Hindawi

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Volume 2023, Article ID 7616683, 30 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7616683

Review Article
Smart Home System: A Comprehensive Review

Arindom Chakraborty,1 Monirul Islam,1 Fahim Shahriyar,1 Sharnali Islam,2

Hasan U. Zaman,3 and Mehedi Hasan 3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Science and Technology Chittagong,
Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh

Correspondence should be addressed to Mehedi Hasan; [email protected]

Received 6 August 2022; Revised 9 November 2022; Accepted 15 March 2023; Published 21 March 2023

Academic Editor: Iouliia Skliarova

Copyright © 2023 Arindom Chakraborty et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Smart home is a habitation that has been outftted with technological solutions that are intended to provide people with services
that are suited to their needs. Te purpose of this article is to perform a systematic assessment of the latest smart home literature
and to conduct a survey of research and development conducted in this feld. In addition to presenting a complete picture of the
current smart home system’s (SHS) development and characteristics, this paper provides a deep insight into latest hardware and
trends. Te research then moves on to a detailed discussion of some of the important services provided by the SHS and its
advantages. Te paper also statistically discusses the current and future research trends in the SHS, followed by a detailed portrayal
of the difculties and roadblocks in implementing them. Te comprehensive overview of the SHS presented in this paper will help
designers, researchers, funding agencies, and policymakers have a bird’s-eye view of the overall concept, attributes, technological
aspects, and features of modern SHSs.

1. Introduction “smart home” is not strictly limited to human abodes. It

rather has a wider range of technological implications which
In recent years, the term smart has become synonymous include smart or intelligent habitation/living [3]. Te in-
with any technology that boasts some level of artifcial in- clusion of computer-regulated technology such as smart
telligence. Te ability to gather information from its sur- cities, smart manufacturing, and smart societies broadens
roundings and react accordingly is the essential the notion of the smart home beyond the human residence.
characteristic of smart technology [1]. With the main ob- Smart home systems (SHSs) comprise a division of
jective set as to the welfare of humanity, smart technology ecumenical computing that encompasses integrating smart
has become the main driving force for pioneering ideas such technology into homes to achieve comfort, safety, security,
as the smart home system (SHS). Due to the development of healthcare, convenience, and energy conservation [4–6]. By
smart products and services, the world has witnessed the rise ofering automated and remote home appliance control and
of device interconnectivity and information sharing, which services, smart homes provide a higher quality of life. One of
has infuenced the rapid development of smart home the main services provided by SHSs is a remote monitoring
technology globally [2]. Fueled by the advantages provided system that uses telecommunication and the Internet to ofer
by smart technology and a possible large global market, remote home control and elderly care. An SHS user can
interest in smart home technology has skyrocketed among control home appliances remotely from anywhere and can
researchers. perform tasks before arriving home. Smart sensors can
In the feld of home automation and management, the monitor home temperature and humidity and maintain an
smart home has become a very promising sector. Te term optimal atmosphere as per the user’s preference. With the
2 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

help of a smart object detection system, enhanced security researchers to provide an accurate description of the
systems for smart homes can provide better safety. specifc areas and methods followed by scholars in SHSs.
Te rapid growth of automation technology has led it to Tis work flls up the gap left by the previous reviews as
domestic service, which introduced the term “smart home.” mentioned previously by illustrating as follows:
Due to the high demand and success in the market, constant
(i) Various technological approaches used by diferent
upgrading in this sector is noticeable. To get a better un-
SHSs and their suitability
derstanding of the ongoing demand as well as the future of
this industry, predictions and analyses carried out by the (ii) Microprocessors and microcontrollers used in the
World Economic Forum (WEF) suggest that the value of this development of SHSs
industry will likely hit 13 trillion USD within 2030 [7]. (iii) Te various types of sensors used in the develop-
According to Statista, for the year of 2021, the smart home ment of SHSs
market was likely to hit 99.41 billion USD globally [8]. All the (iv) A comprehensive review and classifcation of SHSs
predictions and studies target the greater growth of smart based on numerous characteristics such as net-
home technology. As it grows, expectations are likely to be working technologies, computational approaches,
increased as well. Te smart home was considered a con- user interfaces, and services provided
venience product at the preliminary stage, but as the
(v) A thorough analysis of the data collected from the
technology grew, it turned out to be a solution of efciency,
literature
preference, and security as well. Studies have shown that
smart homes can reduce the total electricity cost, which can Te main aim of this review is to provide a collection of
greatly afect efciency [9, 10]. Even though a single unit of the most recent research advancements made in the feld of
a smart home saves very little using this technology, col- SHSs. Tis extensive review will help researchers, engineers,
lectively, the impact is greater than what it was before. Smart designers, and other people involved in the development of
homes can also play a great role in the security system of the SHSs ofering a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of
house, which is another feld with great potential. A security SHSs, along with a general idea of recent trends.
system can utilize various sensors within the smart home to Figure 1 presents the overall structure of this paper. An
ensure a safer environment [11, 12]. Te smart home can introduction and motivation for this paper are presented in
also play a great role in the ambient luxury of the home, Section 1. Te process through which the research materials
which is its biggest market. However, if implemented cor- are selected is described in Section 2. Tis process is divided
rectly, smart home technology can be properly utilized for into 3 segments: planning, review, and result. Section 3
the handicapped, elders, and patients as well [13]. presents a literature review of a few selected research articles.
Application-specifc systems such as motion and image Sections 4–6 describe the technological approaches,
recognition systems can provide an assistive technology that microcontrollers, and sensors used in the development of
can be utilized by patients with limitations due to age or SHSs by various researchers. Later sections analyze the
certain conditions [14]. Virtual reality systems are also networking technologies, user interfaces, computational
coming into play in similar cases as well [15]. methods, and services provided in SHSs. A comprehensive
A revolution in technological development caused analysis based on the reviewed factors in the previous
a mass advancement in the Internet, information, and sections is provided in the discussion section. Finally,
communication technology, which led to the develop- concluding observations have been provided in the con-
ment of better quality SHSs at a relatively lower cost. clusion section.
Interest in SHS research is at its all-time highest. Re-
search interest in SHSs has been high throughout the last
decade. However, there is a lack of collective information
2. Methodology
assortment and demonstration of the previous works Te process of assessing and elucidating all available re-
related to this feld for future research reference. Several search pertinent to a certain topic, question, subject matter,
recent review papers [16–18] provided short descriptions or occurrence in a particularly faultless way is termed
of the recent advancements in the feld of SHSs and “systematic literature review” (SLR). Te objective of such
presented the advantages and disadvantages of the so- a review is to present an impartial evaluation of a research
lutions discussed by researchers. However, these works topic with the help of a reliable, rigorous, and inspectable
failed to provide a categorical analysis of the diferent methodology [19]. Te SLR provides future researchers with
approaches followed by researchers or microprocessors a short and informative guide of the previous works carried
and sensors used in the development of recent SHSs or out by other researchers on a particular feld or topic.
services provided by SHSs. For these reasons, it has Fundamentally, there are two common reasons for per-
become necessary to review SHSs based on technological forming an SLR:
approaches, microprocessors, sensors, networking
methods, computational techniques, and services. In this (i) Summarization and evaluation of the most recent
review, an overview of the current works on techno- developments available for a specifc technology or
logical development in smart homes, based on the research
aforementioned subjects, is presented. Tis paper also (ii) Creating a path for potential future research on
analyses the data obtained from the works of several a topic by identifying gaps in the present literature
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3

(i) Introduces the topic

1. Introduction
(ii) Provides motivation, scope and main goals of the work

(i) Detailed explanation of the research methodology

2. Methodology (ii) Provides search strategy and selection process of
relevant articles

(i) Provides and overall overview of SHS

3. SHS Overview
(ii) Overall basic architecture of SHS

4. Technical (i) Major technological and approaches in SHS

Approaches in SHS (ii) Classification and quantitative analysis of SHS

(i) Provides a detailed study on the different processors/

5. Central Processors/
controllers used in SHS
Controllers used in STS
(ii) Provide information on the processors/ controllers

(i) Provides a list sensor topologies used in SHS

6. Sensors Utilized
(ii) Basic information of the sensor topologies

7. Networking (i) Basic networking technologies in SHS

Technologies (ii) Information on the Networking technologies

(i) Provides information on the User Interfaces in SHS

8. User Interfaces
(ii) Discussion on the User Interfaces

9. Computational (i) Overall computational approaches in SHS

Approach (ii) Details on the Computational Approaches

(i) Identify and classify various services offered by SHS

10. Services
(ii) Information on the offered services

(i) Overall discussion based on the information provided

11. Discussion
in the previous sections

(i) Overall concluding remarks based on the study

12. Conclusion conducted
(ii) Future research insights

Figure 1: Structure of this paper.

4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Tis segment describes the methodologies implemented (iv) What types of security measures were considered
in this research work to review the currently available works for smart home systems?
and build up a panoramic analysis of the SHS concept. Tis
Te main objective of this research work is to review the
review evaluated and synthesized the existing works on SHSs
existing research work on smart home systems and discover
based on various aspects such as communication mediums,
the approaches adapted, the hardware and networking
energy management, sensors, and comfort. To procure in-
technologies utilized, and the security systems considered.
formation from current publications on SHSs, reputed
Te four previously mentioned questions are linked to these
publishers such as IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, ACM Digital
objectives. Apart from that, the formulated research ques-
Library, ScienceDirect, and MDPI were utilized. Te re-
tions were also used to detect keywords such as “smart,”
search procedure portrayed in [20] was adopted for this
“home,” “system,” “solution,” “sensors,” “communication,”
work, which categorized the reviewing procedure of this
“networking,” and “security.” Based on these keywords,
paper into three major stages. Te stages are termed the
initial search strings were established to detect the
planning stage, the review stage, and the result stage.
literary works.
A guideline to search for diferent reviews of the liter-
ature and materials is defned in the planning stage. Te
review stage concentrates on strict instructions for de- 2.2. Search and Review Stage. Te second stage consists of
veloping keywords and search strings to fnd precise data to a systematic search in preselected databases, which are
review from various sources. Collection of preliminary re- shown in Table 1, based on search terms found in the
sults, extraction of relevant research materials, and cate- planning stage and fltering through the search results for the
gorization of the candidate papers are also carried out in this most relevant research papers.
stage. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the chosen Te most important term here is “smart home,” and all
materials is conducted in the result stage. the keywords are selected based on it. As the goal is to cover
Te overall process of the search and selection of the the entire zone of the smart home system, the technologies
research paper are illustrated in Figure 2. utilized inside the house and beyond, and the overall features
and comfort provided by the system, the application of the
2.1. Planning Stage. Identifcation of the objectives of the term “smart home” is validated.
study and development of the review protocols comprised Te keywords formulated in the planning stage were
the planning stage of the review. After a preliminary search used as the primary search string, and several types of lit-
of the available research material, the necessity for further erature reviews were obtained from the search. To keep the
study of the smart home system was identifed. Following the review most up-to-date, only the papers published in the last
establishment of the feld of study, specifc protocols were ten years were analyzed, where priority was given to the
developed for the study, which included the search criteria, papers from the last six years.
database selection, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the Following the primary search, papers were inspected and
process of searching. sorted manually by reviewing the title, abstract, and con-
clusion. In this manual sorting, if a paper is found to include
keywords and could provide necessary details to satisfy the
2.1.1. Formulation of the Research Questions. At an early inclusion criteria for this review, it was selected. For this
point of the planning stage, a list of questions that specify the purpose, a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were
key objectives of the research is created. Te Goal-Question- created. Te inclusion criteria for review materials are
Metrics approach proposed by Van Solingen [21] was used provided as follows:
to construct the most relevant research questions for this
study. Following this approach, four main coordinates were (i) Te article’s keywords must match at least some of
obtained as follows: the search terms defned.
(i) Purpose: investigate, evaluate, and assess (ii) Simple and understandable English is used to write
the paper.
(ii) Issue: complete analysis of the smart home system
(iii) Articles/papers that concentrated on the activity
(iii) Object: smart home system recognition of inhabitants, monitoring, and gath-
(iv) Viewpoint: a researcher’s point of view ering information about the user experience and
Based on these points, four major research questions comfort.
were formulated as follows: (iv) Te article must be published within the last
six years.
(i) What are the tactics or methods for constructing
a smart home system? Te exclusion criteria were as follows:
(ii) What types of sensors were utilized in the devel- (i) Potentially duplicate reports on the same research
opment of the smart home system? (ii) Papers that are not published in the English
(iii) What kinds of communication protocols and net- language
working tools were implemented?
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

Planning Stage

Related Select Primary

Set Objective
Keyword Scientific Search string
Question
selection Database Formulation

Search & Review Stage

Primary Scientific
Manual Time Based
Search Database
Sorting Sorting
Result Queries

Result of
Content
first sorting
Revision
process
Fine-tuned Scientific
Manual Second
search Database
Sorting sorted result
string queries

Result Stage

Classification of Core Parts

Figure 2: Research method in detail.

2.3. Result Stage. In the last phase of the review process, an

Table 1: List of electronic databases used for searching articles.
analytical report is presented, which includes the year of
No. Electronic databases studies, the research process, the region of technology
1 IEEE Xplore considered, and publishing organizations. Te fndings were
2 SpringerLink utilized to establish the fundamental segments of this review
3 ScienceDirect and reveal the technological developments in the smart
4 ACM Digital Library home system throughout the years.
5 MDPI A total of 111 research papers were selected (excluding
6 Hindawi review papers) after the methodological process of sorting
them. Based on the selected articles and the information
provided, fve important graphical portrayals can be
(iii) Te research focused on smart grid-connected
achieved. Figure 4 depicts the year-wise amount of the
smart homes, smart cities, and outdoor in-
literature published from 2012–2021, based on the selected
telligence services
papers. Tis representation shows that the highest number of
(iv) Specifcally, tailored studies on certain smart home papers was published during the 2018–2020 period.
appliances such as smart refrigerators, smart mir- Figure 5 depicts the publisher-wise number of the lit-
rors, and robots erature collected. Five diferent electronic databases have
(v) Not related to the research question been used for collecting papers. Te highest number of
papers was collected from IEEE Xplore totaling 47 papers, 9
After fltering the papers through these criteria, for more
from ScienceDirect, 19 from MDPI, 16 from SpringerLink,
accurate and defnite results, the primary search string was
10 from ACM Digital Library, and 10 from Hindawi.
modifed with additional keywords such as “smart sensors,”
Figure 6 represents the types of research material
“risk,” “threat,” “elderly,” “AI,” “IoT,” and “wireless.” Using
published by the authors. It can be seen that the majority of
this modifed search string, the electronic databases were
the authors (66) tended to create experimental design-based
searched again, and the resultant papers were again man-
articles. Te other types include 45 theoretical or conceptual
ually inspected. Finally, all the selected research materials
works, 16 reviews, and 3 case studies. It should be noted that
were meticulously revised for the result stage. Figure 3
the review articles and case studies were not used as review
represents the article selection process from diferent da-
materials for this article; instead, they were used for aca-
tabases through multiple searches.
demic references.
6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

IEEE Xplore (124)

SpringerLink (89)

ScienceDirect (57)
Modified Search Final Selection
String (475) (111)

ACM (95)

MDPI (87)

Hindawi (23)

Figure 3: Paper selection process from diferent databases.

25

20 23 23
Number of Papers

20 20
15

10
11 11
5
1 1 1 1
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Year
Figure 4: Year-wise frequency of literature publication.

9%

17%
42%

9%

15%
8%

IEEE Xplore ACM digital Library

ScienceDirect MDPI
SpringerLink Hindawi
Figure 5: Publisher-wise percentage of the papers reviewed in this work.
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

CASE STUDY 3

Paper Type REVIEW 16

THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL 45

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 66
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of Papers
Figure 6: Types of research covered by the literature in the reviewed articles.

3. Smart Home System heated or cooled down before arriving. Similarly, by using
fame and gas sensors, any fre breakout or gas leakage can
In the last decade, the SHS has achieved unprecedented instantly be found, and necessary steps can be taken. With
success, and researchers are continuously working to im- the help of machine learning, voice commands can be
prove on its past works. With the help of IoT, it is now easier carried out and gestures can be used to control appliances,
than ever to establish communication between home ap- and with the help of artifcial intelligence, camera feeds can
pliances and users. An IoT-based SHS has become the most be used to diferentiate between an intruder and home
popular choice in recent years. By connecting all of the occupants.
devices through the Internet, it is now possible to maintain
all of the home equipment simultaneously. Users can now
4. Technological Approaches to SHS
monitor and control several aspects of their house from
anywhere in the world with the help of IoT-enabled devices. After thoroughly reading and analyzing the research articles
Trough machine learning and artifcial intelligence, smart selected for this review, a variety of technological approaches
homes can now recognize shapes, sounds, and gestures, thus to SHSs have been detected. A thorough analysis and
making the smart home experience much more comfortable. evaluation of these technological approaches utilized by the
Te availability of powerful processors facilitates the SHS have been presented in this section.
implementation of much more complex and processor-
hungry smart home systems. To provide such services, all
smart home systems are built following a basic structure as 4.1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-Based SHS. Wireless
provided in Figure 7. It involves three phases as follows: sensor network (WSN) can be defned as a network of
spatially scattered sensors that are wirelessly connected and
(i) Collection of information through sensors, cameras, dedicated to observing various environmental characteris-
microphones, and other home appliances tics such as temperature, sound, humidity, force, and
(ii) Storing and processing the collected information pressure. Apart from environmental aspects, other sensors
with the help of the main processing unit detect movement, smoke, gas, fame, and various other
(iii) Generating results and delivering services things. All these sensors are part of a WSN that collects the
depending on the processed information data from all these sensors wirelessly and then sends the data
to processing. In [22], a WSN of smoke, gas, and temper-
In the frst step, the SHS uses sensors such as motion, ature sensors is proposed to detect and alarm early fre
temperature, humidity, fame, gas, and LDR for collecting detection in a smart home. A WSN system for elderly
atmospheric data alongside other devices such as a camera people’s care is proposed in [23]. Te sink node is connected
and microphone for recording video and audio of home to the sensors in a WSN system via a wireless connection
occupants. Aside from these, the system can also use home [24–26]. A wireless sensor network has been used in [27]
devices connected through IoT to collect information about along with Raspberry Pi to design and implement a smart
their status. home environment monitoring structure.
After collecting the information, it is sent to the main Due to its fexibility, low cost, and scalable structure, the
processing unit either wired or wirelessly. Te processor WSN has gained exceptional popularity among SHS de-
stores and analyzes the data and determines the next action velopers. Many of the research articles reviewed in this paper
based on this information. For example, home temperature utilize the WSN system.
and humidity are compared against a predetermined value,
and if the current value exceeds or vice versa, then a noti-
fcation is sent to the owner for further action. Similarly, any 4.2. Multiagent System-Based SHS. A multiagent system
intrusion detected on the camera is immediately reported. (MAS) is a problem-solving approach based on self-
In the fnal step, the information collected and processed organizing computing that utilizes multiple intelligent
is used to provide various services such as home comfort, methods to solve problems that are otherwise difcult to
intrusion alert, elderly care, and appliance control. Users can solve for a single system [28, 29]. Due to the efectiveness of
control room temperature remotely and have the home the system, researchers have applied MAS in the
8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

PIR Sensor Magnetic Sensor

Temperature Sensor
Outdoor Alarm

Central Controller
Data Collection

Smart Switch

Light
Sensor Camera
Humidity Gas
Sensor Sensor

Vibration Sensor IR Sensor

Water Smoke
Detector Detector

Gas,
Smoke
and Flame
Data Storage and Processing

Sensor
Water Data
and Processing
Camera
Humidity
Sensor

Heterogenous Data
Data
Analysis
Pressure
IR Sensor
Sensor

Data Storage
Light
Detector

Energy
Management
Activity and SHS for Elderly
Gesture and Physically
Service Delivery

Recognition Challenged
Appliance
Control

Environment Remote
Monitoring and Monitoring and
Control Home Security Control

Figure 7: Smart home system.

development of SHSs. An MAS reduces the total compu- 4.3. Image Processing (IP)-Based SHS. Image processing in
tational and data transmission time of the total system which SHSs deals with the analysis of data collected from single or
results in reduced energy consumption. multiple cameras to obtain various services such as gesture
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

control of smart homes [30], smart home security systems previously unfamiliar data [42]. It also deals with the pro-
based on object detection [31], gesture controlling features cessing of a large amount of data to recognize images,
for elderly people [32], and smart home antitheft systems patterns, and speech. In a machine learning-based SHS, the
[29]. Since these image processing systems are dependent on data collected from the smart home are analyzed and used to
real-time videos and images from the smart home, image predict the status and control of the home equipment [43].
processing-based SHSs generally have a high rate of data Machine learning is used in [37] to detect the early signs of
transmission between the camera and the data processing dementia among elderly people. Machine learning-based
section. Image processing has been utilized by several au- systems can also monitor the security systems of smart
thors because of its wide range of functions, from antitheft homes [44].
systems to elderly support. However, since cameras are
afected by shadows, distortions, insufcient light, and other
4.7. Deep Learning (DL)-Based SHS. Deep learning is
factors, the image processing system sometimes fails to
a segment of a wider group of machine learning techniques
deliver the expected result.
that are based on artifcial intelligence. It imitates the human
brain with data processing and feature extraction and
4.4. Internet of Tings (IoT)-Based SHS. Te Internet of decision-making [45, 46]. As proposed in [28], deep learning
things (IoT) is an arrangement of interconnected computing can help with smart home automation and energy reduction.
devices, mechanical and digital machines, sensors, micro- An object detection system for SHSs with the help of image
controllers, and other electronic devices that are uniquely processing was developed in [47]. Deep learning has also
identifable, and these unique devices can communicate been used for healthcare purposes along with IoT [48].
through the Internet with one another without requiring
human or computer interaction. IoT is a relatively new 4.8. Neural Network (NN)-Based SHS. A neural network tries
technology and has gained excessive popularity among re- to copy human brain function through a set of algorithms
searchers [16, 33]. IoT has been used to design and im- and extracts traits and fundamental relationships from the
plement smart homes in [34]. In [28, 29], the authors utilized collection of data [49]. A neural network is used in SHSs for
IoT to design a security system for SHSs. An energy man- smart decision-making such as information extraction,
agement system based on IoT is proposed in [35]. An IoT- image and speech recognition, and text detection [25].
based smart home energy management system has been
explored in [36] alongside the usage of sensors to monitor
the occupants of the smart home. IoT is used in [37] to detect 4.9. Fuzzy Logic-Based SHS. Fuzzy logic is a multivalued
the early stages of dementia with the help of machine logic-based reasoning method that computes data based on
learning. IoT has become one of the key technologies in the “degrees of truth,” which is quite diferent from Boolean
development of SHSs. In an IoT-based SHS, the main logic (0 or 1) used by modern computers. Fuzzy logic does
controller, sensors, and computational devices are all in- not have any absolute truth or absolute false value [50]. A
ternally connected through the Internet. All these devices smart home for dementia care based on fuzzy logic is
can receive and transfer data automatically without any proposed in [51].
human intervention. In an IoT system, the connection be-
tween nodes (sensor node, computational node, etc.) can be 4.10. Global System for Mobile (GSM)-Based SHS. GSM is
established wired or wirelessly. a standard for second-generation (2 G) digital mobile net-
works. Te short message service (SMS) is a very popular
4.5. Artifcial Intelligence (AI)-Based SHS. Artifcial in- feature of the GSM mobile network. GSM-based SHSs use
telligence (AI) is defned as a computing system that is this SMS feature to send a warning message to the user’s
capable of performing tasks that generally demand human phone about various dangers, including smoke, fre, and
intelligence, such as visual object detection, speech recog- theft [22, 52]. Also, smart home appliances could be
nition, and decision-making [38]. AI has been used by re- monitored and controlled by sending an SMS from the user’s
searchers frequently due to its wide range of functions. In phone as described in [53].
[39], the authors developed a smart home system for
emotion detection based on AI. An AI-based image pro- 4.11. Bluetooth-Based SHS. Bluetooth is a short-range,
cessing system has been developed for an antitheft system in wireless communication method that allows data transfer
[29]. An IoT elderly care system based on AI is proposed in between electronic devices such as mobile phones, com-
[40]. Artifcial Intelligence is paving the way for more in- puters, and peripherals over a short distance. A smart home-
telligent SHSs. Furthermore, developments in this feld can controlled system based on Bluetooth can control home
result in more resilient, interactive, and comfortable smart appliances through an app installed on a user’s phone
homes [41]. [54–56]. A smart home system for blind people based on IoT
and Bluetooth communication is proposed in [57].
4.6. Machine Learning (ML)-Based SHS. Machine learning is
a subsection of artifcial intelligence that deals with learning 4.12. Classifcation of Reviewed SHSs According to Techno-
patterns from given data by a machine to make sense of logical Approaches. A summary of the diferent approaches
10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

taken by the authors in their research to develop SHSs is 5.3. ESP32/ESP8266. ESP32 and ESP8266 are both members
provided in Table 2. of the ESP family, which is a series of cheap and energy-
efcient microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and Blue-
5. Central Processors/Controllers Used in SHS tooth. Cost-efective, convenient, and comfortable smart
home automation system development is facilitated with the
A processor or controller can be described as a miniature help of ESP microcontrollers [88]. ESP32 is latest in the
computer on a single metal oxide semiconductor-integrated series and is more powerful than the previous version of
circuit chip that is designed to carry out a specifc operation. ESP8266. ESP microcontrollers have gained popularity
A microcontroller usually consists of one or more central mainly because of the integrated Wi-Fi feature, which helps
processing units (CPUs), storage or memory units, and make an IoT system [89]. Despite being an old version,
input/output peripherals. In SHS development, micro- ESP8266 is still used due to its high efciency and multiple
controllers are used for a wide range of operations, such as electronic component handling capabilities [26, 136]. A
controlling sensors, computing data, executing commands, cost-efective smart home automation system (SHAS) with
and storing information. All the microcontrollers used in the ESP8266 in [90] showed that it is easier for the user to
development of SHSs are evaluated, and an overall summary connect a new device to the system without worrying about
is presented in this section. confguration. In [91], the ESP8266 board is used alongside
an ATmega16 microcontroller to design and develop an IoT-
5.1. Arduino. Arduino refers to a family of open-source based SHAS where the system can wirelessly control mul-
microcontrollers that are famous for their low price, fexi- tiple loads and monitor vital environmental data such as
bility, and easy-to-use interface. Basically, two Arduino temperature and humidity. An ESP32-based smart home
boards are used in SHS-Arduino Uno, which is based on an monitoring and controlling system that utilizes external
ATmega328P microchip, and Arduino Mega, which uses an LoRa connectivity is proposed in [70], which demonstrates
ATmega2560 microchip. Arduino microcontrollers are well the versatility of the microcontroller.
equipped to control multiple sensors and devices as dem-
onstrated in [52, 65]. Due to their low power consumption, 5.4. FPGA. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a type
Arduino boards are very popular among SHS developers of integrated circuit (IC) board that can be programmed by
[24]. Arduino Mega has more input ports than Arduino Uno the user after being manufactured and hence the name ‘feld
and is capable of handling more input data because of its programmable.’ FPGAs are built around a matrix of con-
better microchip [84]. Energy management systems for SHSs fgurable logic blocks that are connected through pro-
can also be designed and implanted based on Arduino grammable interconnects. Smart home systems based on
microcontrollers [35]. All in all, Arduino boards have be- FPGA boards have been gaining ground among the research
come a cornerstone in the development of SHSs. community due to their fexibility and the ability of logic
level programming which gives FPGA boards faster pro-
5.2. Raspberry Pi. In simple terms, Raspberry Pi is a small cessing speed [77]. Due to their easily changeable func-
computer that can receive, store, and compute data and can tionality, FPGA boards could be programmed to perform
control and monitor electronic components such as sensors various tasks such as controlling sensors and security
and cameras. It is famous for its low cost, modularity, and monitoring [92].
open design. Raspberry Pi can be used for face detection and
image processing [66, 67]. It is fully capable of accessing the 5.5. PIC Microcontroller. Programmable peripheral in-
Internet and controlling home equipment through IoT terfaces (PICs) are a series of programmable micro-
[69, 85] and functions as a virtual assistant [62]. An AI-based controllers that can be used to perform a wide range of
voice recognition system for remote home appliance control operations. PICs are very energy-efcient, cheap, and fast. In
for elderly people has been implanted in [79], which uses smart home systems, PICs are used for a variety of tasks
Raspberry Pi as its computing device. Raspberry Pi can also including controlling appliances [80], setting up a smart
receive commands from the user via GSM or the Internet elderly care system [23], and monitoring home security [81].
and use them to control home appliances [53]. A low- PIC microcontrollers are used more frequently in SHSs
costvoice-activated SHS, which can be incorporated with because they are very reliable and less prone to be faulty.
many essential subsystems and can be personalized to in-
dividual needs, is designed in [86]. Te system uses a dual-
mode of interaction where the user has the option to control 5.6. LPC. LPC is a series of ARM core-based32-bit micro-
the appliance from a graphical user interface (GUI)-based controllers. Tese microcontrollers are superfast, very reli-
app or a chat system, where text or audio commands are able, and cheap. Smart homes based on LPC
used to control the system. Due to its small form factor and microcontrollers are as capable as any other micro-
high computational power, Raspberry Pi has gained a lot of controllers. Tese microcontrollers are suitable for multiple
popularity in the feld of SHSs. purposes including home automation [68], appliance con-
trol, security [59], and IoT.
 Table 2: Classifcation of SHSs according to technological approaches.
Technological approaches
Reference
WSN Multiagent Image processing IoT AI Machine learning Deep learning Neural network Fuzzy logic GSM Bluetooth
[22] + + +
[23] + +
[24] + +
[25] + + +
[26] + +
[27] +
[28] + +
[29] + + + + +
[30] + +
[31] + +
[32] + +
[34] +
[58] +
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

[59] +
[35] +
[37] + +
[39] + +
[40] + + +
[43] + +
[44] + + +
[47] + + +
[48] + + +
[51] +
[52] + +
[53] + + +
[54] +
[55] +
[56] +
[57] + + +
[60] + + +
[61] +
[62] +
[63] +
[64] +
[65] +
[66] + +
[67] + +
[68] + + +
[69] +
[70] + +
[71] +
[72] +
11
 Table 2: Continued.
12

Technological approaches
Reference
WSN Multiagent Image processing IoT AI Machine learning Deep learning Neural network Fuzzy logic GSM Bluetooth
[73] +
[74] + +
[75] + + + +
[76] + +
[77] + + +
[78] + + +
[79] + + +
[80] +
[81] + +
[82] + +
[83] + +
[84] +
[85] +
[86] +
[87] + + + +
[88] +
[89] + +
[90] +
[91] +
[92] +
[93] + + +
[94] + +
[95] +
[53] + +
[96] +
[97] + + +
[98] +
[99] +
[100] + +
[101] +
[102] +
[103] +
[104] +
[105] + +
[106] + +
[13] +
[107] +
[108] + + +
[109] +
[110] +
[111] + +
[112] +
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Table 2: Continued.
Technological approaches
Reference
WSN Multiagent Image processing IoT AI Machine learning Deep learning Neural network Fuzzy logic GSM Bluetooth
[113] +
[114] +
[115] +
[116] + +
[117] +
[118] + +
[119] + +
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

[120] + + +
[121] + + +
[122] +
[123] +
[124] +
[125] +
[126] + +
[127] + +
[128] + + +
[129] +
[130] +
[131] +
[132] + +
[133] +
[134] +
[135] +
[136] + +
[137] + +
[138] + + +
[139] +
Total 19 2 24 78 8 18 8 6 1 17 14
13
14 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

5.7. Other Microcontrollers. Apart from the popular popular is LM35 [77]. Temperature sensors are used for
microcontrollers mentioned so far, there are a few more that measuring room temperatures based on which other ap-
a handful of researchers have used in their work. S5PV210 is pliances are controlled such as fans, air conditioners, and
a 16/32-bit, programmable, and high-performance mini- heaters [25, 70].
computer that has been used to design an IoT-based SHS
[93]. It uses a Samsung S5PV210 application processor that
gives it unparalleled performance but makes it too expen- 6.3. Humidity Sensor. Humidity sensors detect and measure
sive. AT89C2051 is an 8-bit, high-performance, energy- the change in the amount of water vapor or moisture in the
efcient, and programmable microcomputer that can pro- air surrounding them. Te most popular humidity sensor
cess a wide variety of operations. It can control multiple used by SHS researchers is DHT11, which can measure
electronic appliances and send data with the help of addi- temperature as well. In SHSs, a humidity sensor is generally
tional networking devices [54]. With the help of its powerful used for monitoring room moisture levels [26, 78], home
32-bit ARM processor, LM3S8962 is fully capable of SHS automation [75], and early warning systems [52].
automation and control as demonstrated in [94]. In [82], the
Xiaomi Mi smart home device is used to control sensors and
appliances. Finally, STM32F103C8T6 is another micro- 6.4. Gas Sensor. Gas sensors detect the presence of certain
controller that has been used in the development of gases in the air in their range. Tey are used for detecting
SHSs [95]. harmful or dangerous gases such as LPG, propane, methane,
carbon monoxide, I-butane, and alcohol and are particularly
important in the development of SHSs because they give
5.8. Classifcation of Reviewed SHSs According to Micro- a warning about harmful gases in the house [24, 34, 57, 93].
controllers and Microprocessors. A summary of the various
types of microcontrollers used by the authors for developing
SHSs is provided in Table 3. 6.5. Smoke Sensor. A smoke sensor is an electronic device
that detects smoke in its vicinity and triggers an alarm.
6. Sensors Utilized Smoke sensors are used as a precautionary measure of an
early fre warning system. In SHSs, a smoke sensor is
Sensors play a signifcant role in the development of SHSs. generally programmed to trigger an alarm or send a warning
Te application of multiple types of sensors was identifed in signal to the home occupants via a GSM message or app
the literature review stage conducted previously. Te fol- [22, 95, 104, 105].
lowing section presents the details of the sensors used to
design, develop, and implement SHSs.
6.6. Ultrasonic Sensor. An ultrasonic sensor emits and re-
ceives ultrasonic sound waves and measures the distance of
6.1. Infrared (IR) Sensor. Teoretically, all the objects and life a certain object by emitting sound waves and receiving the
forms that have a minimum amount of temperature emit IR refected sound wave from that object which the sensor
radiation. An IR sensor is an electronic device that is capable transforms into an electronic signal. In SHSs, an ultrasonic
of detecting and measuring the IR radiation in its sur- sensor is used for implementing an automatic door system
rounding environment. Te main reason for using IR [78], water level monitoring [104], and basic smart home
sensors is motion detection and temperature measurement. automation [24].
Tere are two types of IR sensors available: active infrared
sensors and passive infrared (PIR) sensors. Among these
two, PIR is the most frequently used IR sensor. 6.7. Flame Sensor. A fame sensor is an electronic device
A PIR sensor detects the change in electromagnetic designed to detect the presence of fre in its operating range
radiation levels in its surrounding environment. It does not and respond by triggering an alarm or other warning
actively emit IR radiation like an active IR sensor. Te main mechanism. Any security-centric smart home system usually
application of PIR is motion detection. When an object employs fame sensors for early detection and warning of
comes in the range of a PIR sensor, it measures the diference fame in the house [65, 70, 97].
in IR levels and detects the object. In SHSs, PIR is used for
intruder alert [31, 78, 92], detecting the occupant activity in
an SHS [24, 35, 103], and creating an elderly healthcare 6.8. Light Detection Sensor. A light detection sensor is used
system [51, 79]. However, PIR sensors are usually used inside to measure the intensity of light in an area. It is a photo-
of a house because they are afected by environmental electric device that is capable of converting light energy
changes such as snow and rain. surrounding it into electrical energy. Tere are a few types of
light detection sensors in use, such as photoresistors, pho-
todiodes, and phototransistors. In SHSs, these sensors are
6.2. Temperature Sensor. A temperature sensor by sensing used for automating the lighting system of the house [34, 81].
the temperature of its surrounding environment can ensure In one particular system, a light detection sensor is used to
comfortable living. Multiple types of temperature sensors inform the blind occupant of the house whether it is day or
have been used in the development of SHSs, and the most night [57].
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 15

Table 3: Classifcation of SHSs according to microcontroller and microprocessor usage.

Microcontrollers and microprocessors
Reference
Arduino Raspberry Pi ESP32/8266 FPGA PIC LPC Others
[22] +
[23] +
[24] + +
[25] +
[26] +
[27] +
[28] + +
[29] +
[30] +
[31] + +
[32] + +
[34] + +
[58] + + +
[59] +
[35] + +
[37] +
[39] +
[40] +
[43] + +
[44] +
[47] + + +
[48] + +
[51] +
[52] +
[53] + +
[54] +
[55] +
[56] +
[57] +
[60] +
[61] +
[62] +
[63] +
[64] +
[65] +
[66] +
[67] +
[68] +
[69] +
[70] +
[71] +
[72] + +
[73] +
[74] +
[75] +
[76] +
[77] +
[78] +
[79] + +
[80] +
[81] +
[82] +
[83] +
[84] + +
[85] +
[86] +
[87] +
[88] +
[89] + +
16 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Table 3: Continued.
Microcontrollers and microprocessors
Reference
Arduino Raspberry Pi ESP32/8266 FPGA PIC LPC Others
[90] +
[91] + +
[92] + +
[93] +
[94] +
[95] +
[53] + +
[96] + +
[97] + + +
[98] + +
[99] + +
[100] + +
[101] + +
[102] +
[103] +
[104] +
[105] +
[106] +
[13] +
[107] +
[108] +
[109] +
[110] +
[111] + +
[112] +
[113] +
[114] +
[115] +
[116] + +
[117] +
[118] +
[119] +
[120] + +
[121] +
[122] +
[123] +
[124] +
[125] +
[126] +
[127] +
[128] +
[129] +
[130] +
[131] +
[132] +
[133] +
[134] +
[135] +
[136] + +
[137] + +
[138] +
[139] +
Total 35 36 25 2 5 2 38

6.9. Pressure Sensor. A pressure sensor is an electronic device multiple purposes such as room atmosphere monitoring [26],
that can measure the pressure of liquid or gas through measuring the blood pressure of home occupants for health
a pressure-sensitive element. In an SHS, it could be used for monitoring [23], or monitoring home activities [51, 82].
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 17

6.10. Accelerometer. An accelerometer is an electronic tool sensor works by changing the resistance when bent. Te fex
that measures acceleration forces accurately. In SHSs, ac- sensor is usually used in gesture-controlled systems to detect
celerometers are used to detect the acceleration of a person gestures [32, 111].
who is static or dynamic [23], identify intrusion [68], and
detect the mobility and condition of a patient in a smart
6.18. Other Types of Sensors. Aside from the types of sensors
home [13, 106].
mentioned previously, a few other types of sensors com-
bining several other sensors, such as bed sensors [71], chair
6.11. Door Sensor. A door sensor is a device that detects sensors, and posture sensors, have been demonstrated. Tese
a door opening or closing and notifes the user. A pair of sensors cannot be categorized as a single type of sensor as
electrical connectors detects the opening or closing by they often have multiple other sensors such as motion,
making or breaking an electrical circuit in the sensor. Tese accelerometer, and gyroscope sensors inside them.
sensors are being used increasingly in SHSs for detecting
door opening and closing status in elderly care systems
6.19. Classifcation of Reviewed SHSs According to Sensors.
[23, 102] and overall home occupant activity monitoring.
A summary of the various types of sensors used by the
authors for developing SHSs is provided in Table 4.
6.12. Gyroscope. A gyroscope or angular velocity sensor is
a device that can measure and maintain the orientation and 7. Networking Technologies Used in SHS
angular velocity of an object. In SHSs, it is used for detecting
the orientation of a person [23], along with an accelerom- It is necessary to have a networking setup between the
eter, and in gesture control systems, it is used for detecting sensor, processing unit, and user-end device, to process the
gestures [107, 108]. data generated by sensors and other devices or to send the
analyzed result of the data to end users. Te data generated
from sensors are useless if these data cannot reach the
6.13. Pulse Sensor. A pulse sensor is a device that is capable processing unit, and the processing unit cannot function
of detecting and monitoring human heart rate continuously. properly without the necessary data. Te result will be the
In smart homes, it is mainly used for elderly health care user not getting the necessary warning or update about the
[23, 78]. SHS [140]. A network system creates a continuous channel
between sensors, processors, and users. Generally, the
6.14. Fluid/Water Detection Sensor. A fuid detection sensor, network system can be divided into two separate networks:
sometimes known as a raindrop sensor, is an electronic sensor-processor networks and processor-user networks. In
device that can detect water via an extended pad that can this section, the networking systems are described.
sense water on its surface. It is usually used to detect water
leakage and water level monitoring [65, 95, 100]. 7.1. Sensor-Processor Network. A network must be estab-
lished between sensors and processors that are capable of
6.15. Camera. Te application of a camera or a network of continuous data transmission. Tis network could be set up
cameras is becoming more and more popular in SHS de- wired or wirelessly, though most of the time a wired con-
signs. SHS researchers have used the camera with various nection is preferred. In the case of wireless communication,
computational methods such as image processing, machine there are a few networking standards that SHS systems can
learning, gesture recognition, and artifcial intelligence for use, such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee [115], LoRa [70], and RF
enhancing smart home security and monitoring communication [34].
[29, 52, 109], object detection [47], gesture detection [60],
and live feed monitoring [72]. Cameras provide a reliable 7.2. Processor-User Network. Te data processed by the
method of setting up security for smart home users. Te only processing unit cannot be used by the user if there is no
drawback to using a camera is its cost of deployment and communication link or network between the processor and
maintenance. the user. Te network between the processor and end-user
can be used for house monitoring, appliance control,
6.16. Force-Sensing Resistor. A force-sensing resistor (FSR) is weather control, etc. Tis network is mostly created wire-
an electronic device that is capable of measuring the amount lessly and uses networking technologies such as Wi-Fi, LoRa,
of force, pressure, or mechanical stress applied to it. FSRs use GSM [30], Bluetooth [54], LAN [89], and cellular networks.
a type of material that changes its resistance when force is
applied to it. Tese are special types of sensors used in SHSs 8. User Interfaces Used in SHS
to detect the home occupant’s activity [103] and set up
special systems for elderly people’s care [110]. In SHSs, a user-end communication interface is set up for
the user to receive important messages from the system and
send commands. Tis interface could be a smartphone
6.17. Flex Sensor. A fex sensor is used to measure the application or a website. Tis section presents a description
amount of defection or bending of certain objects. Te of the interfaces used in SHSs.
 18
Table 4: Classifcation of SHSs according to the sensors used.
Sensors used in SHSs
Reference Fluid
PIR Temperature Humidity Gas Smoke Ultrasonic Flame LDR Pressure Accelerometer Door Gyroscope Pulse Camera FSR Flex Others
detection
[22] + + +
[23] + + + + +
[24] + + + + +
[25] + + +
[26] + + + + +
[27] + + +
[28] + + + +
[29] +
[30] +
[31] + +
[32] +
[34] + + + +
[58] + + + + + +
[59] + +
[35] + +
[37] + + +
[39] + + +
[40] + +
[43] + +
[44] +
[47] +
[48] + +
[51] + + +
[52] + + + +
[53] + + + + + +
[54] + +
[55] + +
[56] + +
[57] + + + +
[60] + +
[61] + +
[62] +
[63] + + +
[64] + + +
[65] + + + + +
[66] + +
[67] + +
[68] + + +
[69] + + +
[70] + + + +
[71] + +
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Table 4: Continued.
Sensors used in SHSs
Reference Fluid
PIR Temperature Humidity Gas Smoke Ultrasonic Flame LDR Pressure Accelerometer Door Gyroscope Pulse Camera FSR Flex Others
detection
[72] + +
[73] +
[74] +
[75] + + +
[76] + + +
[77] + + +
[78] + + + + +
[79] + +
[81] +
[82] + + + + +
[83] + + +
[84] + + +
[85] +
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

[86] +
[87] +
[88] + +
[89] + +
[90] +
[91] + +
[92] + +
[93] + + + + +
[94] + +
[95] + + + + + + +
[96] + + + +
[97] + + + + +
[98] +
[99] + +
[100] + + + + + +
[101] + +
[102] + +
[103] + + + + +
[104] + + + +
[105] + + +
[106] +
[13] + + +
[107] +
[108] + +
[109] +
[110] +
[111] + + +
[112] +
19
 20

Table 4: Continued.
Sensors used in SHSs
Reference Fluid
PIR Temperature Humidity Gas Smoke Ultrasonic Flame LDR Pressure Accelerometer Door Gyroscope Pulse Camera FSR Flex Others
detection
[113] +
[114] + +
[115] +
[116] + +
[117] +
[118] + + + + +
[119] +
[120] + +
[121] + +
[122] + + + + + +
[123] +
[124] + + + +
[125] + +
[126] +
[127] +
[128] + + +
[129] + + +
[130] + + +
[131] +
[132]
[133] +
[134] +
[135] + + + +
[136] + +
[137] + + + + +
[138] + +
[139] + + + + +
Total 52 55 32 16 11 3 7 25 4 5 13 2 2 4 26 4 4 19
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 21

8.1. Web Application-Based SHS. A web application-based services have been introduced for SHSs, but this section
interface provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for discusses the most popular ones.
monitoring and controlling SHSs. Tese web applications
are mainly based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
10.1. Security Systems of SHS. Security is a big concern in any
(HTTP) and Transmission Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/
SHS, be it security from intruders or security against data
IP). A user can access the sensor reading from the SHS, turn
theft [141]. Smart homes are gradually employing more and
on/of certain appliances, get a security breach alert, and more robust security systems thanks to the ongoing research
check the health condition of the elderly by using these web on SHS security [142]. In this section, the security aspect of
applications [95, 113].
SHSs is explored in brief.
Te smart home intrusion warning is a system that
8.2. Smartphone Application-Based SHS. Since the in- detects and alerts smart home users about possible un-
troduction of Android and IOS devices, the usage of authorized entry into home. Various approaches have been
smartphone applications has become widespread. As a re- undertaken by researchers to secure smart homes from
sult, SHS researchers are opting more and more for intrusion. A real-time intrusion alert based on image pro-
application-based interfaces [116]. Similar to web applica- cessing that can detect human faces and warn the SHS user is
tions, smartphone applications also provide the user with proposed by the author in [29]. Te authors in [81] present
a GUI for interaction, and the user can get a real-time update a low-cost Bluetooth and smartphone-based security system
about SHSs. Smartphone applications provide all types of that uses voice recognition and an eye scanner to identify the
data and information just like web applications [34, 112]. user. A cloud-based security system that enables the user to
lock all the doors and windows, alerts about intrusion via
SMS, and allows wireless home monitoring through cameras
9. Computational Approaches in SHS is discussed in [114]. Alexa or the Amazon voice service and
In every SHS, one of the most crucial parts is the compu- Raspberry Pi are used to secure doors of a smart home in
tational unit. It can either be a physical unit placed inside an [86], where a push notifcation is sent to the user if the door
SHS or a cloud platform employed for this purpose. Te next is opened without authorization. In [79], a security system
segment contains a summary of the computational methods for elderly and physically challenged people has been dis-
utilized by the paper reviewed in this study. cussed, which uses a PIR sensor to detect an object or in-
truder and, with the help of a camera connected to Raspberry
Pi, captures a photo of the intruder. In [119], a robot is used
9.1. Big Data. Big data is the method of systematically an- to monitor the smart home and detect intrusions or ab-
alyzing and extracting information from large sets of data normal events. Equipped with a camera, this robot can
that are otherwise too big and complex to analyze through diferentiate between intrusion and private moments such as
traditional data processing methods. A large-scale SHS, nakedness and can avoid monitoring sensitive activities of
which employs several sensors and appliance control home occupants.
mechanisms, often generates an enormous amount of data. Te SHS that employs Internet, IoT, remote home
Te big data computational method ofers a system that monitoring, and wireless appliance controlling systems uses
enables us to handle such a huge amount of data wireless communication systems and thus is vulnerable to
[72, 117, 118]. data hacking. It is essential to set up a secure network for
a comfortable smart home experience. As the number of
devices connected to IoT-based systems is continuously
9.2. Cloud Computing. In SHSs, cloud computing provides growing, a secured network is essential [143]. To terminate
access to computer system resources such as data storage the security threats of an IoT network, the authors in [61]
and processing power on demand. Tis way, instead of proposed a smart card-based security system that is based on
directly purchasing extra storage and processors, the system the secure addressing and authentication (SCSAA) scheme,
can use cloud resources to satisfy its needs [22, 97, 104]. which upgrades the standard IPv6 protocol. An internal
security framework for smart devices has been proposed in
[109], which ensures devices’ security against data leakage,
9.3. Fog Computing. Fog computing or fogging is a dispersed
modifcation, or false code integration into systems. A
computing architecture that exists between cloud and data-
password-protected user interface has been developed in
generating devices. It uses optimized edge devices to process,
[59] that requires user authentication to access the moni-
store, and communicate with the user end through the
toring interface. In [118], machine learning and big data
Internet. Fog computing reduces the energy consumption of
have been used to detect anomalies in the network with the
SHSs by decreasing the amount of data required to transmit
help of a hidden Markov model (HMM) that can sense the
[72, 74, 117].
presence of cyber anomalies in the system. An intrusion
detection and mitigation framework (IoT-IDM) structure
10. Services Provided by SHS has been developed in [120]. Tis framework continuously
monitors the devices connected to the system in an IoT-
Tis next section mentions some of the services provided by based smart home and looks out for any malicious activity or
smart home systems. In recent times, several types of
22 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

anomalies in the network. Upon detecting any unauthorized [155]. Kinect v2 is again used in [127] for both speech and
activity, the system blocks the intruder and protects devices. gesture recognition systems that are specially tailored for
Smart devices connected to the system can authenticate one elderly people of age 65–80 years. In [128], the authors used
another and create a secure data transmission network. Te Kinect again to register body posture and control home
system proposed in [121] is able to monitor IoT network appliances. Another image processing-based hand gesture
trafc and extract information. Tis extracted information is recognition system is proposed by the authors of [30] that
then used to detect abnormal behavior in the system. An uses MATLAB simulations. A very interesting experiment
SHS security architecture is proposed in [122], which is was carried out by the author in [138], where a radar device is
efcient, reliable, and accurate and manages the SHS net- used to detect objects and identify gestures. A body sensor-
work safely. By using private Ethereum blockchain, the based gesture recognition system has been explored in [32],
authors in [123] proposed an SHS network security system. where fex sensors are used with a hand glove to register
gestures and control appliances. A secure blockchain-based
smart home health monitoring system has been proposed in
10.2. Energy Management Systems in SHS. A vital part of the
[63], which uses a sensor device for gesture recognition. A
SHS is energy management, and several studies have been
wearable wrist-mountedmotion-sensing device is used for
conducted in this feld. Smart home energy management
gesture recognition in [108]. Te device consists of an in-
systems are designed based on a framework that can
ertial sensor to detect the hand motion, an Arduino
satisfy energy demands and monitor available resources
microcontroller board for processing the data, and an RF
without the involvement of the user [144]. Researchers
wireless transceiver to communicate and send the data to the
have used methods such as artifcial neural networks
main processor.
[145], machine learning, deep learning [28], and artifcial
intelligence [73] to develop an energy management system
for SHSs. Smart homes that are fully capable of producing 10.4. Elderly and Physically Challenged People Care. With the
the required amount of energy are one of the main focuses advancement in smart home technology, it is becoming
of researchers, and several breakthroughs have been more and more capable of providing health care and health
achieved [124]. Te authors in [146, 147] proposed monitoring facilities for occupants, especially for the elderly
a nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) system for better and physically challenged people [156, 157]. Researchers are
energy management. Automatic scheduling of household constantly working to provide a more comfortable and safer
appliances and electric vehicles to reduce energy costs has environment for elderly people, which gives them more
been proposed in [148]. To decrease energy costs, a new safety and independence [18, 158]. Te SHS could provide
energy management system with the help of photovoltaic great physical and health support for elderly people [159].
cells that satisfes consumer needs without putting too Several studies have been carried out to investigate the
much pressure on the national grid has been proposed in current situation of elderly care in smart homes and the
[149]. Photovoltaic cells have been a huge part of the perception of elderly people towards the smart home system
energy-saving scheme in the SHS. AI-based PV pro- [124, 147]. A low-cost smart assistance system for elderly
duction systems have been proposed in [150, 151]. A cloud people has been explored in [131], which generates re-
server-based energy management system has been pro- minders to take medicines and alerts certain people about
posed in [125]. Multiagent energy optimization systems signifcant events such as fre eruptions or intrusions. Apart
have been presented in [152]. PV-based smart homes now from that, it also provides a wireless appliance control
play an active role in the national grid. Extra energy option. Te authors in [98] developed a voice and text-based
generated through photovoltaic cells in smart homes can home appliance control system that uses voice commands or
now be traded through an electric grid [153, 154]. text messages to turn on and of various appliances. Tis
method is very useful for elderly and physically challenged
people as it enables them to remotely control their appli-
10.3. Activity and Gesture Recognition. Te process of ances. A hidden Makarov model (HMM) is used in [76] to
detecting and recognizing human body movements such as detect abnormal activity among smart home occupants,
handwaves or facial expressions to control and interact with especially elderly people. Te study used only sensor data to
a computer system is defned as gesture control. It is detect abnormalities in their behavior. A patient monitoring
a subdivision of image processing and computer vision. In system is discussed in [132], where audio and video data are
SHSs, mostly hand gestures are used to control certain collected through a microphone and camera. Te collected
appliances connected to the system. SHS researchers are data are then processed in the cloud, and depending on the
trying to develop a more accurate gesture recognition system result, doctors can prescribe or assist the patient through
that would make home appliance control easier. A computer audio, video, or text messages. Te researchers in [133, 139]
vision-based hand gesture recognition system for home designed a two-way telemedicine interaction system that
appliance control that does not require the user to wear any allows simultaneous communication between the elderly
extra wristband or other device is demonstrated in [126]. A and a physician. An IoT-based elderly care system has been
Kinect v2 sensor was used to capture body gestures in [107], proposed in [79] that uses AI for voice recognition and ofers
which are used to recognize a set of hand state combinations wireless appliance switching as well as home monitoring and
to control home appliances. Kinect is a motion-sensing intrusion alert.
device that is capable of gesture and voice recognition
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 23

10.5. Smart Home Appliance Control. Home automation a single microcontroller method to develop SHSs, while 21
and wireless appliance control are two of the main felds of papers, or about 39%, opted for multiple microcontrollers.
research in SHSs. SHSs are gradually adapting home au-
tomation and allow the user better control over their home
[17]. Several types of methods are available for appliance 11.3. Discussion on Sensors Used in SHS. Te sensor usage
switching, such as wireless control over a smartphone app data shown in Table 4 are graphically represented in Fig-
[134] or website [95], voice command [86], and text com- ure 10. We can see that the temperature sensor is the most
mand [98]. In general, smartphone apps [70] or websites used sensor in SHSs. Tey are often used alongside other
[24] are the most popular means of appliance control in sensors such as fame or gas sensors to detect any unusual
SHSs because of their simplicity and less complicated in- diference in temperature, which could mean that a potential
stallation process. Other methods, such as gesture recog- fre breaks out. Te PIR sensor is the second most used
nition, where the user can control devices just with some sensor due to its popular application as intrusion detection.
simple gestures, have also been developed [107, 126]. Re- It is considered a cheap substitute for a camera as it can
cently, the SHS with dual modes of appliance control such as detect human presence up to a certain level and warn about
speech and gesture control is becoming a more popular topic any possible intrusion. Te humidity sensor keeps an eye on
of research [127]. IoT-based SHS systems, where the user can the humidity level of home and helps maintain a comfortable
monitor the home environment as well as control various humidity level. Gas, smoke, and fame sensors are very useful
home appliances such as lights, fans, and other switches, are and are used as a safety system to detect gas leakage, smoke,
already in development [137]. For better speech recognition or fre breakout. Te camera is mainly used for security
in appliance control, researchers are working to develop purposes, image processing, and gesture recognition. LDR
a better speech recognition algorithm [160–163]. sensors help automate the lights in the house, which saves
energy. Other sensors, such as doors, accelerometers, and
pressure, have their own specifc usage and are used
11. Discussion accordingly.
Reviewing and analyzing all the articles based on the study,
in this section, a thorough discussion is presented on all the
11.4. Discussion on Networking Technologies and User In-
topics mentioned in this study.
terfaces of SHS. After reviewing all the studies on SHSs, we
can say that most of the development routes choose both
11.1. Discussion on SHS Approaches. Figure 8 represents wired and wireless communication media to connect sensors
a graphical illustration of the technological approaches and other devices to the main controller, while mainly
shown in Table 2. Although the table does not contain the wireless connectivity is preferred in the connection between
data of all the papers reviewed in this study, it contains the smart home and the user. Even though wireless con-
a substantial amount of information from which we could nectivity between the sensor and processor is a trend, it is
conclude the overall trend of SHSs. We can see that 31 SHSs, comparatively more expensive than a wired connection since
or nearly 60%, used multiple approaches instead of another device is required for the majority of micropro-
depending on a single method. 20 articles, or about 40%, cessors to wirelessly receive and send data.
used only one method to develop an SHS. It can also be seen In the case of user interfaces, both web application-based
that IoT-based SHSs are by far the most popular choice and smartphone application-based interfaces are popular.
among researchers, which is mainly due to the low cost. Tough the latter might be preferred since web-based in-
Other methods, such as WSN, GSM, and Bluetooth, are also terfaces need to remember the web address or user cre-
fairly popular. Machine learning, deep learning, and neural dentials to log into the system, smartphone-based
network-based SHSs are also gaining ground among applications are not that complex. Te extra steps required in
researchers. web interfaces to access the system might be considered
unnecessary annoyance by the user, while smartphone-
based interfaces are specifcally designed to reduce the
11.2. Discussion on Microcontrollers Used in SHS. After amount of complexity for the user.
a thorough investigation, we have identifed the most
popular microcontrollers used in the development of SHSs.
Te data shown in Table 3 can be represented in Figure 9, 11.5. Discussion on Services Provided by SHS. Recent de-
which shows the trend of microcontrollers in SHSs. Un- velopments in SHSs have introduced diferent types of
doubtedly, Arduino and Raspberry PI are the most used services in SHSs that make smart homes more secure,
microcontrollers. Arduino is cheap, versatile, and reliable, comfortable, and user-friendly. High emphasis has been
while Raspberry Pi has better computational power than given to networks and home security, which makes home
most other microcontrollers. Te ESP32 and ESP8266 less prone to security threats. Systems to neutralize both
boards are popular due to their built-inWi-Fi modules, physical and network threats have been developed over the
which help the SHS connect to the Internet. Other micro- years. Energy management has been another major sector of
controllers such as FPGA, PIC, and LPC are also used. Some development that helps smart homes be energy efcient and
researchers have also used not-so-familiar components such environmentally friendly. With the help of image processing,
as S5PV210 and LM3S8962. Overall, 33 papers, or 61%, used machine learning, and deep learning, gesture recognition
24 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

MULTIPLE APPROACH 57
SINGLE APPROACH 54

BLUETOOTH 14
Technological Approaches

GSM 17
FUZZY LOGIC 1
NEURAL NETWORK 6
DEEP LEARNING 8
MACHINE LEARNING 18
AI 8
IOT 78
IMAGE PROCESSING 24
MULTI-AGENT 2
WSN 19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Frequency of Utilization
Figure 8: Comparison of technological approaches of SHS.

MULTIPLE MICROCONTROLLER 29
SINGLE MICROCONTROLLER 82
Processor/Controller Type

ARDUINO 35
RASPBERRY PI 36
ESP32/8266 25
FPGA 2
PIC 5
LPC 2
OTHER 38
0 20 40 60 80
Frequency of Utilization
Figure 9: Comparison of microcontroller usage in SHSs.

55
52
Frequency

32
25 26
19
16 11 3 7 4 5 13 2 2 4 4 4
CAMERA
TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

GAS

SMOKE

ULTRASONIC

FLAME

PRESSURE

GYROSCOPE

PULSE

FLUID DETECTION

FLEX
PIR

ACCELEROMETER

DOOR

FSR

OTHER
LDR

Sensor Type

Figure 10: Frequency of diferent sensor usage in SHS.

has become more accurate and efcient, which allows users specialized smart homes that make the lives of elderly people
to control appliances with mere gestures. For elderly and easier, more comfortable, and more attentive to medical
physically challenged people, researchers have developed needs. Moreover, fnally, remote appliance control has
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 25

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