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Lecture EM 1

The document discusses different coordinate systems used in electromagnetics including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical systems. It also defines operators like del, gradient, divergence, and curl and provides their representations in different coordinate systems. Examples of applying these concepts to find gradient of a field are also included.

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14 views19 pages

Lecture EM 1

The document discusses different coordinate systems used in electromagnetics including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical systems. It also defines operators like del, gradient, divergence, and curl and provides their representations in different coordinate systems. Examples of applying these concepts to find gradient of a field are also included.

Uploaded by

hasibul hoque
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEE 205

Engineering Electromagnetics

(Ref: Elements of Electromagnetics Ch-02+03)


Problem
Co-ordinate System
 Act as a reference to specifically identify a point with respect to its reference
point.
 Each point can be expressed as a linear sum of the basis vector.
 Number of the basis vector depends on the dimensionality of the system.
Orthogonal Co-ordinate System
 Basis vectors are mutually orthogonal. (Dot product is zero)

Orthonormal Co-ordinate System

 Basis vectors are unit vector.


Orthonormal Co-ordinate System
 Cartesian co-ordinate system.
 Cylindrical co-ordinate system.
 Spherical co-ordinate system.
Cartesian Co-ordinate System
Cylindrical Co-ordinate System
Spherical Co-ordinate System
Del Operator/ Nabla Operator
Differential volume

 Cartesian:

 Cylindrical:

 Spherical:
Gradient of a scalar
Gradient of a scalar field V is a vector defining the maximum space rate of change
of field V.

 Cartesian:

 Cylindrical:

 Spherical:
Divergence of a vector
Divergence of a scalar field A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit volume
as the volume shrinks about P.

 Cartesian:

 Cylindrical:

 Spherical:
Curl of a vector
Divergence of a scalar field A whose magnitude is the maximum circulation of A
per unit area as the area lends to zero and whose direction is the normal direction of
the area when the area is oriented so as to make the circulation maximum.

 Cartesian:  Spherical:

 Cylindrical:
Problem
Find the gradient of the field:

Sol:

V is expressed in Cartesian co-ordinate. So gradient of field V is

So,
=

So, =
Self work
 Example problem: 3.3,3.4,3.5,3.6,3.8.
 Practice exercise: 3.3,3.4,3.5,3.6,3.8.
Divergence theorem
Divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of a vector field A through the closed surface S
is the same as the volume integral of the divergence of A.
Stokes theorem
Stokes's theorem suites that the circulation of a vector field A around a (closed) path L is equal to
the surface integral of the curl of A over the open surface S bounded by L (see Figure) provided that
A and 𝛻 × 𝐴 are continuous on S.
Laplacian of a scalar
Divergence of the gradient of the field.

 Cartesian:

 Cylindrical:

 Spherical:
Classification of a vector field
Helmholtz Theorem
A vector field is determined if both its divergence and its curl are specified
everywhere.

For a vector field A,

Where, V is scalar potential and B is vector potential.

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