A-10 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Chapter 4 5.39 a) 0.218 m>s b) 11.7 N 6.25 48.0 N

mkmg 6.27 a) 4.48 m>s b) 3.61 m>s
4.1 494 N, 31.8° 5.41 a) b) 1>tan u
cos u - mk sin u 6.29 a) 4.96 m>s b) 1.43 m>s2; 4.96 m>s, same
4.3 3.15 N
6.31 a) v 02>2mkg b) (i) 12 (ii) 4 (iii) 2
4.5 a) –8.10 N, 3.00 N b) 8.64 N 5.43 b) 8.2 m>s
6.33 a) 40.0 N>m b) 0.456 N
4.7 46.7 N, opposite to the motion of the skater 5.45 a) 61.8 N b) 30.4 N
6.35 b) 13.1 cm (bottom), 14.1 cm (middle),
4.9 21.8 kg 5.47 3.66 s
15.2 cm (top)
4.11 a) 3.12 m, 3.12 m>s b) 21.9 m, 6.24 m>s 5.49 a) 21.0°, no b) 11,800 N (car), 23,600 N (truck)
6.37 a) 2.83 m>s b) 3.46 m>s
4.13 a) 45.0 N, between 2.0 s and 4.0 s 5.51 6200 N (horizontal cable), 1410 N (upper cable)
6.39 8.5 cm
b) between 2.0 s and 4.0 s c) 0 s, 6.0 s 5.53 a) 1.5 rev>min b) 0.92 rev>min
6.41 a) 1.76 b) 0.666 m>s
4.15 a) A = 100 N, B = 12.5 N>s2 5.55 a) 38.3 m>s = 138 km>h b) 3580 N
6.43 a) 4.0 J b) 0 c) - 1.0 J d) 3.0 J
b) (i) 21.6 N, 2.70 m>s2 (ii) 134 N, 16.8 m>s2 5.57 2.42 m>s
e) - 1.0 J
c) 26.6 m>s2 5.59 a) 1.73 m>s2 c) 0.0115 N upward
6.45 a) 2.83 m>s b) 2.40 m>s
4.17 2940 N d) 0.0098 N
6.47 a) 0.0565 m b) no, 0.57 J
4.19 a) 4.49 kg b) 4.49 kg, 8.13 N 5.61 a) rope making 60° angle b) 6400 N
6.49 8.17 m>s
4.21 825 N, blocks 5.63 TB = 4960 N, TC = 1200 N
6.51 360,000 J; 100 m>s
4.23 50 N 5.65 a) 470 N b) 163 N
6.53 13.9 * 10132P
4.25 b) yes 5.67 762 N
6.55 745 W≈1 hp
4.27 a) yes b) no 5.69 a) (i) - 3.80 m>s (ii) 24.6 m>s b) 4.36 m
6.57 a) 84.6>min b) 22.7>min
4.29 b) 142 N c) 2.45 s
6.59 29.6 kW
4.31 2.58 s 5.71 a) 11.4 N b) 2.57 kg
6.61 0.20 W
4.33 a) 17 N, 90° clockwise from the + x-axis 5.73 12.3 m>s
6.63 a) 608 J b) - 395 J c) 0 d) - 189 J
b) 840 N 5.75 1.78 m>s
e) 24 J f) 1.5 m>s
4.35 a) 4.85 m>s b) 16.2 m>s2 upward 5.77 a) m 11sin a + mk cos a2
6.65 a) 5.62 J (20.0-N block), 3.38 J (12.0-N
c) 1470 N upward (on him), 2360 N downward b) m 11sin a - mk cos a2
block) b) 2.58 J (20.0-N block), 1.54 J
(on ground) c) m 11sin a - ms cos a2 … m 2 …
(12.0-N block)
4.37 a) 153 N m 11sin a + ms cos a2
6.67 a) 1.8 m>s = 4.0 mi>h
4.39 a) 2.50 m>s2 b) 10.0 N 5.79 a) 1.44 N b) 1.80 N
b) 180 m>s2 ≈18g, 900 N
c) to the right, F 7 T d) 25.0 N 5.81 920 N
6.69 a) 5.11 m b) 0.304 c) 10.3 m
4.41 a) 4.4 m b) 300 m>s 5.83 a) 88.0 N northward b) 78 N southward
6.71 a) 0.074 N b) 4.7 N c) 0.22 J
c) (i) 2.7 * 104 N (ii) 9.0 * 103 N 5.85 a) 294 N (18.0-cm wire), 152 N, 152 N
6.73 6.3 * 104 N>m
4.43 b) 0.049 N c) 410 mg b) 40.0 N
6.75 1.1 m
4.45 a) 0.603 m>s2, upward 5.87 3.0 N
6.77 a) 2.39 m>s b) 9.42 m>s, away from the wall
b) 1.26 m>s2, downward 5.89 a) 12.9 kg b) TAB = 47.2 N, TBC = 101 N
6.79 a) 0.600 m b) 1.50 m>s
4.47 a) 7.79 m>s b) 50.6 m>s2 upward 2m 2g m 2g
5.91 a1 = ,a = 6.81 0.786
c) Fground - mg upward, 4530 N upward, 4m 1 + m 2 2 4m 1 + m 2 6.83 1.3 m
6.16 mg 5.93 1.46 m above the floor 6.85 a) 1.10 * 105 J b) 1.30 * 105 J
4.49 a) 4.34 kg b) 5.30 kg 5.95 g>ms c) 3.99 kW
4.51 7.78 m 5.97 b) 0.452 6.87 3.6 h
4.53 a) largest: Ferrari; smallest: Alpha Romeo and 5.99 0.34 6.89 a) 1.26 * 105 J b) 1.46 W
Honda Civic b) largest: Ferrari; smallest: 5.101 b) 8.8 N c) 31.0 N d) 1.54 m>s2
k 2 k
Volvo c) 7.5 kN, smaller d) zero 6.91 b) v 2 = - d + 2d c 10.400 m2 - mkg d
5.103 v = 12mg>k2c 12 + e-1k>m2t d m m
4.55 b) 26 kg, 8.3 m>s2
c) 1.29 m>s, 0.204 m d) 12.0 N>m, 0.800
4.57 choice (d) 5.105 b) 0.28 c) no 6.93 a) Mv 2>6 b) 6.1 m>s c) 3.9 m>s
4.59 choice (a) 5.107 a) 81.1° b) no d) 0.40 J, 0.60 J
c) The bead rides at the bottom of the hoop. 6.95 choice (a)
5.109 a) 0.371 b) 0.290 6.97 choice (d)
Chapter 5 c) yes, same slope, less-negative intercept
5.1 a) 25.0 N b) 50.0 N 5.111 a) 5>8 in. b) 23.9 kN c) 3.57 kN, smaller
5.3 a) 990 N, 735 N b) 926 N d) larger; accurate Chapter 7
5.5 48° 5.113 F = 1M + m2g tan a 7.1 a) 6.6 * 105 J b) - 7.7 * 105 J
5.7 a) TA = 0.732w, TB = 0.897w, TC = w 5.115 cos2 b 7.3 a) 610 N b) (i) 0 (ii) 550 J
b) TA = 2.73w, TB = 3.35w, TC = w 5.117 choice (b) 7.5 a) 24.0 m>s b) 24.0 m>s c) part (b)
5.9 a) 574 N b) 607 N 7.7 a) 2.0 m>s b) 9.8>10-7 J, 2.0 J>kg c) 200 m,
5.11 a) 1.10 * 108 N b) 5w c) 8.4 s 63 m>s d) 5.9 J>kg e) in its tensed legs
Chapter 6
5.13 a) 4610 m>s2 = 470g 7.9 a) (i) 0 (ii) 0.98 J b) 2.8 m>s
b) 9.70 * 105 N = 471w c) 0.0187 s 6.1 a) 3.60 J b) - 0.900 J c) 0 d) 0 e) 2.70 J c) Only gravity is constant. d) 5.1 N
5.15 b) 2.96 m>s2 c) 191 N; greater than; less than 6.3 a) 74 N b) 333 J c) - 330 J d) 0, 0 e) 0 7.11 - 5400 J
5.17 b) 3.75 m>s2 c) 2.48 kg 6.5 a) - 1750 J b) no 7.13 a) 660 J b) –118 J c) 353 J d) 190 J
d) T 6 weight of the hanging block 6.7 a) (i) 9.00 J (ii) - 9.00 J e) 3.16 m>s2, 6.16 m>s, 190 J
5.19 a) 0.832 m>s2 b) 17.3 s b) (i) 0 (ii) 9.00 J (iii) - 9.00 J (iv) 0 7.15 a) 52.0 J b) 3.25 J
5.21 a) 3.4 m>s c) 2.2w c) zero for each block 7.17 a) (i) 4U0 (ii) U0>4
5.23 a) 14.0 m b) 18.0 m>s 6.9 a) (i) 0 (ii) 0 b) (i) 0 (ii) - 25.1 J b) (i) x0 12 (ii) x0>12
5.25 50° 6.11 a) 374 J b) - 333 J c) 0 d) 41 J 7.19 a) 5.48 cm b) 3.92 cm
5.27 a) 33 N b) 3.1 m e) 352 J 7.21 a) 6.32 cm b) 12 cm
5.29 a) ms: 0.710; mk: 0.472 b) 258 N 6.13 - 572 J 7.23 a) 3.03 m>s, as it leaves the spring
c) (i) 51.8 N (ii) 4.97 m>s2 6.15 a) 120 J b) –108 J c) 24.3 J b) 95.9 m>s2, when the spring has its maximum
5.31 a) 18.3 m>s2 b) 2.29 m>s2 6.17 a) 36,000 J b) 4 compression
5.33 a) 57.1 N b) 146 N up the ramp 6.19 a) 1.0 * 1016 J b) 2.4 times 7.25 a) 4.46 * 105 N>m b) 0.128 m
5.35 a) 52.5 m b) 16.0 m>s 6.21 a) 43.2 m>s b) 101 m>s 7.27 a) - 5.4 J b) - 5.4 J c) - 10.8 J
5.37 a) mk1m A + m B2g b) mkm Ag 6.23 22gh11 + mk>tan a2 d) nonconservative
 Discussion Questions 123

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discussion QuesTions Q4.20 Why are cars designed to crumple in front and back for
Q4.1 Can a body be in equilibrium when only one force acts on safety? Why not for side collisions and rollovers?
it? Explain. Q4.21 When a string barely strong enough lifts a heavy weight,
Q4.2 A ball thrown straight up has zero velocity at its highest it can lift the weight by a steady pull; but if you jerk the string, it
point. Is the ball in equilibrium at this point? Why or why not? will break. Explain in terms of Newton’s laws of motion.
Q4.3 A helium balloon hovers in midair, neither ascending nor Q4.22 A large crate is suspended from the end of a vertical rope.
descending. Is it in equilibrium? What forces act on it? Is the tension in the rope greater when the crate is at rest or when
Q4.4 When you fly in an airplane at night in smooth air, you it is moving upward at constant speed? If the crate is traveling up-
have no sensation of motion, even though the plane may be mov- ward, is the tension in the rope greater when the crate is speeding
ing at 800 km>h (500 mi>h). Why? up or when it is slowing down? In each case, explain in terms of
Q4.5 If the two ends of a rope in equilibrium are pulled with Newton’s laws of motion.
forces of equal magnitude and opposite directions, why isn’t the Q4.23 Which feels a greater pull due to the earth’s gravity: a
total tension in the rope zero? 10-kg stone or a 20-kg stone? If you drop the two stones, why
Q4.6 You tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl the brick doesn’t the 20-kg stone fall with twice the acceleration of the
around you in a horizontal circle. Describe the path of the brick 10-kg stone? Explain.
after you suddenly let go of the rope. Q4.24 Why is it incorrect to say that 1.0 kg equals 2.2 lb?
Q4.7 When a car stops suddenly, the passengers tend to move Q4.25 A horse is hitched to a wagon. Since the wagon pulls back
forward relative to their seats. Why? When a car makes a sharp on the horse just as hard as the horse pulls on the wagon, why doesn’t
turn, the passengers tend to slide to one side of the car. Why? the wagon remain in equilibrium, no matter how hard the horse pulls?
Q4.8 Some people say that the “force of inertia” (or “force of Q4.26 True or false? You exert a push P on an object and it
momentum”) throws the passengers forward when a car brakes pushes back on you with a force F. If the object is moving at con-
sharply. What is wrong with this explanation? stant velocity, then F is equal to P, but if the object is being accel-
Q4.9 A passenger in a moving bus with no windows notices that erated, then P must be greater than F.
a ball that has been at rest in the aisle suddenly starts to move to- Q4.27 A large truck and a small compact car have aShead-on col-
ward the rear of the bus. Think of two possible explanations, and lision. During the collision, the Struck exerts a force FT on C on the
devise a way to decide which is correct. car, and the car exerts a force FC on T on the truck. Which force
Q4.10 Suppose you chose the fundamental physical quantities has the larger magnitude, or are they the same? Does your answer
to be force, length, and time instead of mass, length, and time. depend on how fast each vehicle was moving before the collision?
What would be the units of mass in terms of those fundamental Why or why not?
quantities? Q4.28 When a car comes to a stop on a level highway, what force
Q4.11 Why is the earth only approximately an inertial reference causes it to slow down? When the car increases its speed on the
frame? same highway, what force causes it to speed up? Explain.
Q4.12 Does Newton’s second law hold true for an observer in a Q4.29 A small compact car is pushing a large van that has bro-
van as it speeds up, slows down, or rounds a corner? Explain. ken down, and they travel along the road with equal velocities and
S
Q4.13 Some students refer to the quantity ma as “the force of accelerations. While the car is speeding up, is the force it exerts
acceleration.” Is it correct to refer to this quantity as a force? If so, on the van larger than, smaller than, or the same magnitude as the
what exerts this force? If not, what is a better description of this force the van exerts on it? Which vehicle has the larger net force
quantity? on it, or are the net forces the same? Explain.
Q4.14 The acceleration of a falling body is measured in an ele- Q4.30 Consider a tug-of-war between two people who pull in op-
vator that is traveling upward at a constant speed of 9.8 m>s. What posite directions on the ends of a rope. By Newton’s third law, the
value is obtained? force that A exerts on B is just as great as the force that B exerts
Q4.15 You can play catch with a softball in a bus moving with on A. So what determines who wins? (Hint: Draw a free-body dia-
constant speed on a straight road, just as though the bus were at gram showing all the forces that act on each person.)
rest. Is this still possible when the bus is making a turn at constant Q4.31 Boxes A and B are in Figure Q4.31
speed on a level road? Why or why not? contact on a horizontal, fric-
Q4.16 Students sometimes say that the force of gravity on an ob- tionless surface. You push 100 N
on box A with a horizontal A
ject is 9.8 m>s2. What is wrong with this view? B
Q4.17 Why can it hurt your foot more to kick a big rock than a 100-N force (Fig. Q4.31). Box A
small pebble? Must the big rock hurt more? Explain. weighs 150 N, and box B
Q4.18 “It’s not the fall that hurts you; it’s the sudden stop at the weighs 50 N. Is the force that
bottom.” Translate this saying into the language of Newton’s laws box A exerts on box B equal to 100 N, greater than 100 N, or less
of motion. than 100 N? Explain.
Q4.19 A person can dive into water from a height of 10 m with- Q4.32 A manual for student pilots contains this passage: “When
out injury, but a person who jumps off the roof of a 10-m-tall an airplane flies at a steady altitude, neither climbing nor de-
building and lands on a concrete street is likely to be seriously scending, the upward lift force from the wings equals the plane’s
injured. Why is there a difference? weight. When the plane is climbing at a steady rate, the upward
124 Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws of Motion

lift is greater than the weight; when the plane is descending at 4.4 . A man is dragging a Figure E4.4
a steady rate, the upward lift is less than the weight.” Are these trunk up the loading ramp of a
statements correct? Explain. mover’s truck. The ramp has a
Q4.33 If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove slope angle of 20.0°, and the manS
some of the excess water by shaking them. Why does this work? pulls upward with a force F S
F
Q4.34 If you squat down (such as when you examine the books whose direction makes an 30.0°
on a bottom shelf) and then suddenly get up, you may temporarily angle of 30.0° with the ramp
feel light-headed. What do Newton’s laws of motion have to say (Fig. E4.4). (a) How large a
S
20.0°
about why this happens? force F is necessary for the
Q4.35 When a car is hit from behind, the occupants may expe- component Fx parallel to the
rience whiplash. Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain what ramp to be 90.0 N? (b) How
causes this result. large will the component Fy perpendicular to the ramp be then?
4.5 . Forces F1 and F2 act at a point. The magnitude of F1 is
S S S
Q4.36 In a head-on auto collision, passengers who are not wearing
seat belts may be thrown through the windshield. Use Newton’s 9.00 N, and its direction is 60.0°
S
above the x-axis in the second
laws of motion to explain why this happens. quadrant. The magnitude of F2 is 6.00 N, and its direction is 53.1°
Q4.37 In a head-on collision between a compact 1000-kg car and a below the x-axis in the third quadrant. (a) What are the x- and
large 2500-kg car, which one experiences the greater force? Explain. y-components of the resultant force? (b) What is the magnitude of
Which one experiences the greater acceleration? Explain why. Why the resultant force?
are passengers in the small car more likely to be injured than those
in the large car, even when the two car bodies are equally strong?
Q4.38 Suppose you are in a rocket with no windows, traveling Section 4.3 Newton’s Second Law
in deep space far from other objects. Without looking outside the 4.6 . An electron (mass = 9.11 * 10-31 kg) leaves one end of a
rocket or making any contact with the outside world, explain how TV picture tube with zero initial speed and travels in a straight
you could determine whether the rocket is (a) moving forward at line to the accelerating grid, which is 1.80 cm away. It reaches the
a constant 80% of the speed of light and (b) accelerating in the grid with a speed of 3.00 * 106 m>s. If the accelerating force is
forward direction. constant, compute (a) the acceleration; (b) the time to reach the
grid; and (c) the net force, in newtons. Ignore the gravitational
force on the electron.
exerciSeS
4.7 .. A 68.5-kg skater moving initially at 2.40 m>s on rough
Section 4.1 Force and Interactions horizontal ice comes to rest uniformly in 3.52 s due to friction
4.1 .. Two dogs pull horizontally on ropes attached to a post; the from the ice. What force does friction exert on the skater?
angle between the ropes is 60.0°. If Rover exerts a force of 270 N 4.8 .. You walk into an elevator, step onto a scale, and push the
and Fido exerts a force of 300 N, find the magnitude of the resul- “up” button. You recall that your normal weight is 625 N. Draw a
tant force and the angle it makes with Rover’s rope. free-body diagram. (a) When the elevator has an upward accelera-
4.2 . To extricate an SUV stuck in the mud, workmen use three tion of magnitude 2.50 m>s2, what does the scale read? (b) If you
horizontal ropes, producing the force vectors shown in Fig. E4.2. hold a 3.85-kg package by a light vertical string, what will be the
(a) Find the x- and y-components of each of the three pulls. tension in this string when the elevator accelerates as in part (a)?
(b) Use the components to find the magnitude and direction of 4.9 . A box rests on a frozen pond, which serves as a friction-
the resultant of the three pulls. less horizontal surface. If a fisherman applies a horizontal force
Figure E4.2 y with magnitude 48.0 N to the box and produces an acceleration of
magnitude 2.20 m>s2, what is the mass of the box?
4.10 .. A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of
788 N

80.0 N to a block of ice on a smooth horizontal floor. The fric-

32° 985 N tional force is negligible. The block starts from rest and moves
11.0 m in 5.00 s. (a) What is the mass of the block of ice? (b) If the
31°
worker stops pushing at the end of 5.00 s, how far does the block
x move in the next 5.00 s?
53° 4.11 . A hockey puck with mass 0.160 kg is at rest at the origin
(x = 0) on the horizontal, frictionless surface of the rink. At time
t = 0 a player applies a force of 0.250 N to the puck, parallel to
411 N the x-axis; she continues to apply this force until t = 2.00 s.
4.3 . bio Jaw Injury. Due to a Figure E4.3
(a) What are the position and speed of the puck at t = 2.00 s?
(b) If the same force is again applied at t = 5.00 s, what are the
jaw injury, a patient must wear a
position and speed of the puck at t = 7.00 s?
strap (Fig. E4.3) that produces a net
4.12 . A crate with mass 32.5 kg initially at rest on a warehouse
upward force of 5.00 N on his chin.
floor is acted on by a net horizontal force of 14.0 N. (a) What ac-
The tension is the same throughout
celeration is produced? (b) How far does the crate travel in 10.0 s?
the strap. To what tension must the
(c) What is its speed at the end of 10.0 s?
strap be adjusted to provide the nec-
4.13 . A 4.50-kg experimental cart undergoes an acceleration in a
essary upward force?
75.0° straight line (the x-axis). The graph in Fig. E4.13 shows this accel-
eration as a function of time. (a) Find the maximum net force on this
cart. When does this maximum force occur? (b) During what times
 problems 125

is the net force on the cart a constant? (c) When is the net force equal 4.22 .. The upward normal force exerted by the floor is 620 N
to zero? on an elevator passenger who weighs 650 N. What are the reaction
forces to these two forces? Is the passenger accelerating? If so,
Figure E4.13
what are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration?
ax (m>s2) 4.23 .. Boxes A and B are in contact on a horizontal, frictionless
10.0 surface (Fig. E4.23). Box A has mass 20.0 kg and box B has mass
5.0 kg. A horizontal force of 250 N is exerted on box A. What is
5.0
the magnitude of the force that box A exerts on box B?
t (s)
O 2.0 4.0 6.0
Figure E4.23
4.14 . A 2.75-kg cat moves Figure E4.14
in a straight line (the x-axis). vx (m>s) 250 N
Figure E4.14 shows a graph of 12.0 A
the x-component of this cat’s 10.0 B
velocity as a function of time. 8.0
6.0
(a) Find the maximum net 4.0
force on this cat. When does 2.0
this force occur? (b) When is O 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
t (s)
4.24 .. A student of mass 45 kg jumps off a high diving board.
the net force on the cat equal What is the acceleration of the earth toward her as she accel-
to zero? (c) What is the net force at time 8.5 s? erates toward the earth with an acceleration of 9.8 m>s2? Use
4.15 . A small 8.00-kg rocket burns fuel that exerts a time- 6.0 * 1024 kg for the mass of the earth, and assume that the net
varying upward force on the rocket (assume constant mass) as the force on the earth is the force of gravity she exerts on it.
rocket moves upward from the launch pad. This force obeys the
equation F = A + Bt 2. Measurements show that at t = 0, the
force is 100.0 N, and at the end of the first 2.00 s, it is 150.0 N. Section 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams
(a) Find the constants A and B, including their SI units. (b) Find the 4.25 .. Crates A and B sit at rest side by side on a frictionless
net force on this rocket and its acceleration (i) the instant after the horizontal surface. They have masses m A and m B, respectively.
S
fuel ignites and (ii) 3.00 s after the fuel ignites. (c) Suppose that When a horizontal force F is applied to crate A, the two crates
you were using this rocket in outer space, far from all gravity. move off to the right. (a) Draw clearly labeled free-body diagrams
What would its acceleration be 3.00 s after fuel ignition? for crate A and for crate B. Indicate which pairs of forces, if any,
S
are third-law action–reaction pairs. (b) If the magnitude of F is
Section 4.4 Mass and Weight less than the total weight of the two crates, will it cause the crates
4.16 . An astronaut’s pack weighs 17.5 N when she is on the to move? Explain.
earth but only 3.24 N when she is at the surface of a moon. 4.26 .. You pull horizontally Figure E4.26
(a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on this moon? on block B in Fig. E4.26, caus-
ing both blocks to move to- A
(b) What is the mass of the pack on this moon?
4.17 . Superman throws a 2400-N boulder at an adversary. gether as a unit. For this
B Pull
What horizontal force must Superman apply to the boulder to give moving system, make a care-
it a horizontal acceleration of 12.0 m>s2? fully labeled free-body dia-
Horizontal table
4.18 . bio (a) An ordinary flea has a mass of 210 mg. How gram of block A if (a) the table
many newtons does it weigh? (b) The mass of a typical froghopper is frictionless and (b) there is friction between block B and the
is 12.3 mg. How many newtons does it weigh? (c) A house cat table and the pull is equal in magnitude to the friction force on
typically weighs 45 N. How many pounds does it weigh, and what block B due to the table.
is its mass in kilograms? 4.27 . A ball is hanging from a long string that is tied to the ceil-
4.19 . At the surface of Jupiter’s moon Io, the acceleration due to ing of a train car traveling eastward on horizontal tracks. An ob-
gravity is g = 1.81 m>s2. A watermelon weighs 44.0 N at the server inside the train car sees the ball hang motionless. Draw a
surface of the earth. (a) What is the watermelon’s mass on the earth’s clearly labeled free-body diagram for the ball if (a) the train has a
surface? (b) What would be its mass and weight on the surface of Io? uniform velocity and (b) the train is speeding up uniformly. Is the
net force on the ball zero in either case? Explain.
4.28 .. CP A .22-caliber rifle bullet traveling at 350 m>s strikes
Section 4.5 Newton’s Third Law a large tree and penetrates it to a depth of 0.130 m. The mass of
4.20 . A small car of mass 380 kg is pushing a large truck of the bullet is 1.80 g. Assume a constant retarding force. (a) How
mass 900 kg due east on a level road. The car exerts a horizontal much time is required for the bullet to stop? (b) What force, in
force of 1600 N on the truck. What is the magnitude of the force newtons, does the tree exert on the bullet?
that the truck exerts on the car? 4.29 .. A chair of mass 12.0 kg is sitting on the horizontal floor;
4.21 . bio World-class sprinters can accelerate out of the start- the floor is not frictionless. You push on the chair with a force
ing blocks with an acceleration that is nearly horizontal and has F = 40.0 N that is directed at an angle of 37.0° below the hori-
magnitude 15 m>s2. How much horizontal force must a 55-kg zontal, and the chair slides along the floor. (a) Draw a clearly la-
sprinter exert on the starting blocks to produce this acceleration? beled free-body diagram for the chair. (b) Use your diagram and
Which body exerts the force that propels the sprinter: the blocks Newton’s laws to calculate the normal force that the floor exerts
or the sprinter herself? on the chair.
126 Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws of Motion

probleMS stop a 850-kg automobile traveling initially at 45.0 km>h in a dis-

4.30 ... A large box containing your new computer sits on the tance equal to the diameter of a dime, 1.8 cm?
4.37 .. bio Human Biomechanics. The fastest pitched baseball
bed of your pickup truck. You are stopped at a red light. When the
was measured at 46 m>s. A typical baseball has a mass of 145 g. If
light turns green, you stomp on the gas and the truck accelerates.
the pitcher exerted his force (assumed to be horizontal and constant)
To your horror, the box starts to slide toward the back of the truck.
over a distance of 1.0 m, (a) what force did he produce on the ball
Draw clearly labeled free-body diagrams for the truck and for the
during this record-setting pitch? (b) Draw free-body diagrams of
box. Indicate pairs of forces, if any, that are third-law action–
the ball during the pitch and just after it left the pitcher’s hand.
reaction pairs. (The horizontal truck bed is not frictionless.)
4.38 .. bio Human Biomechanics. The fastest served tennis
4.31 .. CP A 5.60-kg bucket of water is accelerated upward by a
ball, served by “Big Bill” Tilden in 1931, was measured at
cord of negligible mass whose breaking strength is 75.0 N. If the
73.14 m>s. The mass of a tennis ball is 57 g, and the ball, which
bucket starts from rest, what is the minimum time required to raise
starts from rest, is typically in contact with the tennis racquet for
the bucket a vertical distance of 12.0 m without breaking the cord?
4.32 .. CP You have just landed on Planet X. You release a
30.0 ms. Assuming constant acceleration, (a) what force did Big
Bill’s tennis racquet exert on the ball if he hit it essentially hori-
100-g ball from rest from a height of 10.0 m and measure that it
zontally? (b) Draw free-body diagrams of the ball during the
takes 3.40 s to reach the ground. Ignore any force on the ball from
serve and just after it moved free of the racquet.
the atmosphere of the planet. How much does the 100-g ball weigh
4.39 . Two crates, one with mass 4.00 kg and the other with
on the surface of Planet X?
4.33 .. Two adults and a child Figure P4.33
mass 6.00 kg, sit on the frictionless surface of a frozen pond, con-
nected by a light rope (Fig. P4.39). A woman wearing golf shoes
want to push a wheeled cart in
(for traction) pulls horizontally on the 6.00-kg crate with a force F
the direction marked x in
that gives the crate an acceleration of 2.50 m>s2. (a) What is the
Fig. P4.33. The two adults push
S S
F1 = 100 N acceleration of the 4.00-kg crate? (b) Draw a free-body diagram
with horizontal forces F1 and F2
for the 4.00-kg crate. Use that diagram and Newton’s second law
as shown. (a) Find the magni- 60° to find the tension T in the rope that connects the two crates.
tude and direction of the small-
x (c) Draw a free-body diagram for the 6.00-kg crate. What is the
est force that the child should 30° direction of the net force on the 6.00-kg crate? Which is larger in
exert. Ignore the effects of fric-
magnitude, T or F? (d) Use part (c) and Newton’s second law to
tion. (b) If the child exerts the
calculate the magnitude of F.
minimum force found in part (a), F2 = 140 N
the cart accelerates at 2.0 m>s2 in Figure P4.39 6.00 kg
the + x-direction. What is the weight of the cart? 4.00 kg
4.34 . CP An oil tanker’s engines have broken down, and the
T F

wind is blowing the tanker straight toward a reef at a constant

speed of 1.5 m>s (Fig. P4.34). When the tanker is 500 m from the
reef, the wind dies down just as the engineer gets the engines
going again. The rudder is stuck, so the only choice is to try to ac-
celerate straight backward away from the reef. The mass of the 4.40 .. CP Two blocks connected by a light horizontal rope sit at
tanker and cargo is 3.6 * 107 kg, and the engines produce a net rest on a horizontal, frictionless surface. Block A has mass 15.0
horizontal force of 8.0 * 104 N on the tanker. Will the ship hit kg, and block B has mass m. A constant horizontal force
the reef? If it does, will the oil be safe? The hull can withstand an F = 60.0 N is applied to block A (Fig. P4.40). In the first 5.00 s
impact at a speed of 0.2 m>s or less. Ignore the retarding force of after the force is applied, block A moves 18.0 m to the right.
the water on the tanker’s hull. (a) While the blocks are moving, what is the tension T in the rope
that connects the two blocks? (b) What is the mass of block B?
Figure P4.34
Figure P4.40
F = F
8.0 * 104 N A
v = 1.5 m>s B
500 m
3.6 * 107 kg
4.41 . CALC To study damage to aircraft that collide with large
4.35 .. CP bio A Standing Vertical Jump. Basketball player birds, you design a test gun that will accelerate chicken-sized ob-
Darrell Griffith is on record as attaining a standing vertical jump jects so that their displacement along the gun barrel is given by
of 1.2 m (4 ft). (This means that he moved upward by 1.2 m after x = 19.0 * 103 m>s22t 2 - 18.0 * 104 m>s32t 3. The object leaves
his feet left the floor.) Griffith weighed 890 N (200 lb). (a) What the end of the barrel at t = 0.025 s. (a) How long must the gun
was his speed as he left the floor? (b) If the time of the part of the barrel be? (b) What will be the speed of the objects as they leave
jump before his feet left the floor was 0.300 s, what was his aver- the end of the barrel? (c) What net force must be exerted on a
age acceleration (magnitude and direction) while he pushed 1.50-kg object at (i) t = 0 and (ii) t = 0.025 s?
against the floor? (c) Draw his free-body diagram. In terms of the 4.42 .. CP A 6.50-kg instrument is hanging by a vertical wire
forces on the diagram, what was the net force on him? Use inside a spaceship that is blasting off from rest at the earth’s sur-
Newton’s laws and the results of part (b) to calculate the average face. This spaceship reaches an altitude of 276 m in 15.0 s with
force he applied to the ground. constant acceleration. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for the instru-
4.36 ... CP An advertisement claims that a particular automo- ment during this time. Indicate which force is greater. (b) Find the
bile can “stop on a dime.” What net force would be necessary to force that the wire exerts on the instrument.
 problems 127

4.43 .. bio Insect Dynamics. The froghopper (Philaenus 4.49 .. CP Boxes A and B are connected to each end of a light
spumarius), the champion leaper of the insect world, has a mass of vertical rope (Fig. P4.49). A constant upward force F = 80.0 N is
12.3 mg and leaves the ground (in the most energetic jumps) at applied to box A. Starting from rest, box B descends 12.0 m in
4.0 m>s from a vertical start. The jump itself lasts a mere 1.0 ms 4.00 s. The tension in the rope connecting the two boxes is 36.0 N.
before the insect is clear of the ground. Assuming constant accel- What are the masses of (a) box B, (b) box A?
eration, (a) draw a free-body diagram of this mighty leaper during
the jump; (b) find the force that the ground exerts on the frog- Figure P4.49 F
hopper during the jump; and (c) express the force in part (b) in
terms of the froghopper’s weight.
4.44 . A loaded elevator with very worn cables has a total mass
A

of 2200 kg, and the cables can withstand a maximum tension of

28,000 N. (a) Draw the free-body force diagram for the elevator.
In terms of the forces on your diagram, what is the net force on the B
elevator? Apply Newton’s second law to the elevator and find the
maximum upward acceleration for the elevator if the cables are
4.50 .. CP Extraterrestrial Physics. You have landed on an
not to break. (b) What would be the answer to part (a) if the eleva-
unknown planet, Newtonia, and want to know what objects weigh
tor were on the moon, where g = 1.62 m>s2?
there. When you push a certain tool, starting from rest, on a fric-
4.45 .. CP After an annual checkup, you leave your physician’s
tionless horizontal surface with a 12.0-N force, the tool moves
office, where you weighed 683 N. You then get into an elevator that,
16.0 m in the first 2.00 s. You next observe that if you release this
conveniently, has a scale. Find the magnitude and direction of the
tool from rest at 10.0 m above the ground, it takes 2.58 s to reach
elevator’s acceleration if the scale reads (a) 725 N and (b) 595 N.
the ground. What does the tool weigh on Newtonia, and what does
4.46 ... CP A nail in a pine board stops a 4.9-N hammer head from
it weigh on Earth?
4.51 .. CP CALC A mysterious rocket-propelled object of mass
an initial downward velocity of 3.2 m>s in a distance of 0.45 cm. In
addition, the person using the hammer exerts a 15-N downward force
45.0 kg is initially at rest in the middle of the horizontal, friction-
on it. Assume that the acceleration of the hammer head is constant
less surface of an ice-covered lake. Then a force directed east and
while it is in contact with the nail and moving downward. (a) Draw
with magnitude F(t) = (16.8 N>s)t is applied. How far does the
a free-body diagram for the hammer head. Identify the reaction
object travel in the first 5.00 s after the force is applied?
4.52 ... CALC The position of a training helicopter (weight
force for eachS
action force in the diagram. (b) Calculate the down-
ward force F exerted by the hammer head on the nail while the
hammer head is in contact with the nail and moving downward. 2.75 * 105 N) in a test is given by nr = (0.020 m>s3)t 3nd +
(c) Suppose that the nail is in hardwood and the distance the ham- (2.2 m>s) ten − (0.060 m>s2)t 2kn . Find the net force on the helicopter
mer head travels in coming to rest is only 0.12 cm. The downward at t = 5.0 s.
forces on theShammer head are the same as in part (b). What then 4.53 .. DATA The table* gives automobile performance data for
is the force F exerted by the hammer head on the nail while the a few types of cars:
hammer head is in contact with the nail and moving downward? Time (s) to go from
4.47 .. CP Jumping to the Ground. A 75.0-kg man steps off Make and Model (Year) Mass (kg) 0 to 60 mph
a platform 3.10 m above the ground. He keeps his legs straight as Alpha Romeo 4C (2013) 895 4.4
he falls, but his knees begin to bend at the moment his feet touch Honda Civic 2.0i (2011) 1320 6.4
the ground; treated as a particle, he moves an additional 0.60 m
Ferrari F430 (2004) 1435 3.9
before coming to rest. (a) What is his speed at the instant his feet
touch the ground? (b) If we treat the man as a particle, what is his Ford Focus RS500 (2010) 1468 5.4
acceleration (magnitude and direction) as he slows down, if Volvo S60 (2013) 1650 7.2
the acceleration is assumed to be constant? (c) Draw his free- *Source: www.autosnout.com
body diagram. In terms of the forces on the diagram, what is the
net force on him? Use Newton’s laws and the results of part (b) (a) During an acceleration of 0 to 60 mph, which car has the
to calculate the average force his feet exert largest average net force acting on it? The smallest? (b) During
on the ground while he slows down. this acceleration, for which car would the average net force on a
Figure P4.48
Express this force both in newtons and 72.0-kg passenger be the largest? The smallest? (c) When the
as a multiple of his weight. Ferrari F430 accelerates from 0 to 100 mph in 8.6 s, what is the
4.48 .. The two blocks in Fig. P4.48 F = 200 N average net force acting on it? How does this net force compare
are connected by a heavy uniform rope with the average net force during the acceleration from 0 to
with a mass of 4.00 kg. An upward force 60 mph? Explain why these average net forces might differ.
6.00 kg (d) Discuss why a car has a top speed. What is the net force on the
of 200 N is applied as shown. (a) Draw
three free-body diagrams: one for the Ferrari F430 when it is traveling at its top speed, 196 mph?
6.00-kg block, one for the 4.00-kg rope, 4.54 .. DATA An 8.00-kg box sits on a level floor. You give the
and another one for the 5.00-kg block. box a sharp push and find that it travels 8.22 m in 2.8 s before
For each force, indicate what body ex- 4.00 kg coming to rest again. (a) You measure that with a different push
erts that force. (b) What is the accelera- the box traveled 4.20 m in 2.0 s. Do you think the box has a con-
tion of the system? (c) What is the stant acceleration as it slows down? Explain your reasoning.
tension at the top of the heavy rope? (b) You add books to the box to increase its mass. Repeating the
(d) What is the tension at the midpoint 5.00 kg experiment, you give the box a push and measure how long it
of the rope? takes the box to come to rest and how far the box travels. The
128 Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws of Motion

results, including the initial experiment with no added mass, are

paSSaGe problemS
given in the table:
Added Mass (kg) Distance (m) Time (s) bio Forces on a Dancer’s BoDy. Dancers experience
large forces associated with the jumps they make. For example,
0 8.22 2.8
when a dancer lands after a vertical jump, the force exerted on the
3.00 10.75 3.2 head by the neck must exceed the head’s weight by enough to
7.00 9.45 3.0 cause the head to slow down and come to rest. The head is about
12.0 7.10 2.6 9.4% of a typical person’s mass. Video analysis of a 65-kg dancer
landing after a vertical jump shows that her head decelerates from
In each case, did your push give the box the same initial speed? 4.0 m>s to rest in a time of 0.20 s.
What is the ratio between the greatest initial speed and the small- 4.57 What is the magnitude of the average force that her neck
est initial speed for these four cases? (c) Is the average horizontal exerts on her head during the landing? (a) 0 N; (b) 60 N; (c) 120 N;
force f exerted on the box by the floor the same in each case? (d) 180 N.
Graph the magnitude of force f versus the total mass m of the box 4.58 Compared with the force her neck exerts on her head during
plus its contents, and use your graph to determine an equation for f the landing, the force her head exerts on her neck is (a) the same;
as a function of m. (b) greater; (c) smaller; (d) greater during the first half of the land-
4.55 .. DATA You are a Starfleet captain going boldly where no ing and smaller during the second half of the landing.
man has gone before. You land on a distant planet and visit an en- 4.59 While the dancer is in the air and holding a fixed pose,
gineering testing lab. In one experiment a short, light rope is at- what is the magnitude of the force her neck exerts on her head?
tached to the top of a block and a constant upward force F is (a) 0 N; (b) 60 N; (c) 120 N; (d) 180 N.
applied to the free end of the rope. The block has mass m and is 4.60 The forces on a dancer can be measured directly when a
initially at rest. As F is varied, the time for the block to move up- dancer performs a jump on a force plate that measures the force
ward 8.00 m is measured. The values that you collected are given between her feet and the ground. A graph of force versus time
in the table: throughout a vertical jump performed on a force plate is shown in
Fig. P4.60. What is happening at 0.4 s? The dancer is (a) bending
F (N) Time (s)
her legs so that her body is accelerating downward; (b) pushing
250 3.3 her body up with her legs and is almost ready to leave the ground;
300 2.2 (c) in the air and at the top of her jump; (d) landing and her feet
350 1.7 have just touched the ground.
400 1.5
450 1.3
Figure P4.60
500 1.2
1600
(a) Plot F versus the acceleration a of the block. (b) Use your graph 1400
to determine the mass m of the block and the acceleration of grav- 1200
ity g at the surface of the planet. Note that even on that planet, 1000
Force (N)

measured values contain some experimental error. 800

600
challenGe problem 400

4.56 ...CALC An object ofSmass m is at rest in equilibrium at the

200
0
origin. At t = 0 a new force F(t) is applied that has components 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
- 200
Fx(t) = k1 + k2y Fy(t) = k3t Time (s)
S
where k1, k2, and k3 are constants. Calculate the position r (t) and
S
velocity v(t) vectors as functions of time.
 answers 129

Answers

chapter opening Question ? 4.4 It would take twice the effort for the astronaut to walk
around because her weight on the planet would be twice as much
(v) Newton’s third law tells us that the barbell pushes on the
weightlifter just as hard as the weightlifter pushes on the bar- as on the earth. But it would be just as easy to catch a ball mov-
bell in all circumstances, no matter how the barbell is moving. ing horizontally. The ball’s mass is the same as on earth, so the
However, the magnitude of the force that the weightlifter exerts horizontal force the astronaut would have to exert to bring it to a
is different in different circumstances. This force magnitude is stop (i.e., to give it the same acceleration) would also be the same
equal to the weight of the barbell when the barbell is stationary, as on earth.
moving upward at a constant speed, or moving downward at a 4.5 By Newton’s third law, the two forces have equal magnitude.
constant speed; it is greater than the weight of the barbell when Because the car has much greater mass than the mosquito, it un-
the barbell accelerates upward; and it is less than the weight of dergoes only a tiny, imperceptible acceleration in response to the
the barbell when the barbell accelerates downward. But in each force of the impact. By contrast, the mosquito, with its minuscule
case the push of the barbell on the weightlifter has exactly the mass, undergoes a catastrophically large acceleration.
same magnitude as the push of the weightlifter on the barbell. 4.6 (iv) The buoyancy force is an upward force that the water
exerts on the swimmer. By Newton’s third law, the other half of
test your understanding Questions the action–reaction pair is a downward force that the swimmer
exerts on the water and has the same magnitude as the buoyancy
4.1 (iv) The gravitational force on the crate points straight force. It’s true that the weight of the swimmer is also downward
downward. In Fig. 4.5 the x-axis points up and to the right, and has the same magnitude as the buoyancy force; however, the
and the y-axis points up and to the left. Hence the gravitational weight acts on the same body (the swimmer) as the buoyancy
force has both an x-component and a y-component, and both are force, and so these forces aren’t an action–reaction pair.
negative.
4.2 (i), (ii), and (iv) In (i), (ii), and (iv) the body is not ac- bridging problem
celerating, so the net force on the body is zero. [In (iv), the box
remains stationary as seen in the inertial reference frame of the (a) See the Video Tutor Solution on MasteringPhysics®
ground as the truck accelerates forward, like the person on skates (b) (i) 2.20 m>s2; (ii) 6.00 N; (iii) 3.00 N
in Fig. 4.10a.] In (iii), the hawk is moving in a circle; hence it is
accelerating and is not in equilibrium.
4.3 (iii), (i) and (iv) (tie), (ii) The acceleration is equal to the
net force divided by the mass. Hence the magnitude of the accel-
eration in each situation is
(i) a = 12.0 N2>12.0 kg2 = 1.0 m>s2;
(ii) a = 18.0 N2>12.0 N2 = 4.0 m>s2;
(iii) a = 12.0 N2>18.0 kg2 = 0.25 m>s2;
(iv) a = 18.0 N2>18.0 kg2 = 1.0 m>s2.
 Discussion Questions 159

Problems For assigned homework and other learning materials, go to MasteringPhysics®.

., .., ...: Difficulty levels. CP: Cumulative problems incorporating material from earlier chapters. CALC: Problems requiring calculus.
DATA: Problems involving real data, scientific evidence, experimental design, and/or statistical reasoning. BIO: Biosciences problems.
[Always assume that pulleys are frictionless and massless and that strings and cords are massless, unless otherwise noted.]

discUssion qUestions
Q5.17 You swing a ball on the end of a lightweight string in a
Q5.1 A man sits in a seat that is hanging from a rope. The rope horizontal circle at constant speed. Can the string ever be truly
passes over a pulley suspended from the ceiling, and the man horizontal? If not, would it slope above the horizontal or below
holds the other end of the rope in his hands. What is the tension in the horizontal? Why?
the rope, and what force does the seat exert on him? Draw a free- Q5.18 The centrifugal force is not included in the free-body dia-
body force diagram for the man. grams of Figs. 5.34b and 5.35. Explain why not.
Q5.2 “In general, the normal force is not equal to the weight.” Q5.19 A professor swings a rubber stopper in a horizontal circle
Give an example in which these two forces are equal in magni- on the end of a string in front of his class. He tells Caroline, in the
tude, and at least two examples in which they are not. front row, that he is going to let the string go when the stopper is
Q5.3 A clothesline hangs between two poles. No matter how directly in front of her face. Should Caroline worry?
tightly the line is stretched, it sags a little at the center. Explain why. Q5.20 To keep the forces on the riders within allowable limits,
Q5.4 You drive a car up a steep hill at constant speed. Discuss all many loop-the-loop roller coaster rides are designed so that the
of the forces that act on the car. What pushes it up the hill? loop is not a perfect circle but instead has a larger radius of curva-
Q5.5 For medical reasons, astronauts in outer space must deter- ture at the bottom than at the top. Explain.
mine their body mass at regular intervals. Devise a scheme for Q5.21 A tennis ball drops from rest at the top of a tall glass
measuring body mass in an apparently weightless environment. cylinder—first with the air pumped out of the cylinder so that
Q5.6 To push a box up a ramp, which requires less force: pushing there is no air resistance, and again after the air has been read-
horizontally or pushing parallel to the ramp? Why? mitted to the cylinder. You examine multiflash photographs of
Q5.7 A woman in an elevator lets go of her briefcase, but it does the two drops. Can you tell which photo belongs to which drop?
not fall to the floor. How is the elevator moving? If so, how?
Q5.8 A block rests on an inclined plane with enough friction to Q5.22 You throw a baseball straight upward with speed v0.
prevent it from sliding down. To start the block moving, is it easier When the ball returns to the point from where you threw it, how
to push it up the plane or down the plane? Why? does its speed compare to v0 (a) in the absence of air resistance
Q5.9 A crate slides up an inclined ramp and then slides down the and (b) in the presence of air resistance? Explain.
ramp after momentarily stopping near the top. There is kinetic Q5.23 You throw a baseball straight upward. If you do not ignore
friction between the surface of the ramp and the crate. Which is air resistance, how does the time required for the ball to reach
greater? (i) The crate’s acceleration going up the ramp; (ii) the crate’s its maximum height compare to the time required for it to fall
acceleration going down the ramp; (iii) both are the same. Explain. from its maximum height back down to the height from which you
Q5.10 A crate of books rests on a level floor. To move it along threw it? Explain.
the floor at a constant velocity, why do you exert less force if you Q5.24 You have two identical tennis balls and fill one with
pull it at an angle u above the horizontal than if you push it at the water. You release both balls simultaneously from the top of a tall
same angle below the horizontal? building. If air resistance is negligible, which ball will strike the
Q5.11 In a world without friction, which of the following activi- ground first? Explain. What if air resistance is not negligible?
ties could you do (or not do)? Explain your reasoning. (a) Drive Q5.25 A ball is dropped from rest and feels air resistance as it
around an unbanked highway curve; (b) jump into the air; (c) start falls. Which of the graphs in Fig. Q5.25 best represents its accel-
walking on a horizontal sidewalk; (d) climb a vertical ladder; eration as a function of time?
(e) change lanes while you drive.
Q5.12 When you stand with bare feet in a wet bathtub, the grip Figure Q5.25
feels fairly secure, and yet a catastrophic slip is quite possible.
a a a a a
Explain this in terms of the two coefficients of friction.
Q5.13 You are pushing a large crate from the back of a freight
elevator to the front as the elevator is moving to the next floor. In t t t t t
which situation is the force you must apply to move the crate the (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
least, and in which is it the greatest: when the elevator is accelerat-
ing upward, when it is accelerating downward, or when it is travel-
ing at constant speed? Explain. Q5.26 A ball is dropped from rest and feels air resistance as it
Q5.14 It is often said that “friction always opposes motion.” falls. Which of the graphs in Fig. Q5.26 best represents its verti-
Give at least one example in which (a) static friction causes motion, cal velocity component as a function of time?
and (b) kinetic friction causes motion.
Q5.15 If there is a net force on a particle in uniform circular mo- Figure Q5.26
tion, why doesn’t the particle’s speed change? v v v v v
Q5.16 A curve in a road has a bank angle calculated and posted
for 80 km>h. However, the road is covered with ice, so you cau-
t t t t t
tiously plan to drive slower than this limit. What might happen to
your car? Why? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
160 ChaPtEr 5 applying Newton’s Laws

Q5.27 When a batted baseball moves with air drag, when does 5.5 .. A picture frame hung against a wall is suspended by two
the ball travel a greater horizontal distance? (i) While climbing wires attached to its upper corners. If the two wires make the
to its maximum height; (ii) while descending from its maximum same angle with the vertical, what must this angle be if the tension
height back to the ground; (iii) the same for both? Explain in terms in each wire is equal to 0.75 of the weight of the frame? (Ignore
of the forces acting on the ball. any friction between the wall and the picture frame.)
Q5.28 “A ball is thrown from the edge of a high cliff. Regardless 5.6 .. A large wrecking ball Figure e5.6
of the angle at which it is thrown, due to air resistance, the ball is held in place by two light
will eventually end up moving vertically downward.” Justify this steel cables (Fig. E5.6). If the
statement. mass m of the wrecking ball is
3620 kg, what are (a) the ten-
sion TB in the cable that makes
exercises 40°
an angle of 40° with the verti- TB
Section 5.1 Using Newton’s First law: Particles cal and (b) the tension TA in the
in equilibrium horizontal cable? TA
5.1 . Two 25.0-N weights are suspended at opposite ends of a rope
m

that passes over a light, frictionless pulley. The pulley is attached 5.7 .. Find the tension in each cord in Fig. E5.7 if the weight of
to a chain from the ceiling. (a) What is the tension in the rope? the suspended object is w.
(b) What is the tension in the chain?
5.2 . In Fig. E5.2 each of the suspended blocks has weight w. Figure e5.7
The pulleys are frictionless, and the ropes have negligible weight.
(a) (b)
In each case, draw a free-body diagram and calculate the tension T 30° 45° 45°
in the rope in terms of w. A B B
60°
Figure e5.2 C C
A
(a) (b) (c)

w w

5.8 .. A 1130-kg car is held Figure e5.8

in place by a light cable on a
very smooth (frictionless) ramp
w (Fig. E5.8). The cable makes
w

ble
w
an angle of 31.0° above the sur-

Ca
w 31.0°
w face of the ramp, and the ramp
itself rises at 25.0° above the
5.3 . A 75.0-kg wrecking ball hangs from a uniform, heavy-duty horizontal. (a) Draw a free-body
chain of mass 26.0 kg. (a) Find the maximum and minimum ten- diagram for the car. (b) Find
sions in the chain. (b) What is the tension at a point three-fourths the tension in the cable. (c) How 25.0°
of the way up from the bottom of the chain? hard does the surface of the
5.4 .. BIO Injuries to the Spinal Column. In the treatment of ramp push on the car?
spine injuries, it is often necessary to provide tension along the 5.9 .. A man pushes on a piano with mass 180 kg; it slides at
spinal column to stretch the backbone. One device for doing this is constant velocity down a ramp that is inclined at 19.0° above the
the Stryker frame (Fig. E5.4a). A weight W is attached to the horizontal floor. Neglect any friction acting on the piano.
patient (sometimes around a neck collar, Fig. E5.4b), and friction Calculate the magnitude of the force applied by the man if he
between the person’s body and the bed prevents sliding. (a) If the pushes (a) parallel to the incline and (b) parallel to the floor.
coefficient of static friction between a 78.5-kg patient’s body and 5.10 .. In Fig. E5.10 the weight w is 60.0 N. (a) What is the ten-
the bed is 0.75, what is the maximum traction force along the sion in the diagonal string? (b) Find the magnitudes of the hori-
spinal column that W can provide without causing the patient to S S
zontal forces F1 and F2 that must be applied to hold the system in
slide? (b) Under the conditions of maximum traction, what is the the position shown.
tension in each cable attached to the neck collar?
Figure e5.10
Figure e5.4 90.0°
(a) (b) S 90.0°
F1
45.0°

W S
F2
90.0°

65° 65°
w
 exercises 161

Section 5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law: 5.17 .. A light rope is attached to a block with mass 4.00 kg that
Dynamics of Particles rests on a frictionless, horizontal surface. The horizontal rope
5.11 .. BIO Stay Awake! An astronaut is inside a 2.25 * 106 kg passes over a frictionless, massless pulley, and a block with mass m
rocket that is blasting off vertically from the launch pad. You want is suspended from the other end. When the blocks are released,
this rocket to reach the speed of sound 1331 m>s2 as quickly as the tension in the rope is 15.0 N. (a) Draw two free-body diagrams:
possible, but astronauts are in danger of blacking out at an acceler- one for each block. (b) What is the acceleration of either block?
ation greater than 4g. (a) What is the maximum initial thrust this (c) Find m. (d) How does the tension compare to the weight of the
rocket’s engines can have but just barely avoid blackout? Start hanging block?
with a free-body diagram of the rocket. (b) What force, in terms of 5.18 .. CP Runway Design. A transport plane takes off from
the astronaut’s weight w, does the rocket exert on her? Start with a a level landing field with two gliders in tow, one behind the other.
free-body diagram of the astronaut. (c) What is the shortest time it The mass of each glider is 700 kg, and the total resistance (air
can take the rocket to reach the speed of sound? drag plus friction with the runway) on each may be assumed con-
5.12 .. A rocket of initial mass 125 kg (including all the con- stant and equal to 2500 N. The tension in the towrope between
tents) has an engine that produces a constant vertical force (the the transport plane and the first glider is not to exceed 12,000 N.
thrust) of 1720 N. Inside this rocket, a 15.5-N electrical power (a) If a speed of 40 m>s is required for takeoff, what minimum
supply rests on the floor. (a) Find the initial acceleration of the length of runway is needed? (b) What is the tension in the tow-
rocket. (b) When the rocket initially accelerates, how hard does rope between the two gliders while they are accelerating for the
the floor push on the power supply? (Hint: Start with a free-body takeoff?
diagram for the power supply.) 5.19 .. CP A 750.0-kg boulder is raised from a quarry 125 m
5.13 .. CP Genesis Crash. On September 8, 2004, the Genesis deep by a long uniform chain having a mass of 575 kg. This chain
spacecraft crashed in the Utah desert because its parachute did not is of uniform strength, but at any point it can support a maximum
open. The 210-kg capsule hit the ground at 311 km>h and pene- tension no greater than 2.50 times its weight without breaking.
trated the soil to a depth of 81.0 cm. (a) What was its acceleration (a) What is the maximum acceleration the boulder can have and
(in m>s2 and in g’s), assumed to be constant, during the crash? still get out of the quarry, and (b) how long does it take to be lifted
(b) What force did the ground exert on the capsule during the out at maximum acceleration if it started from rest?
crash? Express the force in newtons and as a multiple of the cap- 5.20 .. Apparent Weight. A 550-N physics student stands on
sule’s weight. (c) How long did this force last? a bathroom scale in an elevator that is supported by a cable. The
5.14 . Three sleds are being pulled horizontally on frictionless combined mass of student plus elevator is 850 kg. As the elevator
horizontal ice using horizontal ropes (Fig. E5.14). The pull is of starts moving, the scale reads 450 N. (a) Find the acceleration of
magnitude 190 N. Find (a) the acceleration of the system and (b) the the elevator (magnitude and direction). (b) What is the accelera-
tension in ropes A and B. tion if the scale reads 670 N? (c) If the scale reads zero, should the
student worry? Explain. (d) What is the tension in the cable in
Figure E5.14 parts (a) and (c)?
5.21 .. CP BIO Force During a Jump. When jumping straight
30.0 kg 20.0 kg 10.0 kg Pull up from a crouched position, an average person can reach a max-
B A
imum height of about 60 cm. During the jump, the person’s body
from the knees up typically rises a distance of around 50 cm.
To keep the calculations simple and yet get a reasonable result,
5.15 .. Atwood’s Machine. A Figure E5.15 assume that the entire body rises this much during the jump.
15.0-kg load of bricks hangs (a) With what initial speed does the person leave the ground to
from one end of a rope that reach a height of 60 cm? (b) Draw a free-body diagram of the per-
passes over a small, frictionless son during the jump. (c) In terms of this jumper’s weight w, what
pulley. A 28.0-kg counterweight force does the ground exert on him or her during the jump?
is suspended from the other end 5.22 CP CALC A 2540-kg test rocket is launched vertically from
of the rope (Fig. E5.15). The the launch pad. Its fuel (of negligible mass) provides a thrust force
system is released from rest. such that its vertical velocity as a function of time is given by
(a) Draw two free-body dia- v1t2 = At + Bt 2, where A and B are constants and time is mea-
grams, one for the load of bricks sured from the instant the fuel is ignited. The rocket has an
and one for the counterweight. 28.0 kg upward acceleration of 1.50 m>s2 at the instant of ignition and,
(b) What is the magnitude of the 1.00 s later, an upward velocity of 2.00 m>s. (a) Determine A and B,
upward acceleration of the load including their SI units. (b) At 4.00 s after fuel ignition, what is
of bricks? (c) What is the tension the acceleration of the rocket, and (c) what thrust force does the
in the rope while the load is 15.0 kg
burning fuel exert on it, assuming no air resistance? Express the
moving? How does the tension thrust in newtons and as a multiple of the rocket’s weight. (d) What
compare to the weight of the was the initial thrust due to the fuel?
load of bricks? To the weight of the counterweight? 5.23 .. CP CALC A 2.00-kg box is moving to the right with
5.16 .. CP An 8.00-kg block of ice, released from rest at the top speed 9.00 m>s on a horizontal, frictionless surface. At t = 0 a
of a 1.50-m-long frictionless ramp, slides downhill, reaching a horizontal force is applied to the box. The force is directed to the
speed of 2.50 m>s at the bottom. (a) What is the angle between the left and has magnitude F1t2 = 16.00 N>s22t 2. (a) What distance
ramp and the horizontal? (b) What would be the speed of the ice at does the box move from its position at t = 0 before its speed is
the bottom if the motion were opposed by a constant friction force reduced to zero? (b) If the force continues to be applied, what is
of 10.0 N parallel to the surface of the ramp? the speed of the box at t = 3.00 s?
162 Chapter 5 applying Newton’s Laws

5.24 .. CP CALC A 5.00-kg crate is suspended from the end of to give it an acceleration of 1.10 m>s2? (c) Suppose you were per-
a short vertical rope of negligible mass. An upward force F1t2 is forming the same experiment on the moon, where the acceleration
applied to the end of the rope, and the height of the crate above its due to gravity is 1.62 m>s2. (i) What magnitude push would cause
initial position is given by y1t2 = 12.80 m>s2t + 10.610 m>s32t 3. it to move? (ii) What would its acceleration be if you maintained
What is the magnitude of F when t = 4.00 s? the push in part (b)?
5.30 .. Some sliding rocks approach the base of a hill with a
speed of 12 m>s. The hill rises at 36° above the horizontal and has
Section 5.3 Friction Forces
coefficients of kinetic friction and static friction of 0.45 and 0.65,
5.25 . BIO The Trendelenburg Position. After emergencies respectively, with these rocks. (a) Find the acceleration of the
with major blood loss, a patient is placed in the Trendelenburg po- rocks as they slide up the hill. (b) Once a rock reaches its highest
sition, in which the foot of the bed is raised to get maximum blood point, will it stay there or slide down the hill? If it stays, show
flow to the brain. If the coefficient of static friction between a why. If it slides, find its acceleration on the way down.
typical patient and the bedsheets is 1.20, what is the maximum 5.31 .. A box with mass 10.0 kg moves on a ramp that is in-
angle at which the bed can be tilted with respect to the floor be- clined at an angle of 55.0o above the horizontal. The coefficient of
fore the patient begins to slide? kinetic friction between the box and the ramp surface is
5.26 . In a laboratory experiment on friction, a 135-N block mk = 0.300. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the
resting on a rough horizontal table is pulled by a horizontal wire. box if you push on the box with a constant force F = 120.0 N that
The pull gradually increases until the block begins to move and is parallel to the ramp surface and (a) directed down the ramp,
continues to increase thereafter. Figure E5.26 shows a graph of moving the box down the ramp; (b) directed up the ramp, moving
the friction force on this block as a function of the pull. (a) Identify the box up the ramp.
the regions of the graph where static friction and kinetic friction 5.32 .. A pickup truck is carrying a toolbox, but the rear gate of
occur. (b) Find the coefficients of static friction and kinetic fric- the truck is missing. The toolbox will slide out if it is set moving.
tion between the block and the table. (c) Why does the graph slant The coefficients of kinetic friction and static friction between the
upward at first but then level out? (d) What would the graph look box and the level bed of the truck are 0.355 and 0.650, respectively.
like if a 135-N brick were placed on the block, and what would the Starting from rest, what is the shortest time this truck could
coefficients of friction be? accelerate uniformly to 30.0 m>s without causing the box to slide?
Draw a free-body diagram of the toolbox.
Figure E5.26
5.33 .. You are lowering two boxes, one on top of the other,
f (N) down a ramp by pulling on a rope parallel to the surface of the
75.0 ramp (Fig. E5.33). Both boxes move together at a constant speed
of 15.0 cm>s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ramp
50.0 and the lower box is 0.444, and the coefficient of static friction
between the two boxes is 0.800. (a) What force do you need to
25.0 exert to accomplish this? (b) What are the magnitude and direc-
tion of the friction force on the upper box?
P (N)
O 25.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 150.0
Figure E5.33

0
5.27 .. CP A stockroom worker pushes a box with mass 16.8 kg 32.
kg
on a horizontal surface with a constant speed of 3.50 m>s. The
0
coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the surface is 48.
0.20. (a) What horizontal force must the worker apply to maintain kg 2.50 m
the motion? (b) If the force calculated in part (a) is removed, how
far does the box slide before coming to rest?
5.28 .. A box of bananas weighing 40.0 N rests on a horizontal 4.75 m
surface. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the
surface is 0.40, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20. (a) If
no horizontal force is applied to the box and the box is at rest, how 5.34 .. Consider the system shown in Fig. E5.34. Block A weighs
large is the friction force exerted on it? (b) What is the magnitude 45.0 N, and block B weighs 25.0 N. Once block B is set into down-
of the friction force if a monkey applies a horizontal force of 6.0 N ward motion, it descends at a constant speed. (a) Calculate the
to the box and the box is initially at rest? (c) What minimum hori- coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the tabletop.
zontal force must the monkey apply to start the box in motion? (b) A cat, also of weight 45.0 N, falls asleep on top of block A. If
(d) What minimum horizontal force must the monkey apply to block B is now set into downward motion, what is its acceleration
keep the box moving at constant velocity once it has been started? (magnitude and direction)?
(e) If the monkey applies a horizontal force of 18.0 N, what is the
magnitude of the friction force and what is the box’s acceleration? Figure E5.34
5.29 .. A 45.0-kg crate of tools rests on a horizontal floor. You
exert a gradually increasing horizontal push on it, and the crate A
just begins to move when your force exceeds 313 N. Then you
must reduce your push to 208 N to keep it moving at a steady
25.0 cm>s. (a) What are the coefficients of static and kinetic fric- B
tion between the crate and the floor? (b) What push must you exert
 exercises 163

5.35 .. CP Stopping Distance. (a) If the coefficient of kinetic Section 5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion
friction between tires and dry pavement is 0.80, what is the short- 5.43 . A stone with mass 0.80 kg is attached to one end of a
est distance in which you can stop a car by locking the brakes string 0.90 m long. The string will break if its tension exceeds
when the car is traveling at 28.7 m>s (about 65 mi>h)? (b) On wet 60.0 N. The stone is whirled in a horizontal circle on a frictionless
pavement the coefficient of kinetic friction may be only 0.25. How tabletop; the other end of the string remains fixed. (a) Draw a free-
fast should you drive on wet pavement to be able to stop in the body diagram of the stone. (b) Find the maximum speed the stone
same distance as in part (a)? (Note: Locking the brakes is not the can attain without the string breaking.
safest way to stop.) 5.44 . BIO Force on a Skater’s Wrist. A 52-kg ice skater spins
5.36 .. CP A 25.0-kg box of textbooks rests on a loading ramp about a vertical axis through her body with her arms horizontally
that makes an angle a with the horizontal. The coefficient of ki- outstretched; she makes 2.0 turns each second. The distance from
netic friction is 0.25, and the coefficient of static friction is 0.35. one hand to the other is 1.50 m. Biometric measurements indicate
(a) As a is increased, find the minimum angle at which the box that each hand typically makes up about 1.25% of body weight.
starts to slip. (b) At this angle, find the acceleration once the box (a) Draw a free-body diagram of one of the skater’s hands. (b) What
has begun to move. (c) At this angle, how fast will the box be mov- horizontal force must her wrist exert on her hand? (c) Express the
ing after it has slid 5.0 m along the loading ramp? force in part (b) as a multiple of the weight of her hand.
5.37 . Two crates connected by a rope lie on a horizontal sur- 5.45 .. A small remote-controlled car with mass 1.60 kg moves
face (Fig. E5.37). Crate A has mass m A, and crate B has mass m B. at a constant speed of v = 12.0 m>s in a track formed by a vertical
The coefficient of kinetic friction between each crate and the sur- circle inside a hollow metal cylinder that has a radius of 5.00 m
face is mk. The cratesS
are pulled to the right at constant velocity by (Fig. E5.45). What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted
a horizontal force F. Draw one or more free-body diagrams to on the car by the walls of the cylinder at (a) point A (bottom of the
calculateS the following in terms of m A, m B, and mk: (a) the magni- track) and (b) point B (top of the track)?
tude of F and (b) the tension in the rope connecting the blocks.
Figure E5.45 B
Figure E5.37 S
F
A B

5.00 m
5.38 .. A box with mass m is dragged across a level floor with
coefficient of kinetic friction mk by a rope that is pulled upward
at an angle u above the horizontal with a force of magnitude F.
(a) In terms of m, mk, u, and g, obtain an expression for the magni-
tude of the force required to move the box with constant speed.
(b) Knowing that you are studying physics, a CPR instructor asks
you how much force it would take to slide a 90-kg patient across a A
floor at constant speed by pulling on him at an angle of 25° above
the horizontal. By dragging weights wrapped in an old pair of
pants down the hall with a spring balance, you find that mk = 0.35. 5.46 .. A small car with mass 0.800 kg travels at constant speed
Use the result of part (a) to answer the instructor’s question. on the inside of a track that is a vertical circle with radius 5.00 m
5.39 .. CP As shown in Fig. E5.34, block A (mass 2.25 kg) rests (Fig. E5.45). If the normal force exerted by the track on the car
on a tabletop. It is connected by a horizontal cord passing over a when it is at the top of the track (point B) is 6.00 N, what is the nor-
light, frictionless pulley to a hanging block B (mass 1.30 kg). The mal force on the car when it is at the bottom of the track (point A)?
coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the tabletop is 5.47 . A small model car with mass m travels at constant speed
0.450. The blocks are released then from rest. Draw one or more on the inside of a track that is a vertical circle with radius 5.00 m
free-body diagrams to find (a) the speed of each block after they (Fig. E5.45). If the normal force exerted by the track on the car
move 3.00 cm and (b) the tension in the cord. when it is at the bottom of the track (point A) is equal to 2.50mg,
5.40 .. You throw a baseball straight upward. The drag force is how much time does it take the car to complete one revolution
proportional to v 2. In terms of g, what is the y-component of the around the track?
ball’s acceleration when the ball’s speed is half its terminal speed 5.48 . A flat (unbanked) curve on a highway has a radius of
and (a) it is moving up? (b) It is moving back down? 170.0 m. A car rounds the curve at a speed of 25.0 m>s. (a) What
5.41 .. A large crate with mass m rests on a horizontal floor. The is the minimum coefficient of static friction that will prevent
coefficients of friction between the crate and
S
the floor are ms and mk. sliding? (b) Suppose that the highway is icy and the coefficient of
A woman pushes downward with a force F on the crate S
at an angle u static friction between the tires and pavement is only one-third of
below the horizontal. (a) What magnitude of force F is required to what you found in part (a). What should be the maximum speed
keep the crate moving at constant velocity? (b) If ms is greater than of the car so that it can round the curve safely?
some critical value, the woman cannot start the crate moving no 5.49 .. A 1125-kg car and a 2250-kg pickup truck approach a
matter how hard she pushes. Calculate this critical value of ms. curve on a highway that has a radius of 225 m. (a) At what angle
5.42 . (a) In Example 5.18 (Section 5.3), what value of D is should the highway engineer bank this curve so that vehicles trav-
required to make vt = 42 m>s for the skydiver? (b) If the skydiver’s eling at 65.0 mi>h can safely round it regardless of the condition of
daughter, whose mass is 45 kg, is falling through the air and has their tires? Should the heavy truck go slower than the lighter car?
the same D 10.25 kg>m2 as her father, what is the daughter’s termi- (b) As the car and truck round the curve at 65.0 mi>h, find the
nal speed? normal force on each one due to the highway surface.
164 ChaPtEr 5 applying Newton’s Laws

5.50 .. The “Giant Swing” at a county fair consists of a vertical (c) What would be the time for one revolution if the passenger’s
central shaft with a number of horizontal arms attached at its apparent weight at the highest point were zero? (d) What then
upper end. Each arm supports a seat suspended from a cable 5.00 m would be the passenger’s apparent weight at the lowest point?
long, and the upper end of the cable is fastened to the arm at a 5.55 .. An airplane flies in a loop (a circular path in a vertical
point 3.00 m from the central shaft (Fig. E5.50). (a) Find the time plane) of radius 150 m. The pilot’s head always points toward the
of one revolution of the swing if the cable supporting a seat makes center of the loop. The speed of the airplane is not constant;
an angle of 30.0° with the vertical. (b) Does the angle depend on the airplane goes slowest at the top of the loop and fastest at the
the weight of the passenger for a given rate of revolution? bottom. (a) What is the speed of the airplane at the top of the loop,
where the pilot feels weightless? (b) What is the apparent weight
Figure e5.50 of the pilot at the bottom of the loop, where the speed of the air-
plane is 280 km>h? His true weight is 700 N.
5.56 .. A 50.0-kg stunt pilot who has been diving her airplane
3.00 m vertically pulls out of the dive by changing her course to a circle
in a vertical plane. (a) If the plane’s speed at the lowest point of the
circle is 95.0 m>s, what is the minimum radius of the circle so that
5.0

30.0°
0m

the acceleration at this point will not exceed 4.00g? (b) What is
the apparent weight of the pilot at the lowest point of the pullout?
5.57 . Stay Dry! You tie a cord to a pail of water and swing
the pail in a vertical circle of radius 0.600 m. What minimum
speed must you give the pail at the highest point of the circle to
avoid spilling water?
5.58 .. A bowling ball weighing 71.2 N 116.0 lb2 is attached to
the ceiling by a 3.80-m rope. The ball is pulled to one side and
released; it then swings back and forth as a pendulum. As the
5.51 .. In another version of the Figure e5.51 rope swings through the vertical, the speed of the bowling ball
“Giant Swing” (see Exercise 5.50), is 4.20 m>s. At this instant, what are (a) the acceleration of the
the seat is connected to two ca- bowling ball, in magnitude and direction, and (b) the tension in
bles, one of which is horizontal the rope?
(Fig. E5.51). The seat swings in 40.0°
5.59 .. BIO Effect on Blood of Walking. While a person is
a horizontal circle at a rate of walking, his arms swing through approximately a 45° angle in 12 s.
28.0 rpm 1rev>min2. If the seat As a reasonable approximation, assume that the arm moves with
weighs 255 N and an 825-N per- constant speed during each swing. A typical arm is 70.0 cm long,
son is sitting in it, find the ten- 7.50 m measured from the shoulder joint. (a) What is the acceleration of a
sion in each cable. 1.0-g drop of blood in the fingertips at the bottom of the swing?
(b) Draw a free-body diagram of the drop of blood in part (a).
.. (c) Find the force that the blood vessel must exert on the drop of
5.52 A small button placed on a horizontal rotating platform
blood in part (a). Which way does this force point? (d) What force
with diameter 0.520 m will revolve with the platform when it is
would the blood vessel exert if the arm were not swinging?
brought up to a speed of 40.0 rev>min, provided the button is no
more than 0.220 m from the axis. (a) What is the coefficient of
static friction between the button and the platform? (b) How far ProbLems
from the axis can the button be placed, without slipping, if the 5.60 .. An adventurous archaeologist crosses between two rock
platform rotates at 60.0 rev>min? cliffs by slowly going hand over hand along a rope stretched
5.53 .. Rotating Space Stations. One problem for humans between the cliffs. He stops to rest at the middle of the rope
living in outer space is that they are apparently weightless. One (Fig. P5.60). The rope will break if the tension in it exceeds
way around this problem is to design a space station that spins 2.50 * 104 N, and our hero’s mass is 90.0 kg. (a) If the angle u
about its center at a constant rate. This creates “artificial gravity” is 10.0°, what is the tension in the rope? (b) What is the smallest
at the outside rim of the station. (a) If the diameter of the space value u can have if the rope is not to break?
station is 800 m, how many revolutions per minute are needed for
the “artificial gravity” acceleration to be 9.80 m>s2? (b) If the
space station is a waiting area for travelers going to Mars, it might Figure P5.60
be desirable to simulate the acceleration due to gravity on the
Martian surface 13.70 m>s22. How many revolutions per minute u u
are needed in this case?
5.54 . The Cosmo Clock 21 Ferris wheel in Yokohama, Japan,
has a diameter of 100 m. Its name comes from its 60 arms, each of
which can function as a second hand (so that it makes one revolu-
tion every 60.0 s). (a) Find the speed of the passengers when the
Ferris wheel is rotating at this rate. (b) A passenger weighs 882 N
at the weight-guessing booth on the ground. What is his apparent
weight at the highest and at the lowest point on the Ferris wheel?
 Problems 165

5.61 ... Two ropes are connected Figure P5.61 5.65 ... A solid uniform 45.0-kg ball of Figure P5.65
to a steel cable that supports a hang- diameter 32.0 cm is supported against a
ing weight (Fig. P5.61). (a) Draw a 60° 40° vertical, frictionless wall by a thin 30.0-cm
free-body diagram showing all of wire of negligible mass (Fig. P5.65). (a) Draw

cm
the forces acting at the knot that a free-body diagram for the ball, and use

30.0
connects the two ropes to the steel the diagram to find the tension in the wire.
cable. Based on your diagram, (b) How hard does the ball push against the
which of the two ropes will have the wall?
greater tension? (b) If the maximum
tension either rope can sustain without breaking is 5000 N, deter-
mine the maximum value of the hanging weight that these ropes
can safely support. Ignore the weight of the ropes and of the steel
cable.
5.62 .. In Fig. P5.62 a worker lifts a Figure P5.62 5.66 .. CP A box is sliding with a constant speed of 4.00 m>s in
weight w by pulling down on a rope the + x-direction on a horizontal, frictionless surface. At x = 0
S
with a force F. The upper pulley is the box encounters a rough patch of the surface, and then the sur-
attached to the ceiling by a chain, and face becomes even rougher. Between x = 0 and x = 2.00 m, the
the lower pulley is attached to the coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the surface is
weight by another chain. Draw one or 0.200; between x = 2.00 m and x = 4.00 m, it is 0.400. (a) What
more free-body diagrams to find the is the x-coordinate of the point where the box comes to rest?
tension in each chain and the magni- (b) How much time does it take the box to come to rest after it
S
tude of F, in terms of w, if the weight S first encounters the rough patch at x = 0?
is lifted at constant speed. Assume
F
5.67 .. CP BIO Forces During Chin-ups. When you do a
that the rope, pulleys, and chains have w chin-up, you raise your chin just over a bar (the chinning bar), sup-
negligible weights. porting yourself with only your arms. Typically, the body below
5.63 .. In a repair shop a truck engine that has mass 409 kg is the arms is raised by about 30 cm in a time of 1.0 s, starting from
held in place by four light cables (Fig. P5.63). Cable A is horizon- rest. Assume that the entire body of a 680-N person doing chin-
tal, cables B and D are vertical, and cable C makes an angle of ups is raised by 30 cm, and that half the 1.0 s is spent accelerating
37.1o with a vertical wall. If the tension in cable A is 722 N, what upward and the other half accelerating downward, uniformly in
are the tensions in cables B and C? both cases. Draw a free-body diagram of the person’s body, and
use it to find the force his arms must exert on him during the
accelerating part of the chin-up.
Figure P5.63
5.68 .. CP CALC A 2.00-kg box is suspended from the end of a
light vertical rope. A time-dependent force is applied to the upper
end of the rope, and the box moves upward with a velocity magni-
B
A
tude that varies in time according to v1t2 = 12.00 m>s22t +
10.600 m>s32t 2. What is the tension in the rope when the velocity
C of the box is 9.00 m>s?
5.69 ... CALC A 3.00-kg box that is several hundred meters
D
37.1°
above the earth’s surface is suspended from the end of a short
vertical rope of negligible mass. A time-dependent upward force is
applied to the upper end of the rope and results in a tension in the
rope of T1t2 = 136.0 N>s2t. The box is at rest at t = 0. The only
forces on the box are the tension in the rope and gravity. (a) What
is the velocity of the box at (i) t = 1.00 s and (ii) t = 3.00 s?
5.64 ... A horizontal wire holds a solid uniform ball of mass m (b) What is the maximum distance that the box descends below
in place on a tilted ramp that rises 35.0° above the horizontal. The its initial position? (c) At what value of t does the box return to its
surface of this ramp is perfectly smooth, and the wire is directed initial position?
away from the center of the ball (Fig. P5.64). (a) Draw a free- 5.70 .. CP A 5.00-kg box sits at rest at the bottom of a ramp that
body diagram of the ball. (b) How hard does the surface of the is 8.00 m long and is inclined at 30.0o above the horizontal. The
ramp push on the ball? (c) What is the tension in the wire? coefficient of kinetic friction is mk = 0.40, and the coefficient of
static friction is ms = 0.43. What constant force F, applied paral-
lel to the surface of the ramp, is required to push the box to the top
Figure P5.64 of the ramp in a time of 6.00 s?
5.71 .. Two boxes connected by a light horizontal rope are on a
horizontal surface (Fig. E5.37). The coefficient of kinetic fric-
tion between each box and the surface is mk = 0.30. Box B has
mass 5.00 kg, and box A has mass m. A force F with magnitude
40.0 N and direction 53.1° above the horizontal is applied to the
5.00-kg box, and both boxes move to the right with a = 1.50 m>s2.
(a) What is the tension T in the rope that connects the boxes?
35.0° (b) What is m?
166 Chapter 5 applying Newton’s Laws

5.72 ... A 6.00-kg box sits on a ramp that is inclined at 37.0° 5.77 .. A block with mass m 1 is placed on an inclined plane with
above the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the slope angle a and is connected to a hanging block with mass m 2
box and the ramp is mk = 0.30. What horizontal force is required by a cord passing over a small, frictionless pulley (Fig. P5.74). The
to move the box up the incline with a constant acceleration of coefficient of static friction is ms , and the coefficient of kinetic
3.60 m>s2? friction is mk. (a) Find the value of m 2 for which the block of
5.73 .. CP An 8.00-kg box sits Figure P5.73 mass m 1 moves up the plane at constant speed once it is set in mo-
on a ramp that is inclined at 33.0° tion. (b) Find the value of m 2 for which the block of mass m 1 moves
above the horizontal. The coeffi- F down the plane at constant speed once it is set in motion. (c) For
cient of kinetic friction between the what range of values of m 2 will the blocks remain at rest if they
box and the surface of the ramp is are released from rest?
mk = 0.300. A constant horizontal 5.78 .. BIO The Flying Leap of a Flea. High-speed motion
force F = 26.0 N is applied to the 33.0° pictures 13500 frames>second2 of a jumping 210@mg flea yielded
box (Fig. P5.73), and the box the data to plot the flea’s acceleration as a function of time, as
moves down the ramp. If the box is shown in Fig. P5.78. (See “The Flying Leap of the Flea,” by
initially at rest, what is its speed M. Rothschild et al., Scientific American, November 1973.) This
2.00 s after the force is applied? flea was about 2 mm long and jumped at a nearly vertical takeoff
5.74 .. CP In Fig. P5.74, m 1 = 20.0 kg and a = 53.1°. The co- angle. Using the graph, (a) find the initial net external force on
efficient of kinetic friction between the block of mass m 1 and the the flea. How does it compare to the flea’s weight? (b) Find the
incline is mk = 0.40. What must be the mass m 2 of the hanging maximum net external force on this jumping flea. When does
block if it is to descend 12.0 m in the first 3.00 s after the system is this maximum force occur? (c) Use the graph to find the flea’s
released from rest? maximum speed.

Figure P5.74 Figure P5.78

150
m1

100

a m2 a>g
50

5.75 .. CP You place a book of mass 5.00 kg Figure P5.75 0

againstS a vertical wall. You apply a constant 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
force F to the book, where F = 96.0 N and the Time (ms)
force is at an angle of 60.0o above the horizontal
(Fig. P5.75). The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the book and the wall is 0.300. If the 5.79 .. Block A in Fig. P5.79 weighs 1.20 N, and block B weighs
book is initially at rest, what is its speed after it S
3.60 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction betweenSall surfaces is
has traveled 0.400 m up the wall? F 0.300. Find the magnitude of the horizontal force F necessary to
drag block B to the left at constant speed (a) if A rests on B and
moves with it (Fig. P5.79a), (b) if A is held at rest (Fig. P5.79b).
60.0°

Figure P5.79
5.76 .. Block A in Fig. P5.76 weighs 60.0 N. The coefficient of
(a) (b)
static friction between the block and the surface on which it rests A A
is 0.25. The weight w is 12.0 N, and the system is in equilibrium. S S

(a) Find the friction force exerted on block A. (b) Find the maxi- F F
B B
mum weight w for which the system will remain in equilibrium.

Figure P5.76 5.80 ... CP Elevator Design. You are designing an elevator
for a hospital. The force exerted on a passenger by the floor of the
elevator is not to exceed 1.60 times the passenger’s weight. The
A
elevator accelerates upward with constant acceleration for a dis-
45.0°
tance of 3.0 m and then starts to slow down. What is the maxi-
mum speed of the elevator?
5.81 ... CP CALC You are standing on a bathroom scale in an
elevator in a tall building. Your mass is 64 kg. The elevator starts
from rest and travels upward with a speed that varies with time
according to v1t2 = 13.0 m>s22t + 10.20 m>s32t 2. When t = 4.0 s,
w what is the reading on the bathroom scale?
 Problems 167

5.82 .. A hammer is hanging by a light rope from the ceiling of if block B is moving to the right and speeding up with an accelera-
a bus. The ceiling is parallel to the roadway. The bus is traveling tion of 2.00 m>s2? (b) What is the tension in each cord when block B
in a straight line on a horizontal street. You observe that the ham- has this acceleration?
mer hangs at rest with respect to the bus when the angle between
the rope and the ceiling of the bus is 56.0°. What is the accelera- Figure P5.89
tion of the bus? B
5.83 .. A 40.0-kg packing case is initially at rest on the floor of
S
a
a 1500-kg pickup truck. The coefficient of static friction between
the case and the truck floor is 0.30, and the coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.20. Before each acceleration given below, the truck is
traveling due north at constant speed. Find the magnitude and di-
rection of the friction force acting on the case (a) when the truck
accelerates at 2.20 m>s2 northward and (b) when it accelerates at
3.40 m>s2 southward.
5.84 ... If the coefficient of static friction between a table and a A
C
uniform, massive rope is ms, what fraction of the rope can hang
over the edge of the table without the rope sliding?
5.85 ... Two identical 15.0-kg balls, Figure P5.85 5.90 .. Two blocks connected by a cord passing over a small,
each 25.0 cm in diameter, are suspended frictionless pulley rest on frictionless planes (Fig. P5.90). (a) Which
by two 35.0-cm wires (Fig. P5.85). The way will the system move when the blocks are released from rest?
entire apparatus is supported by a (b) What is the acceleration of the blocks? (c) What is the tension
18.0 cm
single 18.0-cm wire, and the surfaces in the cord?
of the balls are perfectly smooth.
Figure P5.90
(a) Find the tension in each of the three
wires. (b) How hard does each ball 35.0 cm
35.0 cm
push on the other one?
100 kg
50 kg

30.0° 53.1°

5.86 . CP Traffic Court. You are called as an expert witness 5.91 .. In terms of m 1, m 2, and g, find the acceleration of each
in a trial for a traffic violation. The facts are these: A driver block in Fig. P5.91. There is no friction anywhere in the system.
slammed on his brakes and came to a stop with constant accelera-
tion. Measurements of his tires and the skid marks on the pave- Figure P5.91
ment indicate that he locked his car’s wheels, the car traveled 192 ft
before stopping, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
road and his tires was 0.750. He was charged with speeding in a m1
45@mi>h zone but pleads innocent. What is your conclusion: guilty
or innocent? How fast was he going when he hit his brakes?
5.87 ... Block A in Fig. P5.87
Figure P5.87
weighs 1.90 N, and block B
weighs 4.20 N. The coefficient A
of kinetic friction between all
S
surfaces is 0.30. Find the mag- S
F B
nitude of the horizontal force F m2
necessary to drag block B to the
left at constant speed if A and B 5.92 ... Block B, with mass Figure P5.92
are connected by a light, flexi- 5.00 kg, rests on block A, with
B
ble cord passing around a fixed, mass 8.00 kg, which in turn
frictionless pulley. is on a horizontal tabletop A
5.88 .. CP Losing Cargo. A 12.0-kg box rests on the level (Fig. P5.92). There is no fric-
bed of a truck. The coefficients of friction between the box and tion between block A and the
bed are ms = 0.19 and mk = 0.15. The truck stops at a stop sign tabletop, but the coefficient of
and then starts to move with an acceleration of 2.20 m>s2. If the static friction between blocks C
box is 1.80 m from the rear of the truck when the truck starts, how A and B is 0.750. A light string
much time elapses before the box falls off the truck? How far does attached to block A passes over
the truck travel in this time? a frictionless, massless pulley, and block C is suspended from the
5.89 .. Block A in Fig. P5.89 has mass 4.00 kg, and block B has other end of the string. What is the largest mass that block C can
mass 12.0 kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block B have so that blocks A and B still slide together when the system
and the horizontal surface is 0.25. (a) What is the mass of block C is released from rest?
168 Chapter 5 applying Newton’s Laws

5.93 ... Two objects, with masses 5.00 kg and 2.00 kg, hang 5.99 ... Banked Curve I. A curve with a 120-m radius on a
0.600 m above the floor from the ends of a cord that is 6.00 m level road is banked at the correct angle for a speed of 20 m>s. If
long and passes over a frictionless pulley. Both objects start from an automobile rounds this curve at 30 m>s, what is the minimum
rest. Find the maximum height reached by the 2.00-kg object. coefficient of static friction needed between tires and road to
5.94 .. Friction in an Elevator. You are riding in an elevator prevent skidding?
on the way to the 18th floor of your dormitory. The elevator is 5.100 .. Banked Curve II. Consider a wet roadway banked
accelerating upward with a = 1.90 m>s2. Beside you is the box as in Example 5.22 (Section 5.4), where there is a coefficient of
containing your new computer; the box and its contents have a static friction of 0.30 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.25
total mass of 36.0 kg. While the elevator is accelerating upward, between the tires and the roadway. The radius of the curve is
you push horizontally on the box to slide it at constant speed R = 50 m. (a) If the bank angle is b = 25°, what is the maximum
toward the elevator door. If the coefficient of kinetic friction speed the automobile can have before sliding up the banking?
between the box and the elevator floor is mk = 0.32, what magni- (b) What is the minimum speed the automobile can have before
tude of force must you apply? sliding down the banking?
5.95 . A block is placed Figure P5.95 5.101 ... Blocks A, B, and C are placed as in Fig. P5.101 and
against the vertical front of a S
a
connected by ropes of negligible mass. Both A and B weigh
cart (Fig. P5.95). What accel- 25.0 N each, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between each
eration must the cart have so block and the surface is 0.35. Block C descends with constant
that block A does not fall? The velocity. (a) Draw separate free-body diagrams showing the forces
coefficient of static friction be- A acting on A and on B. (b) Find the tension in the rope connecting
tween the block and the cart is blocks A and B. (c) What is the weight of block C? (d) If the
ms. How would an observer on rope connecting A and B were cut, what would be the accelera-
the cart describe the behavior tion of C?
of the block?
5.96 ... Two blocks, with masses 4.00 kg and 8.00 kg, are con- Figure P5.101
nected by a string and slide down a 30.0° inclined plane
(Fig. P5.96). The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 4.00-kg
block and the plane is 0.25; that between the 8.00-kg block and
the plane is 0.35. Calculate (a) the acceleration of each block and
(b) the tension in the string. (c) What happens if the positions of B C
the blocks are reversed, so that the 4.00-kg block is uphill from A
the 8.00-kg block? 36.9°

Figure P5.96
5.102 .. You are riding in a school bus. As the bus rounds a flat
8.00 curve at constant speed, a lunch box with mass 0.500 kg, sus-
kg pended from theUniversity
ceiling of the bus
Physics 14e by a string 1.80 m long, is
found to hang at Young/Freedman
rest relative to the bus when the string makes an
4.00 angle of 30.0° withBenjamin Cummings
the vertical. In this position the lunch box is
kg
50.0 m from the Pearson
curve’s Education
center of curvature. What is the speed v
9736105103
of the bus? Fig 05_P101
5.103 .. You throw
CALC Pickup: a rock downward into water with a
6754605084
30° speed of 3mg>k, where k is the coefficient in Eq. (5.5). Assume that
Rolin Graphics
jr 3/26/14fluid
the relationship between 16p0 x 7p5
resistance and speed is as given
in Eq. (5.5), and calculate the speed of the rock as a function
5.97 ... Block A, with weight 3w, slides down an inclined plane S of time.
of slope angle 36.9° at a constant Figure P5.97 5.104 ... A 4.00-kg block is Figure P5.104
speed while plank B, with attached to a vertical rod by
weight w, rests on top of A. means of two strings. When the
The plank is attached by a system rotates about the axis of
cord to the wall (Fig. P5.97). B
the rod, the strings are extended
A 1.25 m
(a) Draw a diagram of all the as shown in Fig. P5.104 and
forces acting on block A. (b) If the tension in the upper string
2.00 m 4.00 kg
the coefficient of kinetic fric- is 80.0 N. (a) What is the ten-
tion is the same between A and B sion in the lower cord? (b) How
and between S and A, deter- 36.9° many revolutions per minute 1.25 m
S
mine its value. does the system make? (c) Find
5.98 .. Jack sits in the chair the number of revolutions per
of a Ferris wheel that is rotating at a constant 0.100 rev>s. As Jack minute at which the lower cord
passes through the highest point of his circular path, the upward just goes slack. (d) Explain what
force that the chair exerts on him is equal to one-fourth of his happens if the number of revo-
weight. What is the radius of the circle in which Jack travels? lutions per minute is less than
Treat him as a point mass. that in part (c).
 problems 169

5.105 .. On the ride “Spindletop” at the amusement park Six Figure P5.109
Flags Over Texas, people stood against the inner wall of a hollow
a (m>s2)
vertical cylinder with radius 2.5 m. The cylinder started to rotate,
and when it reached a constant rotation rate of 0.60 rev>s, the 7.00
floor dropped about 0.5 m. The people remained pinned against 6.00
the wall without touching the floor. (a) Draw a force diagram for a
person on this ride after the floor has dropped. (b) What mini- 5.00
mum coefficient of static friction was required for the person not
4.00
to slide downward to the new position of the floor? (c) Does your
answer in part (b) depend on the person’s mass? (Note: When such 3.00
a ride is over, the cylinder is slowly brought to rest. As it slows
2.00
down, people slide down the walls to the floor.)
5.106 .. A 70-kg person rides in a 30-kg cart moving at 12 m>s 1.00
at the top of a hill that is in the shape of an arc of a circle with a
radius of 40 m. (a) What is the apparent weight of the person as 0.00 T (N)
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
the cart passes over the top of the hill? (b) Determine the maxi-
mum speed that the cart can travel at the top of the hill without
losing contact with the surface. Does your answer depend on the 5.110 .. DATA A road heading due east passes over a small hill.
mass of the cart or the mass of the person? Explain. You drive a car of mass m at constant speed v over the top of the
5.107 .. A small bead can hill, where the shape of the roadway is well approximated as an
slide without friction on a circu- Figure P5.107 arc of a circle with radius R. Sensors have been placed on the road
lar hoop that is in a vertical plane surface there to measure the downward force that cars exert on
and has a radius of 0.100 m. the surface at various speeds. The table gives values of this force
The hoop rotates at a constant versus speed for your car:
rate of 4.00 rev>s about a ver-
tical diameter (Fig. P5.107). Speed 1m , s 2 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
(a) Find the angle b at which Force 1N2 8100 7690 7050 6100 5200 4200
the bead is in vertical equilib-
rium. (It has a radial accelera- 0.100 m Treat the car as a particle. (a) Plot the values in such a way that
tion toward the axis.) (b) Is it they are well fitted by a straight line. You might need to raise the
possible for the bead to “ride” speed, the force, or both to some power. (b) Use your graph from
b
at the same elevation as the part (a) to calculate m and R. (c) What maximum speed can the car
center of the hoop? (c) What will have at the top of the hill and still not lose contact with the road?
happen if the hoop rotates at 5.111 .. DATA You are an engineer working for a manufactur-
1.00 rev>s? ing company. You are designing a mechanism that uses a cable to
drag heavy metal blocks a distance of 8.00 m along a ramp that is
5.108 .. A physics major is working to pay her college tuition by sloped at 40.0° above the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic
performing in a traveling carnival. She rides a motorcycle inside a friction between these blocks and the incline is mk = 0.350. Each
hollow, transparent plastic sphere. After gaining sufficient speed, block has a mass of 2170 kg. The block will be placed on the bot-
she travels in a vertical circle with radius 13.0 m. She has mass tom of the ramp, the cable will be attached, and the block will
70.0 kg, and her motorcycle has mass 40.0 kg. (a) What minimum then be given just enough of a momentary push to overcome static
speed must she have at the top of the circle for the motorcycle tires friction. The block is then to accelerate at a constant rate to move
to remain in contact with the sphere? (b) At the bottom of the the 8.00 m in 4.20 s. The cable is made of wire rope and is parallel
circle, her speed is twice the value calculated in part (a). What is to the ramp surface. The table gives the breaking strength of the
the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the motorcycle by cable as a function of its diameter; the safe load tension, which is
the sphere at this point? 20% of the breaking strength; and the mass per meter of the cable:
5.109 .. DATA In your physics lab, a block of mass m is at rest
on a horizontal surface. You attach a light cord to the block and Cable Diameter Breaking Strength Safe Load Mass per Meter
apply a horizontal force to the free end of the cord. You find that (in.) (kN) (kN) (kg/m)
the block remains at rest until the tension T in the cord exceeds 1 24.4 4.89 0.16
4
20.0 N. For T 7 20.0 N, you measure the acceleration of the block
when T is maintained at a constant value, and you plot the results
3 54.3 10.9 0.36
8
(Fig. P5.109). The equation for the straight line that best fits your
data is a = 30.182 m>1N # s224T - 2.842 m>s2. For this block
1 95.2 19.0 0.63
2

and surface, what are (a) the coefficient of static friction and 5 149 29.7 0.98
8
(b) the coefficient of kinetic friction? (c) If the experiment were 3 212 42.3 1.41
done on the earth’s moon, where g is much smaller than on the 4

earth, would the graph of a versus T still be fit well by a straight 7 286 57.4 1.92
8
line? If so, how would the slope and intercept of the line differ
from the values in Fig. P5.109? Or, would each of them be the 1 372 74.3 2.50
same? Source: www.engineeringtoolbox.com
170 ChaPtEr 5 applying Newton’s Laws

(a) What is the minimum diameter of the cable that can be used to 5.115 ... A ball is held at rest at position A in Fig. P5.115 by
pull a block up the ramp without exceeding the safe load value of two light strings. The horizontal string is cut, and the ball starts
the tension in the cable? Ignore the mass of the cable, and select swinging as a pendulum. Position B is the farthest to the right that
the diameter from those listed in the table. (b) You need to know the ball can go as it swings back and forth. What is the ratio of the
safe load values for diameters that aren’t in the table, so you hy- tension in the supporting string at B to its value at A before the
pothesize that the breaking strength and safe load limit are pro- string was cut?
portional to the cross-sectional area of the cable. Draw a graph
that tests this hypothesis, and discuss its accuracy. What is your
9 Figure P5.115
estimate of the safe load value for a cable with diameter 16 in.?
(c) The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the ramp
is ms = 0.620, which is nearly twice the value of the coefficient
of kinetic friction. If the machinery jams and the block stops in b b
the middle of the ramp, what is the tension in the cable? Is it
larger or smaller than the value when the block is moving? (d) Is
the actual tension in the cable, at its upper end, larger or smaller
than the value calculated when you ignore the mass of the cable?
If the cable is 9.00 m long, how accurate is it to ignore the cable’s A B
mass?

chaLLenge ProbLems
5.112 ... Moving Wedge. A wedge with mass M rests on a
frictionless, horizontal tabletop. A block with mass m is placed on Passage ProbLems
the wedge (Fig. P5.112a). There is no friction between the block
FricTion and climbing ShoES. Shoes made for the sports
and the wedge. The system is released from rest. (a) Calculate the
of bouldering and rock climbing are designed to provide a great
acceleration of the wedge and the horizontal and vertical compo-
deal of friction between the foot and the surface of the ground.
nents of the acceleration of the block. (b) Do your answers to part (a)
Such shoes on smooth rock might have a coefficient of static fric-
reduce to the correct results when M is very large? (c) As seen by a
tion of 1.2 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.90.
stationary observer, what is the shape of the trajectory of the block?
5.116 For a person wearing these shoes, what’s the maximum
Figure P5.112 angle (with respect to the horizontal) of a smooth rock that can
m m
be walked on without slipping? (a) 42°; (b) 50°; (c) 64°; (d) larger
(a) (b) than 90°.
S
F 5.117 If the person steps onto a smooth rock surface that’s in-
M M clined at an angle large enough that these shoes begin to slip, what
a a will happen? (a) She will slide a short distance and stop; (b) she
will accelerate down the surface; (c) she will slide down the sur-
face at constant speed; (d) we can’t tell what will happen without
5.113 ... A wedge with mass M rests on a frictionless, horizon- knowing her mass.
tal tabletop. A block
S
with mass m is placed on the wedge, and a 5.118 A person wearing these shoes stands on a smooth, hori-
horizontal force F is applied
S
to the wedge (Fig. P5.112b). What zontal rock. She pushes against the ground to begin running. What
must the magnitude of F be if the block is to remain at a constant is the maximum horizontal acceleration she can have without slip-
height above the tabletop? ping? (a) 0.20g; (b) 0.75g; (c) 0.90g; (d) 1.2g.
5.114 ... Double Atwood’s Figure P5.114
Machine. In Fig. P5.114
masses m 1 and m 2 are con-
nected by a light string A over
a light, frictionless pulley B.
The axle of pulley B is con-
nected by a light string C over D
C
a light, frictionless pulley D to
a mass m 3 . Pulley D is sus-
pended from the ceiling by an
attachment to its axle. The B m3
system is released from rest. In
A
terms of m 1, m 2, m 3, and g,
m2
what are (a) the acceleration of
block m 3; (b) the acceleration m 1
of pulley B; (c) the accelera-
tion of block m 1; (d) the accel-
eration of block m 2; (e) the tension in string A; (f) the tension in
string C? (g) What do your expressions give for the special case of
m 1 = m 2 and m 3 = m 1 + m 2? Is this reasonable?
 answers 171

answers

chapter opening question ? and no other force is acting parallel to the horizontal surface;
(iii) The upward force exerted by the air has the same magni- hence no friction force is needed to prevent sliding. In situations
tude as the force of gravity. Although the seed and pappus are (ii) and (iv) the box would start to slide over the surface if no
descending, their vertical velocity is constant, so their vertical friction were present, so a static friction force must act to prevent
acceleration is zero. According to Newton’s first law, the net ver- this. In situation (v) the box is sliding over a rough surface, so a
tical force on the seed and pappus must also be zero. The indi- kinetic friction force acts on it.
vidual vertical forces must balance. 5.4 (iii) A satellite of mass m orbiting the earth at speed v in
an orbit of radius r has an acceleration of magnitude v 2>r, so
test your Understanding questions the net force acting on it from the earth’s gravity has magnitude
F = mv 2>r. The farther the satellite is from the earth, the greater
5.1 (ii) The two cables are arranged symmetrically, so the ten- the value of r, the smaller the value of v, and hence the smaller
sion in either cable has the same magnitude T. The vertical com- the values of v 2>r and of F. In other words, the earth’s gravita-
ponent of the tension from each cable is T sin 45° (or, equivalently, tional force decreases with increasing distance.
T cos 45°), so Newton’s first law applied to the vertical forces
tells us that 2T sin 45° - w = 0. Hence T = w>12 sin 45°2 =
w>12 = 0.71w. Each cable supports half of the weight of the bridging Problem
traffic light, but the tension is greater than w>2 because only the
h1cos b + ms sin b2
vertical component of the tension counteracts the weight. (a) Tmax = 2p
5.2 (ii) No matter what the instantaneous velocity of the glider, B g tan b1sin b - ms cos b2
its acceleration is constant and has the value found in Example 5.12.
In the same way, the acceleration of a body in free fall is the same h1cos b - ms sin b2
(b) Tmin = 2p
whether it is ascending, descending, or at the high point of its B g tan b1sin b + ms cos b2
motion (see Section 2.5).
5.3 (a): (i), (iii); (b): (ii), (iv); (c): (v) In situations (i) and (iii)
the box is not accelerating (so the net force on it must be zero)