Prepared by: Zusmita May S.

Hassan
An Operating System (OS) is a
software that acts as an
interface between users of a
computer system and the
computer hardware.
The role of the OS is bridging
the gap between users and
computers.

User Operating System

Hardware
 The World without Operating Systems
Without OS, The following Steps would have to be
followed when running programs:
1. Manually load the program into memory, either from the
front panel switches, paper tape or punched cards.
2. Push appropriate buttons to load the starting address and to
start the execution of the program.

3. Monitor the execution by the display lights on the

console.
4. If there are errors, halt the program, examine the contents of
memory and registers, and debug the program directly from
the console.
5. Print or punch output onto paper tape or cards
 Significance of Operating
Systems
Without OS, you will be
required to specify which track or
portion of the diskette is free and
may be used for saving your files.
Generally, the OS provides an
environment in which a user may
execute or run programs. OS make
the computer system convenient
and easy to use.
 Functions of Operating
System
1. Controls and coordinates the use of the
hardware among various application programs
for various users.

2. OS provides the means for the proper

use of these resources in the operation of
the computer system
 Functions of Operating
System
3. The OS is like a resource provider that acts as
the manager of the resources of the computer
system (hardware and software).
4. An OS is control program that controls the
execution of user programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer.
Most Widely Used Operating System
The following are some of the most widely used
Operating Systems:
➢Disk Operating System ➢Multics
➢Macintosh Operating ➢Novell
System ➢CP/M
➢Windows Operating ➢OS/2
System
➢Unix/Linux
Computer System Startup

During computer startup, also

known as booting, the
computer performs a set of
routine activities to initialize
its devices.
Services offered of Modern
Operating System
1. Program Execution – The manner by which programs
are run in the machine and monitoring the way they
perform as coded.
2. Input/Output Operations – Processing signals coming
from inout devices to create a corresponding signal for
the use of output devices.
3. File System Manipulation/File Management –
Handling files and file system: creating, copying, moving,
renaming and deleting files and folders.
Services offered of Modern
Operating System
4. Error Detection and Protection – Monitoring
errors in systems and applications programs and
hardware, and preventing them using various
utilities.

5. Resource Allocation and Accounting – Allocating

memory for various programs and optimizing hard
disk space for better use.
 Windows OS Concepts
Windows refers to the name of the operating system
developed by the Microsoft Corporation.

Windows, the operating system, offers a Graphical

User Interface (GUI) and a Multi-User/Concurrent
Environment.

GUI – is characterized by the use of icon and graphical images

to represent objects like programs and devices.
With a Multi-User Environment, it means the ability to
provide different environment profiles to multiple users.
 Windows OS Concepts
Also, Windows may refer to rectangular areas of the screen
that serves as space for a program in execution. These
windows may occupy the whole screen or part of it.

If a window occupies the entire screen, it is said

to be maximized state. Otherwise, it is
considered a minimized window.
 LEARNING WINDOWS: A Brief
Tutorial
❖ Desktop – the main interface to a computer
system loaded with Win OS. The Desktop is
the screen itself.

❖Taskbar – normally appears below the

desktop although it may be positioned
anywhere by dragging.
The Taskbar:
Start Button – appears along the taskbar.
In opening a program you normally click
this button to open the Start Menu.

Start Menu – provides various

options for operating the computer
system.
In Start Menu:
Programs – a sub-menu that
displays Programs of the
Computer System.
Control Panel – this option is
provided for customizing the
Property settings of the Computer
System.
In Start Menu:

Find – it is a textbox where you

can find a file, folder or program
by typing the filename.
Help – provides assistance to users
having difficulties on working with
programs or with the OS environment
itself.
❖ Icons – are small graphical
images that represent objects
like files, folders, programs,
devices and shortcuts.

Note: A small arrow at the bottom

of the icon identifies shortcuts.
 The following are the most
common desktop icons:
My Computer – provides the ability to
browse (look through) the components
of the computer system.
Recycle Bin – this is actually a storage space for files
or folders temporarily deleted. Later, a deleted
object may be restored or permanently deleted, if
desired.
Shortcuts – are icons in the
desktop that serve as quick
references to commonly used files
and folders or devices. Instead of
browsing the file system every
time you need access to a file, a
shortcut may simply be double-
clicked.
❖Background or Wallpaper – it
is another feature in the
Graphical User Interface of the
Win OS. It may be
personalized by using your
chosen picture or image.
❖Windows – this window
refers to the rectangular piece
of the screen given to
programs.
➢Dialog Boxes – are the main
interface between users and
programs. Generally, a dialog box
provides a message or asks for
some information.
Among the parts of a dialog box are
listed below:
Text box – a long box where textual data are
entered.
Check box – enables or disables certain
capabilities.
Option Buttons – a group of labeled tiny circles that
provide choices.
Command Buttons – these buttons represent
commands that are activated when clicked. (e.g. OK,
Cancel)
Among the parts of a dialog box are listed
below:
List boxes – a space that displays a list
of related objects.
Scroll bars – There are 2 scroll bars: Vertical and
horizontal. Scroll bars are used to view/display
the remaining contents of a window.

Drop-down list boxes – appear like a text box

but contain a down-arrow button at the right.
File Management
- File management is
concerned with the proper
organization of files. The
computer organizes files in a
hierarchical fashion.
Browsing the File System
Browse/Browsing - means
opening the file system and
“walking” through the
hierarchy. We browse the
system to manage the file
system.
Files and Folders
File – is a collection of related data items in the
form of text, numbers or graphical images.
Filenames come with a variety of formats with a 3-
character extension that starts with a dot.
When a file is saved, it is given a FILENAME
that will identify its existence.
Example:
• HELLO.TXT
• GoodBYE.EXE
Folders – are placeholders of files.
Technically, a folder is considered as a file.
A folder can contain a folder that contains
another folder, and so on .

Folders are used to collectively store

related files to make the file system
organized and therefore, support fast
retrieval and access information.
In your own understanding, define the following terms in
IT language.
(Max. of 2 sentences each word)

GUI (gooey)
Files
Booting Icons
In your own understanding, define
the following terms in IT language.

Textbox Shortcuts
Start Menu
Control Panel
Browse