CAPE Pure Mathematics Unit 2

Module 1 – Complex Numbers and

Calculus 2
Topic: Complex Numbers
Presenter: Mr. Garth Reid
BSc Mathematics and Education (ongoing)
Student Ambassador of UTech, Ja
Email: [email protected]
 Objectives for Today
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Recognise the need to use complex numbers to find the roots of the general
quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , when b  4ac  0 .
2

Use the concept that complex roots of equations with constant coefficients occur
in conjugate pairs.

Write the roots of the equation in that case and relate the sums and products to a, b
and c .

Calculate the square root of a complex number.

 Objectives Cont’d
Express complex numbers in the form x  yi where x, y are real numbers, and
identify the real and imaginary parts.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers in the form x  yi where x
and y are real numbers.

Find the modulus and conjugate of a given complex number.

 What are complex numbers ?
A complex number is written in the form of x  yi where, x and y are real numbers
and i  1 (imaginary unit). Examples of complex numbers are 2  5i,1  7i, 8  3i .
When x  0 , we are left with yi and numbers of these types are referred to as an
imaginary number. The algebraic form of a complex number is written as x  yi .

The complex number is an expression which includes a real part and an imaginary
part which is denoted by Re  z  and Im  z  respectively, where the complex number
z  x  yi . The set of complex numbers is denoted by . You should also note
that the set of real numbers is a subset of the set of complex numbers,  .

   x  yi x, y  
 Identifying Real and Imaginary Parts
Identify the real part and imaginary part of the numbers below.

3  2i, 2  5i, 7i, 6

Solution
Re  3  2i   3, Im  3  2i   2
Re  2  5i   2, Im  2  5i   5
Re  7i   0, Im  7i   7
Re  6   6, Im  6   0
 Class Activity #1
Identify the real part and imaginary part of the numbers below.

2  9i, 4  6i, 3
2  56 i, 4  i 7
 Class Activity #1
Identify the real part and imaginary part of the numbers below.
2  9i, 4  6i, 3
2  56 i, 4  i 7

Solution
Re  2  9i   2, Im  2  9i   9
Re  4  6i   4, Im  4  6i   6
Re  23  65 i   3
2 , Im  23  65 i   5
6

 
Re 4  i 7  4, Im 4  i 7  7  
The Powers of i
i0  1
i1  i
i 2  1, note: 1  1  1
i 3  i 2  i   1  i  i
i  i 
2 2
  1  1
4 2

i 5  i 4  i  1 i  i
i 6  i 5  i  i  i  i 2  1
 Simplifying Powers of i
Simplify the following:
16 127 1032 559
i , i , i , i
Solution
i  i 
4 4
 1  1
16 4

i  i  i 
2 63
 i   1  i  1 i  i
127 126 63
i

 i 
2 516
  1 1
1032 516
i

i 559  i 558  i   i 2   i   1

279
 i   1  i  i
279
 Class Activity #2
Simplify the following:
17 24 38 47
i , i , i , i
 Class Activity #2
Simplify the following:
17 24 38 47
i , i , i , i
Solution
i17  i16  i i 24   i 2  i 38   i 2  i 47  i 46  i
12 19

 i 
4 4
i   1
12
  1
19
 i 
2 23
i
1  1
 1  i   1  i
4 23

 1 i  1 i
i  i
 An interesting question
1,000,000
What do you think the value of i is ?
Solution

i1,000,000
 i 
2 500,000

  1
500,000

1
 Equality of Complex Numbers
If x  yi  u  vi , then x  u and y  v .
Example 1:
Solve for x and y where  2 x  1   3 y  2  i  5  4i
Solution
2x 1  5 3 y  2  4
2x  6 3 y  6
x3 y  2
 Equality of Complex Numbers Cont’d
Example 2: Solve for x and y where 3 x   y  2  i   5  2 x    3 y  8  i
Solution

3x  5  2 x y  2  3y  8
3x  2 x  5 3y  y  8  2
5x  5 2y  6
x 1 y3
 Addition and Subtraction of Complex
Numbers
If z1  x  yi and z2  u  vi then:

z1  z2   x  yi    u  vi   x  yi  u  vi   x  u    y  v  i
z1  z2   x  yi    u  vi   x  yi  u  vi   x  u    y  v  i

Example 1:  2  3i    6  2i 
Solution
 2  3i    6  2i   2  3i  6  2i  8  i
 Addition and Subtraction of Complex
Numbers Cont’d
Example 2:  7  3i    6  2i 
Solution

 7  3i    6  2i   7  3i  6  2i  1  5i
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers
If z1  x  yi and z2  u  vi then:

z1 z2   x  yi  u  vi 
 ux  vxi  uyi  vyi 2
 ux   vx  uy  i  vy  1
  ux  vy    vx  uy  i
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers Cont’d
Example 1 :  2  3i  6  2i 
Solution

 2  3i  6  2i   12  4i  18i  6i 2
 12  14i  6  1
 12  6  14i
 18  14i
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers Cont’d
Example 2: i 1  i 
Solution

i 1  i   i  i 2
 i   1
 1  i
 Conjugate of a Complex Number
If z  x  yi , then the complex conjugate of z , denoted as z or z* is
written as z*  x  yi or z  x  yi .

z z   x  yi  x  yi  Example:  3  4i  3  4i    3   4
2 2
Note:
 x 2  xyi  xyi  y 2i 2  9  16
 x 2  y 2  1  25
 x2  y 2
 Division of Complex Numbers
If z1  x  yi and z2  u  vi then:
z1 x  yi Note: 1 1 x  yi
  
z2 u  vi x  yi x  yi x  yi
x  yi u  vi x  yi
   2
u  vi u  vi x  y2

 x  yi  u  vi   x   y 
 u  vi  u  vi   2 
2   2 2 
i
x y  x y 
ux  vxi  uyi  vyi 2

u 2  v2
ux   uy  vx  i  vy  1

u 2  v2


 ux  vy    uy  vx  i
u 2  v2
 ux  vy   uy  vx 
  2 2    2 2 i
u v  u v 
 Division of Complex Numbers Cont’d
2  9i
Example 5  2i
Solution
2  9i 2  9i 5  2i
 
5  2i 5  2i 5  2i
10  4i  45i  18i 2

   

2 2
5 2
10  49i  18  1

25  4
8  49i

29
8 49
  i
29 29
 Alternative Solution of Example
Solve Simultaneously:
5x  2 y  2 eqn 1
2  9i
 x  yi 2 x  5 y  9 eqn  2 
5  2i
2  9i   x  yi  5  2i 
Multiply eqn 1 by 5 and Multiply eqn  2  by 2
 5 x  2 xi  5 yi  2 yi 2 25 x  10 y  10
 5 x   5 y  2 x  i  2 y  1   4 x  10 y  18
2  9i   5 x  2 y    5 y  2 x  i 29 x = 8
2  5 x  2 y, 9  5 y  2 x  x   298

Substitute x into eqn 1 :

5   298   2 y  2
 40
29  2 y  2

2y  98
2  9i 8 49
29
   i
y 49
29
5  2i 29 29
 Class Activity #3
5 1  2i 
Find 3  4i
 Class Activity #3
Find 3  4i 
5 1  2i
5 1  2i  5  10i

Solution 3  4i 3  4i


 5  10i  3  4i 
 3  4i  3  4i 
15  20i  30i  40i 2

 3   4 
2 2

15  40  10i

9  16
55  10i

25
55 10
  i
25 25
11 2
  i
5 5
 Finding the Square Root of a Complex Number
Find 15  8i Solve Simultaneously: If x 2  16  x   16  4
8 4
Let y   4
15  8i  x  yi 2x x When x  4, y  1
4
Substitute y into eqn 1
15  8i   x  yi 
2 4
2 When x  4, y   1
4 4
x     15
2

 x 2  2 xyi  y 2i 2 x
15  8i   x 2  y 2   2 xyi 16
x 2  2  15
x  The the roots of 15  8i are 4  i or  4  i
x  y  15
2 2
eqn 1 , 2 xy  8 eqn  2  x 4  16  15 x 2
x 4  15 x 2  16  0

x  2 2
 15 x 2  16  0
Let k  x 2
k 2  15k  16  0
 k  16  k  1  0
 k  16, k  1
x 2  16, x 2  1
Note the following
Recall: i  1

4   4  1  2i
16   16  1  4i
25   25  1  5i
36   36  1  6i
 Complex Roots of a Quadratic Equation
Consider the quadratic equation x2  x  1  0 .
b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
1  1  4 11
2


2 1
1  3

2
1  3 1

2
1 3
  i
2 2
 Complex Roots of a Quadratic Equation
Cont’d
Recall from Unit 1, If the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has roots 
and  , then:

b c
   ,   and x 2      x    0
a a
x 2   sum of the roots  x  product of the roots  0

This is also true if the roots are complex numbers. So the roots will be
complex conjugates of each other.

  x  yi and   x  yi
 May/June 2016 Unit 2 Past Paper Question 1
Question: A quadratic equation is given by ax 2  bx  c  0 , where a, b, c  .
The complex roots of the equation are   1  3i and  . Calculate the
values of    and  . [3 marks]
Solution
    1  3i   1  3i 
 1  3i  1  3i
2

  1  3i 1  3i 
 1   3
2 2

 1 9
 10
 May/June 2016 Unit 2 Past Paper Question 1
Part 2
1 1
Question: Hence, show that an equation with roots  2
and
 2
is given by
10 x 2  2 x  1  0 . [6 marks]
 1 1   1  1 
x 2
   x     2     2   0
Solution    2   2   
 1 1
x2     x   0
  2 1 1   2   2  5 10
 
  10   2   2   2    2  1
x2  x   0
1
5 10
 1  1  1   4
     1 1
   2     2    2  2   4 10 50  x 2  x    0  50
 5 10 
1 24
  50 x 2  10 x  5  0
  2      4 10
2 5 is a common factor, so divide each term by 5.

1 
50 2 10 5 0
10  2  2   4 10 x  x 
1 5 5 5 5
1 
 5 10 x  2 x  1  0
2

10
QED
 Modulus(Absolute Value) of a Complex Number
Im  z 
Consider a point P on the argand diagram
representing the complex number z  x  yi .
The modulus or absolute value of the complex
P  x, y  number is:

z  x  yi  r  x 2
 y2 
z r
This result can be easily proven using the
Pythagorean theorem.

Re  z 
 Worked Examples
Find the modulus of the complex numbers 3  4i, 2  5i, 4  7i, 3  i .
Solution

 3   4   2    5      1
2
2  5i 
2 2
3  4i 
2 2
3 i 
2
4  7i   4     7  3
2 2

 9  16  4  25  16  49  3 1

 65 units  4
 25  29 units
 2 units
 5 units