight of raw material and
• Basic or key industries are those which finished goods.
supply their products as raw materials to (i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines
manufacture other goods e.g. iron and
(ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding
steel and copper smelting, aluminum
smelting. (iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs

• Consumer industries that produce goods (iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes
for direct use by consumers – sugar, (v) Watches (x) Automobiles
toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,
fans etc.
Agro-based Industries
On the basis of capital investment: Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and
• A small scale industry is defined with edible oil, etc. industries are based on
reference to the maximum investment agricultural raw materials.

118 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

b˛{°‘·‘·«+ e´ekÕj·T<ës¡T\≈£î yê] ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì ô|+#·&É+˝À Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ nqTeT‹+#·ã&çq >∑]wüº ô|≥Tºã&ç ˇø£ ø√{Ï
düVü‰j·T|ü&É≥y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü ñ‘·Œ‹Ô Á|üÁøÏj·T\qT #ê˝≤ s¡÷bÕj·T\T>± ñqï~.
Á|üuÛ≤ee+‘·+ #˚dæ+~.
Á|ü|ü+Nø£s¡D »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï Á|üdüTÔ‘· Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À, eTq j·÷»e÷q´+ Ä<Ûës¡+>±:
|ü]ÁX¯eT\T eT]+‘· düeTs¡úe+‘·+>±, b˛{° ‘·‘·«+‘√ ñ+&Ü*.  Á|üuÛÑT‘·« j·÷»e÷q´+, ìs¡«Vü≤D˝À ñ+&˚ dü+düú\qT
dü«j·T+ düeT~∆ ˇø£ÿfÒ #ê\<äT. eTq ñ‘êŒ<äø£ edüTÔe⁄\T Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑+ n+{≤s¡T.- BHEL, SAIL yÓTT<ä˝…’q$.
n+‘·sê®rj·T e÷¬sÿ{À¢ ñqï yê{Ï‘√ düe÷q HêD´‘·qT ø£*–  e´≈£ î Ô \ T ˝Ò < ë e´≈£ î Ô \ jÓ T Tø£ ÿ dü e T÷Vü ‰ \
ñ+&Ü*. n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T n+‘·sê®rj·T e÷¬sÿ{À¢ b˛{° j· ÷ »e÷q´+˝À ìs¡ « Væ ≤ +#· u &˚ $ . Áô|’ y ˚ { Ÿ s¡ + >∑
|ü&>É \∑ T>∑T‘ê+. |ü]ÁX¯eT\T-TISCO, ãC≤CŸ Ä{À *$Tf…&é, &ÜãsY
|ü]ÁX¯eT\ eØZø£s¡D Ç+&ÉÁd”dº .t
 sêÁwüº+ eT]j·TT e´≈£îÔ\T ˝Ò<ë e´≈£îÔ\ düeT÷Vü≤+‘√
πs&çjÓ÷\T, $<äT´‘Y ã\T“\T, e+≥ q÷HÓ\T, dæyÓT+{Ÿ, dü+j·TTø£+Ô >± ìs¡«Væ≤+#·ã&˚$ ñeTà&ç s¡+>∑ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T.
>±EkÕe÷qT, ô|Á{À˝Ÿ, n–Zô|f…º\T, dü÷ÿ≥s¡T¢, Ä{À ÄsTT˝Ÿ Ç+&çj·÷ *$Tf…&é (OIL) Á|üuÛÑT‘·« eT]j·TT
yÓTTu…’˝Ÿ‡, eT+<äT\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q s√EyêØ J$‘·+˝À MTs¡T Áô|’y˚{Ÿ s¡+>∑ dü+j·TTø£Ô j·÷»e÷q´+˝À ñ+~.
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ $$<Ûä ñ‘êŒ<äø£ edüTeÔ ⁄\ C≤_‘êqT ‘·j÷· s¡T  ñ‘·Œ‹Ô<ës¡T\T ˝Ò<ë eTT&çdüs¡T≈£î düs¡|òüsê<ës¡T\T,
#˚ j · T +&ç . Á|ü ‘ ˚ ´ ø£ Á|ü e ÷D≤\ Ä<Û ë s¡ + >± $$<Û ä ø±]à≈£î\T ˝Ò<ë yê]s¡Te⁄] j·÷»e÷q´+˝À |üì#˚ùd$
|ü]ÁX¯eT\qT eØZø£]+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚, yê{Ï ‘·j·÷Øì eTq+ düVü≤ø±s¡ s¡+>∑ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T. yês¡T eqs¡T\qT ùdø£]+∫
u≤>± ns¡ú+ #˚düTø√>∑\T>∑T‘êeTT. |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT á ÁøÏ+~ ˝≤uÛÑ qcÕº\qT nqTbÕ‘· ìwüŒ‹Ô Á|üø±s¡+ |ü+#·T
$<Ûä+>± eØZø£]+#·e#·TÃ: ≈£î+{≤s¡T. eTVü‰sêÁwüº˝Àì #·¬øÿs¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT, πøs¡fi¯˝Àì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q eTT&ç|ü<ësêú\ eT÷\+ Ä<Ûës¡+>±: |”#·T |ü]ÁX¯eT Ç≥Te+{Ï yê{ÏøÏ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T.
 e´ekÕj·T Ä<Ûë]‘·: q÷\T, ñìï, »q|üHês¡, |ü≥Tº eTT&ç |ü<ës¡ú+ eT]j·TT ‘·j·÷¬s’q edüTÔe⁄\ jÓTTø£ÿ
eÁkÕÔ\T, s¡ã“s¡T, #·¬øÿs¡, {°, ø±|ò”, e+≥ q÷HÓ. |ü]e÷D+ eT]j·TT ãs¡Te⁄ Ä<Ûës¡+>±:
 Kì» Ä<Û ë ]‘· : ÇqTeTT`ñ≈£ î ÿ, dæ y Ó T +{Ÿ ,  ÇqTeTT`ñ≈£îÿ e+{Ï uÛ≤Ø |ü]ÁX¯eT\T,
n\÷´$Tìj· T +, j· T +Á‘· |ü ] ø£ s ê\T, ô|Á{À
 ‘˚*¬ø’q eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ ‘˚*ø£bÕ{Ï
s¡kÕj·THê\T.
|ü]ÁX¯eT\T eT]j·TT ‘˚*ø£bÕ{Ï edüTÔe⁄\qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô#˚ùd
yê{Ï Á|ü<Ûëq bÕÁ‘· Ä<Ûës¡+>±: $<äT´‘Y edüTÔe⁄\ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T.
 Ç‘· s ¡ edü T Ô e ⁄\qT ‘· j · ÷ s¡ T #˚ j · T &ÜìøÏ eTT&ç
|ü<ësêú\T>± ‘·eT ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT düs¡|òüsê #˚ùd eTÚ*ø£ ø£è‘·´+
˝Ò<ë ø°\ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T ñ<ë. ÇqTeTT`ñ≈£îÿ , sê–ì eTT&ç |ü<ës¡ú |ü]e÷D+, ãs¡Te⁄ eT]j·TT n+‹eT edüTÔe⁄\T
Ä<Ûës¡+>± ÁøÏ+~ yê{Ïì ¬s+&ÉT Á>∑÷|ü⁄\T>± eØZø£]+#·+&ç.
ø£]–+#·&É+, n\÷´$Tìj·÷ìï ø£]–+#·&É+.
(i) q÷HÓ (vi) ≈£î≥Tº j·T+Á‘ê\T
 $ìjÓ÷>∑<ës¡T\ Á|ü‘·´ø£å $ìjÓ÷>∑+ ø√dü+ edüTÔe⁄\qT
(ii)n*¢ø£ dü÷<äT\T (vii) z&É\ ‘·j·÷Ø
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd $ìjÓ÷>∑edüTÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T - #·¬øÿs¡,
(iii) Ç‘·Ô&çedüTÔe⁄\T (viii) $<äT´‘Y ã\T“\T
≥÷‘Y ù |dt º , ø±–‘· + , ≈£ î ≥Tº j· T +Á‘ê\T, bò Õ ´qT¢
(iv) |òüP´CŸ r>∑\T (ix) s¡+>∑T\T y˚ùd Áãwt\T
yÓTT<ä˝…’q$. (v) >∑&j ç ÷· sê\T (x) Ä{ÀyÓTTu…˝’ Ÿ‡.
eT÷\<Ûäq+ Ä<Ûës¡+>±: e´ekÕj·÷<Ûë]‘· |ü]ÁX¯eT\T:
 dü+düú ÄdüTÔ\ô|’ nqTeT‹+#·ã&çq >∑]wüº ô|≥Tºã&ç q÷\T, »q|üHês¡, |ü≥Tº, ñìï eÁkÕÔ\T, #·¬øÿs¡ eT]j·TT
Ä<Ûës¡+>± ∫qï ‘·s¡Vü‰ |ü]ÁX¯eT ìs¡«∫+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. e+≥ q÷HÓ yÓTT<ä˝…’q |ü]ÁX¯eT\T e´ekÕj·T eTT&ç|ü<ësêú\ô|’
á |ü ] $T‹ ø=+‘· ø±˝≤ìøÏ e÷]b˛‘· T +~. Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+{≤sTT.

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 119

 Fig. 6.1: Value addition in the textile industry

Textile Industry: The textile industry dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and
occupies unique position in the Indian sewing. The industry by creating demands
economy, because it contributes significantly supports many other industries, such as,
to industrial production, employment chemicals and dyes, packaging materials
generation and foreign exchange earnings. It and engineering works.
is the only industry in the country, which is While spinning continues to be centralised
self-reliant and complete in the value chain in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu,
i.e., from raw material to the highest value weaving is highly decentralised to provide
added products. scope for incorporating traditional skills and
designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari,
Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, cotton embroidery, etc. India has world class
textiles were produced with hand spinning production in spinning, but weaving supplies
and handloom weaving techniques. After low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of
the 18 th century, power-looms came into the high quality yarn produced in the country.
use. Our traditional industries suffered a Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and
setback during the colonial period because in mills.
they could not compete with the mill-made The handspun khadi provides large scale
cloth from England. employment to weavers in their homes as a
cottage industry.

• The first successful textile mill was Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on
established in Mumbai in 1854. spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
• The two world wars were fought in Europe, Why is it important for our country to
India was a British colony. There was a keep the mill sector loomage lower than
demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave power loom and handloom?
a boost to the development of the cotton
textile industry. Jute Textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and
jute goods and stands at second place as an
In the early years, the cotton textile
exporter after Bangladesh. Most of the mills are
industry was concentrated in the cotton
located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks
growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt.
Availability of raw cotton, market, transport
including accessible port facilities, labour,
moist climate, etc. contributed towards its The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in
localisation. This industry has close links 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the
with agriculture and provides a living to jute mills remained in India but three-fourth
farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers of the jute producing area went to
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

120 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 s¡+>∑T\T n<ä›≥+,
Á|ü‹Ô ñ‘·Œ‹Ô e&Éø£≥+ H˚‘·, n*¢ø£ eÁkÕÔ\ ‘·j·÷Ø
yÓTs¡T>∑Tô|≥º&É+

eTT&ç Á|ü‹Ô q÷\T eÁdüÔ+ eÁkÕÔ\T

∫Á‘·+. 6.1 : eÁdüÔ|ü]ÁX¯eT˝À $\Te\ CÀ&ç+|ü⁄

eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT: uÛ≤s¡‘· Ä]úø£ e´edüú˝À eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT Á|ü‘˚´ø£ yê{Ï˝À ìeT>∑ïyÓTÆqyê]ø° JeHêìï n+~düTÔqï~. á |ü]ÁX¯eT
kÕúHêìï ÄÁø£$T+∫+~, m+<äTø£+fÒ Ç~ bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô, –sêø°ì düwæº+#·&É+ <ë«sê s¡kÕj·THê\T eT]j·TT s¡+>∑T\T,
ñbÕ~Û ø£\Œq, $<˚o e÷s¡ø£ Á<äe´ Ä<ëj·÷\≈£î >∑D˙j·T+>± bÕ´πøõ+>¥ edüTeÔ ⁄\T eT]j·TT Ç+»˙]+>¥ |üqT\T e+{Ï nH˚ø£
<√Vü≤<ä+ #˚düTÔ+~. Ç~ <˚X¯+˝ÀH˚ kÕ«e\+ãq ø£*–q @¬ø’ø£ Ç‘·s¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î ‘√&ÜŒ≥TìdüTÔ+~.
|ü]ÁX¯eT>± ñ+≥÷ eTT&ç|ü<ësêú\qT $$<Ûä ñ‘·Œ‹Ô <äX¯\˝À q÷\Te&É≈î£ ≥ eTVü‰sêÁwü,º >∑T»sê‘Y eT]j·TT ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝À¢
n‘·´+‘· $\Te ø£*–q edüTÔe⁄\T>± ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚düTÔ+~. πø+ÁBø£‘·yÓTÆ ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°, q÷\T, |ü≥Tº, »Ø, ãTfÒ<ëØ
q÷\T eÁkÕÔ\T: ÁbÕNq uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À, #˚‹‘√ e&Éø≥£ + eT]j·TT (m+Áu≤sTT&ÉØ) yÓTT<ä˝q’… yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T HÓ|’ ⁄ü D≤´\T,
#˚H‘˚ · |ü<‘∆ä T· ˝À¢ q÷\T eÁkÕÔ\T ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùdyês¡T. 18e X¯‘êã›+ s¡÷|ü ø£\Œq(&çC…’Hé)\ $©q+ ø=s¡≈£î H˚‘·|üì n‘·´+‘·
‘·sê«‘· eTs¡eT>±Z\T yê&Éø£+˝ÀøÏ e#êÃsTT. e\dü bÕ\q˝À $πø+ÁBø£]+#·ã&ç+~. Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ n‘·´+‘·
Ç+>±¢+&ÉT $T\T¢\˝À ‘·j·÷s¡sTTq eÁkÕÔ\‘√ b˛{° |ü&É˝Òì HêD´yÓ T Æ q <ësêìï ñ‘· Œ ‹Ô #˚ d ü T Ô q ï|ü Œ {Ï ø Ï <ëìì
ø±s¡D+>± eTq kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·T eè‘·TÔ\T <Óã“‹HêïsTT. ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·Tø√q+<äTq H˚‘· <ë«sê ‘·≈î£ ÿe HêD´‘· >∑\ eÁkÕÔ\T
düs|¡ süò ê ne⁄‘·THêïsTT. #˚‹eT>∑+Z , eTs¡eT>∑+Z eT]j·TT $T\T¢\
 yÓTT<ä{Ï $»j·Te+‘·yÓTÆq ã≥º\ $T\T¢ 1854˝À
<ë«sê H˚j·T&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘√+~.
eTT+u…’˝À kÕú|æ+#·ã&ç+~.
#˚‹‘√ e&çøÏq (Vü‰´+&É÷¢yéT‡) K<ä›s¡T, #˚H˚‘· ø±]à≈£î\≈£î
 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ Á_{°wüß e\dü sê»´+>± ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ≈£î{°s¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT>± >∑èVü‰\˝À ô|<ä› m‘·TqÔ ñbÕ~Ûì n+~düT+Ô ~.
◊s√bÕ˝À s¬ +&ÉT Á|ü|+ü #· j·TT<ë›\T »]>±sTT. U.K.˝À q÷\T e&Éø£≥+, K<ä›s¡T H˚j·T{≤ìøÏ eTVü‰‘êà>±+BÛ
eÁkÕÔìøÏ &çe÷+&é ñ+~ ø±ã{Ϻ, yês¡T q÷\T eÁdüÔ m+<äT≈£î n~Ûø£ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·ì#êÃs¡T?
|ü]ÁX¯eT n_Ûe~∆øÏ Áb˛‘ê‡Vü‰ìï n+~+#ês¡T. eTs¡eT>∑+Z eT]j·TT #˚H‘˚ · ø£+fÒ uÛ≤Ø eÁdüÔ ‘·j÷· Ø |ü]ÁX¯eT
s¡+>±ìøÏ eTq <˚X¯+˝À ‘·≈£îÿe ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘· Çe«&É+ m+<äT≈£î
ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ dü+e‘·‡sê˝À¢, q÷\T eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT eTVü‰sêÁwüº eTTK´+?
eT]j·TT >∑T»sê‘Y\˝Àì Á|ü‹Ô |ü+&ç+#˚ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À øπ +ÁBø£‘·yTÓ Æ »q|üHês¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT
ñ+~. eTT&çÁ|ü‹Ô \uÛÑ´‘·, e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ, πse⁄ kÂø£sê´\‘√ ≈£L&çq eTT&ç »qTeTT, »q|üHês¡ edüTÔe⁄\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
s¡yêD≤, ø±]à≈£î\T, ‘˚eT‘√ ≈£L&çq yê‘êes¡D+ yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ yÓTT<ä{kÏ Õúq+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT m>∑TeT‘·T\˝À ã+>±¢<X˚ Ÿ ‘·sT¡ yê‘·
kÕúìø°ø£s¡D≈£î <√Vü≤<ä|ü&ܶsTT. á |ü]ÁX¯eT e´ekÕj·T+‘√ ¬s+&Ée kÕúq+˝Àq÷ ñ+~. #ê˝≤ $T\T¢\T |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝À¢,
düìïVæ≤‘· dü+ã+<Ûë\qT ø£*– ñ+&ç, s¬ ‘’ T· \≈£L, Á|ü‹øÔ ±j·T\qT Á|ü<Ûëq+>± VüQ^¢ q~ ˇ&ÉT¶q, düqïì y˚TK\˝À ñHêïsTT.
ùdø£]+#˚yê]ø° eT]j·TT –+»qT Á|ü‹Ô qT+&ç y˚sT¡ #˚j·T≥+ yÓTT<ä{Ï »q|üHês¡ $T\T¢ ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê düMT|ü+˝À 1855˝À
(õìï+>¥), e&Éø£≥+(dæŒìï+>¥), H˚j·T&É+, s¡+>∑T\T n<ä›≥+ ]ÁcÕ e<ä› kÕú|æ+#·ã&ç+~. 1947˝À <˚X¯ $uÛÑ»q ‘·sê«‘·,
(&Ó’sTT+>¥), &çC…’ì+>¥ #Ój·T´&É+, ø£≥º\T ø£{Ϻ uÛÑÁ<ä|üs¡#·&É+ »q|üHês¡ $T\T¢\T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝ÀH˚ ñHêïsTT, nsTT‘˚
»q|üHês¡ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚ùd ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À Hê*Z+≥ eT÷&√e+‘·T
(bÕ´πøõ+>¥), <äØ®|üì (f…Æ\]+>¥) eT]j·TT ≈£î≥Tº|üì e+{Ï ã+>±¢<˚XŸ (|üPs¡«|ü⁄ ‘·÷s¡TŒ bÕøÏkÕÔHé)øÏ yÓ[fl+~.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 121
 India: Distribution of cotton, woollen and silk industries

122 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
bÕøÏkÕúHé u≤sêeTT˝≤¢ eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T
Áoq>∑sY
nq+‘·Hê>¥

neTè‘Ydsü Y
\T~∏j÷· Hê
#ÓH’ ê
bÕì|ü{Ÿ yÓTTsê<ëu≤<é ({Ïu{… Ÿ)
>∑Ts¡TÁ>±yéT H˚bÕ˝Ÿ
_ø£˙sY ÄÁ>± uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé
C…’|üPsY cÕ»Vü‰Hé|üPsY
>±«*j·TsY ø±q÷ŒsY
yês¡D≤dæ
MTsê®|üPsY ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
nVü≤à<ëu≤<é ñ»®sTTì eTT]¸<ëu≤<é
C≤yéTq>∑sY
sêCŸø√{Ÿ <˚yêdt ã+≈£îsê ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK
Vü≤Ösê
e&√<äs¡ Ç+&√sY
b˛sYã+<äsY VüQ^¢
dü÷s¡‘Y »˝Ÿ>±Hé eTj·THêàsY
yêsê›
Ws¡+>∑u≤<é
eTT+u…’ |üPD…

u…\>±$
q÷\T eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT
ñìï eÁdüÔ |ü]ÁX¯eT
u…+>∑fiS¯ s¡T ø√˝≤sY |ü≥Tº |ü]ÁX¯eT
#ÓHï’Ó
yÓTdÆ ÷ü s¡T
ø√j·T+ã‘·÷sÔ T¡
n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T
\ø£Bå e⁄\T eT<ÛTä s¬ ’ (Ç+&çj÷· )
(Ç+&çj÷· )
Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+
Væ≤+<ä÷
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : |ü‹Ô, ñìï eT]j·TT |ü≥Tº |ü]ÁX¯eT\ $düÔs¡D

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 123

 Factors responsible for their location in the Mineral-based Industries
Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute producing Industries that use minerals and metals as raw
areas, inexpensive water transport, supported materials are called mineral-based industries.
by a good network of railways, roadways and Can you name some industries that would fall
waterways to facilitate movement of raw in this category?
material to the mills, abundant water for
processing raw jute, cheap labour from West Iron and Steel Industry
Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha The iron and steel industry is the basic industry
and Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban since all the other industries — heavy, medium
centre provides banking, insurance and port and light, depend on it for their machinery.
facilities for export of jute goods. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of
engineering goods, construction material,
Sugar Industry
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
India stands second as a world producer of equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
sugar but occupies the first place in the
production of gur and khandsari. The raw
material used in this industry is bulky, and in Make a list of all such goods made of steel
haulage its sucrose content reduces. The mills that you can think of.
are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Production and consumption of steel is
Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in often regarded as the index of a country’s
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry
seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the because all the raw materials as well as
cooperative sector. Can you explain why this finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing
is so? heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking
In recent years, there is a tendency for the coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of
mills to shift and concentrate in the southern approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of
and western states, especially in Maharashtra, manganese, are also required to harden the
This is because the cane produced here has a steel. Where should the steel plants be ideally
higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also located? Remember that the finished products
ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover, also need an efficient transport network for
the cooperatives are more successful in these their distribution to the markets and
states. consumers.
Processes of Manufacture of Steel

Fig. 6.2

124 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 á |ü]ÁX¯eT\T VüQ^¢ rs¡+ yÓ+ã&ç HÓ\ø=\Œ&ÜìøÏ KìC≤<Ûës¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T
<ë]rdæq ø±s¡D≤\T: »q|üHês¡ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ÁbÕ+‘ê\ kÕMT|ü´‘·, KìC≤\T eT]j· T T ˝ÀVü ‰ \qT eTT&ç |ü < ësê∆ \ T>±
eTT&ç|<ü ësêú\qT $T\T¢\≈£î ‘·s*¡ +#·&ÜìøÏ #·eø¬ q’ »\ s¡yêD≤, ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT KìC≤<Ûë]‘· |ü]ÁX¯eT\T nì
eT+∫ ¬s’\T, s√&ÉT¶, »\e÷sêZ\ kÂø£s¡´+, eTT&ç »q|üHês¡qT |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. á ø√e˝ÀøÏ e#˚à ø=ìï |ü]ÁX¯eT\ ù|s¡T¢ MTs¡T
Hêqu…≥º&Üì(ÁbÕôddt)øÏ düeT~∆>± ˙s¡T, |ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ, ù|s=ÿq>∑\sê?
;Vü‰sY, ˇ&çcÕ, ñ‘·Ôs¡ Á|ü<˚XŸ sêÁcÕº\ qT+&ç #·e¬ø’q ø±]à≈£î\ ÇqTeTT`ñ≈£îÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT
\uÛ´Ñ ‘·. ô|<ä› |ü≥Dº øπ +Á<ä+ nsTTq ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê »q|üHês¡ edüTeÔ ⁄\ ÇqTeTT ñ≈£îÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT eTÚ*ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT. m+<äTø£+fÒ
m>∑TeT‹øÏ u≤´+øÏ+>¥, ;Ûe÷, πse⁄ kÂø£sê´\qT ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. uÛ≤Ø, eT<Ûä´‘·s¡Vü‰ eT]j·TT ‘˚*ø£bÕ{Ï |ü]ÁX¯eT\˙ï ‘·eT≈£î
|ü+#·<ës¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT ø±e\dæq j·T+Á‘ê\ ø√dü+ M{Ïô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|&ü ç ñ+{≤sTT. $$<Ûä
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À |ü+#·<ës¡ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚XÊì~ ¬s+&Ée s¡ø±\ Ç+»˙]+>¥ edüTeÔ ⁄\T, ìsêàD edüTeÔ ⁄\T, s¡øDå£ , yÓ<’ ´ä +,
kÕúq+ ø±>± u…\¢+, K+&ÉkÕs¡ #·¬øÿs¡ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï kÕúq+. <ä÷s¡ yêDÏ (f…*bò˛ìø˘), XÊÁd”Ôj·T |ü]ø£sê\T eT]j·TT $$<Ûä
á |ü]ÁX¯eT˝À ô|<ä› yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À eTT&ç|ü<ësêúìï ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. s¡ø±\ $ìjÓ÷>∑ edüTÔe⁄\ ‘·j·÷ØøÏ ñ≈£îÿ nedüs¡+.
s¡yêD≤ düeTj·T+˝À <ëì˝Àì düTÁø√CŸ |ü]e÷D+ ‘·>∑TZ‘·T+~. ø£è‘·´+
ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ, ;Vü‰sY, eTVü‰sêÁwüº, ø£sêí≥ø£, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, MT≈£ î ‘Ó * dæ q , ñ≈£ î ÿ‘√ ‘· j · ÷ s¡ T #˚ j · T ã&ç q ,
Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ, >∑T»sê‘Y, |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ\˝À edüTÔe⁄\ìï+{Ï C≤_‘êqT s¡÷bı+~+#·+&ç.
á $T\T¢\T ñHêïsTT. ns¡yÓ’ XÊ‘·+ $T\T¢\T ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ,
;Vü‰sY\˝À ñHêïsTT. á |ü]ÁX¯eT düV≤ü »+>± ø±˝≤qT>∑TD+>± ñ≈£îÿ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô, $ìjÓ÷>∑+ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± <˚X¯ Á|ü>‹∑ øÏ dü÷∫ø£>±
ñ+≥T+~ ø±ã{Ï,º Ç~ düV≤ü ø±s¡ s¡+>±ìøÏ nqTyÓq’ ~. m+<äTø√ |ü]>∑D+Ï #·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. ÇqTeTT, ñ≈£îÿ nH˚~ ˇø£ uÛ≤Ø |ü]ÁX¯eT.
MTs¡T $e]+#·>∑\sê? m+<äTø£+fÒ á |ü]ÁX¯eT˝À eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\÷ n+‹eT edüTeÔ ⁄\÷
á eT<Ûä´ ø±\+˝À, <äøÏåD, |ü•ÃeT sêÁcÕº\≈£î, Á|ü‘˚´øÏ+∫ uÛ≤Ø>± ñ+&ç, n~Ûø£ s¡yêD≤ Ks¡TÃ\qT ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT. ÇqT|ü
eTVü‰sêÁwüº≈£î, $T\T¢\T ‘·s¡*b˛sTT πø+ÁBø£]+#·ã&˚ <Û√s¡DÏ <Ûë‘·Te⁄, ø√øÏ+>¥ ø√˝Ÿ, düTqï|ü⁄ sêsTT düTe÷s¡T>± 4:2:1 ìwüŒ‹Ô˝À
ñ+~. m+<äTø£+fÒ Çø£ÿ&É ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·Tã&çq #Ós¡≈£î˝À düTÁø√CŸ nedüse¡ Te⁄‘êsTT. ñ≈£îÿqT >∑{|ºÏ sü #¡ &· ÜìøÏ ø=+‘· e÷+>∑˙dt
XÊ‘·+ m≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~. |ü+#·<ës¡>± e÷πs Á|üÁøÏjT· Ä\dü´+ ≈£L&Ü nedüs+¡ . ñ≈£îÿ ø£sêà>±sê\T mø£ÿ&É HÓ\ø=˝≤Œ*? |üPs¡sÔ TTq
nsTTHê Çø£ÿ&ç #·\ì¢ yê‘êes¡D+ e\¢ #ÓsT¡ ≈£î>∑&\É T bÕ&Ée«e⁄. ñ‘·Œ‘·T\Ô qT e÷¬sÿ≥¢≈î£ , $ìjÓ÷>∑<ës¡T\≈£î |ü+|æD° #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ
n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü, á sêÁcÕº˝À¢ düVü≤ø±s¡ dü+|òü÷\T eT]+‘· düeTs¡úe+‘·yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤ HÓ{ŸesYÿ nedüs¡eTì >∑Ts¡TÔ+#·Tø√+&ç.
$»j·Te+‘·eTj·÷´sTT.
ñ≈£îÿ ‘·j·÷Ø Á|üÁøÏj·T
u≤¢dtº |òüπsïdt <äTø£ÿ ÇqTeTT
|ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î ÇqT|ü<Ûë‘·Te⁄ ø£]–+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. ø£]–q |ü<ësêú\T b˛dæq
eTT&çdüs¡T≈£î s¡yêD≤. ø£ ] –+#· & ÜìøÏ dü T qï|ü ⁄ sêsTTì n#·TÃ\qT |æ>¥‡ n+{≤s¡T
CÀ&ç k ÕÔ s ¡ T .eT*Hê\T ‘=\–+#·
ã&É‘êsTT. <Ûë‘·Te⁄qT y˚&ç #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
H˚\ u§>∑TZ ø±\Ãã&ÉT‘·T+~.

˝ÀVü‰ìøÏ Äø±s¡+ ñ≈£îÿ ‘·j·÷Ø

s√*+>¥, Áô|dæ‡+>¥, ø±dæº+>¥ <äTø£ÿ ÇqTeTTqT ø£]–+∫ Äø°‡ø£s¡D+
eT]j·TT bò˛]®+>¥ #˚j·T&É+ <ë«sê eT*Hê\qT ‘=\–+∫
eT]+‘· X¯ó~∆#˚kÕÔs¡T. e÷+>∑˙dt, ì¬ø˝Ÿ,
∫Á‘·+. 6.2 Áø√$Tj·T+ CÀ&çkÕÔs¡T.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 125
 India: Iron and Steel Plants

126 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
ÇqTeTT`ñ≈£îÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T
bÕøÏkÕúHé

#ÓH’ ê
({Ïu{… Ÿ)
Hb˚ Õ˝Ÿ
uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé

ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
ãTs¡q÷ŒsY
u§ø±s√
»+ôw&é|üPsY <äTsêZ|üPsY ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK
s¡÷πsÿ˝
_Û˝≤sTT eTj·THêàsY

nπs_j·÷ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
düeTTÁ<ä+
$XÊK|ü≥ï+
$»jYTq>∑sY

uÛÑÁ<ëe‹

ùd\+
n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T
\ø£Bå e⁄\T (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)
(Ç+&çj÷· )

Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : ÇqTeTT, ñ≈£îÿ ø£sêà>±sê\T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 127

 Chhotanagpur plateau region has the Aluminium smelting plants in the country
maximum concentration of iron and steel are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,
industries. It is largely, because of the relative Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and
advantages this region has for the development Tamil Nadu.
of this industry. These include, low cost of iron Bauxite, the raw material used in the
ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured
cheap labour and vast growth potential in the rock. The flow chart given below shows the
home market. process of manufacturing aluminium. Regular
supply of electricity and an assured source of
Aluminium Smelting raw material at minimum cost are the two
Aluminium smelting is the second most prime factors for location of the industry.
important metallurgical industry in India. It is
Chemical Industries
light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of
heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is The Chemical industry in India is fast growing
mixed with other metals. It is used to and diversifying. It comprises both large and
manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth
gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, has been recorded in both inorganic and
zinc and lead in a number of industries. organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include
sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers,
synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints,
dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used
to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper)
and caustic soda. These industries are widely
spread over the country.
Why do you think it is so?
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals,
which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs,
Fig. 6.3: Strip coasting mill at smelter of NALCO drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical

Fig. 6.4

Fig. 6.5
128 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
 #Û√{≤Hê>¥|üPsY |”sƒ¡uÛÑ÷$T ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ÇqTeTT ñ≈£îÿ <˚X¯+˝À n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ôdà*º+>¥ bÕ¢+≥T¢ ˇ&çcÕ, |ü•ÃeT
|ü]ÁX¯eT\T m≈£îÿe>± πø+ÁBø£è‘·yÓTÆ ñHêïsTT. #ê˝≤ es¡≈£î, á u…+>±˝Ÿ, πøs¡fi¯, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ, #Û·rÔdt>∑&Ûé, eTVü‰sêÁwüº eT]j·TT
|ü]ÁX¯eT n_Ûe~∆øÏ á ÁbÕ+‘·+ ø£*– ñqï kÕù|ø£å Á|üj÷Ó »Hê˝Ò ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝À ñHêïsTT.
ø±s¡D+. ‘·≈î£ ÿe <Ûsä ≈¡ î£ ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄, düMT|ü+˝À n~Ûø£ HêD´‘· n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ø£]–+#·≥+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ
>∑\ eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\T, #Íø£>± ø±]à≈£î\T eT]j·TT <˚oj·T eTT<äTs¡T ms¡T|ü⁄ s¡+>∑T˝À ñ+&˚ sêsTT. ÁøÏ+<ä Çe«ã&çq
e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ˝À $kÕÔsy¡ TÓ qÆ e~∆ kÕeTs¡´ú + á Á|üj÷Ó »Hê˝À¢ ø=ìï. bò˛¢#êsYº n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ‘·j·÷Ø Á|üÁøÏj·TqT #·÷|ü⁄‘·T+~.
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ôdà*º+>¥ Áø£eTã<ä∆yÓTÆq $<äT´‘Y düs¡|òüsê eT]j·TT ‘·≈£îÿe <Ûäs¡≈£î \_Û+#˚
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ Á|ü>\∑ q+ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À s¬ +&Ée n‘·´+‘· eTT&çdüs¡T≈£î á |ü]ÁX¯eT kÕú|üq≈£î ¬s+&ÉT Á|ü<Ûëq ø±s¡ø±\T.
eTTK´yÓTqÆ ˝ÀVü≤|ü]ÁX¯eT. Ç~ ‘˚*ø£>± ñ+&ç, ‘·T|ü⁄Œ ìs√<Ûøä ‘£ q· T s¡kÕj·Tq |ü]ÁX¯eT\T
ø£*– ñ+≥÷, eT+∫ ñwüí yêVü≤ø£+>±, düÔs¡D°j·T+>± ñ+≥÷, uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À s¡kÕj·Tq |ü]ÁX¯eT y˚>∑+>± n_Ûe~∆
Ç‘·s¡ ˝ÀVü‰\‘√ ø£*|æq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <Ûäè&É+>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~. Ç~ #Ó+<äT‘·÷, yÓ$’ <Û´ä uÛ]Ñ ‘·+>± ñ+~. Ç~ ô|<ä,› ∫qï ‘·sV¡ ‰ü ‘·j÷· Ø
$e÷q+, bÕÁ‘·\T, r>∑(yÓ’s¡¢)\ ‘·j·÷ØøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#· j·T÷ì≥¢qT ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. nø£s¡“q, ø£s¡“q s¡+>±\˝À
ã&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç~ nH˚ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À ñ≈£îÿ, sê–, õ+ø˘. d”dü+ y˚>∑e+‘·yÓTÆq e~∆ qyÓ÷<äT #˚dæ+~. nø£s¡“q s¡kÕj·THê\˝À
e+{Ï yê{ÏøÏ Á|ü‘ê´e÷ïj·T+>± Á|üdæ~› bı+~+~. dü\÷Œ¤´]ø˘ ÄeT¢+ (ms¡Te⁄\T, dæ+<∏ä{Ïø˘ <ësê\T, bÕ¢dæºø˘\T,
õ>∑Ts¡T¢, s¡+>∑T\T, n<ä›ø£+ s¡+>∑T\qT ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T), qÁ‹ø±eT¢+, øå±s¡ |ü<ësêú\T, k˛&Ü j·÷wt
(>±E, düãT“\T, &ç≥¬s®+≥T¢, ø±–‘·+ ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T), ø±dæºø˘ k˛&Ü ñHêïsTT. á |ü]ÁX¯eT\T
<˚X¯eT+‘·{≤ $düÔ‘·+>± yê´|æ+∫ ñHêïsTT.
MTs¡T n˝≤ nì m+<äT≈£î nqT≈£î+≥THêïs¡T?
dæ+<∏ä{Ïø˘ <ësê\T, dæ+<∏ä{Ïø˘ s¡ã“s¡T, bÕ¢dæºø˘‡, n<ä›ø£+
s¡+>∑T\T, eT+<äT\ ‘·j÷· ØøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ ô|Á{À s¡kÕj·THê\T
∫Á‘·+ 6.3: NALCO ôdà\ºsY e<ä› Ádæº|t ø√dæº+>¥ $T\T¢ e+{Ïe˙ï ø£s¡“q s¡kÕj·THê\˝À uÛ≤>±\T. Ç$ #·eTTs¡T X¯ó~›

4 qT+∫ 6 ≥qTï\ u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ 2 ≥qTï\ n\÷´$THê 1 ≥qTï n\÷´$Tìj·T+

∫Á‘·+ 6.4:
n\÷´$Tìj·T+ |ü]ÁX¯eT˝À ‘·j·÷Ø Á|üÁøÏj·T
ÁøÏj÷Ó ˝…{’ Ÿ
m\Áø√º˝…’{Ÿ e˝… |üì
u≤¬ø’‡≥T n\÷´$THê #˚ùd ˇø£ Á<äe˝ÀVü≤+.
eTT&ç |ü<ës¡úeTT u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ #·÷s¡í+ ô|<ä› m‘·TÔq Kì»+ ø£]–+#˚ n\÷´$Tìj·T+qT
ne≥+,n\÷´$THê düú˝≤ìøÏ s¡yêD≤ #˚j·T≥+. ø£]–+#˚~.
ø£s¡>∑≥+ X¯ ó ~∆ ø£ s êà>±s¡ + qT+&ç
¬s’\T ˝Ò<ë ø±*‡H˚f&… é ô|Á{À*j·T+ ø√ø˘ n\÷´$Tìj·T+qT
u≤¬ø’‡{Ÿ >∑ì z&É <ë«sê n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ø=*j·T] qT+&ç |æ#Y ø£]–+#˚~
s¡yêD≤ X¯ó~› #˚j·TT≥
$<äT´‘·TÔ
(ˇø£ ≥qTï KìC≤ìøÏ 18,600øÏ˝Àyê≥T¢)
∫Á‘·+ 6.5:
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 129
plants are located near oil refineries or Automobile Industry
petrochemical plants. Automobiles provide vehicle for quick
The chemical industry is its own largest transport of good services and passengers.
consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,
to further produce other chemicals that are three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are
used for industrial application, agriculture or manufactured in India at various centres. After
directly for consumer markets. Make a list of the liberalisation, the coming in of new and
the products you are aware of. contemporary models stimulated the demand
for vehicles in the market, which led to the
Fertilizer Industry
healthy growth of the industry including
The fertilizer industry is centred around the passenger cars, two and three-wheelers. The
production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram,
urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow,
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and
have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate Bengaluru.
(P), and potash (K). The third, i.e. potash is
entirely imported as the country does not have Information Technology and
any reserves of commercially usable potash or Electronics Industry
potassium compounds in any form. The electronics industry covers a wide range
After the Green Revolution the industry of products from transistor sets to television,
expanded to several other parts of the country. telephones, cellular telecom, telephone
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab exchange, radars, computers and many
and Kerala contribute towards half of the other equipments required by the
fertilizer production. Other significant telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has
producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other
Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West important centres for electronic goods are
Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai,
Karnataka. Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. The major
industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida,
Cement Industry
Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A
Cement is essential for construction activity major impact of this industry has been on
such as building houses, factories, bridges, employment generation. The continuing
roads, airports, dams and for other commercial growth in the hardware and software is the key
establishments. This industry requires bulky to the success of IT industry in India.
and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica
and gypsum. Coal and electric power are
needed apart from rail transportation.

Where would it be economically viable to

set up the cement manufacturing units?

The industry has strategically located

plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to
the market in the Gulf countries.

Find out where the plants are located in other

Fig. 6.6: Cable manufacturing facilities at HCL,
States of India. Find their names. Rupnarainpur (West Bengal)

130 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 n+<äTπø

ø£sêà>±sê\T ˝Ò<ë ô|Á{À s¡kÕj·Tìø£ ø£sêà>±sê\ e<ä› Ä{ÀyÓTTu…’˝Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT

HÓ\ø=ì ñ+{≤sTT. Ä{ÀyÓTTu…’˝Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT Á|üj·÷D°≈£î\qT, edüTÔùde\qT
ˇø£ s¡ø£+ s¡kÕj·THê\T ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫, y˚s=ø£ s¡ø£+ ‘·«]‘·>∑‹q s¡yêD≤ #˚j·TT≥≈£î yêVü≤Hê\qT n+~düTÔ+~.
s¡kÕj·THê\T ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚kÕÔs¡T. n+<äTπø s¡kÕj·Tq |ü]ÁX¯eT uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À $$<Ûä πø+Á<ë\˝À Á≥≈£îÿ\T, ãdüT‡\T, ø±s¡T¢,
<ëìø£<˚ n‹ô|<ä› $ìjÓ÷>∑<ës¡T. bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£, e´ekÕj·T, yÓ÷{≤s¡T ôdø’ fiÏ ó¯ ,¢ dü÷ÿ≥s¡T,¢ eT÷&ÉT #·Áø±\ yêVü≤Hê\T, ãVüQfi¯
$ìjÓ÷>∑ edüTÔ e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ\≈£î nedüs¡yÓTÆq s¡kÕj·Tìø£ ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑ yêVü≤Hê\T ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚düTÔHêïs¡T. düs¡∞ø£s¡D ‘·sê«‘·
‘·j÷· ØøÏ nqT>∑TD+>± eTÚ*ø£ s¡kÕj·THê\qT ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . Áø=‘·,Ô düeTj·÷qT ≈£L\yÓTqÆ qeT÷Hê\T e÷¬sÿ{À¢ yêVü≤Hê\≈£î
MT≈£î ‘Ó*dæq ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\ C≤_‘êqT s¡÷bı+~+#·+&ç. &çe÷+&éqT ô|+#êsTT, Ç~ bÕ´dæ+»sY ø±s¡T¢, ~«#·Áø£ eT]j·TT
ms¡Te⁄\ |ü]ÁX¯eT eT÷&ÉT #·Áø±\ yêVü≤Hê\‘√ düVü‰ |ü]ÁX¯eT jÓTTø£ÿ e~∆øÏ
qÁ‘·»ì ms¡Te⁄\T(Á|ü<ëÛ q+>± j·T÷]j·÷), bòÕùdŒ{Ïø˘ <ë]rdæ+~. á |ü]ÁX¯eT &Ûç©¢, >∑Ts¡TÁ>±yéT, eTT+u…’, |üPDÒ,
ms¡Te⁄\T, nyÓ÷àìj·T+ bòÕùdŒ{Ÿ(DAP) eT]j·TT qÁ‘·»ì(N), #ÓHÓ’ï, ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê, \ø√ï, Ç+&√sY, ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é, »+ôw&é|üPsY
bòÕùdŒ{Ÿ(P), bı{≤wt(K)\ ø£\sTTø£‘√ ≈£L&çq dü+øÏ¢wüº ms¡Te⁄\ eT]j·TT u…+>∑fi¯Ss¡T q>∑sê\ #·T≥÷º ñ+~.
ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #·÷≥÷º ms¡Te⁄\ |ü]ÁX¯eT øπ +ÁBø£è‘·yTÓ Æ ñ+~. eT÷&Ée~,
<˚X+¯ ˝À yêDÏ»´|üs+¡ >± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·Tø√>∑\ s¡÷|ü+˝À bı{≤wt, düe÷#ês¡ kÕ+πø‹ø£‘· eT]j·TT m\Áø±ºìø˘‡ |ü]ÁX¯eT
bı{≤wæj·T+ ì\«\T @ s¡÷|ü+˝Àq÷ ˝Òq+<äTq Bìì |üP]Ô>± m\Áø±ºìø˘‡ |ü]ÁX¯eT πs&çjÓ÷ ôd≥¢ qT+&ç f…*$»Hé,
~>∑TeT‹ #˚düT≈£î+≥THêï+. ôd\T´˝≤sY f…*ø±+, f…*bò˛qT¢, f…*bò˛Hé mπø‡Ã¤+CŸ, sê&Üs¡T¢,
Vü≤]‘· $|üe¢ + ‘·sê«‘· á |ü]ÁX¯eT <˚X+¯ ˝Àì nH˚ø£ Ç‘·s¡ ø£+|üP´≥s¡T¢ eT]j·TT f…*ø£eT÷´ìπøwüHé |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î nedüsy¡ TÓ qÆ
ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î $düÔ]+∫+~. >∑T»sê‘Y, ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT, ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ, nH˚ø£ Ç‘·s¡ |ü]ø£sê\qT n+~düTÔ+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ m\Áø±ºìø˘
|ü+C≤uŸ eT]j·TT øπ s¡fi¯ ms¡Te⁄\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô˝À dü>+∑ yê{≤qT ø£*– sê»<Ûëì>± u…+>∑fi¯Ss¡T ne‘·]+∫+~. m\Áø±ºìø˘ edüTÔe⁄\≈£î
ñHêïsTT. Ç‘·s¡ eTTK´yÓTqÆ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô<ës¡T\T Ä+Á<ÛÁä |ü<X˚ Ÿ, ˇ&çXÊ, Ç‘·s¡ eTTK´yÓTÆq πø+Á<ë\T eTT+u…’, &Ûç©¢, ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é, |üPDÒ,
sê»kÕúHé, ;Vü‰sY, eTVü‰sêÁwüº, nkÕ‡+, |ü•ÃeTu…+>±˝Ÿ, >√yê, #ÓHï’Ó , ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê, \ø√ï eT]j·TT ø√j·T+ã‘·÷sÔ .Y Á|ü<ëÛ q |ü]ÁX¯eT
&Ûç©¢, eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ eT]j·TT ø£sêï≥ø£. u…+>∑fi¯Ss¡T, H√sTT&Ü, eTT+u…’, #ÓHÓ’ï, ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é, |üPDÒ\˝À
dæyÓT+{Ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT
πø+ÁBø£‘·yÓTÆ ñ+~. á |ü]ÁX¯eT Á|üuÛ≤e+ Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ñbÕ~Û
Çfi¯ó¢, ø£sêà>±sê\T, e+‘Óq\T, s√&ÉT¢, $e÷HêÁX¯j·÷\T,
ø£\Œqô|’ ñ+~. Vü‰sY¶y˚sY, kÕ|òtºy˚sY\˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï n_Ûe~∆
Äqø£≥º\T eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ yêDÏ»´ dü+düú\qT ì]à+#·&É+ e+{Ï
ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\≈£î dæyÓT+{Ÿ nedüs¡+. á |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î düTqï|ü⁄ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ◊{° |ü]ÁX¯eT $»j·÷ìøÏ ø°\ø£+.
sêsTT, dæ*ø± eT]j·TT õ|ü‡+ e+{Ï eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\T uÛ≤Ø>±,
n~Ûø£kÕúsTT˝À nedüs¡+. ¬s’\T s¡yêD≤‘√ bÕ≥T á |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î
u§>∑TZ, $<äT´‘Y düs¡|òüsê ≈£L&Ü nedüs¡+.
ø£è‘·´+
dæyTÓ +{Ÿ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô ø£sêà>±sê\qT mø£ÿ&É @sêŒ≥T #˚jT· &É+
Ä]úø£+>± ˝≤uÛÑ<ëj·Tø£+>± ñ+≥T+~?
á |ü]ÁX¯eTqT >∑˝ŸŒ¤<˚XÊ\˝Àì e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ\≈£î |ü+|ü&ÜìøÏ
M\T>± >∑T»sê‘Y˝À eP´Vü‰‘·àø£+>± @sêŒ≥T #˚jT· ≥+ »]–+~.
ø£è‘·´+
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì Ç‘·s¡ sêÁcÕº˝À¢ á |ü]ÁX¯eT\T mø£ÿ&É ∫Á‘·+ 6.6: HCL, s¡÷|üq¬s’Hé|üPsY (|ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ)˝À
ñHêïjÓ÷ ‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç. yê{Ï ù|s¡¢qT ø£qT>=q+&ç. πøãT˝Ÿ ‘·j·÷Ø kÂø£sê´\T
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 131
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful
Degradation chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts
Although industries contribute significantly to and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain
India’s economic growth and development, the water percolates to the soil carrying the
increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise pollutants to the ground and the ground water
and resulting degradation of environment that also gets contaminated.
they have caused, cannot be overlooked. Noise pollution not only results in irritation
Industries are responsible for four types of and anger, it can also cause hearing
pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. impairment, increased heart rate and blood
The polluting industries also include thermal pressure among other physiological effects.
power plants. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of
Air pollution is caused by the presence of high stress. Industrial and construction activities,
proportion of undesirable gases, such as machinery, factory equipment, generators,
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air- saws and pneumatic and electric drills also
borne particulate materials contain both solid make a lot of noise.
and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and Control of Environmental Degradation
smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and
paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and Every litre of waste water discharged by our
smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in industry pollutes eight times the quantity of
big and small factories that ignore pollution freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of
norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are-
with long-term effects. Are you aware of the (i) minimising use water for processing by
Bhopal Gas tragedy that occurred? Air reusing and recycling it in two or more
pollution adversely affects human health, successive stages
animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water
as a whole. requirements
Water pollution is caused by organic and (iii) treating hot water and effluents before
inorganic industrial wastes and affluents releasing them in rivers and ponds.
discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this Treatment of industrial effluents can be
regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and done in three phases
dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.
electroplating industries that let out dyes, This involves screening, grinding,
detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like flocculation and sedimentation.
lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers,
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and
rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, (c) Tertiary treatment by biological,
phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are chemical and physical processes. This
the major solid wastes in India. involves recycling of wastewater.
Overdrawing of ground water reserves by
Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot
industry where there is a threat to ground
water from factories and thermal plants is
water resources also needs to be regulated
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
legally. Particulate matter in the air can be
What would be the effect on aquatic life?
reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories
Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear
with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,
and weapon production facilities cause
scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke
cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil
and water pollution are closely related. can be reduced by using oil or gas instead

132 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ ø±\Twü´+ eT]j·TT |üsê´es¡D ø°åD‘· e´sêú\qT bÕs¡y˚j·T≥+ Á|ü‘˚´øÏ+∫ >±E, Vü‰ìø£s¡yÓTÆq
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ Ä]úø£ e~∆øÏ eT]j·TT n_Ûe~∆øÏ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T s¡kÕj·THê\T, bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ e´sêú\T, bÕ´πøõ+>¥, \eD≤\T
>∑D˙j·T+>± <√Vü≤<ä|ü&ÉT‘·Tqï|üŒ{Ïø°, uÛÑ÷, »\, yêj·TT, X¯ã› eT]j·TT #Ó‘·Ô e+{Ï$ H˚\qT |üìøÏsê≈£î+&Ü #˚kÕÔsTT. es¡¸|ü⁄
ø±\TcÕ´\T ô|s¡>∑&É+ eT]j·TT yê{Ï |òü*‘·+>± @s¡Œ&çq ˙s¡T uÛÑ÷$T˝ÀøÏ Ç+πø≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø±\Twü´ ø±s¡ø±\qT ≈£L&Ü
|ü s ê´es¡ D ø° å D ‘· q T $dü à ]+#· ˝ Ò e TT. Hê\T>∑ T s¡ ø ±\ rdüT≈£îì b˛e&É+ e\q uÛ÷Ñ >∑s“¡ ¤ »˝≤\T ø£\Twæ‘e· Te⁄‘·THêïsTT.
ø±\TcÕ´\≈£î |ü]ÁX¯eT\T u≤<Ûä´‘· eVæ≤kÕÔsTT: (m) yêj·TTe⁄ X¯ã› ø±\Twü´+ ∫ø±≈£î eT]j·TT ø√bÕìøÏ <ë]rj·T&Éy˚T
(_) »\ (dæ) uÛÑ÷$T (&ç) X¯ã›+. ø±\Twü´ø±s¡ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\˝À ø±≈£î+&Ü, Ç‘·s¡ XÊØs¡ø£ Á|üuÛ≤yê\‘√ bÕ≥T $ìøÏ&ç ˝À|ü+,
‘ê|ü $<äT´‘Y πø+Á<ë\T ≈£L&Ü ñHêïsTT. Vü≤<äjT· düŒ+<äq sπ ≥T, s¡øbÔ£ ˛≥T ô|s¡>&∑ ÜìøÏ ø±s¡DeTe⁄‘·T+~.
yêj·TT ø±\Twü´+ dü\Œ¤sY &Éj÷· ø¬ ‡’ &é eT]j·TT ø±s¡“Hé yÓ÷Hê¬ø‡’ &é nyê+∫Û‘· X¯ã+› ∫ø±≈£î, ˇ‹Ô&øç Ï eT÷\+. bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ eT]j·TT
e+{Ï nyê+#Û·˙j·T yêj·TTe⁄\T n~Ûø£ ìwüŒ‹Ô˝À ñ+&É≥+ ìsêàD ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\T, j·T+Á‘ê\T, bòÕ´ø£ºØ |ü]ø£sê\T,
e\¢ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. >±* kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± <Ûä÷[, ˙{Ï ‘·T+|üs¡\T, »qπs≥s¡T¢, s¡+bÕ\T, yêj·TT eT]j·TT $<äT´‘Y Á&ç˝Ÿ\T ≈£L&Ü
bı>∑eT+#·T, bı>∑ e+{Ï |òüTq eT]j·TT Á<äe πsDTe⁄\qT ø£*– #ê˝≤ X¯ã›+ #˚kÕÔsTT.
ñ+≥T+~. s¡kÕj·Tq, ø±–‘·|ü⁄ ø£sêà>±sê\T, Ç≥Tø£ ã{°º\T, |üsê´es¡D ø°åD‘· ìj·T+Á‘·D
]ô|ò’qØ\T, ôdà*º+>¥ bÕ¢+≥T¢ eT]j·TT ø±\Twü´ ìã+<Ûäq\qT |ü]ÁX¯eT\ <ë«sê $&ÉT<ä\j˚T´ Á|ü‹ ©≥s¡T e´s¡ú »˝+ mì$T~
$düà]+#˚ ô|<ä,› ∫qï ø£sêà>±sê\˝À •˝≤» Ç+<ÛHä ê\qT ø±\Ã&É+ ¬s≥T¢ eT+∫˙{Ï |ü]e÷D≤ìï ø£\Twæ‘·+ #˚düTÔ+~. eT+∫ ˙{Ï
<ë«sê bı>∑ yÓ\Te&ÉT‘·T+~. $wüyêj·TTe⁄\T yÓ\Te&É≥+ e\¢ eqs¡T\ô|’ bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ ø±\TcÕ´ìï m˝≤ ‘·–Z+#·e#·TÃ? ø=ìï
Bs¡øÈ ±\+˝À #ê˝≤ Á|üe÷<äøs£ y¡ TÓ qÆ Á|üu≤Û e+ ñ+≥T+~. uÛÀbÕ˝Ÿ dü÷#·q\T:
>±´dt <äTs¡≥È q >∑T]+∫ MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ? yêj·TTø±\Twü´+ e÷qe (i) |ü ⁄ q]«ìjÓ ÷ >∑ + eT]j· T T ¬ s +&É T ˝Ò < ë m≈£ î ÿe
Äs√>∑´+, »+‘·Te⁄\T, yÓTTø£ÿ\T, uÛeÑ Hê\T eT]j·TT yÓTT‘·+Ô $»j·Te+‘·yÓTÆq <äX¯\˝À |ü⁄q:#·Áø°j·T+ #˚j·TT≥ <ë«sê
yê‘êes¡D+ô|’ #Ó&TÉ Á|üu≤Û yêìï ø£*–düT+Ô ~. ÁbÕôddæ+>¥øÏ yê&˚ ˙{Ïì ‘·–Z+#·>∑\>∑&É+.
˙{Ï ø±\Twü´+ ø£s“¡ q, nø£s“¡ q bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ e´sêú\T q<äT\˝ÀøÏ (ii) ˙{Ï nedüsê\qT rs¡Ã&ÜìøÏ es¡¸|ü⁄ ˙{Ïì ùdø£]+#·&É+.
$&ÉT<ä\ #˚jT· &É+ e\¢ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. á $wüjT· +˝À ø±–‘·+, (iii) y˚&ç ˙s¡T eT]j·TT e´sêú\qT q<äT\T eT]j·TT #ÓsT¡ e⁄\˝À
>∑TE®, s¡kÕj·THê\T, eÁkÕÔ\T, s¡+>∑T\T, ô|Á{À*j·T+ X¯ó~∆ $&ÉT<ä\ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ eTT+<äT yê{Ïì X¯ó~∆ #˚j·T&É+.
ø£sêà>±sê\T, #·sà¡ X¯ó~∆ ø£sêà>±sê\T, s¡+>∑T\T y˚ùd m\Áø√ºù|{¢ +Ï >¥ bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ e´sê∆\qT eT÷&ÉT <äX¯˝À¢ X¯ó~∆ #˚j·Te#·TÃ.
|ü]ÁX¯eT\T, &ç≥¬s®+≥T¢, Äe÷¢\T, \eD≤\T, d”dü+ e+{Ï uÛ≤Ø
(a) j·÷+Á‹ø£ |ü<ä∆‹˝À ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£+>± X¯óÁuÛÑ+ #˚j·T&É+
˝ÀVü‰\T eT]j·TT bÕ<äs¡dü+‘√ ≈£L&çq |ü⁄s¡T>∑T eT+<äT\T,
Ç+<ä T ˝À ÁbÕ<∏ ä $ Tø£ e&É b ˛‘· , |æ + &ç # ˚ j · T T≥,
ms¡Te⁄\T, ø£s¡“q+‘√ ≈£L&çq dæ+<∏ä{Ïø˘ s¡kÕj·THê\T, bÕ¢dæºø˘‡
|òüT˙uÛÑeq+ eT]j·TT neπøå|üD+ ñ+≥T+~.
eT]j·TT s¡ã“s¡T yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ »\ eqs¡T\ ø±\TcÕ´ìøÏ Á|ü<Ûëq
ø±s¡D≤\T. ô|òÌ¢ j·÷wt, bòÕk˛Œõ|ü‡+, ÇqTeTT, ñ≈£îÿ e´sêú\T (b) Je Á|üÁøÏj·T <ë«sê X¯óÁuÛÑ|üs¡#·&É+ ¬s+&√ <äX¯.

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì Á|ü<Ûëq |òüTq e´sêú\T. (c) Je, s¡kÕj·Tq, uÛÖ‹ø£ Á|üÁøÏjT· \ <ë«sê X¯óÁuÛ| Ñ sü #¡ &· +É
ñwüí ø±\Twü´+ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T, <∏äs¡à˝Ÿ bÕ¢+≥¢ qT+&ç y˚&ç ˙{Ïì eT÷&√ <äX.¯ Bì˝À e´s¡ú »˝≤\ |ü⁄q:#·Áø°jT· ‘· ñ+≥T+~.
#·\¢ãs¡#·&ÜìøÏ eTT+<äT q<äT\T, #Ós¡Te⁄\˝ÀøÏ |ü+|æq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤»\ eqs¡T\≈£î eTT|ü⁄Œ ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À uÛÑ÷>∑s¡“¤
Ä ˙{Ï˝À @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. Bìe\¢ »\ #·sê\ô|’ Bì Á|üuÛ≤e+ »˝≤\ ì\«\qT n~Ûø+£ >± yÓ*øÏ rùd |ü]ÁX¯eT\qT #·≥㺠<ä+∆ >±
m˝≤ ñ+≥T+~? ìj·T+Á‹+#ê*‡q nedüs¡+ ñ+~. bòÕ´ø£ºØ\≈£î m\Áø√ºkÕº{Ïø˘
nDT $<äT´‘Y bÕ¢+≥T¢, nDT eT]j·TT nD≤«j·TT<Ûä Áô|dæ|æfÒ≥s¡T¢, bòÕÁ_ø˘ |òæ\ºs¡T¢, Ádüÿã“s¡T¢, Çq]¸j·T˝Ÿ ôd|üπs≥s¡T¢
ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\ qT+&ç e#˚à e´sêú\T ø±´q‡s¡T¢, |ü⁄≥Tºø£‘√ e#˚à ñqï bı>∑ >={≤º\qT neTs¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê >±*˝Àì <Ûä÷[
˝ÀbÕ\T, >∑s¡“¤ÁkÕyê\≈£î ø±s¡DeTe⁄‘·THêïsTT. H˚\ eT]j·TT |ü<ësêú\qT ‘·–+Z #·e#·TÃ. bÕ´ø£Øº \˝À u§>∑T≈Z î£ ã<äT\T>± #·eTTs¡T
˙{Ï ø±\TcÕ´ìøÏ <ä>∑Zs¡ dü+ã+<Ûä+ ñ+≥T+~. ˝Ò<ë >±´dtqT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ <ë«sê bı>∑qT ‘·–Z+#·e#·TÃ.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 133
 India: Some Software Technology Parks

134 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
ø=ìï kÕ|òtºy˚sY f…ø±ï\J bÕs¡Tÿ\T
bÕøÏkÕúHé Áoq>∑sY

yÓTTVü‰* #ÓH’ ê
({Ïu{… Ÿ)

H√sTT&Ü H˚bÕ˝Ÿ
C…’|üPsY uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé
>öVü≤‹

ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
>±+BÛq>∑sY
Ç+&√sY ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK
ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê

eTj·THêàsY
uÛTÑ eH˚X«¯ sY
eTT+u≤sTT
nπs_j·THé |üPD…
düeTTÁ<ä+ $XÊK|ü≥ï+ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é

u…+>∑fiS¯ s¡T #ÓHï’Ó

yÓTdÆ ÷ü s¡T

n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T

\ø£Bå e⁄\T (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)
(Ç+&çj÷· )
‹s¡Teq+‘·|ü⁄s¡+
Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : ø=ìï kÕ|òtºy˚sY f…ø±ï\J bÕs¡Tÿ\T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 135

of coal in factories. Machinery and (a) Optimum utilisation of equipment
equipment can be used and generators adopting latest techniques and
should be fitted with silencers. Almost all upgrading existing equipment.
machinery can be redesigned to increase (b) Minimising waste generation by
energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise maximising ash utilisation.
absorbing material may be used apart from
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological
personal use of earplugs and earphones.
balance and addressing the question of
The challenge of sustainable development
requires integration of economic development special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
with environmental concerns. (d) Reducing environmental pollution through
ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-
line database management for all its
power stations.

Fig. 6.7: Sewage Treatment plant under Yamuna

action plan at Faridabad

NTPC shows the way

NTPC is a major power providing corporation
in India. It has ISO certification for EMS
(Environment Management System) 14001.
The corporation has a proactive approach
for preserving the natural environment and
resources like water, oil and gas and fuels Fig. 6.8: Ramagundam plant
in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through-

EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium Smelting (b) Cement (c) Paper (d) Steel
(ii) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
(a) Steel (c) Aluminium Smelting
(b) Electronic (d) Information Technology

136 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

j·T+Á‘ê\T eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ kÕeTÁ–ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·e#·TÃ. (m) q÷‘·q |ü<䛑·T\qT ne\+_+#·&É+ eT]j·TT
»qπs≥s¡¢øÏ ôd’˝…q‡s¡T¢ neTs¡Ãã&ç ñ+&Ü*. X¯øÏÔ kÕeTsêú´ìï eTqT>∑&É˝À ñqï |ü]ø£sê\ HêD´‘·qT ô|+#·&É+
ô|+#·&ÜìøÏ, X¯u≤›ìï ‘·–+Z #·&ÜìøÏ <ë<ë|ü⁄ yÓTT‘·+Ô j·T+Á‘ê\qT <ë«sê |ü]ø£sê\ $ìjÓ÷>±ìï yÓTs¡T>∑T|üs¡#·&É+.
|ü⁄q's¡÷|üø£\Œq #˚j·Te#·TÃ. e´øÏÔ>∑‘·+>± yê&˚ Çj·TsY|ü¢>¥\T, (_) ã÷&ç<ä $ìjÓ÷>±ìï ô|+#·&É+ <ë«sê e´sêú\
Çj·TsY bò˛Hé\T e÷Á‘·yT˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü X¯u≤›ìï XÀwæ+#˚ |ü<ësêú\qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ôì ‘·–Z+#·&É+.
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·e#·TÃ. (dæ) |üsê´es¡D düeT‘·T\´‘·qT ô|+bı+~+#·&ÜìøÏ
düTdæús¡yÓTÆq n_Ûe~∆ kÕ<Ûäq≈£î |üsê´es¡D düeTdü´\‘√ Vü≤]‘· y˚TK\\ @sêŒ≥T eT]j·TT n≥M ô|+|üø£+
Ä]úø£ n_Ûe~∆ì nqTdü+<Ûëq+ #˚j·T&É+ nedüs¡+. ø√dü+ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ Á|üjÓ÷»q yêVü≤Hê\ (ôdŒwü˝Ÿ |üs¡Œdt
yÓVæ≤ø£˝Ÿ‡) düeTdü´qT |ü]wüÿ]+#·&É+.
(&ç) ã÷&ç<ä ≈£î+≥\ ìs¡«Vü≤D, ã÷&ç<ä ˙{Ï |ü⁄q:#·Áø°jT·
(Øôd’øÏ¢+>¥) |ü<䛋 eT]j·TT Á<äe e´sêú\ ìs¡«Vü≤D
<ë«sê |üsê´es¡D ø±\TcÕ´ìï ‘·–Z+#·&É+.
(Ç) nìï |üesY ùdºwüHé\ ø√dü+ |üsê´es¡D |üs¡´y˚ø£åD,
düMTø£\å T eT]j·TT <ëì ÄHé˝H’… é &˚{≤uÒdt ìs¡«Vü≤D.
∫Á‘·+ 6.7: |òüØ<ëu≤<é˝À j·TeTTHê q~ ø±sê´#·s¡D Á|üD≤[ø£
øÏ+<ä eTTs¡T>∑T˙{Ï X¯ó~∆ ø£sêà>±s¡+
NTPC e÷s¡+
Z #·÷|ü⁄‘·T+~.
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À NTPC ˇø£ Á|ü<Ûëq X¯øÏÔì n+~+#˚
dü+düú. Ç~ ªªEMS (mì«sêHéyÓT+{Ÿ y˚TH˚CŸyÓT+{Ÿ
dæ d ü º y é T ) 14001 ISO dü ] º | ò æ π ø wü H é μμqT ø£ * –
ñ+~. |üesYbÕ¢+≥¢qT @sêŒ≥T #˚ùd Á|ü<˚XÊ\˝À
dü V ü ≤ » |ü s ê´es¡ D ≤ìï, ˙s¡ T , #· e TTs¡ T , >±´dt ,
Ç+<Ûäq+ e+{Ï eqs¡T\qT dü+s¡øÏå+#·&ÜìøÏ ˇø£
ÁøÏj·÷o\ø£ $<ÛëHêìï á ø±s√ŒπswüHé ø£*– ñ+~. ∫Á‘·+ 6.8: sêeT>∑T+&É+ bÕ¢+{Ÿ
eqs¡T\ dü+s¡ø£åD M{Ï <ë«sê kÕ<Ûä´eTe⁄‘·T+~`

nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T

1. ãVüQfi¯ m+|æø£ Á|üX¯ï\T.
( i) øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À @ |ü]ÁX¯eT u≤¬ø’‡{ŸqT eTT&çdüs¡T≈£î>± ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔ+~?
(m) n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ôdà*º+>¥ (_) dæyÓT+{Ÿ (dæ) ù||üsY (&ç) ñ≈£îÿ
(ii) øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À f…*bò˛Hé\T, ø£+|üP´≥sY\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïì ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚ùd |ü]ÁX¯eT @~?
(m) ñ≈£îÿ (dæ) n\÷´$Tìj·T+ ôdà*º+>¥
(&ç) m\Áø±ºìø˘ (&ç) düe÷#ês¡ kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 137

 2 . Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
(ii) What are basic industries? Give an example.

3 . Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How do industries pollute the environment?
(ii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation
by industry?

ACTIVITY
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of
letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5) P...........................
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W..........................
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M..........................
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R...........................
(v) Thing produced (7) P...........................
(vi) To make or produce (11) M..........................
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................

PROJECT WORK
Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.
(i) What are the raw materials they use?
(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve
transportation cost?
(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?

ACTIVITY
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden
answers.
1 . Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials
from agriculture are called…
2 . The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3 . This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
4 . Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5 . A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6 . Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

138 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 2. øÏ+~ yê{ÏøÏ 30 |ü<ë\≈£î $T+#·≈£î+&Ü ≈£î¢|üÔ+>± düe÷<Ûëq+ Çe«+&ç.
( i) ñ‘êŒ<äø£‘· n+fÒ @$T{Ï?
(ii) eTÚ*ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T n+fÒ @$T{Ï? ˇø£ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D Çe«+&ç.

3. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.

(i) |ü]ÁX¯eT\T |üsê´es¡D≤ìï m˝≤ ø£\Twæ‘·+ #˚kÕÔsTT?
(ii) |üsê´es¡D ø°åD‘·qT ‘·–Z+#·&ÜìøÏ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T rdüTø√e\dæq #·s¡´\qT #·]Ã+#·+&ç?

ø£è‘·´+:
|ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫ øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À Á|ü‹<ëìøÏ ˇø£ |ü<ä+ Çe«+&ç. Á|ü‹ |ü<ä+˝Àì nø£åsê\ dü+K´
Áu≤¬ø≥¢˝À dü÷∫+#·ã&ç+~.
(i) j·T+Á‘ê\qT q&É|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T (5) P ................................
(ii) ø£sêà>±s¡+˝À |üì#˚ùd e´≈£îÔ\T (6) W ................................
(iii) ñ‘·Œ‹Ô neTàã&˚ Á|ü<˚X¯+ (6) M ................................
(iv) edüTÔe⁄\T ny˚Tà e´øÏÔ (8) R ................................
(v) ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·Tã&çq edüTÔe⁄ (7) P ................................
(vi) ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·T≥+ ˝Ò<ë ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·T&É+ (11) M ................................
(vii) uÛÑ÷$T, ˙s¡T eT]j·TT >±* ø°åDÏ+#·&É+ (9) P ................................
ÁbÕC…ø˘º esYÿ
MT ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ˇø£ e´ekÕj·T Ä<Ûë]‘· eT]j·TT ˇø£ Kì» Ä<Ûë]‘· |ü]ÁX¯eTqT m+#·Tø√+&ç.
(i) yês¡T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\T @$T{Ï?
(ii) ‘·j·÷Ø Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À s¡yêD≤ Ks¡TÑ√ ≈£L&çq Ç‘·s¡ ñ‘êŒ<äø±\T @$T{Ï?
(iii) á bòÕ´ø£ºØ\T |üsê´es¡D ìã+<Ûäq\qT nqTdü]düTÔHêïj·÷?

ø£è‘·´+
düe÷+‘·s¡+>±, ì\Te⁄>± |ü]XÀ~Û+∫, <ë–ñqï düe÷<ÛëHê\qT ø£qT>=ì, |üõ˝Ÿì kÕ~Û+#·+&ç
1. e´ekÕj·T+ qT+&ç eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\qT bı+<˚ eÁkÕÔ\T, #·¬øÿs¡, ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\ q÷HÓ eT]j·TT ‘√≥\
|ü]ÁX¯eT\T
2. #·¬øÿs¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT≈£î ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ eTT&çdüs¡T≈£î
3. á |”#·TqT ª>√˝…¶Hé ô|ò’ãsYμ nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T
4. ÇqT|ü <Ûë‘·Te⁄, ø√øÏ+>¥ u§>∑TZ eT]j·TT düTqï|ü⁄sêsTT á |ü]ÁX¯eT jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü<Ûëq eTT&ç |ü<ësêú\T
5. #Û·rÔdt>∑&Ûé˝À ñqï Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑ ñ≈£îÿ ø£sêà>±s¡eTT
6. ñ‘·Ôs¡Á|ü<˚XŸ˝Àì á ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ¬s’˝Ò« &ûõ˝Ÿ Ç+»qT¢ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚kÕÔs¡T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 139

 G G G P V A R A N A S I

U O J I P G X K M Q W V

K S U G A R C A N E E N

O T T O N O Z V O P T R

A U E L U B H I L A I U

T K O C R A Q N T R L N

E I R O N S T E E L S J

E N A N O E P I T L R Y

G A N U J D R A G D T A

N T A R P O A P U E P Y

A S N A E N J D I Y S K

S M H V L I A J H S K G

140 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 G G G P V A R A N A S I

U O J I P G X K M Q W V

K S U G A R C A N E E N

O T T O N O Z V O P T R

A U E L U B H I L A I U

T K O C R A Q N T R L N

E I R O N S T E E L S J

E N A N O E P I T L R Y

G A N U J D R A G D T A

N T A R P O A P U E P Y

A S N A E N J D I Y S K

S M H V L I A J H S K G

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II ñ‘êŒ<äø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T 141

We use different materials and services in our the help of equally developed communication
daily life. Some of these are available in our system. Therefore, transport, communication
immediate surroundings, while other and trade are complementary to each other.
requirements are met by bringing things from Today, India is well-linked with the rest of
other places. Goods and services do not move the world despite its vast size, diversity and
from supply locales to demand locales on their linguistic and socio-cultural plurality.
own. The movement of these goods and services Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers,
from their supply locations to demand locations radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have
necessitates the need for transport. Some people been contributing to its socio-economic
are engaged in facilitating these movements. progress in many ways. The trades from local
These are known to be traders who make the to international levels have added to the vitality
products come to the consumers by of its economy. It has enriched our life and
transportation. Thus, the pace of development added substantially to growing amenities and
of a country depends upon the production of facilities for the comforts of life.
goods and services as well as their movement In this chapter, you will see how modern
over space. Therefore, efficient means of transport means of transport and communication serve
are prerequisites for fast development. as lifelines of our nation and its modern
Movement of these goods and services can be economy. It is thus, evident that a dense and
over three important domains of our earth i.e. land, efficient network of transport and
water and air. Based on these, transport can also communication is a prerequisite for local,
be classified into land, water and air transport. national and global trade of today.

Fig. 7.1

For a long time, trade and transport were TRANSPORT

restricted to a limited space. With the
development in science and technology, the Roadways
area of influence of trade and transport India has second largest road networks in the
expanded far and wide. Today, the world has world, aggregating to about 62.16 lakh km
been converted into a large village with the help (2020–21). In India, roadways have preceded
of efficient and fast moving transport. railways. They still have an edge over railways
Transport has been able to achieve this with in view of the ease with which they can be built

142 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T

s√EyêØ J$‘·+˝À eTq+ $$<Ûä edüTÔ, ùde\qT e´edü ú dü V ü ‰ j· T +‘√ s¡ y êD≤ s¡ + >∑ + u≤>± n_Û e è~∆
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+. M{Ï˝À ø=ìï eTq #·T≥÷º |ü]düsê\˝À kÕ~Û+#·>∑*–+~. n+<äTe\¢, s¡yêD≤, düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡+
n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ñ+{≤sTT. nsTT‘˚ y˚πs ÁbÕ+‘ê\ qT+&ç eT]j·TT yêDÏ»´+ ˇø£<ëìø=ø£{Ï |üs¡düŒs¡+ |üPs¡ø±\T>±
edü T Ô e ⁄\qT rdü T ≈£ î sêe≥+ <ë«sê Ç‘· s ¡ nedü s ê\T ñHêïsTT.
rs¡Ãã&É‘êsTT. edüTÔ ùde\T yê≥+‘·≥ ny˚ düs¡|òüsê ÁbÕ+‘ê\ H˚&ÉT uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ $XÊ\yÓTÆq $d”Ôs¡í+, yÓ’$<Ûä´+, uÛ≤cÕ
qT+&ç –sêø° ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î #˚s¡˝Òe⁄. á edüTÔe⁄\qT ùde\qT eT]j·TT kÕe÷õø£-kÕ+düÿ‹ø£ ãVüQfi¯‘·«+ ø£*– ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°
yê{Ï düs¡|òüsê ÁbÕ+‘ê\ qT+&ç –sêø° ñqï ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î Á|ü|ü+#·+˝Àì Ç‘·s¡ <˚XÊ\‘√ u≤>± nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·ã&ç
ñ+~. ¬ s ’ \ Te÷sêZ \ T, yêj· T Te÷sêZ \ T, »\e÷sêZ \ T,
‘·s*¡ +#·&+É ø=s¡≈î£ s¡yêD≤ nedüs+¡ . á s¡yêD≤ dü<Tä bÕj·T+ yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£\T, πs&çjÓ÷, f…*$»Hé, #·\q∫Á‘ê\T eT]j·TT
ø£\>∑Cj Ò T· &É+˝À ø=+<äsT¡ e´≈£î\Ô T ìeT>∑ïyÓTÆ ñ+{≤s¡T. me¬s‘’ ˚ n+‘·sê®\+ yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ nH˚ø£ $<Ûë\T>± <˚X¯ kÕe÷õø£-Ä]úø£
s¡yêD≤ <ë«sê $ìjÓ÷>∑<ës¡T\≈£î ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT #˚πs˝≤ #˚kÕÔs√ |ü⁄s√>∑‹øÏ <√Vü≤<ä+ #˚düTÔHêïsTT. kÕúìø£ kÕúsTT qT+&ç
yê]ì yê´bÕs¡T\T n+{≤s¡T. n+<äTe\¢ ˇø£ <˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ n+‘·sê®rj·T kÕúsTT es¡≈î£ »]π> es¡øÔ ±\T Ä]úø£ e´edü\ú X¯øìÔÏ
n_Ûeè~∆ y˚>∑+, edüTÔe⁄\T ùde\ ñ‘·Œ‹Ô‘√ bÕ≥T y˚>∑e+‘·yÓTÆq ô|+bı+~+#êsTT. Ä]úø£ e´edüú $düÔs¡D eTq J$‘ê\qT
s¡ y êD≤ô|’ ≈£ L &Ü Ä<Û ë s¡ | ü & ç ñ+≥T+~. n+<ä T #˚ ‘ · düTdü+|üqï+ #˚dü÷Ô, ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï Jeq kÂø£sê´\ ø√dü+
düeTs¡úe+‘·yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤ kÕ<ÛäHê\ oÁ|òü÷_Ûeè~∆ eTT+<ädüTÔ edü‘·T\qT, dü<äTbÕj·÷\qT >∑D˙j·T+>± CÀ&ç+∫+~.
nedüs¡+>± ñ+~. á n<Ûë´j·T+˝À, eTq <˚XÊìøÏ eT]j·TT Ä]úø£ e´edüú≈£î
á edüTÔe⁄\T ùde\ ‘·s¡*+|ü⁄ eTq uÛÑ÷$T jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT Ä<ÛTä ìø£ s¡yêD≤ eT]j·TT düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡ kÕ<ÛHä ê\T @ $<Û+ä >±
eTTK´yÓTÆq e÷sêZ˝…’q (&√yÓTÆHé) uÛÑ÷$T, »\eTT, yêj·TTe⁄\ JeHê&ÉT\T>± ñ+{≤jÓ÷ MTs¡T |ü]o*kÕÔs¡T. Ä $<Ûä+>± H˚{Ï
<ë«sê »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. M{Ï Ä<Ûës¡+>± s¡yêD≤qT uÛÑ÷, »\, kÕú ì ø£ , C≤rj· T , Á|ü | ü + #· yêDÏ C ≤´ìøÏ $dü Ô è ‘· y Ó T Æ q ,
yêj·TT s¡yêD≤\T>± eØZø£]+#·e#·TÃ. düeTs¡úe+‘·yÓTÆq HÓ{ŸesYÿ ø£*– ñqï s¡yêD≤ Á|ükÕs¡ kÕ<ÛäHê\T
nedüs¡+ nì düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~.
s¡yêD≤ kÕ<ÛHä ê\T
uÛ÷Ñ $T »\ yêj·TT

s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\T >=≥º|ü⁄ n+‘·düú©j·T n+‘·sê®rj·T <˚oj·T n+‘·sê®rj·T

e÷sêZ\T $e÷qj·÷q+ $e÷qj·÷q+
Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑+
∫Á‘·+. 7.1
Áô|’y˚≥T $e÷q düØ«düT\T
s¡yêD≤
#ê˝≤ ø±\+ es¡≈£î ˇø£ |ü]$T‘· ÁbÕ<˚•ø£ ÁbÕ+‘êìøÏ s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T
e÷Á‘·y˚T s¡yêD≤, yêDÏ»´+ |ü]$T‘·+ #˚j·Tã&ç+~. XÊÁdüÔ, uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ Á|ü|+ü #·+˝À s¬ +&Ée n‹ô|<ä› s¡V≤ü <ë] e´edüqú T
kÕ+πø‹ø£ $C≤„Hê\ n_Ûeè~∆‘√ Á|üuÛ≤$‘·yÓTÆq yêDÏ»´, s¡yêD≤ ø£*– ñ+~, Ç~ düTe÷s¡T 62.16 \ø£\å øÏ.MT (2020-21)
s¡+>±\T düT<ä÷s¡+>± $düÔ]+#· >∑*>±sTT. düeTs¡úe+‘·yÓTÆq, es¡≈î£ $dü]Ô +∫ ñ+~. uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À s¬ \’ T e÷sêZ\ ø£+fÒ eTT+<äT
y˚>∑e+‘·yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤ düVü‰j·T+‘√ H˚&ÉT Á|ü|ü+#·+ ˇø£ ô|<ä› s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T ñ+&˚$. s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T ì]à+#·&+É ìs¡«Væ≤+#·&+É ˝À
Á>±eT+>± e÷s¡Ãã&ç+~. n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+~q düe÷#ês¡, Á|ükÕs¡ ñqï kÂ\uÛÑ´+ <äcÕº´ n$ Ç|üŒ{Ïø° ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\ ø£Hêï m≈£îÿe
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 143
and maintained. The growing importance of
road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is
rooted in the following reasons; (a)
construction cost of roads is much lower
than that of railway lines, (b) roads can
traverse comparatively more dissected and
undulating topography, (c) roads can
negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as
such can traverse mountains such as the
Himalayas, (d) road transport is economical
in transportation of few persons and
relatively smaller amount of goods over
short distances, (e) it also provides door-
to-door service, thus the cost of loading
and unloading is much lower, (f) road
transport is also used as a feeder to other
modes of transport such as they provide a Fig.7.2: Ahmedabad- Vadodara Expressway
link between railway stations, air and
sea ports.
In India, roads are classified in the Collect information of National Highway
following six classes according to their numbers (old and new) from the website
capacity. Look at the map of the National morth.nic.in/national-highway-details. The
Highways and find out about the significant historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg between
role played by these roads. Delhi and Amritsar is known by which
National Highway ?
• Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:
The government has launched a major
road development project linking Delhi- • District Roads: These roads connect the
Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by district headquarters with other places of
six-lane Super Highways. The North- the district.
South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu • Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural
& Kashmir) and Kanniyakumari (Tamil areas and villages with towns, are classified
Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting under this category. These roads received
Silchar (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri
are part of this project. The major objective Grameen Sadak Yojana. Under this scheme
of these Super Highways is to reduce the special provisions are made so that every
time and distance between the mega cities village in the country is linked to a major
of India. These highway projects are being town in the country by an all season
implemented by the National Highway motorable road.
Authority of India (NHAI).
• Border Roads: Apart from these, Border
• National Highways: National Highways Roads Organisation a Government of India
link extreme parts of the country. These undertaking constructs and maintains
are the primary road systems. A number roads in the bordering areas of the
of major National Highways run in North- country. This organisation was established
South and East-West directions. in 1960 for the development of the roads
• State Highways: Roads linking a state of strategic importance in the northern and
capital with different district headquarters north-eastern border areas. These roads
are known as State Highways. have improved accessibility in areas of
difficult terrain and have helped in the
economic development of these area.
144 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
ÁbÕeTTK´‘·qT ø£*– ñHêïsTT. ¬s’\T s¡yêD≤‘√ b˛*ùdÔ s√&ÉT¶
s¡yêD≤≈£î ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï ÁbÕeTTK´‘· á ÁøÏ+~ ø±s¡D≤\ e\¢
@s¡Œ&ç+~— (m) s√&É¢ ìsêàD e´j·T+ ¬s’˝Ò« ˝…’q¢ ø£+fÒ #ê˝≤
‘·≈î£ ÿe>± ñ+≥T+~. (_) s¡V≤ü <ës¡T\T $uÛ≤õ‘· eT]j·TT m>∑T&ÉT
~>∑T&ÉT Á|ü<˚X¯eTT\ >∑T+&Ü b˛>∑\e⁄. (dæ) s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\qT
n‘·´+‘· @≥yê\T ÁbÕ+‘ê\ >∑T+&Ü eT]j·TT Væ≤e÷˝j·T\
e+{Ï m‘Ó’q |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ≈£L&Ü y˚j·Te#·TÃ. (&ç) s√&ÉT¶
s¡yêD≤ nH˚~ ‘·≈£îÿe <ä÷sê\≈£î eT]j·TT ‘·≈£îÿe yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À
edüTÔe⁄\qT, e´≈£îÔ\qT s¡yêD≤ #˚j·T&É+˝À ˝≤uÛÑkÕ{Ï>±
ñ+≥T+~. (Ç) Ç+{Ï+{Ïø° ùde\qT n+~+#˚ düeTj·T+˝À
düs¡T≈£î\T ì+|ü&É+ (˝À&ç+>¥) eT]j·TT düs¡T≈£î\T ~+#·≥+
(nH√¢&é) Ks¡Tà #ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~. (m|òt) s¡Vü≤<ë]
s¡yêD≤, Ç‘·s¡ s¡yêD≤ e÷sêZ˝q’… s¬ ˝’ «Ò ùdwº qü T¢, $e÷HêÁX¯j÷· \T, ∫Á‘·+. 7.2 : nVü≤à<ëu≤<é ` e&√<äsê mø˘‡Áô|dt ôV’≤y˚
z&Éπse⁄\qT nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·T≥˝À düVü‰j·Tø±]>± ñ+≥T+~. ø£è‘·´+
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À s√&ÉT¢ yê{Ï kÕeTsêú´ìï ã{Ϻ s√&É¢qT ÁøÏ+~
http://morth.nic.in/national-highway-details yÓuŸôd’{Ÿ
Äs¡T ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\ |ü≥+ <ë«sê C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\qT ‘Ó*ù| dü+K´\≈£î(bÕ‘·$, ø=‘·Ô$)
>∑eTìdü÷Ô s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T b˛wæ+#˚ eTTK´yÓTÆq bÕÁ‘· >∑T]+∫ dü+ã+~Û+∫q düe÷#êsêìï ùdø£]+#·+&ç. &Û©ç `¢ neTè‘Ydsü \Y eT<Û´ä
‘Ó\TdüTø√+&ç. ñqï #ê]Á‘ê‘·àø£ ùwsY`cÕ`dü÷] e÷sYZ @ C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ë]
 dü«s¡í #·‘·Ts¡T“¤» dü÷|üsY ôV’≤y˚\T: øÏ+~øÏ edüTÔ+~.
Ç+<äT˝À uÛ≤>∑+>± ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê-#ÓHï’Ó -eTT+u…\’ qT &Û©ç ‘¢ √ ø£*ù|
 õ˝≤¢ s¡V≤ü <ës¡T\T: á s¡V≤ü <ës¡T\T õ˝≤¢ eTTK´ |ü≥Dº ≤\qT
Äs¡T es¡Tdü\ dü÷|üsY ôV≤’ y˚\ <ë«sê Á|ü<ëÛ q s¡V≤ü <ë] n_Ûe~∆
õ˝≤¢˝Àì Ç‘·s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\‘√ ø£\T|ü⁄‘êsTT.
ÁbÕC…≈£îºqT Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ ÁbÕs¡+_Û+∫+~. Áoq>∑sY (»eT÷à `
 Ç‘·s¡ s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T: e÷s¡TeT÷\ ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT, Á>±e÷\qT
ø±oàsY), ø£Hê´≈£îe÷] (‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT) \qT ø£*ù| ñ‘·sÔ ¡ <äøDåÏ
|ü≥ºD≤\‘√ ø£*ù| Á>±MTD s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T á ‘·s¡>∑‹ ÁøÏ+<ä
ø±]&Üs¡T¢ eT]j·TT dæ˝≤ÃsY (nkÕ‡+), b˛s¡“+<äsY (>∑T»sê‘Y) eØZø£]+#·ã&ܶsTT. Á|ü<Ûëq eT+Á‹ Á>±MTD dü&Éø˘ jÓ÷»q
\qT ø£*ù| ‘·÷s¡TŒ-|ü•ÃeT ø±]&ÜsY á ÁbÕC…≈î£ ˝º À uÛ≤>∑+>± ÁøÏ+<ä á s√&ÉT¢ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ Áb˛‘ê‡Vü‰ìï bı+<ësTT. á |ü<∏äø£+
ñHêïsTT. á dü÷|üsY ôV’≤y˚\ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü<Ûëq \ø£å´+ ÁøÏ + <ä <˚ X ¯ + ˝Àì Á|ü ‹ Á>±eT+ nìï yê‘êes¡ D
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì yÓT>± dæ{°\ eT<Ûä´ Á|üj·÷D düeTj·÷ìï |ü]dæ‘ú T· \˝ÀqT Á|üj÷· DÏ+#·<–ä q s¡V≤ü <ë] <ë«sê <˚X+¯ ˝Àì
<ä÷sêìï ‘·–Z+#·&É+. á ôV’≤y˚ ÁbÕC…≈£îº\qT H˚wüq˝Ÿ ôV’≤y˚ ˇø£ Á|ü<Ûëq |ü≥ºD≤ìøÏ nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·ã&˚˝≤ Á|ü‘˚´ø£+>±
n<∏ë]{° Ä|òt Ç+&çj·÷ (NH AI) neT\T #˚k˛Ô+~. y˚jT· ã&ܶsTT.
 C≤rj·T s¡V≤ü <ës¡T\T: C≤rj·T s¡V≤ü <ës¡T\T <˚X+¯ ˝Àì düT<ä÷s¡  dü]Vü≤<äT› s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T : M{Ï‘√ bÕ≥T uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«
ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT ø£\T|ü⁄‘êsTT. Ç$ n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTqÆ s¡V≤ü <ë] dü+düú nsTTq dü]Vü≤<äT› s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\ dü+düú <˚X¯ dü]Vü≤<äT›
e´edüú\T. nH˚ø£ Á|ü<Ûëq C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T ñ‘·Ôs¡-<äøÏåD ÁbÕ+‘ê˝˝À s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\qT ì]à+∫, ìs¡«Væ≤düTÔ+~.
eT]j·TT ‘·÷s¡TŒ-|ü•ÃeT ~X¯\˝À q&ÉTkÕÔsTT. ñ‘·Ôs¡ eT]j·TT áXÊq´ dü]Vü≤<äT› ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À eP´Vü‰‘·àø£
 sêÁwü º s¡ V ü ≤ <ës¡ T \T: sêÁwü º sê»<Û ë ìì $$<Û ä õ˝≤¢ \ ÁbÕeTTK´‘· ø£*–q s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\ n_Ûe~∆ ø√dü+ á dü+düú
eTTK´|ü≥ºD≤\‘√ ø£*ù| s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\qT sêÁwüº s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T 1960˝À kÕú|æ+#·ã&ç+~. á s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T øÏ¢wüº‘·s¡yÓTÆq
n+{≤s¡T. uÛÑ÷dü«s¡÷bÕ˝…’q |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À s¡yêD≤ neø±XÊ\qT
yÓTs¡T>∑T|ü]∫, á ÁbÕ+‘ê\ Ä]∆ø±_Ûe~∆øÏ düV‰ü j·T|ü&ܶsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 145
 India: National Highways

146 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
ñ] Áoq>∑sY C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T
bÕøÏkÕúHé
øÏcÕº«sY
»eT÷à eTHê*
|üsêƒ Héø√{Ÿ
n{≤] eT+&ç
|òæs√CŸ|üPsY »\+<ÛäsY
|òüõ˝≤ÿ
&ÓÁVü≤&É÷Hé #ÓH’ ê
({Ïu{… Ÿ)
_ø£˙sY >∑Ts¡TÁ>∑yTé &Ûç©¢
H˚bÕ˝Ÿ bÕdæ|Tüò {Ÿ ‘˚E
C…’|üPsY ÄÁ>± \ø√ï uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé á{≤q>∑sY
;esY >±«*j·TsY eTT»|òsü |Y ⁄ü sY >öVü≤‹
CÀ<Ûé|üPsY
s¡a≤˙‡ ø±q÷ŒsY dæ˝≤ÃsY
ñ<äjTY |üPsY •yé|ü⁄] n\Vü‰u≤<é yês¡D≤dæ
Ws¡+>±u≤<é Ç+bÕ˝Ÿ
e÷+&É$ ãjÓ÷sê ã+>±¢<X˚ Ÿ
nVü≤à<ëu≤<é ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK
sêCŸø√{Ÿ »ã˝Ÿ|üPsY ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê
e&√<äsê Ç+&√sY uÀbÕ˝Ÿ _˝≤dt|üPsY »+ôw&é | ü P sY ôd’
V ü
≤
b˛sYã+<äsY dü÷s¡‘Y Ks¡>¥|üPsY
»˝Ÿ>±Hé Hê>¥|üPsY
<ÛTä ˝… sêjYT|üPsY eTj·THêàsY
Hêdæø˘ uÛTÑ eH˚X«¯ sY bÕsêB«|t
eTT+u≤sTT |üPD… »>∑›˝Ÿ|üPsY |üP]
ìC≤e÷u≤<é >√bÕ˝Ÿ|üPsY
ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é $»j· Tq>∑ s +
¡
c˛˝≤|üPsY $XÊK|ü≥ï+
s¡‘·ï–] $»j·T|ü⁄s¡ $»j· Tyê&É
u… \ >±$ ø£s÷¡ ï\T eT∫©|ü≥ï+
|üHêõ
nπs_j·÷ düeTTÁ<ä+ dü«s¡í #·‘·Ts¡T“¤õ
u…+>∑Tfi¯Ss¡T ñ‘·Ôs¡`<äøÏåD ø±]&ÜsY
#ÓHï’Ó ‘·÷s¡TŒ`|ü•ÃeT ø±]&ÜsY
eT+>∑fiS¯ s¡T ÁøÏwHü >é +∑ CŸ C≤rj·T s¡V≤ü <ë] HÓ+ãs¡T
ùd\+ |ü⁄<äT#˚Ã]
ø=∫à ‹s¡T∫Hê|ü*¢
\ø£åB«|t eT<ÛTä s¬ ’ n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY
(uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+) Be⁄\T (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)
≥T´{Ïø√s¡Hé
‹s¡Teq+‘·|ü⁄s¡+ ø£Hê´≈£îe÷]
Væ≤+<ä÷ Áo\+ø£
eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 147

 and narrow. However, in recent years fast
development of road network has taken place
The World’s longest Highway tunnel-Atal in different parts of the country
Tunnel (9.02 Km) has been built by Border
Road Organisation. This tunnel connects Railways
Manali to Lahul-Spiti valley throughout the Railways are the principal mode of
year. Earlier the valley was cut off for about transportation for freight and passengers
6 months each year owing to heavy snowfall. in India. Railways also make it possible for
The tunnel is buit with ultra-modern people to conduct multifarious activities
specifications in the Pir Panjal range of like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage
Himalayas at an altitude of 3000 metres along with transportation of goods over
from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). longer distances. Apart from an important
Source: http://www.bro.gov.in/pagefimg. means of transport the Indian Railways
asp?imid=144,And PIBdelhi03October2020 have been a great integrating force for more
than 150 years. Railways in India bind the
economic life of the country as well as
accelerate the development of the industry
and agriculture.

The Indian Railways is the largest public

sector undertaking in the country. The first
train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in
1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

The Indian Railway is now reorganised into

16 zones.

Fig. 7.3: Hilly Tracts Find out the current Railway zones and their
headquarters. Also locate the headquarters
of Railway zones on the map of India.

The distribution pattern of the Railway

network in the country has been largely
influenced by physiographic, economic and
administrative factors. The northern plains with
their vast level land, high population density
and rich agricultural resources provided the most
favourable condition for their growth. However,
a large number of rivers requiring construction
of bridges across their wide beds posed some
Fig. 7.4: Traffic on north-eastern border road
obstacles. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular
(Arunachal Pradesh)
region, railway tracts are laid through low hills,
Roads can also be classified on the basis of gaps or tunnels. The Himalayan mountainous
the type of material used for their construction regions too are unfavourable for the construction
such as metalled and unmetalled roads. of railway lines due to high relief, sparse
Metalled roads may be made of cement, population and lack of economic opportunities.
concrete or even bitumen of coal, therefore, Likewise, it was difficult to lay railway lines on

148 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ? nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°, Ç{°e\ ø±˝≤˝À¢ <˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ n‹ bı&ÉyÓ’q ôV’≤y˚ ≥HÓï˝Ÿ nsTTq n≥˝Ÿ s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\ n_Ûe~∆ y˚>∑+>± »]–+~.
≥HÓï˝Ÿ (9.02 øÏ.MT)qT dü]Vü≤<äT› s¡Vü≤<ës¡T\ dü+düú ì]à+∫+~. ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\T
á kıs¡+>∑+ @&Ü~ bı&Ée⁄Hê eTHê*ì ˝≤VüQ˝Ÿ-d挋 ˝Àj·T‘√
ø£ \ T|ü ⁄ ‘· T +~. n+‘· ≈ £ î eTT+<ä T Á|ü ‹ dü + e‘· ‡ s¡ + uÛ ≤ Ø uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À düsT¡ ≈£î\qT, Á|üj÷· D°≈î£ \qT #˚sy¡ j
˚ T· &ÜìøÏ
Væ≤eTbÕ‘·+ ø±s¡D+>± ˝Àj·T˝À <ë<ë|ü⁄ 6 HÓ\\ bÕ≥T sêø£ ¬s’˝Ò«\T Á|ü<Ûëq s¡yêD≤ kÕ<Ûäq+. Á|ü»\T m≈£îÿe <ä÷sê\≈£î
b˛ø£\T düÔ+_Û+∫b˛j˚T$. düsêdü] düeTTÁ<ä eT≥º+ (MSL) qT+&ç edüTeÔ ⁄\ s¡yêD≤‘√ bÕ≥T yê´bÕs¡+, dü\ú dü+<äsÙ¡ q, rs¡j ú ÷· Á‘·
3000 MT≥s¡¢ m‘·TÔ˝À Væ≤e÷\j·÷\˝Àì |”sY |ü+C≤˝Ÿ ÁX‚DÏ˝À e+{Ï nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\qT ìs¡«Væ≤+#·&ÜìøÏ ¬s’\T
n‘·´+‘· Ä<ÛäTìø£ Á|ü‘˚ø£‘·\‘√ á kıs¡+>∑+ ì]à+#·ã&ç+~. e÷sêZ\T M\T ø£*ŒkÕÔsTT. uÛ≤s¡‘·¬s’˝Ò«\T eTTK´yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤
eT÷\+: http://www.bro.gov.in/pagefimg. kÕ<Ûäq+>± ñ+&É&Éy˚T ø±ø£ 150 dü+ˆˆsê\≈£î ô|’>± <˚X¯
asp?imid=144,And PIBdelhi03October2020 düeTÁ>∑‘·qT ô|+bı+~düTÔHêïsTT. n˝≤π>, uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À ¬s’\T
e÷sêZ\T <˚X¯ Ä]úø£ JeHêìï ø£≥Tº~≥º+ #˚dü÷Ô, |ü]ÁX¯eT\
eT]j·TT e´ekÕj·T n_Ûe~∆ì y˚>∑e+‘·+ #˚düTÔHêïsTT.

~ Ç+&çj·THé ¬s’˝Ò«dt <˚X¯+˝ÀH˚ n‹ô|<ä› Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑

dü+düú. yÓTT<ä{Ï ¬s’\T 1853˝À Ä$] Ç+»Hé‘√ eTT+u…’
qT+&ç <∏ëH˚ es¡≈£î 34 øÏ.MT <ä÷s¡+ Á|üj·÷DÏ+∫+~.
Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ª~ Ç+&çj·THé ¬s’˝Ò«μqT 16 CÀqT¢>± |ü⁄qsY
e´ed”øú ]£ +#ês¡T.

ø£è‘·´+
Á|üdüTÔ‘· ¬s’˝Ò« CÀHé\T eT]j·TT yê{Ï Á|ü<Ûëq
πø+Á<ë\qT ø£qT>=q+&ç. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ |ü≥+˝À ¬s’˝Ò«
∫Á‘·+. 7.3 : ø=+&É ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ñqï e÷sêZ\T CÀHé\ Á|ü<Ûëq πø+Á<ë\qT ≈£L&Ü >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.

<˚X¯+˝Àì ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\ HÓ{ŸesYÿ $düÔ]+∫q $<ÛëHêìï

HÓd’ ]ü øZ ,£ Ä]∆ø£ eT]j·TT |ü]bÕ\q ø±s¡ø±\T Á|üu≤Û $‘·+ #˚XÊsTT.
ñ‘·sÔ ¡ yÓT<Æ ëHê\T $kÕÔsy¡ TÓ qÆ uÛ÷Ñ $T, n~Ûø£ »qkÕ+Á<ä‘· eT]j·TT
e´ekÕj· T eqs¡ T \‘√ ¬ s ’ ˝ Ò « \ ô|s¡ T >∑ T <ä \ ≈£ î n‘· ´ +‘·
nqT≈£L\yÓTÆq |ü]dæú‹ì n+~+#êsTT. nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° ô|<ä›
dü+K´˝À q<äT\T Á|üeVæ≤dü÷Ô ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\ ìsêàD≤ìøÏ
n&É+¶ ≈£î\T>± ñ+&É&+É ‘√ q<äT\≈£î q<äT\ô|’ e+‘Óq ìsêàD≤\T
∫Á‘·+. 7.4 : áXÊq´ dü]Vü≤<äT› s¡Vü≤<ë]ô|’ sêø£b˛ø£\T nedüs¡eTj·÷´sTT. ø=+&É\‘√ ≈£L&çq B«|üø£\Œ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À
(ns¡TD≤#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<˚XŸ) s¬ \’ T e÷sêZ\qT ‘·≈î£ ÿe m‘·TÔ >∑\ ø=+&É ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À, ø£qTeT\T
s√&É¢qT yê{Ï ìsêàD≤ìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ |ü<ësêú\ s¡ø£+ ˝Ò<ë kıs¡+>±\ >∑T+&Ü y˚XÊs¡T. Væ≤e÷\j·T |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\T
Ä<Ûës¡+>± yÓT≥˝Ÿ,¶ nHé yÓT≥˝Ÿ¶ s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T>± eØZø]£ +#·e#·TÃ. ≈£L&Ü n~Ûø£ m‘·TÔ, ‘·≈£îÿe »HêuÛ≤ eT]j·TT Ä]úø£ neø±XÊ\
yÓT≥˝Ÿ¶ s√&ÉT¢ dæyÓT+{Ÿ, ø±+Áø°≥T ˝Ò<ë ‘ês¡T‘√ ì]à+#·e#·TÃ, ø=s¡‘· ø±s¡D+>± s¬ ˝’ «Ò ˝…q’ ¢ ìsêàD≤ìøÏ Á|ü‹≈£L\+>± ñHêïsTT.
n+<ä T e\¢ n$ ø=~› ÁbÕ+‘ê\π ø |ü ] $T‘· e Tj· ÷ ´sTT. n˝≤π> |ü•ÃeT sê»kÕúHé˝Àì ÇdüTø£ yÓTÆ<ëq+, >∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 149
 Table 7.1: India: Railway Track
The Indian Railway network runs on multiple gauge operations
extending over 67,956 km.

Gauge in metres Route (Km)

Broad Gauge (1.676) 63950

Metre Gauge (1.000) 2,402
Narrow Gauge (0.762 and 0.610) 1,604

Total 67,956
Source: Railway Yearbook 2019–20, Ministry of Railways, Government of India.
Website: www.indianrailways.gov.in
the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules
of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, out trans-shipment losses or delays.
Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. The There are three important networks of
contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed pipeline transportation in the country.
only through gaps or passes (Ghats). In recent • From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur
times, the development of the Konkan railway (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and
along the west coast has facilitated the movement Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to
of passengers and goods in this most important Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to
economic region of India. It has also faced a Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
number of problem such as sinking of track in • From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in
some stretches and landslides. Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and
Today, the railways have become more Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali
important in our national economy than all (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and
other means of transport put together. However, other places.
rail transport suffers from certain problems as
• The first 1,700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-
well. Many passengers travel without tickets.
Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas
Thefts and damaging of railway property has
pipeline, linked Mumbai High and Bassein
not yet stopped completely. People stop the
gas fields with various ferilizer, power and
trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this
industrial complexes in western and
causes heavy damage to the railway. Think over
northern India. Overall, India’s gas pipeline
it, how we can help our railway in running as
infrastructure has expanded from 1,700 km
per the scheduled time?
to 18,500 km of cross-country pipelines.
Pipelines Waterways
Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on Since the ancient period, India was one of the
the transportation map of India. In the past, seafaring countries. Its seamen sailed far and
these were used to transport water to cities and near, thus, carrying and spreading Indian
industries. Now, these are used for transporting commerce and culture. Waterways are the
crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas cheapest means of transport. They are most
from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly
Solids can also be transported through a mode of transport. India has inland navigation
pipeline when converted into slurry. The far waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these
inland locations of refineries like Barauni, only 5685 km are navigable by mechanised
Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants vessels. The following waterways have been
could be thought of only because of pipelines. declared as the National Waterways by the
Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but Government.
150 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
 |ü{Ϻø£ 7.1: uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+: ¬s’\T |ü{≤º\T
uÛ≤s¡rj·T ¬s’˝Ò« HÓ{ŸesYÿ 67,956 øÏ.MT $düÔ]+∫ ñqï ãVüQfi¯ π>CŸ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\ô|’ q&ÉTdüTÔ+~.
π>CŸ (MT≥s¡¢˝À) e÷s¡Z+ (øÏ.MT)
Áu≤&é π>CŸ (1.676) 63,950
MT≥sY π>CŸ (1.000) 2,402
Hês√ π>CŸ (0.762 eT]j·TT 0.610) 1,604
yÓTT‘·Ô+ 67,956
eT÷\+: ¬s’˝Ò« yê]¸ø£ |ü⁄düÔø£+ 2019 - 20, ¬s’˝Ò« eT+Á‹‘·« XÊK, uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+.
yÓuŸôd’{Ÿ: www.indianrailways.gov.in m≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~ ø±˙ ‘·<Tä |ü] ìs¡«Vü≤D Ks¡TÃ\T ‘·≈î£ ÿe>±
∫‘·Ô&ç H˚\\T, eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ, #Û·rÔdt>∑&Ûé, ˇ&çcÕ eT]j·TT C≤s¡â+&é ñ+{≤sTT. Ç~ Á{≤Hé‡-wæ|tyÓT+{Ÿ qcÕº\T (s¡yêD≤ ìs¡«Vü≤D
n≥M ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À s¬ \’ T e÷sêZ\T y˚jT· &É+ ø£w‘ºü s· +¡ . n$∫äqï qcÕº\T) ˝Ò<ë C≤bÕ´\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü #˚düTÔ+~.
düVü‰´Á~ |üs¡«‘· ÁX‚DT\qT ¬s+&ÉT |üs¡«‘·ÁX‚DT\ eT<Ûä´ ñqï <˚X¯+˝À >=≥º|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\ s¡yêD≤˝À eT÷&ÉT eTTK´yÓTÆq
HÓ{ŸesYÿ\T ñHêïsTT.
˝Àj·T ÁbÕ+‘·+ ˝Ò<ë ø£qTeT\ <ë«sê e÷Á‘·y˚T <ë≥>∑\eTT.  m>∑Te nkÕ‡+˝Àì #·eTTs¡T πøåÁ‘·+ qT+&ç >öVü≤‹, ãsöì
Ç{°e\ ø±\+˝À n_Ûeè~∆ #˚dæq ø=+ø£DY ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\T eT]j·TT n\Vü‰u≤<é MT<äT>± ø±q÷ŒsY (ñ‘·sÔ ¡ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ) es¡≈î£
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì |ü•ÃeT rs¡+ yÓ+≥ ñqï Ä]úø£ ÁbÕeTTK´‘· ñqï~. Ç~ ãsöì qT+&ç sêCŸã+<é MT<äT>± Vü≤*›j·÷
>∑\ ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝Àì Á|üj·÷D°≈£î\T eT]j·TT düs¡T≈£î\ s¡yêD≤qT es¡≈î£ , sêCŸã+<é qT+&ç eTÚ]Á>±yéT eT]j·TT >öVü≤‹ qT+&ç
düT\uÛÑ‘·s¡+ #˚dæ+~. Ç~ ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ¬s’\T |ü{≤º\T dæ*>∑T] es¡≈£î XÊK\qT ø£*– ñ+~.
eTTì–b˛e&É+, ø=+&É#·]j·T\T $]–|ü&É≥+ e+{Ï nH˚ø£  >∑T»sê‘Y˝Àì dü\j·T qT+&ç $sêyéT>±yéT, eT<ÛäTs¡, &Ûç©¢
düeTdü´\qT ≈£L&Ü m<äTs=ÿ+≥Tqï~. eT]j·TT k˛ì|ü{Ÿ MT<äT>± |ü+C≤uŸ˝Àì »\+<ÛäsY es¡≈£î.
H˚&ÉT eTq C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú˝À ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\T nìï Ç~ ø√j·T© (e&√<äs¡, >∑T»sê‘Y düMT|ü+˝À) #·≈£åî eT]j·TT
Ç‘·s¡ s¡yêD≤ e÷sêZ\ ø£+fÒ eTTK´yÓTÆq$>± e÷sêsTT. Ç‘·s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·&ÜìøÏ XÊK\qT ø£*–
nsTTq|ü Œ {Ï ø ° ¬ s ’ \ T s¡ y êD≤ ≈£ L &Ü ø=ìï dü e Tdü ´ \qT ñ+~.
 yÓTT<ä{Ï 1,700 øÏÏ.MT bı&ÉyÓ’q Vü≤Jsê-$»j·T|üPsY-
m<äTs=ÿ+≥T+~. #ê˝≤ eT+~ Á|üj·÷D°≈£î\T {Ϭøÿ≥T¢ ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü »>∑Bwt|üPsY (H (HVJ VJ)) Áø±dtt`ø£+Á{° ô|’|t˝…’Hé (nìï sêÁcÕº\qT
VJ
Á|üj·÷DÏdüTÔHêïs¡T. <=+>∑‘·Hê\T, ¬s’˝Ò« ÄdüTÔ\ qwüº+ Ç+ø± ø£\T|ü⁄‘÷· y˚jT· ã&çq düV≤ü »yêj·Te⁄ >=≥º|⁄ü e÷s¡eZ TT) eTT+u…’
|üP]Ô>± Ä>∑˝Ò<äT. Á|ü»\T ¬s’fi¯¢qT Ä|ü&É+, nqedüs¡+>± #Ó’qT¢ ôV≤’ eT]j·TT ãùd‡Hé düV≤ü » yêj·TT øπ Áå ‘ê\qT |ü•ÃeT eT]j·TT
˝≤>∑&É+ e\¢ ¬s’˝Ò« e´edüú≈£î uÛ≤Ø qwüº+ yê{Ï\T¢‘√+~. ìØí‘· ñ‘·sÔ ¡ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì $$<Ûä ms¡Te⁄\T, $<äT´‘Y,bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£
düeTj·T+ Á|üø±s¡+ s¬ \’ T q&É|&ü +É ˝À eTq+ eTq s¬ ˝’ «Ò e´edü≈ú î£ düeTT<ëj·÷\‘√ nqTdü+<Ûëq+ #˚dæ+~. yÓTT‘êÔìøÏ
m˝≤ düVü‰j·T+ #˚j·Te#√Ã Ä˝À∫+#·+&ç. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À nekÕú|üq kÂø£sê´\ ÁøÏ+<ä >±´dt ô|’|t˝…’qT¢
ô|’|ü⁄˝…’qT¢(>=≥º|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\T) 1,700 øÏ.MT qT+&ç 18,500 øÏ.MT.\ Áø±dtt`ø£+Á{°
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ ¯ s¡yêD≤ |ü≥+˝À ô||’ ˝t H’… é s¡yêD≤ HÓ{ŸesYÿ ø=‘·>Ô ± ô|’|t˝…’Hé\≈£î $düÔ]+∫+~.
#˚]+~. >∑‘·+˝À M{Ïì q>∑sê\≈£î, |ü]ÁX¯eT\≈£î ˙{Ïì »\e÷sêZ\T
‘·s¡*+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚yês¡T. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT >=≥º|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\ |ü⁄sê‘·q ø±\+ qT+∫, uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ düT<ä÷s¡ düeTTÁ<äj÷· q+
#˚ùd <˚XÊ\˝À ˇø£{Ï>± ì*∫+~. eTq <˚X¯ Hê$≈£î\T
<ë«sê eTT&ç#·eTTs¡T, ô|Á{À*j·T+ ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T, düVü≤» düMT|ü`düT<ä÷s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î Á|üj·÷DÏ+#˚yês¡T. ‘·<ë«sê
yêj·TTe⁄\qT #·eTTs¡T eT]j·TT düVü≤»yêj·TTe⁄ πøåÁ‘ê\ qT+&ç uÛ≤s¡rj·T yêDÏC≤´˙ï, dü+düÿ‹˙ yÓ÷düT¬øfi≤¢s¡T, yê´|æÔ #˚XÊs¡T.
#·eTTs¡T X¯ó~∆ πø+Á<ë\≈£î, ms¡Te⁄\ ø£sêà>±sê\≈£î eT]j·TT »\e÷sêZ\T #ͬø’q s¡yêD≤ kÕ<ÛäHê\T. n~Ûø£ dü+K´˝À
‘ê|ü$<äT´‘Y πø+Á<ë\≈£î s¡yêD≤ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. uÛ≤Ø edüTÔe⁄\qT yÓ÷j·T&ÜìøÏ Ç$ #ê˝≤ nqT≈£L\+>±
|òüTq|ü<ësêú\qT Á<äe s¡÷|ü+>± e÷]Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT >=≥º|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\ ñ+{≤sTT. Ç~ Ç+<Ûäq kÕeTs¡ú´+ ø£*–q, |üsê´es¡D≤ìøÏ
<ë«sê s¡yêD≤ #˚j·Te#·TÃ. ãsöì, eT<∏äTs¡, bÕì|ü{Ÿ e+{Ï nqT≈£L\yÓTqÆ s¡yêD≤ kÕ<Ûqä +. uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝À 14,500 øÏ.MT
#·eTTs¡T X¯ó~∆ eT]j·TT >±´dt Ä<Ûë]‘· ms¡Te⁄\ ø£sêà>±sê\ bı&Ée⁄Hê n+‘·d©úü j·T HÍø±j·÷q »\e÷sêZ\THêïsTT. M{Ï˝À
e+{Ï düT<ä÷s¡ ˝À‘·≥Tº ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT >=≥º|⁄ü e÷sêZ\ ø±s¡D+>± πøe\+ 5685 øÏ.MT e÷Á‘·y˚T j·÷+Á‹ø£ HÍø£\ <ë«sê
Á|üj·÷DÏ+#·<ä–q$. ÁøÏ+~ »\e÷sêZ\qT Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ C≤rj·T
e÷Á‘·yT˚ kÕ<Û´ä yÓTqÆ $. >=≥º|⁄ü e÷sêZ\T y˚jT· &ÜìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ Ks¡Tà »\e÷sêZ\T>± Á|üø£{Ï+∫+~.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 151
 Activity
Railway line has been extended from Banihal to Baramula in the Kashmir Valley. Locate these
two towns on the map of India.
152 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
 uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
¬s’˝Ò«\T
bÕøÏkÕúHé »eT÷à

neTè‘Ydsü Y
uÛ≤{Ï+&Ü n+u≤˝≤ #ÓH’ ê
&ÓÁVü≤&É÷Hé
nq÷|t|Tüò sY ({Ïu{… Ÿ)
yÓTTs¡<ëu≤<é
&Ûç©¢ H˚bÕ˝Ÿ eTTs√ÿ+¬>‡˝…ø˘ <ä+>√]
C…’dü©àsY _ø£ ˙sY
ÄÁ>± ~ÁãT>∑yTé
CÀ<Ûé|üPsY \ø√ï &Ü]®*+>¥ uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé
eTTHêuÀ u≤πsàsY C…’|üPsY ø±q÷ŒsY ô|ò’C≤u≤<é eTT»|òsü |Y Pü sY
ø£{VÏ ≤ü sY <äTÁ_ >öVü≤‹ ø√Væ≤e÷
s¡a≤˙‡ n\Vü‰u≤<é bÕ{≤ï
yês¡D≤dæ >∑jT·
ø±+&Ü¢ sê≥¢+ uÛÀbÕ˝Ÿ ã+>±¢<˚XŸ ≈£îeTsY|Tüò {Ÿdæ˝≤ÃsY
q*j·T ø£
{ ï
Ï
nVü≤à<ëu≤<é sê+∫ ã+≈£îsê
zU≤ sêCŸø√{Ÿ e&√<äs¡ ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê ø£sÿ¡ ≥πsK
_˝≤dt|üPsY
dü÷s¡‘Y »˝Ÿ>±yé sêCŸ|üPsY dü+ã˝Ÿ|üPsY Vü‰*›j÷·
yÓsêe˝Ÿ &Ó˝≤«&É Hê>¥|üPsY
eTj·THêàsY
nø√\ yêsê¶
eTT+u≤sTT ø£≥ø˘
Hê+<˚&é
|üPD…
ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é øÏs+¡ &É˝Ÿ
s¡‘·ï–] $XÊK|ü≥ï+ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
yê&ç $»j·Tyê&É
ôVAkÕù|{Ÿ >∑T+≥÷s¡T
|üHêõ
>∑T+‘·ø˝£ Ÿ
πsDÏ>∑T+≥
eT+>∑\÷s¡T u…+>∑fiS¯ s¡T #ÓHï’Ó
yÓTdÆ ÷ü s¡T b˛sYuº s¢… TTsY

‹s¡T∫Ãsê|ü*¢
ø=∫à n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T
\ø£åB«|t sêy˚TX¯«s¡+ (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)
(uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+) ø=\¢+
‹s¡Teq+‘·|ü⁄s¡+
ø£Hê´≈£îe÷] Áo\+ø£
Væ≤+<ä÷ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<+ä
Activity
ø±oàsY ˝Àj·T˝Àì ãìVü‰˝Ÿ qT+&ç u≤sêeTT˝≤ es¡≈£î ¬s’\T eTsêZìï bı&ç–+#ês¡T. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ |ü≥+˝À á ¬s+&ÉT
|ü≥ºD≤\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 153
 convenient handling of exports and imports of
highly productive granary and industrial belt
stretching across UT of Jammu and Kashmir,
and the states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Fig. 7.5: Inland waterways widely used in

north-eastern states

• The Ganga river between Allahabad and

Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1
• The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and
Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2
• The West-Coast Canal in Kerala Fig. 7.6: Trucks being driven into the vessel at
(Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and Mumbai port
Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3
Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious
• Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna
natural and well-sheltered harbour. The
rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry
stretch of canals (1078 km) – N.W. No.4 Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view
• Specified stretches of river Brahmani along to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a
with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi hub port for this region. Marmagao port (Goa)
and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal is the premier iron ore exporting port of the
(588 km) – N.W. No.5 country. This port accounts for about fifty per
There are some other inland water ways on cent of India’s iron ore export. New Mangalore
which substantial transportation takes place. port, located in Karnataka caters to the export
These are Mandavi, Zuari and Cumberjua, of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh
Sunderbans, Barak and backwaters of Kerala. mines. Kochchi is the extreme south-western
Apart from these, India’s trade with foreign port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a
countries is carried from the ports located along natural harbour.
the coast. 95 per cent of the country’s trade
volume (68 per cent in terms of value) is moved
by sea.

Major Sea Ports

With a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is
dotted with 12 major and 200 notified non-
majors (minor/intermediate) ports. These
major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s
foreign trade. Fig. 7.7: Tanker discharging crude oil at New
Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port Mangalore port
developed soon after Independence to ease the
Moving along the east coast, you would see
volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the
the extreme south-eastern port of Tuticorin,
wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after in Tamil Nadu. This port has a natural harbour
the Partition. Kandla also known as the and rich hinterland. Thus, it has a flourishing
Deendayal Port, is a tidal port. It caters to the trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to

154 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ ,Ÿ |ü+C≤uŸ, Vü≤sê´Hê, sê»kÕúHé eT]j·TT >∑T»sê‘Y
sêÁcÕº\˝À $dü]Ô +∫ ñqï n‘·´+‘· ñ‘êŒ<äø‘£ · ø£*qZ <ÛëHê´>±s¡
ÁbÕ+‘ê\T eT]j·TT bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ y˚TK\\ jÓTTø£ÿ m>∑TeT‹,
~>∑TeT‘·T\ kÂø£sê´ìï á z&Éπse⁄ n+~düTÔ+~.

∫Á‘·+. 7.5 : áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº\˝À <˚oj·T »\e÷sêZ\T

$düÔè‘·+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT
 n\Vü‰u≤<é qT+&ç Vü≤*›j·÷ es¡≈£î ñqï 1620 øÏ.MT >∑+>±
qB »\e÷s¡Z+ -bHé. &ÉãT¢´. q+.1
 dü~j·÷ qT+&ç <ÛäTÁ_ es¡≈£î ñqï 891 øÏ.MT ÁãVü≤à|ü⁄Á‘·
∫Á‘·+. 7.6 : eTT+u…’ b˛sYº˝À z&É˝ÀøÏ Á≥≈£îÿ\T q&ÉT|ü⁄‘·T+&É&É+
qB »\e÷s¡Z+ - bHé. &ÉãT¢´. q+.2
 π ø s¡ fi ¯ ˝ Àì yÓ d t º - ø√dt º ¬ ø Hê˝Ÿ (ø=≥º | ü P s¡ à - ø=˝≤¢ + , eTT+u…’ z&Éπse⁄ $XÊ\yÓTÆq, düVü≤» dæ<ä›yÓTÆq #·ø£ÿì
ñ<√´>∑ eT+&É˝Ÿ eT]j·TT #·+|üø£ÿs¡ ø±\Te\T-205 øÏ.MT) ÄÁX¯j·T+ ø£*Œ+#˚ n‹ô|<ä› z&Éπse⁄. ªª»eVü≤sY˝≤˝Ÿ HÓÁVüA
- bHé. &ÉãT¢´. q+.3 z&Éπse⁄μμ eTT+u…’ z&Éπse⁄˝À s¡B›ì ‘·–Z+#·&É+‘√bÕ≥T á
 ø±øÏHê&É |ü⁄<äT#˚Ã] ø±\Te\‘√ bÕ≥T >√<ëe] eT]j·TT ÁbÕ+‘êìøÏ Á|ü<ëÛ q z&Ésπ e⁄>± ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü ˚ ñ<˚X› ´¯ +‘√ n_Ûeè~∆
ø£cÕí q<äT\ ìπs›•‘· $düÔs¡D\T (1078 øÏ.MT) bHé. &ÉãT¢´. #˚j·Tã&ç+~. e÷s¡à>√yê z&Éπse⁄ (>√yê) <˚X¯+˝Àì Á|ü<Ûëq
q+. 4 ÇqT|ü KìC≤ìï m>∑TeT‹ #˚ùd z&Éπse⁄. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ ÇqT|ü
 e÷‘Ó’ q~‘√ bÕ≥T Áu≤Vü≤àDÏ q~ jÓTTø£ÿ ìπs• › ‘· $düsÔ D
¡ \T, Kì»+ m>∑TeT‹˝À á z&Éπse⁄ <ë<ë|ü⁄ j·÷uÛ…’ XÊ‘·+ yê{≤qT
eTVü‰q~ eT]j·TT Áu≤Vü≤àDÏ q<äT\ &Ó˝≤º ø±\Te\T eT]j·TT ø£*– ñ+~. ø£sêï≥ø£˝À ñqï q÷´eT+>∑fi¯Ss¡T z&Éπse⁄
ádtº ø√dtº ¬øHê˝Ÿ (588 øÏ.MT) - bHé. &ÉãT¢´. q+. 5 Á|ü<Ûëq+>± ≈£îÁ<˚eTTUŸ >∑qT\ qT+&ç ÇqT|ü KìC≤ìï m>∑TeT‹
n‘·´~Ûø+£ >± »]π> ø=ìï Ç‘·s¡ n+‘·d©úü j·T »\ e÷sêZ\T #˚dTü +Ô ~. ø=∫à z&Ésπ e⁄ |üP]Ô>± HÓs’ T¡ ‹ uÛ≤>∑+˝À ˝≤>∑÷Hé Á|üyX˚ ¯
ñHêïsTT. n$ øπ s¡fi˝¯ Àì e÷+&É$, EyêØ eT]j·TT ø£+ãs¡Ty® ê, <ë«s¡+ e<ä› ñqï ˇø£ düVü≤» z&Éπse⁄.
düT+<äs¡“Hé‡, ãsêø˘ eT]j·TT πøs¡fi¯˝Àì yÓqTø£ »˝≤\T.
Ç$ ø±≈£î+&Ü, $<˚XÊ\‘√ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ yêDÏ»´+
rs¡+ yÓ+ã&ç ñqï z&Ésπ e⁄\ qT+&ç »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. <˚X¯ yêDÏ»´
|ü]e÷D+˝À 95 XÊ‘·+ ($\Te |üs+¡ >± 68 XÊ‘·+) düeTTÁ<ä+
<ë«sê »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
Á|ü<Ûëq z&Éπse⁄\T
7,516.6 øÏ.MT. bı&ÉyÓ’q rs¡πsK ø£*–ñqï uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
12 ô|<ä› eT]j·TT 200 H√{Ïô|ò’&é HêHé-y˚T»sY (yÓTÆqsY/
Ç+≥Øà&çj·T{Ÿ) b˛s¡Tº\‘√ ì+&ç ñ+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ $<˚o
yêDÏ»´+˝À 95 XÊ‘·+ á Á|ü<Ûëq HÍø±ÁX¯j·÷\ qT+&˚ ∫Á‘·+. 7.7 : q÷´eT+>∑fi¯Ss¡T z&Éπse⁄ e<ä› eTT&ç #·eTTs¡TqT
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. $&ÉT<ä\ #˚düTÔqï {≤´+ø£sY
$uÛÑ»q ‘·sê«‘· ø£sêN z&Éπse⁄qT bÕøÏkÕÔHé≈£î ø√˝ÀŒsTTq
H˚|ü<∏ä´+˝À, eTT+u…’ z&Éπse⁄ô|’ yêDÏ»´|üs¡+>± |ü&çq ˇ‹Ô&çì ‘·÷s¡TŒ rs¡+ yÓ+ã&ç yÓfi¯ó‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Äπ>ïj·T+˝À
‘·–Z+#·&ÜìøÏ kÕ«‘·+‘·´+ e∫Ãq yÓ+≥H˚ ø£#Y ˝Àì ø±+&Ü¢ MTs¡T ‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT˝Àì ≥T´{Ïø√]Hé z&Éπse⁄qT #·÷kÕÔs¡T.
z&Éπse⁄qT eTq<˚X¯+ n_Ûe~∆ #˚dæ+~.ø±+&Ü¢ z&Éπse⁄qT á z&Éπse⁄ düVü≤» HÍø±ÁX¯jT· +‘√ bÕ≥T <ëì yÓqTø£ uÛ≤>∑+˝À
Bq<äj·÷fiŸ z&Éπse⁄ nì ≈£L&Ü |æ\TkÕÔs¡T, Ç~ ˇø£ f…Æ&É˝Ÿ m>∑TeT‹ ~>∑TeT‘·T\≈£î M\T ø£*Œ+#˚ $XÊ\yÓTqÆ U≤∞ Á|ü<X˚ Êìï
z&Éπse⁄. πø+Á<äbÕ*‘· ÁbÕ+‘·yÓTÆq »eT÷à ø±oàsY eT]j·TT ø£*–ñ+~. Ä $<Ûä+>± á z&É π s e⁄ bıs¡ T >∑ T <˚ X Ê˝… ’ q
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 155
even our neighbouring countries like Sri terrains like high mountains, dreary
Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions deserts, dense forests and also long
of India. Chennai is one of the oldest artificial oceanic stretches with great ease. Think of
ports of the country. It is ranked next to the north-eastern part of the country,
Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and marked with the presence of big rivers,
cargo. Vishakhapatnam is the deepest dissected relief, dense forests and frequent
landlocked and well-protected port. This port floods and international frontiers, etc. in
was, originally, conceived as an outlet for iron the absence of air transport. Air travel has
ore exports. Paradwip port located in Odisha, made access easier.
specialises in the export of iron ore. Kolkata is Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides
an inland riverine port. This port serves a very helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas
large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Corporation in its off-shore operations, to
Brahmaputra basin. Being a tidal port, it inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the
requires constant dredging of Hoogly. Haldia north-eastern states and the interior parts of
port was developed as a subsidiary port, in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
order to relieve growing pressure on the Uttarakhand.
Kolkata port. Air travel is not within the reach of the
common people. It is only in the north-
eastern states that special provisions are
made to extend the services to the
common people.

Communication
Ever since humans appeared on the earth,
they have used different means of
communication. But, the pace of change,
has been rapid in modern times. Long
Fig. 7.8: Handling of oversize cargo at Tuticorin port distance communication is far easier
without physical movement of the
Airways c o m m u n i c a t o r o r r e c e i v e r. Pe r s o n a l
communication and mass communication
The air travel, today, is the fastest, most
including television, radio, press, films, etc.
comfortable and prestigious mode of
are the major means of communication in
transport. It can cover very difficult
the country. The Indian postal network is
the largest in the world. It handles
parcels as well as personal written
communications. Cards and envelopes are
considered first-class mail and are airlifted
between stations covering both land and
air. The second-class mail includes book
packets, registered newspapers and
periodicals. They are carried by surface
mail, covering land and water transport. To
facilitate quick delivery of mails in large
towns and cities, six mail channels have
been introduced recently. They are called
Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green
Why is air travel preferred in the north-eastern Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail
states? Channel and Periodical Channel.
Fig. 7.9

156 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Áo\+ø£, e÷©›e⁄\T eT]j·TT uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ rs¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\ yêDÏ»´ <äTs¡“¤s¡yÓTÆq m&Üs¡T\T, <ä≥ºyÓTÆq n&Ée⁄\T, düT<ä÷s¡+>±
ìs¡«Vü≤D˝À eè~∆ì ø£qãs¡TdüTÔqï~. <˚X+¯ ˝Àì |ü⁄sê‘·q ø£Á‹eT $düÔ]+∫q düeTTÁ<ë\ e+{Ï uÛ≤>±\qT #ê˝≤ düT\uÛÑ+>±
z&Éπse⁄\˝À #ÓHÓ’ï ˇø£{Ï. Ç~ yêDÏ»´+ eT]j·TT ø±s√Z #˚s¡Tø√e#·TÃ. yêj·TT s¡yêD≤ ˝Òq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ô|<ä› q<äT\T, K+&ç‘·
|ü]e÷D+ |üs+¡ >± eTT+u…’ ‘·sê«‹ kÕúq+˝À ñ+~. $XÊK|ü≥ï+ uÛÑ÷dü«s¡÷bÕ\T, <ä≥ºyÓTÆq n&Ée⁄\T, ‘·s¡#·T>± e#˚à es¡<ä\T
n‘·´+‘· ˝À‘Ó’q uÛÑ÷|ü]y˚w溑· eT]j·TT düTs¡øÏå‘·yÓTÆq z&Éπse⁄.
á z&Éπse⁄qT yÓTT<ä{À¢ eTT&ç ÇqTeTT m>∑TeT‹ ø√dü+ eT]j·TT n+‘·sê®rj·T dü]Vü≤<äT›\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ï‘√ ì+&ç
ÁbÕs¡+_Û+#ês¡T. ˇ&çXÊ˝À ñqï bÕs¡B«|t z&Ésπ e⁄ ÇqT|ü Kì»+ ñqï <˚X+¯ ˝Àì áXÊq´ ÁbÕ+‘·+ >∑T]+∫ Ä˝À∫+#·+&ç. $e÷q
m>∑TeT‹˝À Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘· ø£*– ñ+~. ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê z&Éπse⁄ ˇø£ Á|üj·÷D+ á ÁbÕ+‘êìï #˚s¡Tø√e&Üìï düT\uÛÑ‘·s¡+ #˚dæ+~.
n+‘·düú©j·T qB Ä<Ûë]‘· z&Éπse⁄. á z&Éπse⁄ >∑+>±-
ÁãVü≤à|ü⁄Á‘· Vü≤]yêD+ jÓTTø£ÿ $XÊ\yÓTÆq, düeTè~∆jÓÆTq rs¡ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ÄsTT˝Ÿ n+&é H˚#·Ts¡˝Ÿ >±´dt ø±s=ŒπswüHé
|üèwüºuÛÑ÷$TøÏ ùde\T n+~düTÔ+~. f…Æ&É˝Ÿ b˛sYº nsTTq+<äTq ø±s¡´ø£˝≤bÕ\≈£î, <äTs¡u¢ yÑÛ TÓ qÆ ÁbÕ+‘ê\T, áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº\ e+{Ï
BìøÏ VüQ^¢ q~˝À ìs¡+‘·s¡ |üP&çø£r‘· nedüs¡+ ne⁄‘·T+~. øÏw¢ yºü TÓ qÆ uÛ÷Ñ uÛ≤>±\≈£î, »eT÷à`ø±oàsY, Væ≤e÷#·˝Ÿ Á|ü<X˚ Ÿ eT]j·TT
ø√˝Ÿø‘£ ê z&Ésπ e⁄ô|’ ô|s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï ˇ‹Ô&ìç ‘·–+Z #˚+<äT≈£î Vü≤*›j÷· ñ‘·ÔsêK+&é sêÁcÕº\˝Àì e÷s¡TeT÷\ ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î |üeHéVü‰Hé‡
z&Éπse⁄ nqTã+<Ûä HÍø±ÁX¯j·T+>± n_Ûe~∆ #˚j·Tã&ç+~. ôV≤*ø±|üºsY *$Tf…&é ‘·q ôV≤*ø±|üºsY ùde\qT n+~düTÔ+~.
$e÷q Á|üj·÷D+ kÕe÷qT´\≈£î n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ˝Ò<äT.
áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº˝À¢ e÷Á‘·y˚T kÕe÷q´ Á|ü»\≈£î ùde\qT
$düÔ]+#˚+<äT≈£î Á|ü‘˚´ø£ kÂø£sê´\qT ø£*Œ+#ês¡T.
düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡+
uÛÑ÷$Tô|’ e÷qe eTqT>∑&É ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑyÓTÆq|üŒ{Ï qT+∫
düe÷#ês¡ e÷]Œ&çøÏ $$<Ûä |ü<ä∆‘·T\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T.ø±ì
Ä<ÛäTìø£ ø±\+˝À á |ü<ä∆‘·T\T y˚>∑+>± e÷s¡T‘·THêïsTT.
düe÷#ês¡+ n+~+#˚yês¡T, n+<äT≈£îH˚yês¡T ≈£L&Ü ñqï #√≥TH˚
∫Á‘·+. 7.8 : ≥T´{Ïø√]Hé z&Éπse⁄ e<ä› uÛ≤Ø ø±s√Z(düs¡T≈£î) ìs¡«Vü≤D ñ+≥÷ n‘·´+‘· düT\uÛÑ+>± düe÷#ês¡+ n+<äTø√>∑\T>∑T
yêj·TTe÷sêZ\T ‘·THêïs¡T. f…*$»Hé, πs&çjÓ÷, Áô|dt, |òæ˝Ÿà yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ï‘√
H˚ & É T $e÷q Á|ü j · ÷ D+ n‘· ´ +‘· y˚ > ∑ e +‘· y Ó T Æ q , ≈£L&çq e´øÏÔ>∑‘· düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡+ eT]j·TT kÕeT÷Væ≤ø£
kÂø£s¡´e+‘·yÓTÆq eT]j·TT Á|ü‹cÕº‘·àø£yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤ kÕ<Ûäq+. düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡+ <˚X¯+˝Àì Á|ü<Ûëq düe÷#ês¡ kÕ<ÛäHê\T>±
Bì <ë«sê m‘Ó’Ôq |üs¡«‘ê\ e+{Ï ø£]ƒq uÛÑ÷dü«s¡÷bÕ\T, ñHêïsTT. uÛ≤s¡rj·T ‘·bÕ˝≤ HÓ{ŸesYÿ Á|ü|+ü #·+˝ÀH˚ n‹ô|<ä~› .
Ç~ bÕ]‡˝Ÿ‡qT n˝≤π> e´øÏ>Ô ‘∑ · ñ‘·sÔ ê\qT #˚sy¡ d˚ Tü +Ô ~. ø±s¡T\¶ T,
ø£esY\qT |òüdtº ø±¢dt yÓTsTT˝Ÿ>± |ü]>∑DÏ+∫ M{Ïì uÛÑ÷, yêj·TT
e÷sêZ\ <ë«sê s¡yêD≤ #˚kÕÔsT¡ . |ü⁄düøÔ ±\T, ]õdüsº ¶Y q÷´dtù||üsT¡ ,¢
|üÁ‹ø£\qT ôdø£+&é ø±¢dt yÓTsTT˝Ÿ n+{≤s¡T. M{Ïì uÛÑ÷$T, »\
e÷sêZ\ <ë«sê ñ|ü]‘·\ s¡yêD≤ #˚kÕÔs¡T. ô|<ä› |ü≥ºD≤\T
eT]j·TT q>∑sê˝À¢ yÓTsTT˝Ÿ‡qT ‘·«s¡>± &Ó*eØ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ,
Ç{°e\ Äs¡T yÓTsTT˝Ÿ #Ûêq˝Ÿ‡ Á|üy˚X¯ô|≥ºã&ܶsTT. yê{Ïì
sê»<Ûëì #Ûêq˝Ÿ, yÓTÁ{À #Ûêq˝Ÿ, Á^Hé #Ûêq˝Ÿ, _õHÓdt #Ûêq˝Ÿ,
ã˝Ÿÿ yÓTsTT˝Ÿ #Ûêq˝Ÿ eT]j·TT |”]j·÷&çø£˝Ÿ #Ûêq˝Ÿ nì
|æ\TkÕÔsT¡ .
áXÊq´ sêÁcÕº˝À¢ $e÷q Á|üj·÷D≤ìøÏ m+<äT≈£î ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·
ÇkÕÔs¡T?
∫Á‘·+. 7.9
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 157
 India: Major Ports and Some International Airports

158 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 bÕøÏkÕúHé uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+
Á|ü<Ûëq HÍø±ÁXÊj·÷\T eT]j·TT
n+‘·sê®rj·T $e÷HêÁXÊj·÷\T

neTè‘Ydsü Y
sêC≤kÕHédæ
#ÓH’ ê
({Ïu…{Ÿ)
&Ûç©¢
H˚bÕ˝Ÿ
Ç+~sê>±+~Û n+‘·sê®rj·T
uÛ÷Ñ {≤Hé

ã+>±¢<˚XŸ
ø±+&Ü¢ ø£\ø£‘êÔ
H˚‘êõ düTuÛ≤wt#·+Á<äuÀdt ø£s¡ÿ≥πsK
Vü≤*›j÷·
eTj·THêàsY
eTT+u≤sTT bÕsêB«|t
#Û·Á‘·|ü‹ •yêõ
»eVü≤sY˝≤˝Ÿ HÓÁVüA
nπs_j·÷ ã+>±fi≤U≤‘·+
düeTTÁ<ä+ ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é $XÊK|ü≥ï+

e÷sêà>±yé
z&Éπse⁄\T
$e÷HêÁX¯j÷· \T
q÷´ eT+>∑fiS¯ sY MTq+u≤ø£+ #ÓHï’Ó
b˛sYuº s¢… TTsY

ø=∫ÃHé n+&Ée÷Hé ìø√u≤sY Be⁄\T

≥T{Ïø√]Hé (uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+)
\ø£åB«|t
‹s¡Teq+‘·|ü⁄s¡+
Áo\+ø£
Væ≤+<ä÷ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ : Á|ü<Ûëq HÍø±ÁX¯j·÷\T eT]j·TT ø=ìï n+‘·sê®rj·T $e÷HêÁX¯j·÷\T

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 159

 of India, is one of the largest terrestrial
networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety
Digital India is an umbrella programme
to prepare India for a knowledge based of programmes from entertainment,
transformation. The focus of Digital India educational to sports, etc. for people of different
Programme is on being transformative to age groups.
realise – IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information India publishes a large number of
Technology)=IT (India Tomorrow) and is newspapers and periodicals annually. They are
on making technology central to enabling of different types depending upon their
change. periodicity. Newspapers are published in
about 100 languages and dialects. Did you
know that the largest number of newspapers
published in the country are in Hindi, followed
by English and Urdu? India is the largest
producer of feature films in the world. It
produces short films; video feature films and
video short films. The Central Board of Film
Certification is the authority to certify both
Indian and foreign films.

International Trade
The exchange of goods among people, states
and countries is referred to as trade. The market
Fig.7.10 : Emergency call box on NH-8 is the place where such exchanges take place.
Trade between two countries is called
India has one of the largest telecom international trade. It may take place through
networks in Asia. Excluding urban places more sea, air or land routes. While local trade is
than two-thirds of the villages in India have carried in cities, towns and villages, state level
already been covered with Subscriber Trunk trade is carried between two or more states.
Dialling (STD) telephone facility. In order to Advancement of international trade of a
strengthen the flow of information from the country is an index to its economic prosperity.
grassroot to the higher level, the government It is, therefore, considered the economic
has made special provision to extend twenty- barometer for a country.
four hours STD facility to every village in the As the resources are space bound, no
country. There is a uniform rate of STD country can survive without international
facilities all over India. It has trade. Export and import are the components
been made possible by integrating the of trade. The balance of trade of a country is
development in space technology with the difference between its export and import.
communication technology. When the value of export exceeds the value of
Mass communication provides imports, it is called a favourable balance of
entertainment and creates awareness among trade. On the contrary, if the value of imports
people about various national programmes exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as
and policies. It includes radio, television, unfavourable balance of trade.
newspapers, magazines, books and films. All India has trade relations with all the major
India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety trading blocks and all geographical regions of
of programmes in national, regional and local the world. The commodities exported from
languages for various categories of people, India to other countries include gems and
spread over different parts of the country. jewellery, chemicals and related products,
Doordarshan, the national television channel agriculture and allied products, etc.

160 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 MT≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ? uÛ÷Ñ ñ|ü]‘·\ HÓ{ŸesYÿ\˝À ˇø£{.Ï <ä÷s¡<sä Ù¡ Hé $$<Ûä ej·TdüT\
$C≤„ q Ä<Û ë ]‘· |ü ] es¡ Ô q ~X¯ > ± uÛ ≤ s¡ ‘ · < ˚ X Êìï yê]øÏ $H√<ä+, $<ä´ qT+&ç Áø°&É\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\
s¡÷bı+~+#·&ÜìøÏ &çõ≥˝Ÿ Ç+&çj·÷ nH˚~ ˇø£ düs¡« düy˚Tàfi¯q ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\qT Á|ükÕs¡+ #˚düTÔ+~.
ãèVü≤‘Y ø±s¡´Áø£eT+. á &çõ≥˝Ÿ Ç+&çj·÷ ø±s¡´Áø£eT+ IT Á|ü‹ dü+e‘·‡s¡+, uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ô|<ä› dü+K´˝À yêsêÔ|Áü ‹ø£\T
(Ç+&çj·THé {≤˝…+{Ÿ) + IT (ÇqŒ¤πsàwüHé f…ø±ï\õ)=IT (Ç+&çj·÷ eT]j·TT |”]j·÷&çø˝£ Ÿ‡qT Á|ü#T· ]düT+Ô ~. n$ yê{Ï ø±\e´e~Ûì
≥Te÷s√ ) >± M{Ï ì s¡ ÷ bÕ+‘· s ¡ + #Ó + ~+#· & É + ô|’ <ä è wæ º ã{Ϻ $$<Ûä s¡ø±\T>± ñ+{≤sTT. yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£\T <ë<ë|ü⁄ 100
πø+ÁBø£]düTÔ+~. nq>± e÷s¡TŒ≈£î kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·qT πø+Á<ä+>± uÛ≤wü\T eT]j·TT e÷+&É*ø±\˝À Á|ü#T· ]+#· ã&É‘êsTT. <˚X+¯ ˝À
#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ<˚›•+∫q ø±s¡´Áø£eT+ Ç~. n‘· ´ ~Û ø £ dü + K´˝À yêsêÔ | ü Á ‹ø£ \ T Væ ≤ +B˝À Á|ü # · T ]‘·
eTe⁄‘·THêïj·Tì, ‘·sê«‘· Ä+>∑¢+ eT]j·TT ñs¡÷› uÛ≤wü\˝À
Á|ü # · T ]‘· e Te⁄‘· T Hêïj· T ì MT≈£ î ‘Ó \ TkÕ? uÛ ≤ s¡ ‘ · < ˚ X ¯ +
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ n‘·´~Ûø£ #·\q ∫Á‘ê\qT ì]àdüTÔ+~. Ç~ \|òüTT
∫Á‘ê\qT, M&çjÓ÷ |ò”#·sY |òæ˝Ÿà\T eT]j·TT M&çjÓ÷ cÕsYº
|òæ˝Ÿà\qT ì]àdüTÔ+~. ~ ôd+Á≥˝Ÿ uÀsY¶ Ä|òt |òæ˝Ÿà dü]º|òæπøwüHé
nH˚~ uÛ≤s¡rj·T, $<˚o ∫Á‘ê\qT <ÛäMø£]+#˚ n~Ûø±s¡+ ñqï
dü+düú.
n+‘·sê®rj·T yêDÏ»´+
<˚XÊ\T, sêÁcÕº\T, Á|ü»\ eT<Ûä´ edüTÔe⁄\ e÷]Œ&çì
yêDÏ»´+ n+{≤s¡T. n≥Te+{Ï e÷]Œ&ç »]π> Á|ü<X˚ y¯ T˚ e÷¬sÿ{Ÿ
∫Á‘·+. 7.10 : bHé.ôV≤#Y.`8˝À n‘·´edüs¡ |ü_¢ø˘ bò˛Héã÷‘Y (n+>∑&ç / ãC≤s¡T). ¬s+&ÉT <˚XÊ\ eT<Ûä´ »]π> yêDÏC≤´ìï
n+‘·sê®rj·T yêDÏ»´+ n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ düeTTÁ<ä, yêj·TT ˝Ò<ë
Ädæj÷· ˝À ñqï n‹ô|<ä› f…*ø±+ HÓ{ŸesYÿ\˝À uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ ¯ uÛÑ÷ e÷sêZ\ <ë«sê »s¡>∑e#·TÃ. kÕúìø£ yêDÏ»´+ q>∑sê\T,
HÓ{ŸesYÿ ˇø£{.Ï |ü≥Dº ÁbÕ+‘ê\qT $TqVü‰sTTùdÔ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ ˝Àì |ü≥ºD≤\T eT]j·TT Á>±e÷\˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·T+&É>±, sêÁwüº kÕúsTT
eT÷&ç+≥ ¬s+&ÉT e+‘·T\ ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe Á>±e÷\T Ç|üŒ{Ïπø yêDÏ»´+ ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe sêÁcÕº\ eT<Ûä´
düuŸôd’ÿ èãsY Á≥+ø˘ &Éj·T*+>¥ (STD) f…*bò˛Hé kÂø£s¡´+ ø£*– »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. ˇø£ <˚X+¯ jÓTTø£ÿ n+‘·sê®rj·T yêDÏ»´ |ü⁄s√>∑‹
ñHêïsTT. πøåÁ‘·kÕúsTT qT+&ç ô|’ kÕúsTTøÏ düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕsêìï <ëì Ä]úø£ |ü]|ü⁄wæºøÏ dü÷∫ø£. ø±ã{Ϻ Ç~ ˇø£ <˚XÊìøÏ Ä]úø£
ã˝Àù|‘·+ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ <˚X¯+˝Àì Á|ü‹ Á>±e÷ìøÏ ø=\e÷q+>± |ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~.
Çs¡yÓ’ Hê\T>∑T >∑+≥\bÕ≥T STD kÂø£sê´ìï $düÔ]+#·&ÜìøÏ eqs¡T\≈£î ÁbÕ<˚•ø£ |ü]$T‘·T\T ñqï+<äTq, n+‘·sê®rj·T
yêDÏ»´+ ˝Ò≈î£ +&Ü @ <˚X+¯ eTqT>∑&É kÕ–+#·<Tä . m>∑TeT‘·T\T,
Á|ü‘˚´ø£ @sêŒ≥T #˚dæ+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ n+‘·{≤ ˇπø $<ÛäyÓTÆq ~>∑TeT‘·T\T yêDÏ»´+˝À uÛ≤>±\T. ˇø£ <˚X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ m>∑TeT‹
STD kÂø£sê´\T ñHêïsTT. n_Ûeè~∆ #Ó+~q n+‘·]ø£å $C≤„Hêìï eT]j· T T ~>∑ T eT‘· T \ eT<Û ä ´ e´‘ê´dü + <ëì yêDÏ » ´
düe÷#ês¡ kÕ+πø‹ø£‘·≈£î nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·&É+ <ë«sê Ç~ düeT‘·T\´‘·qT dü÷∫düTÔ+~. m>∑TeT‹ $\Te ~>∑TeT‘·T\
kÕ<Û´ä eTsTT+~. $\TeqT $T+∫b˛sTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT, <ëìì nqT≈£L\yÓTÆq yêDÏ»´
kÕeT÷Væ≤ø£ düe÷#ês¡ Á|ükÕs¡+ $H√<ëìï n+~dü÷Ô $$<Ûä dü+‘·T\q+ n+{≤s¡T. BìøÏ $s¡T<ä∆+>± ~>∑TeT‘·T\ $\Te
C≤rj·T ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\T, $<ÛëHê\ >∑T]+∫ eT]+‘· ne>±Vü≤q m>∑TeT‘·T\ $\TeqT $T+∫ ñ+fÒ, <ëìì yêDÏ»´ Á|ü‹≈£L\
ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. Ç+<äT˝À πs&çjÓ÷, f…*$»Hé, yêsêÔ |üÁ‹ø£\T, dü+‘·T\q+ nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
e÷´>∑C…’qT¢, |ü⁄düÔø±\T, #·\q∫Á‘ê\T ñHêïsTT. Ä˝Ÿ Ç+&çj·÷ uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ Á|ü|+ü #·+˝Àì nìï Á|ü<ëÛ q yêDÏ»´ $uÛ≤>±\T
eT]j·TT nìï uÛÖ>√[ø£ ÁbÕ+‘ê\‘√ yêDÏ»´ dü+ã+<Ûë\qT
πs&çjÓ÷ (Äø±X¯yêDÏ) <˚X¯+˝Àì $$<Ûä ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À $düÔ]+∫
ø£*– ñ+~. uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ qT+&ç Ç‘·s¡ <˚XÊ\≈£î m>∑TeT‹
ñqï $$<Ûä esêZ\ Á|ü»\ ø√dü+ C≤rj·T, ÁbÕ+rj·T, kÕúìø£ #˚jT· ã&˚ edüTeÔ ⁄\˝À s¡‘êï\T eT]j·TT ÄuÛsÑ D¡ ≤\T, s¡kÕj·THê\T
uÛ≤wü\˝À $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\qT Á|ükÕs¡+ #˚dTü +Ô ~. C≤rj·T eT]j·TT yê{Ï dü+ã+~Û‘· ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T, e´ekÕj·T eT]j·TT
f…*$»Hé #ÛêHÓ˝Ÿ nsTTq ª<ä÷s¡<äs¡ÙHéμ Á|ü|ü+#·+˝Àì n‹ ô|<ä› e´ekÕj·÷qTã+<Ûä ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ ñHêïsTT.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 161
 The commodities imported to India tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism
include petroleum crude and products, and business tourism.
gems and jewellery, chemicals and related
products, base metals, electronic items, There is a vast potential for development of
machinery, agriculture and allied products. tourism in all parts of the country. Efforts are
India has emerged as a software giant at the being made to promote different types of
international level and it is earning large tourism for this upcoming industry.
foreign exchange through the export of
information technology.
On the map of India show important tourist
Tourism as a Trade places of your State/UT and its connectivity
Tourism in India has grown substantially over with other parts of the country by railways/
the last three decades. roadways/airways.
More than 15 million people are directly Discuss in the class:
engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism also • What type of tourism may be developed in
promotes national integration, provides your state/UT and why?
support to local handicrafts and cultural • Which areas in your state/UT you find more
pursuits. It also helps in the development of attractive for development of tourism and why?
international understanding about our culture • How tourism may be helpful for the economic
and heritage. Foreign tourists visit India for development of a region adopting sustainable
heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure development approach?

Prepare a project on the heritage tourism in India.

*Source: Annual Report 2016–17, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.

162 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ ÊìøÏ ~>∑TeT‹ nj˚T´ edüTeÔ ⁄\˝À ô|Á{À*j·T+, kÕ+düÿ è‹ø£ |üsê´≥ø£+, yÓ’<ä´ |üsê´≥ø£+ eT]j·TT yêDÏ»´
eTT&ç #·eTTs¡T yê{Ï ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T, s¡‘êï\T eT]j·TT ÄuÛÑs¡D≤\T, |üsê´≥ø£+ ø√dü+ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚XÊìï dü+<ä]ÙkÕÔs¡T.
s¡kÕj·THê\T eT]j·TT dü+ã+~Û‘· ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\T, eT÷\ ˝ÀVü‰\T, <˚X+¯ ˝Àì nìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À |üsê´≥ø£ n_Ûe~∆øÏ $kÕÔsy¡ TÓ qÆ
m\Áø±ºìø˘ edüTÔe⁄\T, j·T+Á‘ê\T, e´ekÕj·T+ eT]j·TT neø±XÊ\T ñHêïsTT. n_Ûeè~∆ #Ó+<äT‘·Tqï á |ü]ÁX¯eT ø√dü+
e´ekÕj· ÷ qTã+<Û ä ñ‘· Œ ‘· T Ô \ T ñHêïsTT. uÛ ≤ s¡ ‘ · < ˚ X ¯ + $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ |üsê´≥ø±\qT Áb˛‘·‡Væ≤+#·&ÜìøÏ Á|üj·T‘êï\T
n+‘·sê®rj·T kÕúsTT˝À kÕ|òtºy˚sY (neT÷s¡Ô kÕ<Ûäq+) ~>∑Z»+>± »s¡T>∑T‘·THêïsTT.
Ä$s¡“¤$+∫, düe÷#ês¡ kÕ+πø‹ø£ m>∑TeT‹ <ë«sê ô|<ä› m‘·TÔq
$<˚o e÷s¡ø£ Á<äyê´ìï Ä]®k˛Ô+~. ø£è‘·´+
uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯ |ü≥+˝À MT sêÁwüº+/ πø+Á<äbÕ*‘· ÁbÕ+‘·+ jÓTTø£ÿ
ˇø£ yê´bÕs¡+>± |üsê´≥ø£+ eTTK´yÓTqÆ |üsê´≥ø£ Á|ü<X˚ Ê\qT eT]j·TT <˚X+¯ ˝Àì Ç‘·s¡ ÁbÕ+‘ê\‘√
>∑‘· eT÷&ÉT <äXÊu≤›\T>± uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À |üsê´≥ø£+ s¬ ˝’ «Ò \T/s√&éy\˚ T/yêj·TTe÷sêZ\ <ë«sê <ëì dü+<Ûëj·Tø£‘q· T #·÷|ü+&ç.
>∑D˙j·T+>± n_Ûe~∆ #Ó+~+~. ‘·s¡>∑‹˝À #·]Ã+#·+&ç:
15 $T*j·Tq¢≈£î ô|’>± Á|ü»\T |üsê´≥ø£ |ü]ÁX¯eT˝À  MT sêÁwü+º / øπ +Á<äbÕ*‘· ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À @ s¡øy£ TÓ qÆ |üsê´≥ø±ìï
Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± ñbÕ~Û bı+<äT‘·THêïs¡T. |üsê´≥ø£+ C≤rj·T n_Ûe~∆ #˚j·Te#·TÃ? m+<äT≈£î?
düeTÁ>∑‘·qT ≈£L&Ü Áb˛‘·‡Væ≤dü÷Ô, kÕúìø£ Vü≤düÔø£fi¯\T, kÕ+düÿ‹ø£  MT sêÁwü+º / øπ +Á<äbÕ*‘· ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì @ ÁbÕ+‘ê\T |üsê´≥ø£
ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\≈£î eT<䛑·TìdüTÔ+~. Ç~ eTq dü+düÿ ‹ eT]j·TT n_Ûe~∆øÏ eT]+‘· Äø£s¡¸D°j·T+>± ñHêïsTT eT]j·TT
yês¡dü‘·«+ >∑T]+∫ n+‘·sê®rj·T+>± ne>±Vü≤q ô|s¡>∑&ÜìøÏ m+<äT≈£î?
≈£L&Ü düVü‰j·T|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. $<˚o |üsê´≥≈£î\T yês¡dü‘·«  düTdæúsê_Ûe~∆ $<ÛëHêìï ne\+_dü÷Ô ˇø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+ jÓTTø£ÿ
|üsê´≥ø£+, |üsê´es¡D |üsê´≥ø£+, kÕVü≤dü |üsê´≥ø£+, Ä]úø±_Ûe~∆øÏ |üsê´≥ø£+ m˝≤ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~?

uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À yês¡dü‘·« |üsê´≥ø£+ ô|’q ÁbÕC…≈£îº dæ<ä∆+ #˚j·T+&ç

* eT÷\+: yê]¸ø£ ìy˚~ø£ 2016 - 17, yêDÏ»´+ eT]j·TT |ü]ÁX¯eT\ eT+Á‹‘·« XÊK, uÛ≤s¡‘· Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 163
 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-
west corridor?
(a) Mumbai and Nagpur (c) Mumbai and Kolkata
(b) Silchar and Porbandar (d) Nagpur and Siligudi
(ii) Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
(a) Railways (c) Pipeline
(b) Roadways (d) Waterways
(iii) Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?
(a) Madhya Pradesh (c) Gujarat
(b) Maharashtra (d) Uttar Pradesh
(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well-
protected port along the east coast?
(a) Chennai (c) Tuticorin
(b) Paradwip (d) Vishakhapatnam
(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation
in India?
(a) Pipeline (c) Roadways
(b) Railways (d) Airways
(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or
more countries?
(a) Internal trade (c) External trade
(b) International trade (d) Local trade
2 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) State any three merits of roadways.
(ii) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of
transportation?
(iii) What is the significance of the border roads?
(iv) What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international
and local trade?
3 . Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the
lifelines of a nation and its economy?
(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last
fifteen years.

QUIZ DRIVE
1 . Northern terminal of the North-south corridor.
2 . The name of National Highway No.2.
3 . The headquarter of the southern railway zone.
4 . The rail gauge with a track width of 1.676 m.
5 . The southern terminal of the National Highway No.7.
6 . A Riverine Port.
7 . Busiest railway junction in Northern India.

164 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T nuÛ≤´düeTT\T
1. ãVüQfi¯ m+|æø£ Á|üX¯ï\T.
(i) ‘·÷s¡TŒ-|ü•ÃeT ø±]&ÜsY <ë«sê á ÁøÏ+~ @ ¬s+&ÉT düT<ä÷s¡ Á|ü<˚XÊ\T nqTdü+<Ûëì+#·ã&ç ñHêïsTT?
(m) eTT+u…’ eT]j·TT Hê>∑|üPsY (dæ) eTT+u…’ eT]j·TT ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê
(_) dæ˝≤ÃsY eT]j·TT b˛sYã+<äsY (&ç) Hê>∑|üPsY eT]j·TT dæ*>∑T&ç
(ii) s¡yêD≤ qcÕº\T eT]j·TT C≤bÕ´\qT @ s¡yêD≤ $<Ûëq+ ‘·–ZdüTÔ+~?
(m) ¬s’˝Ò«\T (dæ) >=≥º|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\T (ô|’|ü⁄˝…’qT)
(_) s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T (&ç) »\e÷sêZ\T
(iii) øÏ+~ sêÁcÕº\˝À @~ ôV≤#Y.$.C…. ô|’|t˝…’Hé‘√ nqTdü+<Ûëq+ ø±˝Ò<äT?
(m) eT<Ûä´Á|ü<˚XŸ (dæ) >∑T»sê‘Y
(_) eTVü‰sêÁwüº (&ç) ñ‘·Ôs¡ Á|ü<˚XŸ
(iv) øÏ+~ z&Éπse⁄˝À¢ ‘·÷s¡TŒ rs¡+ yÓ+ã&ç n‘·´+‘· ˝À‘Ó’q uÛÑ÷|ü]y˚wæ‘ º · eT]j·TT düTs¡øÏå‘·yÓTÆq z&Éπse⁄
@~?
(m) #ÓHÓ’ï (dæ) ≥÷´{Ïø√]Hé
(_) bÕs¡B«|t (&ç) $XÊK|ü≥ï+
(v) øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤ $<Ûëq+ @~?
(m) >=≥º|ü⁄ e÷sêZ\T (ô|’|ü⁄˝…’qT) (dæ) s√&ÉT¶ e÷sêZ\T
(_) ¬s’\T e÷sêZ\T (&ç) yêj·TTe÷sêZ\T
(vi) ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe <˚XÊ\ eT<Ûä´ yêDÏC≤´ìï $e]+#·&ÜìøÏ ÁøÏ+~ |ü<ë\˝À <˚ìì
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+?
(m) n+‘·s¡Z‘· yêDÏC´+ (dæ) u≤Vü≤´ yêDÏC´+
(_) n+‘·sê®rj·T yêDÏC´+ (&ç) kÕúìø£ yêDÏC´+
2. øÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 30 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.
(i) s¡Vü≤<ë] e÷sêZ\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q @yÓ’Hê eT÷&ÉT ˝≤uÛ≤\qT ù|s=ÿq+&ç.
(ii) ¬s’\T s¡yêD≤ mø£ÿ&É n‘·´+‘· nqT≈£L\yÓTÆq s¡yêD≤ kÕ<Ûäq+? m+<äT≈£î?
(iii) dü]Vü≤<äT› s√&É¢ ÁbÕeTTK´‘· @$T{Ï?
(iv) yêDÏC´+ n+fÒ @$T{Ï? n+‘·sê®rj·T eT]j·TT kÕúìø£ yêDÏC≤´\ eT<Ûä´ ‘˚&Ü @$T{Ï?

3. ÁøÏ+~ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î <ë<ë|ü⁄ 120 |ü<ë\˝À düe÷<ÛëHê\T sêj·T+&ç.

(i) s¡yêD≤ eT]j·TT düe÷#ês¡ kÕ<ÛäHê\qT <˚X¯+ eT]j·TT <ëì Ä]úø£ e´edüú jÓTTø£ÿ JeHê&ÉT\T nì
m+<äT≈£î |æ\TkÕÔs¡T?
(ii) >∑‘· |ü~ùV≤H˚fi¯¢˝À e÷s¡T‘·Tqï n+‘·sê®rj·T yêDÏ»´ dü«uÛ≤e+ô|’ ˇø£ $es¡D sêj·T+&ç.

øÏ«CŸ Á&Ó’yé
1. ñ‘·Ôs¡-<äøÏåD ø±]&ÜsY jÓTTø£ÿ ñ‘·Ôs¡ ∫e] ÁbÕ+‘·+.
2. C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ë] q+.2 ù|s¡T.
3. <äøÏåD ¬s’˝Ò« eT+&É\+ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü<Ûëq πø+Á<ä+.
4. 1.676 MT≥s¡¢ Á{≤ø˘ yÓ&É\TŒ‘√ ñqï ¬s’\T π>CŸ.
5. C≤rj·T s¡Vü≤<ë] HÓ+.7 jÓTTø£ÿ dü<äs¡Hé f…]àq˝Ÿ ∫e] ÁbÕ+‘·+.
6. ˇø£ q~ Ä<Ûë]‘· z&Éπse⁄.
7. ñ‘·Ôs¡ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝À n‘·´+‘· s¡B›>± ñ+&˚ ¬s’˝Ò« »+ø£åHé.
düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 165
 ACTIVITY
Start your search vertically, horizontally or diagonally and reach various
destinations across the country!

S H E R S H A H S U R I M A R G

A R T P R N X E L A T A D L A Y

J M M X I P O R A Y M P G H T X

Y C H E N N N A I I K M C A I M

O D C D A L M C S O T P O R C P

A P T R G S K J M J L E A N E R

R A E T A J P O R M W M A S X O

I L S B R O A D G A U G E L O T

A S N L C M E C U K Z M A A J E

L M U G H A L S A R A I B S N A

G O E T V R A Y F T O R E A J M

K Q A I P M N Y R Y A Y H L I N

Q K O L K A T A E U I T W B E A

N I T N K D E M O U R P N P J D

166 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

 ø£è‘·´+
MT XÀ<Ûqä qT ì\Te⁄>±, n&É+¶ >± ˝Ò<ë $ø£s+í¡ >± ÁbÕs¡+_Û+#·+&ç eT]j·TT <˚Xy¯ ê´|ü+Ô >± >∑\ $$<Ûä >∑eT´kÕúHê\≈£î
#˚s¡Tø√+&ç!

S H E R S H A H S U R I M A R G

A R T P R N X E L A T A D L A Y

J M M X I P O R A Y M P G H T X

Y C H E N N N A I I K M C A I M

O D C D A L M C S O T P O R C P

A P T R G S K J M J L E A N E R

R A E T A J P O R M W M A S X O

I L S B R O A D G A U G E L O T

A S N L C M E C U K Z M A A J E

L M U G H A L S A R A I B S N A

G O E T V R A Y F T O R E A J M

K Q A I P M N Y R Y A Y H L I N

Q K O L K A T A E U I T W B E A

N I T N K D E M O U R P N P J D

düeTø±©q uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+ – II C≤rj·T Ä]úø£ e´edüú JeHê&ÉT\T 167

 Appendix-I
Websites you can se e
Bombay Natural History Society: http://www.bnhs.org/
Birding in India and South Asia: http://www.birding.in/
Website of Project Tiger: http://projecttiger.nic.in/

Nature Conservation Foundation: http://www.ncf-india.org/

Wildlife Conservation Society of India: http://www.wildlife.in/
Wildlife Trust of India: http://www.wildlifetrustofindia.org/

Kalpavriksh Environment Action Group: http://www.kalpavriksh.org/

Down to Earth Magazine: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/
Centre for Environment Education, India: http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/index.html
World Steel Association : http://www.worldsteel.org

168 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

 Appendix-II
Steel Plants Year of E stablishment
Establishment Collaborating Location
Country

IISCO 1870-1913 (Private initially) (Nationalised Kulti and

in 1972) Burnpur (W.B.)
TISCO 1907 (Private ownership) Jamshedji Tata Jamshedpur
(Jharkhand)
VISL 1923 Private as MISCO Nationalised later Bhadravati
(Karnataka)
Bhilai 1959 (Public Sector) Soviet Union Bhilai (M.P.)
Bokaro 1972 (Public Sector) Soviet Union Bokaro
(Jharkhand)
Durgapur 1959 (Public Sector) U.K. Durgapur (W.B.)
Rourkela — (Public Sector) Germany Rourkela
(Odisha)
Vishakhapatnam — (Public Sector) — Vishakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
Salem — (Public Sector) — Salem (T. Nadu)
Vijay Nagar — Public Sector — Karnataka

ÇqTeTT eT]j·TT @s¡Œ&çq dü+e‘·‡s¡+ düV‰ü ø±s¡+ n+~+∫q Á|ü<˚X¯+

ñ≈£îÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT <˚X+¯
Çk˛ÿ (IISCO) 1870-1913 (yÓTT<ä{>Ï ± Áô|y’ ≥
˚ T s¡+>∑+˝À) 1972˝À C≤rj·T+ ≈£î*Ô eT]j·TT ãs¡ï|üPsY
#˚j·T&É+ »]–+~. (|ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ)
{Ïk˛ÿ(TISCO ) 1907 Áô|’y˚≥T j·÷»e÷q´+˝À
C…+ôw&é õ {≤{≤ C…+ôw&é |üPsY (C≤s¡â+&é)
$k˛ÿ (VISL) 1923 ˝À Áô|’y˚≥T s¡+>∑+˝À kÕú|üq.
Ä ‘·sê«‘· C≤rj·T+
_Û˝≤jYT $Tk˛ÿ (MISCO) e÷s¡TŒ. #˚j·T&É+ »]–+~. uÛÑÁ<ëe‹ (ø£sêí≥ø£)
1959 (Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À ) k˛$j·T{Ÿ j·TTìj·THé _Û˝≤jYT (eT<Ûä´ Á|ü<˚XŸ)
u§ø±s√õ
1972 (Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À ) k˛$j·T{Ÿ j·TTìj·THé
<äTsêZ|Pü sYõ u§ø±s√ (C≤s¡â+&é)
1959 (Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À ) j·T÷.¬ø(UK) <äTsêZ |üPsY (|ü•ÃeT u…+>±˝Ÿ)
s¡÷s¬ ÿ\õ 1959 (Á|üuÛÑT‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À ) »s¡à˙
$XÊK|ü≥ï+ s¡÷¬sÿ\ (ˇ&çdü)
Á|üuTÑÛ ‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À $XÊK |ü≥ï+ (Ä.Á|ü)
ùd\+ Á|üuTÑÛ ‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À ùd\+ (‘·$Tfi¯Hê&ÉT )
$»jYT q>∑sY Á|üuTÑÛ ‘·« s¡+>∑+˝À ø£sêí≥ø£
A PPENDIX 169
 Glossary

Anticline: A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.

Gross Domestic Product

Product:: It is a monetary measure of the value of goods and services
produced within a natural economy at a given period of time. Normally it is one year.

Gross Value Added (G

Value VA): The GVA is estimated from GDP by adding subsidies on
(GV
production and substracting indirect taxes.

Geologist: A scientist who studies the composition, structure and history of the
earth.

Geothermal Gradient: The gradual increase in temperature with depth in the

crust. The average is 30°C per kilometer in the upper crust.

Humus: Dead and decayed organic matter adds to the fertility of the top soil.

Igneous Rocks: Rocks which have solidified from molten magma.

Manganese N odules: A type of sediment scattered on the ocean floor, consisting

Nodules:
mainly of manganese and iron, and usually containing small amounts of copper,
nickel and cobalt.

Metamorphic Rocks: Rocks which were originally igneous or sedimentary, but have
changed in character and appearance.

Oil Trap: A geological structure that allows for significant amounts of oil and gas to
accumulate.

Rock: A consolidated mixture of minerals

Sedimentary Rocks: Rocks which have been deposited as beds and layers of
sediments.

170 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

 |ü<äø√X¯+

düÔØø£]+∫q •\ (j·÷+{Ïø˘˝…’Hé): neπøå|üD bıs¡\˝À ˇø£ e+|ü⁄ì b˛* ñ+&˚ eT&É‘·.

dü÷ú\ <˚ojÓ÷‘·Œ‹Ô: ˇø£ ì]›wüº ø±\+˝À, kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± Ç~ ˇø£ dü+e‘·‡s¡+˝À <˚X¯ düVü≤» Ä]úø£ e´edüú˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô
#˚j·Tã&çq edüTÔe⁄\T eT]j·TT ùde\ $\Te jÓTTø£ÿ Á<äe´ ø=\‘·.
dü÷ú\ $\Te Ä<Ûë]‘·+ (GVA): ñ‘·Œ‹Ôô|’ dü_‡&û\qT CÀ&ç+#·&É+ eT]j·TT |üs√ø£å |üqTï\qT rdæy˚j·T&É+ <ë«sê,
dü÷ú\ $\Te Ä<Ûë]‘·+( GVA ) dü÷ú\ <˚ojÓ÷‘·Œ‹Ô (GDP) qT+&ç n+#·Hê y˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·T+~.
uÛÑ÷$C≤„q XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô: uÛÑ÷$T ≈£Ls¡TŒ, ìsêàD+ eT]j·TT #·]Á‘·qT n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚ùd XÊÁdüÔy˚‘·Ô.
uÛÑ÷ñwüí Á|üeD‘·: uÛÑ÷|ü≥\+(Áø£dtº)˝À ˝À‘·T b˛j˚T ø=\~ m>∑Te uÛÑ÷|ü≥\+˝À øÏ˝ÀMT≥s¡T≈£î dü>∑≥Tq 30°C
ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·˝À Áø£eT+>± ô|s¡T>∑T<ä\.
VüA´eTdt: yÓTTø£ÿ eT]j·TT »+‘·T |ü<ës¡ú+ #·ìb˛sTTq eT]j·TT ≈£î[flq ùd+Á~j·T |ü<ës¡ú+. Ç~ H˚\ jÓTTø£ÿ
dü+‘êH√‘·Œ‹ÔøÏ ‘√&ÉŒ&ÉT‘·T+~.
n–ï •\\T : ø£]–q •˝≤Á<äe+ qT+&ç |òüT˙uÛÑ$+∫q •\\T.
e÷+>∑˙dt ãT&Óù| (H√&É÷´˝Ÿ‡) : düeTTÁ<ä|ü⁄ n&ÉT>∑TuÛ≤>∑+˝À #Ó˝≤¢#Ó<äTs¡T>± ñqï ˇø£ s¡ø£yÓTÆq neπøå|ü+, Ç+<äT˝À
Á|ü<Ûëq+>± e÷+>∑˙dt eT]j·TT ÇqTeTT ñ+{≤sTT eT]j·TT kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ∫qï yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À sê–, ì¬ø˝Ÿ eT]j·TT
ø√u≤˝Ÿº ñ+{≤sTT.
s¡÷bÕ+‘·s¡ •\\T: •\\T yêdüyÔ êìøÏ n–ï ˝Ò<ë neπø|å +ü >± ñ+&˚$, ø±˙ bÕÁ‘· eT]j·TT s¡÷bÕìï e÷]q≥Te+{Ï$.
#·eTTs¡T ñ#·Tà (ÄsTT˝Ÿ Á{≤|t) : >∑D˙j·TyÓTqÆ yÓTT‘·+Ô ˝À #·eTTs¡T eT]j·TT yêj·TTe⁄ ù|s¡T≈£îb˛e&ÜìøÏ nqT≈£L\yÓTqÆ
uÛÖ>√[ø£ ìsêàD+.
•˝≤: KìC≤\ @ø°ø£‘· $TÁX¯eT+
neπøå|üD •\\T: |ü&Éø£\T eT]j·TT neπøåbÕ\ bıs¡\T>± ù|s¡T≈£îb˛sTTq sêfi¯ó¢.

A PPENDIX 171
Class X

Suggested Pedagogical Processes Learning Outcomes

The learners may be provided with The learner —
opportunities individually or in groups
and encouraged to —
y collect different soil samples from the y recognises and retrieves facts,
surroundings; recognise them with figures, and narrate, processes, for
the help of their colour, texture, and example,
composition; relate them with the ƒ identifies different types of
geographical areas of India shown on soil, minerals, renewable and
the map; study the process of formation non-renewable energy resources, etc.
of these soils. ƒ locates areas or regions known for
y locate them on different types of maps production of coal, iron ore, petroleum,
of India such as, political, physical rice, wheat, tea, coffee, rubber, and
and outline map, wall map, and atlas; cotton textile on the map of India.
list and label places or areas where ƒ defines important terms in
different agricultural crops, minerals, Geography such as, resource,
etc., are produced. renewable and non-renewable
y use tactile maps for students with resources, subsistence agriculture,
visual impairments. plantation, shifting agriculture,
y find the meaning of resources, environmental protection, and
subsistence agriculture, plantation, environmental sustainability.
etc., from any dictionary of Geography. ƒ defines basic Economic terms
y read different sources and discover the associated with economic
course of the Indian national movement development such as, human
till India’s independence. capital, sustainable development,
y get familiarised with the concepts of gross domestic product, gross value
nation and nationalism. added, per capita income, human
y acquaint with the writings and ideals development index, multinational
of different social, political groups and company, foreign trade, liberalisation
individuals. and foreign investment.
y collect the details of social groups which ƒ lists different forms of money and
joined the Non-Cooperation Movement sources of credit, rights of consumers.
of 1921. ƒ recalls names, places, dates,
y draw a timeline on significant events of and people associated with
India’s national movement. some important historical events
and developments such as the
y collect the details of major languages of
French Revolution, nationalism,
India and the number of persons who
industrialisation, globalisation, and
speak those languages from the latest
urbanisation.
reports of Census of India and discuss.
ƒ defines terms and concepts such
y read the Indian Constitution and
as, nationalism, colonialism,
discuss various parts in it.
orientalism, democracy, satyagraha,
and liberty.
ƒ defines important terms such as,
federalism, diversity, religion, and
political party.

172
Learning Outcomes for Social Science
 y collect a variety of resources, for y classifies and compares events,
example, forests, water, minerals, etc., facts, data and figures, for example,
and use a variety of criteria to group ƒ classifies types of resources, minerals,
and display in the class. farming, for example, subsistence
and commercial farming.
y relate different cropping patterns in
ƒ compares areas growing rice and
India and their impact on economic
wheat on the map of India.
development and discuss in the class.
ƒ compares visuals such as, the image
y use internet to study interactive of Bharatmata with the image of
thematic maps, for example, Germania.
agriculture, minerals, energy, industry, ƒ compares European nationalism
etc., on School Bhuvan NCERT portal. with anti-colonial nationalism in
y discuss the relationship or difference countries such as, India, South
between European nationalism and America, Kenya, Indo-China.
anti-colonial nationalisms. ƒ compares per capita income of some
important countries.
y discuss industrialisation in the imperial
ƒ differentiates consumer rights.
country and in a colony.
ƒ classifies occupations and economic
y study globalisation in different contexts. activities into sectors using different
y find out about the anti-colonial criteria.
movement in any one country in South ƒ compares the powers and functions
America and compare with India’s of state and central government in
national movement based on certain India.
parameters. ƒ classifies national and regional
y collect the details of how globalisation political parties in India.
is experienced differently by different ƒ explains the terms used in political

social groups using goods and services discussions and their meaning, for
example, Gandhian, communist,
used by people in their daily lives such
secularist, feminist, casteist,
as, television, mobile phones, home communalist, etc.
appliances, etc., and discuss.
y study different types of governments
in the world — democratic, communist,
theocratic, military dictatorships, etc.
Within democracies, various forms
of governments, such as, federal and
unitary, republican and monarchy,
etc., can also be studied.
y read the functioning of state
governments ruled by different parties
or coalitions; examine their specific
features such as, slogans, agenda,
symbols, and characteristics of their
leaders.
y study the distinctive features of different
political parties.

173
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
y collect the economic details of states
and countries. For example, based on
the human development index, they
can classify a few countries. They can
also group or categorise countries on
the basis of Gross Domestic Product
(states on the basis of state domestic
product), life expectancy, and infant
mortality rates, etc.
y collect the details of economic activities,
jobs, and occupations in their
neighbourhood and group them using
a few criteria, for example, organised
and unorganised, formal and informal,
primary-secondary-tertiary, etc.
y collect data on sources of credit from
their neighbourhood — from where
people borrow and group them into
formal and informal.
y overlay thematic layers of maps on y explains cause and effect relationship
School Bhuvan NCERT portal, for between phenomena, events, and
example, distribution of rice in India their occurrence, for example,
and overlay layers of soils, annual ƒ explains factors responsible for
rainfall, relief features and swipe these production of different crops in India.
layers to establish cause and effect ƒ explains industries and their impact
relationship. on environment.
y classify different types of industries ƒ explains the cause and effect between
based on raw materials, locate them on different historical events and
the map and relate them with pollution developments such as, the impact
in nearby areas. of print culture on the growth of
y find out about the changes in print nationalism in India.
technology in the last 100 years. ƒ examines the impact of technology
Discuss the changes, why they have on food availability.
taken place and their consequences. ƒ assesses the impact of the global
y read various provisions of the Indian transfer of disease in the pre-modern
Constitution as causes, and the world in different regions of the world,
resulting political scenario as its effects. for example, in the colonisation of
For example, the independent status America.
of the judiciary effected in smooth ƒ analyses the impact of overuse of
functioning of federalism. natural resources such as, ground
y discuss (a) why a large section of India’s water and crude oil.
population depend on primary sector; ƒ analyses the change in sectoral

(b) what contributed to rapid increase composition of gross domestic

in service sector output. product.
y conduct a survey among ƒ analyses the consequences of
neighbourhood, households and collect dependence on different sources of
the reasons for their dependence on credit.
formal or informal sources of credit.

174
Learning Outcomes for Social Science
 Teachers can then organise debate on ƒ explains the policies and programmes
whether or not banks contribute to of different political parties in the
needy borrowers living in rural areas in states of India.
the class.
y collect stories of communities involved y analyses and evaluates information,
in environmental conservation from for example,
different parts of India and study them ƒ assesses the impact of conservation
from geographical perspective. of natural resources on the life
y collect and discuss the details of of people in any area in view of
people’s participation in environmental sustainable development.
conservation movements and their ƒ analyses indigenous or modern
impact on socio-cultural life of the methods of conservation of water,
region for example, Chipko and Appiko forests, wildlife, and soil.
Movements. ƒ explains victories and defeats of
y collect data from Economic Survey of political parties in general elections.
India, newspaper, magazines related ƒ evaluates various suggestions to
to gross domestic product, per capita reform democracy in India.
income, availability of credit for various
ƒ analyses texts and visuals such
households, land use, cropping pattern
as, how symbols of nationalism
and distribution of minerals in India,
in countries outside Europe are
production of cereals for different years
different from European symbols.
and convert them into pie or bar graphs
and study the pattern and display in ƒ assesses the impact of MNREGA, role

the class. of banks as a source of credit.

y familiarise with pictures, photographs, ƒ assesses the impact of globalisation

cartoons, extracts from a variety in their area, region, and local

of original sources — eye witness economy.
accounts, travel literature, newspapers ƒ analyses the contribution of different
or journals, statements of leaders, sectors to output and employment.
official reports, terms of treaties,
declarations by parties, and in
some cases contemporary stories,
autobiographies, diaries, popular
literature, oral traditions, etc., to
understand and reconstruct histories of
important historical events and issues
of India and contemporary world.
y observe and read different types of
historical sources; think of what
they communicate, and why a thing
is represented in a particular way.
Raise questions on different aspects of
pictures and extracts to allow a critical
engagement with these, i.e., visuals
of cloth labels from Manchester and
India; carefully observe these and

175
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
 answer questions like: What do they
see in these pictures? What information
do they get from these labels? Why
are images of gods and goddesses or
important figures shown in these labels?
Did British and Indian industrialists
use these figures for the same purpose?
What are the similarities or differences
between these two labels?
y study and discuss different perspectives
on diversification of print and printing
techniques; visit to a printing press to
understand the changes in printing
technology.
y critically examine the implementation
of government schemes based on
learners or their family’s experiences
such as, Mid-day meal scheme,
loan waiver schemes for farmers;
scholarships through cash transfer to
students; schemes to provide liquid
petroleum gas to low income families:
life insurance scheme for low income
families/scheme of financial support
for house construction, MUDRA, etc.
They may be guided to supplement
with data/news clippings as evidences.
y overlay maps showing distribution of y interprets, for example,
resources for example, minerals, and ƒ maps
industries on the map of India and ƒ texts
relate it with physical features of India
ƒ symbols
and climate by overlaying the layers
on School Bhuvan NCERT portal and ƒ cartoons
analyse the maps. ƒ photographs
y elaborate relationship between different ƒ posters
thematic maps using atlas. ƒ newspaper clippings
y locate places, people, regions (affected ƒ climatic regions
by various treaties such as, Treaty of ƒ changes in maps brought out by
Versailles, economic activities, etc). various treaties in Europe
y find and draw interconnections among ƒ sea and land links of the trade from
various regions and the difference India to West Asia, South East Asia
in nomenclatures of places used for and other parts of the world
various regions and places during this
period and present day, i.e., learner

176
Learning Outcomes for Social Science
 can be asked to find and draw the sea ƒ pie and bar diagrams related to
and land links of the textile trade from gross domestic product, production
India to Central Asia, West Asia and in different sectors and industries,
Southeast Asia on a map of Asia. employment and population in India
y study the political maps of the world
and India to recognise a country’s
importance and role in world politics.
y examine political maps of states,
consider their size and location and
discuss their importance in national
politics.
y locate the places in which important
multinational corporations set up their
offices and factories on the map of India
and discuss the reasons behind the
choice of location and its implication on
people’s livelihood.
y read cartoons, messages conveyed
in sketches, photographs associated
with political events and participate in
discussions.
y read demographic data, data related to
political party preferences and social
diversity.
y collect news clippings/texts from
popular magazines and journals
pertaining to developmental issues,
globalisation and sustainable
development and synthesise the details
and present in the class.
y convert tables relating to GDP, and
employment, in primary, secondary
and tertiary sectors into pie, bar and
line diagrams.
y interpret charts using a few parameters
and describe the patterns and
differences. They can refer to books,
Economic Survey of India for the latest
year and newspapers. y draws interlinkages within Social
y locate production of raw materials on Science
the map of India and relate them with ƒ analyses changes in cropping pattern,
economic activities and development of trade and culture
that area for example, coal, iron ore,
ƒ explains why only some regions of
cotton, sugarcane, etc.
India are developed
y collect information about the
ƒ analyses the impact of trade on
development of different areas of India
culture
since Independence.

177
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
y find out the linkages among various ƒ shows the linkages between economic
subjects through examples and do group development and democracy.
projects on some topics; for example,
group project on ‘Globalisation’.
Teachers may raise questions like, is
it a new phenomenon or does it have
a long history? When did this process
start and why? What are the impacts
of globalisation on primary, secondary
and tertiary activities? Does it lead to
inequality in the world? What is the
importance of global institutions? Do
these institutions play a major role in
globalisation? How do they influence
the developed countries? What do you
mean by global economy? Is economic
globalisation a new phenomenon?
Are environmental issues global
problems or local problems? How can
globalisation potentially contribute to
better environment?
y study the rate and features of economic
growth in democracies and those under
dictatorship.
y examine time series data on GDP and
other economic aspects since 1950s.
y debate on (a) How India’s freedom
struggle was related to India’s economy?
(b) Why India did not go for privatisation
of manufacturing activities after 1947?
(c) Why have developed nations started
to depend on countries such as, India
for leather and textile goods more now?
(d) Why multinational corporations
from developed nations set up their
production and assembly units in
developing countries and not in their
own countries and what are its impacts
on employment in their own countries?
y discuss on why manufacturing sector
multinational companies (Gurugram
in Haryana) and service sector
multinational companies (Bengaluru
in Karnataka) are located at specific
places — the relevance of geographic
factors.

178
Learning Outcomes for Social Science
 y collect information regarding religion, y identifies assumptions, biases,
food habits, dress, colour complexion, prejudices or stereotypes about
hair, language, pronunciation, etc., of various aspects, for example,
people living in different geographical ƒ region
regions of India. ƒ rural and urban areas
y list biases/prejudices, stereotypes ƒ food habits
against people living in different ƒ gender
geographical regions and discuss about ƒ language
these in the classroom.
ƒ idea of development
y raise questions on developments that ƒ voting behaviour
are seen as symbolising modernity,
ƒ caste
i.e., globalisation, industrialisation
ƒ religion
and see the many sides of the history
of these developments, i.e., learner can ƒ democracy

be asked: Give two examples where ƒ political parties

modern development associated with ƒ marginalised and differently abled
progress, has led to problems. Think of groups
areas related to environmental issues, ƒ globalisation and industrialisation
nuclear weapons or disease ƒ the notion of progress and modernity
y read the statements of leaders or
political parties in newspapers and
television narratives to examine the
truth, bias and prejudices. Similarly,
various demands of political parties
from time to time may also be analysed.
y reflect on why popular prejudices/
stereotypes prevail about low income
families, illiterates and persons with
low literacy levels, disabled, persons
belonging to certain socio-religious and
biological categories. Teachers may
facilitate learners to discuss their origin
and review.
y discuss the probable assumptions
behind the (a) promotion of sustainable
development practices; (b) enactment
of few national level acts such as,
Consumer Protection Act 1986; Right to
Information Act 2005; Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act 2005 and The Right of Children to
Free and Compulsory Education Act
2009. Students may need to get the
details of situation in the years when
these laws were enacted from elderly
persons, parents and teachers.

179
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
y show industrial regions on map and relate y demonstrates inquisitiveness,
it with infrastructural development of enquiry, for example, pose questions
that region. Why are industries located related to the —
nearby rivers, railways, highways, raw ƒ concentration of industries in certain

material producing areas, market, etc.? areas.

ƒ scarcity of potable water.
y show water scarcity in visuals such
ƒ role of women in the nationalist
as, snow covered areas of Kashmir,
struggles of different countries.
dry regions of Gujarat and flood prone
ƒ various aspects of financial literacy.
areas of West Bengal; learners may be
ƒ working of democracy from local to
asked to investigate reasons of water
national levels.
scarcity of each region located in
different climatic areas and prepare a
report or chart.
y answer questions like ‘Why did
various classes and groups of Indians
participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement?’ or ‘How did the Indian
National Congress respond to the
Partition of Bengal and why? and
point out to them the need to look for
supplementary literature on issues,
events, and personalities in which they
may express an interest to know more.
y participate in teacher-guided debates
on the advantages and drawbacks of
democracy.
y choose one example from economics
related with developmental issues
and collect economic information and
come out with solutions, for example,
(a) employment (is India generating
employment opportunities sufficiently?)
(b) GDP (why only service sector is able
to increase its share much more than
other sectors?), (c) financial issues (how
to improve credit access to low income
families?).
y challenge assumptions and be
motivated to come out with creative
solutions to specific social, economic or
political issues in their area, region or
state.

180
Learning Outcomes for Social Science
 y examine maps of India—(physical and y constructs views, arguments and
political), latitudinal and longitudinal ideas on the basis of collected or
extent of India, relief features, etc., given information, for example,
and come out with ideas about the ƒ natural resources and their impact
impact of these on cultural diversity on cultural diversity of any region
of the regions. ƒ historical events and personalities
y display different themes of history ƒ economic issues, such as, economic
through creatively designed activities development and globalisation
and role play on any event or personality ƒ definitions commonly available in
of their liking. textbooks for various economic
y engage in debates on interpreting concepts
different events both from historical ƒ methodology used to estimate gross
and contemporary viewpoint. domestic product, poverty and size of
y help them prepare digital, print as well the organised/unorganised sector
as audio-visual materials which can be
converted into Braille.
y participate in group discussions on
changes within rural economy in the
contemporary/modern times.
y find information from elders,
newspapers/TV reports about pollution y extrapolates and predicts events and
in water bodies such as, rivers/lakes/ phenomena, for example,
wells/ground water, etc., and foresee ƒ predicts the impact of pollution of
health issues in their neighbourhood. water, air, land and noise on human
For example, the effect of arsenic in the health.
groundwater in West Bengal. ƒ predicts natural disasters due to
y discuss the impact of deforestation on deforestation.
soil erosion in hilly areas of North East ƒ infers and extrapolates from
Region and relate them with floods and situations, such as, how artists
landslides. and writers nurture nationalist
y imagine a conversation between two sensibilities through art, literature,
persons participating in freedom struggle songs and tales.
in India. Learners answer questions, ƒ come out with answers creatively
such as, what kind of images, fiction, on the issue: (a) if India stops
folklore and songs, popular prints and importing petroleum crude oil; (b) if
symbols would they want to highlight multinational companies are closed;
with which people can identify the (c) the nature of employment in India
nation and what do all these mean to in 2050; (d) what would happen if all
them. schools and hospitals in India are
y gather information with the help of privatised?
teacher/parents/peers on exports and
imports, current employment situation,
details of schools and hospitals to see
the trend.

181
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
y collect problems related to agriculture y illustrates decision making/problem
in one’s own area and come out with solving skills, for example,
remedial measures. comes out with solutions to issues in
one’s own area such as,: (a) problems
y imagine a conversation between a
related to agriculture and transport,
British industrialist and an Indian (b) generate employment opportunities,
industrialist, who is being persuaded improve access to credit for low income
to set up a new industry. Learners in families and (c) assesses how certain
such a role play answer questions, developments in colonial India were
such as, (a) what reasons would the useful for both colonisers as well as
British industrialist give to persuade nationalists in different fields such
the Indian industrialist? and (b) what as, literature, transportation and
industries.
opportunities and benefits the Indian
industrialist is looking for?
y conduct extra-curricular activities,
daily chores in the school, sports,
cultural programmes by students to
help decision making and develop
problem solving skills.
y describe their goals in life and how they
are going to achieve them.
y review sources of credit and their
impact. They can be encouraged to
discuss various solutions for easy
access to credit with low interest rates.
y come out with new ways of generating
employment or creating new jobs.
y submit group projects suggesting the
steps to be followed in their daily life
promoting sustainable development
practices.
y discuss the work done by peer or y shows sensitivity and appreciation
differently abled persons and the need skills, for example,
to cooperate with each other. ƒ empathises with differently abled

y provide illustrative, examples, of and other marginalised sections of

conflicts on several issues, such as, the society, such as, forest dwellers,
refugees and unorganised sector
river water/dam/land, industry/
workers
forestland and forest dwellers, etc.,
ƒ appreciates political diversity
through textbooks, newspapers, etc.
ƒ appreciates cultural diversity
They may be guided to debate these
ƒ appreciates religious diversity
issues in groups and come out with
creative solutions. ƒ recognises social diversity

y read stories of real life experiences of ƒ empathises with the people who were
individuals and communities of the affected by displacement, extremism

182
Learning Outcomes for Social Science
 period, i.e., learner can imagine oneself and natural as well as human-made
as an indentured Indian labourer disasters; Indian indentured
working in the Caribbean. Based on labourers working in different
details collected from the library or countries such as, Caribbean and
through internet, learners can be Fiji.
encouraged to write a letter to family
describing their life and feelings.
y prepare posters with drawings and
pictures and make oral and written
presentation on the significance of the
non-violent struggle for swaraj.
y discuss the life around their place of
living and the school locality. Select
available local examples apart from
the relevant lessons in the textbook, to
teach sensitivity and peaceful resolution
of contentious issues.
y participate in role play on (a) challenges
faced by low income families,
disabled/elderly persons, people
suffering from pollution; (b) different
ways through which consumers are
denied their rights and challenges
faced by them to get their grievances
addressed.
y discuss the impact of wars and conflicts
on daily lives of people including
schooling in different Indian states.
y collect details of countries in which
wars and conflicts took place recently
and organise discussion on the impacts.

Suggested Pedagogical Processes in an Inclusive Setup

The curriculum in a classroom is same for everyone. This means
all students can actively participate in the classroom. There
may be some students who have learning difficulties including
language, visual-spatial or mixed processing problems. They
may require additional teaching support and some adaptation
in the curriculum. By considering the specific requirements of
children with special needs, few pedagogical processes for the
teachers are suggested below:
y Use detailed verbal descriptions of graphical representations
and pictures like maps. These can also be made tactile with
proper contrasts.
y Use models and block paintings.
y Use examples from everyday life for explaining various
facts/concepts.

183
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
y Use audio visual materials like films and videos to explain
abstract concepts; for example, discrimination, stereotyping,
etc.
y Develop embossed timeline for memorising; for example,
different historical periods.
y Organise group work involving debates, quizzes, map
reading activities, etc.
y Organise excursions, trips and visits to historical places
(educational tour).
y Involve students in exploring the environment using other
senses like smell and touch.
y Give a brief overview at the beginning of each lesson.
y Provide photocopies of the relevant key information from
the lesson.
y Highlight or underline the key points and words.
y Use visual or graphic organisers like timelines (especially for
explaining chronology of events), flow charts, posters, etc.
y Organise group work involving activities like cut and paste,
and make use of pictorial displays, models, pictures, posters,
flash cards or any visual items to illustrate the facts and
concepts.
y Plan occasions with real life experiences.
y Use films or documentaries and videos.
y Use magazines, scrapbooks and newspapers, etc., to help
learners understand the textual material.
y Draw links with what has been taught earlier.
y Make use of multisensory inputs.
y All examples given with pictures in the textbook can be
narrated (using flash cards, if required).
y While teaching the chapters, use graphic organisers,
timelines and tables as this will make the task simpler.
y Maps should be enlarged and colour coded.
y The text, along with pictures, can be enlarged, made
into picture cards and presented sequentially as a story.
Sequencing makes it easier to connect information.
y Asking relevant questions frequently to check how much the
learner has learnt as it helps in assimilating information.
y Teach and evaluate in different ways, for example, through
dramatisation, field trips, real life examples, project work,
etc.
y Highlight all the important phrases and information.
y Pictures may be labelled and captioned.

184
Learning Outcomes for Social Science