*

AP Calculus
Review

The Fundamental
Theorems of Calculus

Teacher Packet

AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not
involved in the production of this material.
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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 1 of 12

The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

x
I. If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt has a
a

dF d x
derivative at every point in [a, b], and =
dx dx ∫ a
f (t ) dt = f ( x) .

II. If f is continuous on [a, b], and if F is any antiderivative of f on [a, b], then
b
∫ a
f (t ) dt = F (b) − F (a) .

Note: These two theorems may be presented in reverse order. Part II is sometimes called
the Integral Evaluation Theorem.

Don’t overlook the obvious!

d a
dx ∫ a
1. f (t ) dt = 0, because the definite integral is a constant
b
2. ∫ a
f '( x) dx = f (b) − f (a)

Upgrade for part I, applying the Chain Rule

g ( x) dF d g ( x )
If F ( x) = ∫
dx dx ∫ a
f (t ) dt , then = f (t ) dt = f ( g ( x)) g ′( x) .
a

For example,
d x3
dx 2 ∫ ( 2
)
sin(t 2 ) dt = ( sin( x3 ) ( 3x 2 ) = 3x 2 sin ( x 6 )

An important alternate form for part II

b
F (b) = F (a) + ∫ f (t ) dt
a

[Think of this as: ending value = starting value plus accumulation.]

12
For example, given that ∫ 3
f '( x) dx = −4 and f (3) = 35 , find f (12) .
12
Using the alternate format, f (12) = f (3) + ∫ f '( x) dx = 35 + (−4) = 31.
3

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 2 of 12

Sample Problems

Multiple Choice – No Calculator

d x
dx ∫ 2
1. ln t dt =
1
(A) ln x (B) ln 2 (C)
x

1
(D) (E) ln x – ln 2
2

πx
2. If g ( x) = ∫ cos(t 2 ) dt , then g ′( x) =
π

(A) sin (π 2 x 2 ) (B) π x sin (π 2 x 2 ) (C) π x cos (π 2 x 2 )

(D) cos (π 2 x 2 ) (E) π cos (π 2 x 2 )

d 4
dx ∫ sin x
3. 1 + t 2 dt =

(A) 1 + sin 2 x (B) − cos x 1 + sin 2 x (C) − 1 + sin 2 x

(D) cos x 1 + sin 2 x (E) 1 + cos 2 x

10
4. If f has two continuous derivatives on [5, 10], then ∫ 5
f "(t ) dt =
(A) f ′′′(10) − f ′′′(5) (B) f (10) − f (5) (C) f ′(10) − f ′(5)

(D) f ′′(10) − f ′′(5) (E) f ′′(5) − f ′′(10)

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 3 of 12

5. The graph of f is given, and g is an antiderivative of f. If g (3) = 6 , find g (0) .

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 10

x
6. The graph of f is given. F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt
0

Which of the following statements is true?

(A) F decreases on (1, 2).
(B) F has a relative minimum at x = 2
(C) F decreases on (2, 4)
(D) F has a relative maximum at x = 1.
(E) F has a point of inflection at x = 4.

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 4 of 12

d x2
dx ∫ x
7. tan(t ) dt =

(A) tan ( x 2 ) − tan x (B) tan x − tan ( x 2 )

(C) tan x − 2 x tan ( x 2 ) (D) 2 x tan ( x 2 ) − tan x
(E) sec 2 ( x 2 ) − sec 2 x

e ⎛ 5⎞
8. ∫ 1 ⎜ x − ⎟ dx =
⎝ x⎠

1 2 11 1 2 9 11
(A) e − (B) e − (C) e 2 −
2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 11 1 2
(D) e − (E) − e
2 2 2 2

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 5 of 12

Free Response 1 – No Calculator

The graph of f is given. It consists of two line segments and a semi-circle.

x
g ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt
1

(a) Find g (0) , g (1) , and g (5) .

(b) Find g ′(2) , g ′′(2) , and g ′′′(4) or state that it does not exist.

(c) For what value(s) of x does the graph of g have a point of inflection? Justify your
answer.

(d) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of g on [0, 5]. Justify
your answer.

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 6 of 12

Multiple Choice – Calculator Allowed

x
1. If g ( x) = ∫ sin 2 t dt , then g ′(2) =
0

(A) 0 (B) 0.001 (C) 0 .173 (D) 0 .827 (E) 1.189

2
2. A car sold for $16,000 and depreciated at a rate of 2e x dollars per year. What is
the value of the car 3 years after the purchase?

(A) $206.17 (B) $2889.09 (C) $13,110.91

(D) $16,206.17 (E) $18,889.09

4
3. The graph of f is given, and F(x) is an antiderivative of f. If ∫ 2
f ( x) dx = 7.5,
find F (4) − F (0) .

(A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 7.5 (D) 12.5 (E) 18.5

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 7 of 12

4. The acceleration of an object in motion is defined by 1 + t 2 . The velocity at

t = 6 is 22. Find the velocity at t = 1.

(A) 1.414 (B) 3.654 (C) 18.346 (D) 22.023 (E) 30.346

x t2 1+ u2
5. h( x ) = ∫ 1
g (t ) dt and g (t ) = ∫
0 u
du . Find h′′(2.5) .

(A) 1.013 (B) 1.077 (C) 2.154 (D) 5.064 (E) 12.659

2 ⎧2 x 2 , − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0
6. Find ∫ −2
f ( x) dx if f ( x) = ⎨
⎩sin 2 x, 0 < x ≤ 2

(A) 0 (B) 4.507 (C) 5.403 (D) 6.161 (E) 10.667

x3
7. Let g ( x) be an antiderivative of . If g (2) = 3 , find g (6) .
ln x

(A) 120.552 (B) 123.552 (C) 208.122

(D) 211.122 (E) 214.122

2x
8. h( x ) = ∫ (ecos t − 1) dt on (3, 6). On which interval(s) is h decreasing?
0

(A) (3.927, 5.498) (B) (5.498, 6)

(C) (3, 4.712) (D) Always decreasing on (3, 6)

(E) Never decreasing on (3, 6)

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 8 of 12

Free Response – Calculator Active

x x2
Let g ( x) = ∫ (5 − 8 ln t ) dt for x > 1. Let h( x) = ∫ (5 − 8 ln t ) dt for x > 1.
1 1

(a) Write an equation of the tangent to g at x = 3.

(b) What is h′( x) ?

(c) On which open interval(s) is g decreasing? Justify your answer?

(d) Find all x values for which h has relative extrema. Label them as maximum or
minimum and justify your answer.

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 9 of 12
Key

No Calculator

1. A
2. E
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. A

Calculator Allowed

1. D
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. E
8. A

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 10 of 12

Free Response 1 – No Calculator

The graph of f is given. It consists of two line segments and a semi-circle.

x
g ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt
1

(a) Find g (0) , g (1) , and g (5) .

(b) Find g ′(2) , g ′′(2) , and g ′′′(4) or state that it does not exist.
(c) For what value(s) of x does the graph of g have a point of inflection? Justify your answer.
(d) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of g on [0, 5]. Justify your answer.

0
(a) g (0) = ∫ f (t ) dt = 2 2 pts: 1 pt g (0)
1
1
g (1) = ∫ f (t ) dt = 0 1 pt g (1) and g (5)
1

5 1
g (5) = ∫ f (t ) dt = π − 3
1 2
(b) g ′(2) = f (2) = −2 2 pts: 1 pt g ′′(2)
g ′′(2) = f ′(2) = DNE
g ′′(4) = f ′(4) = 0 1 pt g ′(2) and g ′′(4)
(c) g has a point of inflection at 2 pts: 1 pt x = 4
x = 4 because g ′ = f changes from 1 pt justification
increasing to decreasing.
(d) Candidates are x = 0, 3, 5 , the endpoints 3 pts: 1 pt for candidates
of the interval and the critical number. 1 pt evaluating candidates
1 pt for answers
g ( x)
x
20
3
-3
5
1
π −3
2
The absolute minimum value is −3.
The absolute maximum value is 2.

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 11 of 12

Free Response 1 – Calculator Allowed

x x2
Let g ( x) = ∫ (5 − 8 ln t ) dt for x > 1. Let h( x ) = ∫ (5 − 8 ln t ) dt for x > 1.
1 1

(a) Write an equation of the tangent to g at x = 3.

(b) What is h′( x) ?
(c) On which open interval(s) is g decreasing? Justify your answer?
(d) Find all x values for which h has relative extrema. Label them as maximum or minimum and
justify your answer.

(a) y + 2.354 = −3.385( x − 3) 3 pts: 1 pt g (3) = −2.354

1 pt g ′(3) = −3.385
1 pt equation
(
(b) h′( x) = 2 x 5 − 8 ln x 2 ) 2 pts for h′( x)

(c) g is decreasing where g ′( x) < 0 2 pts: 1 pt correct interval

g ′( x) = 5 − 8 ln t 1 pt justification
(1.4779, ∞)

(d) h has a relative maximum at 2 pts: 1 pt correct relative maximum

x = 1.2156 because h′ 1 pt justification
changes sign from positive to negative.

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 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
Page 12 of 12

AP Calculus Exam Connections

The list below identifies free response questions that have been previously asked on the
topic of the Fundamental Theorems of Calculus. These questions are available from the
CollegeBoard and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central.

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com.

Free Response Questions

2004 AB Question 5
2005 Form B AB Question 4
2006 AB Question 3

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