i UNIT II Virtualization Basics Syllabus Virtual Machine Basics - Taxonomy of Virtual Machines - Hypervisor - Key Concepts - Virtualization structure - Implementation levels of virtualization - Virtualization Types : Full Virtual n - Para Virtualization - Hardware Virtualization - Virtualization of CPU, Memory and W/O devices. iG Contents 2.1 Virtual Machine Basics 2.2 Taxonomy of Virtual Machines Dec.-21,22, Marks 13 2.3 Hypervisor 2.4 Implementation Levels of Virtualization Dec.-21, Marks 13 2.5 Virtualization Types : Full Virtualization 2.6 Two Marks Questions with Answers (2-1)Cloud Computing Virtual Machine Basics eet ieceer ea) ote | i Fe 214 Virtual machine Virtualization Virtual Machine (VM) is a virtual environment that functions as a computer system with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and sto, created on a physical hardware system. ‘A Virtual machine is a software construct that mimics the characteristics of physical server. A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software program or operating system that not only exhibits the behavior of a separate computer, but is also capable of | tasks such as running applications and programs like a separate computer. In a pure virtual machine architecture the operating system gives each process tl illusion that it is the only process on the machine. The user writes an application as if only its code were running on the system. Each user interacts with the computer by typing commands to the virtual machine on a virtual system console and receiving results back from the machine as soon as they are computed. Each user directs the virtual machine to perform different commands. These commands are then executed on the physical machine in a multiprogramming environments. Virtualization is an abstraction layer that decouples the physical hardware from the operating system to deliver greater IT resource utilization and flexibility. It allows multiple virtual machines, with heterogeneous operating systems to rut in isolation, side-by-side on the same physical machine. Fig. 2.1.1 shows virtual machine. Applications | Applications | Applications Windows Unix Linux Virtual Virtual Virtual hardware | hardware | hardware ‘i Virtual Pplications | srdware | Applications Operating system | Hardware CCPU, Memory , Secondary storage2-2 Virtualization eI Virtual Machine Basics * Virtual Machine (VM) is a virtual environment that functions as a with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and sto, ysical hardware system. A Virtual is a software construct that mimics the characteristics of physical serve * A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software program or operating system that not only exhibits the behavior computer, but is also capable of performing tasks such as running ret ions and programs like a separate computer. In a pure virtual machine architecture the operating system gives each process the illusion that it is the only process on the machine. The user writes an application as if only its code were running on the system. Each user interacts with the computer by typing commands to the virtual machine on a virtual system console and receiving results back from the machine as soon as they are computed. Each user directs the virtual machine to perform ds. These commands are then executed on the physical machine in a multiprogramming environments. ¢ Virtualization is an bso layer that decouples the physical hardware from the operating system to deliver greater IT resource utilization and fle ibility. It allows multiple virtual machines, with heterogene ‘Ous operating systems to run in isolation, side-by-side on the same physical machi ine. * Fig. 2.1.1 shows virtual machine. Applications | Applications | Applications Windows Unix Linux Virtual Virtual Virtual hardware | hardware | hardware 1 Applications eae Applications Operating system Hardware CCPL. Memory , Secondary storage Fig, 2.4.4 Virtual machine TECHNICAL PUB), ICATIONS® > AN UD-thrst for JensCloud Computing 2-3 Virtualization Basics Benefits : 1, There is no overlap amongst memory as each Virtual Memory has its own memory space. 2, Virtual machines are completely isolated from the host machine and other virtual machines, Data does not leak across virtual machines. » Can use multiple operating system environments on the same computer ae The cost reduction is possible using small virtual servers on a more powerful single server. Disadvantages : 1. Virtual machines =lliidigienathanasasiamaslines because they: access the hardware indirectly. 2. A virtual machine can be infected with the weaknesses of the host machine 3. Difficulty in direct access to hardware, for example, specific cards or USB devices 4. Great use of disk space, since it takes all the files for each operating system installed on each virtual machine. EA Taxonomy of Virtual Machines User Application Host operating system * Virtualization is a broad term that refers to ss many, ‘he (nani alli" aspects of computing. For our purposes : One physical machine to support multiple Computer Hardware virtual machines that run in parallel. + Virtualization is or = , (a) Before virtualizat methodology of dividing the resources of ®) vinualizeiien computer into. multiple execution environments Application + Virtualization is an abstraction layer that Guest OS Guest OS decouples the physical hardware from the erating syste to deliver greater IT Computer Computer peer ene § hardware hardware resource utilization and flexibility. * It allows multiple virtual machines, with iilization layer (Hceq Sea ge is ‘a g systems to run in eletos enous Operating vere Hardware running the host OS isolation, side-by-side on the same physical machine. * Fig, 221 shows before and after virtualization. (b) After virtualization Fig. 2.2.4 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing ple machines on a single hardware. ing multiple machines on running ¢ Virtualization means sees an abstracted out " nl hardware invisible to operating eae Rhee Only Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) ta! er | characteristics of computin, * It is "a technique for hiding the physical charac 4 8 applications, or end users intera, from the way in which other systems, app ct those resources. ; * This includes making a single physical resource appear to function as my logical resources; or it can include making multiple physical resources appegy al single logical resource." * Itis divided into two main categories : 1. Platform virtualization involves the simulation of virtual machines, 2. Resource virtualization involves the simulation of combined, fragmented q simplified resources. * Fig. 22.2 shows taxonomy of virtualization. (anneee)) (Geta eo) fs rl Emulation Application = | : ia Process level igh-Level Vb Programming | [environment] 7 5 level High-Level vei ] cal -— [—]@ Storage | Operating system Virtualization Sey Network SemEaeE ae eancad Pies Full virtualization oa System level Hi [tome | Paravirtualiztion zz Partial virtualization alization Virtuali Hzation is mainl network. Execution ae fo emulate execution environment, storage system levey nment classified into two types andCloud Computing 2-5 Virtualization Basics * Process level is implemented on top of an existing operating system. * System level is implemented directly on hardware and do not or minimum requirement of existing operating system. EEA Difference between Virtualization and Cloud Computing Sr. No. Virtualization Cloud Computing i Virtualization is t 2 Cloud computing means storing and virtual environment on an e er x and programs over the to run your desired program, without tead of your computer's hard interfering with any of the other services drive. provided by the server or host platform to other users. | 2: tel machine s ona eae of virtual machine is on any 3. Instance storage is persistent. Instance storage is shortly lived. 4. Virtualization uses customizable VM Cloud computing uses standard VM resource like CPU and RAM. resource like CPU and RAM Si Recovery from failures: attempt to recover Recovery from failures : Discard instance failed VM. spin up new one. EEZ2Z] Pros and Cons of Virtualization a) Pros 1 ter and energy-efficiency savings : As companies reduce the size of their hardware and server footprint, they lower their energy consumption 2. Operational expenditure savings : Once servers are virtualized, your IT staff can greatly reduce the ongoing administration and management of manual work, duced costs : It reduced cost of IT infrastructure. Data does not leak across virtual machine. aoe Virtual machine is completed isolated from host machine and other virtual machine. 2 Simplifies resource management by pooling and sharing resources 7. Significantly reduce downtime. 8. — performance of IT resources b) Cons 1. Not all hardwaré|6# Sofware can be virtualized. 2.Not all servers are applications are specifically designed to Virtualization-friendly. © TECHNICA! PUIRLICATIONS® an uncthrict far bnnntartnnoe Virtualization Cloud Computing 1. Outline the various levels of virtualization with an example for each category. DELS 2, What is virtualization ? List the various levels of virtualization ? Explain CEL EER] Hypervisor ¢ In computing, ion platform that allows multiple operating systems to run on a at the same time. The term usually refers to an entation using full virtualization. * A hypervisor is a software la physical hardware, which allows splitting the physical machine into many virtual machines. This allows multiple ‘operating systems to be run simultaneously on the same physical hardware © The operating system installéd on thé Virtual machine is called a guest OS, and is sometimes also called)anvinstance. The hardware the hypervisor runs on is called the host machine. * A hypervisor management console, which is also called a virtual machine manager (VMM), is computer software that enables easy management of virtual machines, * Hypervisors are currently classified in two types type 1 and type 2 EEE] Type 1 * Type 1 hypervisor is software that runs directly Onsangiven|hardwarellplatform. 4 ‘ai operating system thus runs at the second level above the hardware. * Fig. 2.3.1 shows Type 1 hypervisor. = al a = ===> =, = Hardware Hypervisor Fig. 2.3.1 Type 1 hypervisor TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® aieee Je Virtualization Basics + Type VMs have no SR. system because they are installed on a bare system. An operating system running on a Type 1 VM is a full virtualization because it is a complete simulation of the hardware that it is running on. . nE 1 hypervisor is also called a native or bare-metal hypervisor that is installed directly on the hardware, which splits the hardware into several virtual machines where we can install guest operating systems. « Virtual machine management software helps to manage this hypervisor, which allows guest OSes to be moved automatically between physical servers based on current resources requirements. * It is completely independent from the Operating System. « The hypervisor is small as its main task is sharing and managing hardware resources between different operating systems. ¢ A major advantage is that any problems in one virtual machine or guest operating system do not affect the other guest operating systems running on the hypervisor. ERY] Type 2 Hypervisor * This is also known as Hosted:Hypervisor, e In this case, the other ieee, above it. « It is completely dependent on ‘host Operating System for its operations. Fig. 2.3.2 shows type 2 hypervisor. or is installed on an operating system and then supports os. A $ Hardware Hypervisor ey Fig. 2.3.2 Type 2 Hypervisor * While having a b 1m allows better specification of policies, any problems in thi rating system affects the entire system as well even if the hypervisor running above the base OS is secure TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization loud Computing 2-8 Basie « Type 2 hypervisors don't support SO care required when allocating resources to virtual machines * This is why we call type 2 hypervisors ‘hosted hypervisors. As opposed to type 1 hypervisors that run directly on the hardware, hosted hypervisors have one software layer underneath. What we have in this case is : 1. A physical machine. 2, An operating system installed on the hardware (Windows, Linux, MacOS). 3. A type 2 hypervisor software within that operating system. 4, The actual instances of guest virtual machines. © Type 2 hypervisors are typically found in environments with a small number of servers. Type 2 hypervisors are convenient for testing new software and research projects. EEE] Paravirtualization + Paravirtualization is ipieiniaeie a guest operating system (0S) is recompiled, installe thine (VM), and operated on top of « hygapigamanmnemmmemangigs othe host OS ¢ Para-virtualization refers to communication between the guest OS and the hypervisor to improve performance and efficiency. « Para-virtualization involves modifying the OS kernel to replace non-virtualizable instructions with hyper-calls that communicate directly with the virtualization layer hypervisor. © The hypervisor also provides hyper-call interfaces for other critical kernel operations such as memory management, interrupt handling and time keeping. ¢ Fig. 2.3.3 shows para-virtualization architecture. Private | Private | ...., Private server server server Operating system Hardware Fig. 2.3.3 Para-virtualization architecture * In Para-virtualization, the virtual machine does not necessarily simulate hardware, but instead offers a special API that can only be used by modifying the “guest” OS. This system call to the hypervisor is called a "hypercall” in Xen. ¢ Xen is an open source para-virtualization solution that requires modifications tO the guest operating systems but achieves near native performance by collaborating with the hypervisor. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” an up-thrust for knowledgeSs. Cloud Computing 2-9 Virtualization Basics * Microsoft Virtual PC is a para-virtualization virtual machine approach, User-mode Linux (UML) is another para-virtualization solution that is open source. « Each guest operating system executes as a process of the host operating system. Cooperative Linux, is a virtualization solution that allows two operating systems to cooperatively share the underlying hardware. Linux-V server is an operating system-level virtualization solution for GNU/Linux systems with secure isolation of independent guest servers. « The Linux KVM is virtualization technology that has been integrated into the mainline Linux kernel . Runs as a single kernel loadable module, a Linux kernel running on virtualization-capable hardware is able to act as a hypervisor and support unmodified Linux and Windows guest operating systems. + Para-virtualization shares the process with the. guest operating system. Problems with para-virtualization 1. Para-virtualized systems won't run on native hardware 2. There are many different para-virtualization systems that use different. commands, etc. The main difference between full virtualization and paravirtualization in Cloud is that full virtualization allows multiple guest operating systems to execute on a host operating system independently while paravirtualization allows multiple guest operating systems to run on host operating systems while communicating, erence between Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisor Type 1 Hypervisor Type 2 Hypervisor This is also known as Bare Metal or Embedded — This is also known as Hosted Hypervisor or Native Hypervisor It is completely dependent on host Operating It is ident from the is completely independe! System for its operations Operating System It works directly on the hardware of the host and can monitor operating systems that run __ above the hypervisor In this case, the hypervisor is installed on an operating system and then supports other operating systems above it It support hardware virtualization It support OS virtualization Examples ESXi Server and Microsoft Examples : Vmware Workstation, Microsoft ee Virtual PC, Oracle Virtual Box Hyper-y | Higher performance and scalability because of — Low performance as a result of host operating being bare metal type system overhead TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 2-10 Virtualization Implementation Levels of Virtualization * Virtualization is implemented at various levels : 1. Instruction set architecture level 2. Hardware abstraction level 3. Operating system level 4. Library support level 5. User application level ESI instruction set Architecture Level © The definition of the storage resources and the instructions that manipulate daty are documented in what is referred to as Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). ISA view of a machine corresponds to the machine and assembly language levels. For example, MIPS binary code can run on an x86-based host machine with the help of ISA emulation. * Instruction set emulation leads to virtual ISAs created on any hardware machine The basic emulation method is through code interpretation. An_ interpreter Program interprets the source instructions to target instructions one by one. ¢ The key to virtualize a CPU lies in the execution of the guest instruction, including both system-level and user-level instructions virtualizing a CPU can achieved in one two ways 1. Emulation : The only processor vitalization mechanism available when the ISA of the guest is different from the ISA of the host. 2. Direct native execution : Possible only if the ISA of the host is identical to the ISA of the guest * Fig. 24.1 shows ISA emulation Guest Emulated by Host Source ISA Target ISA Fig. 2.4.1 ISA emulation y yne + Emulation is the process of implementing the interface and functionality of q system (or subsystem) on a system (or subsystem) having different interface # functionality. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® an up-thrust for knowledgeCloud Computing 2-11 Virtualization Basics In other words, emulation allows a machine implementing, one ISA (the target), to reproduce the behavior of a software compiled for another ISA (the source). Emulation can be carried out using 1, Interpretation 2. Binary traslation Hardware Abstraction Level + This type of virtualization is performed right on top of the bare hardware. On the hand, this approach generates a virtual hardware environment for a VM. On the other hand, the process manages the underlying hardware through virtualization. * The idea is to virtualizes a computer's resources, such as processors memory, and devices. The intention is to upgrade the hardware utilization rate by multiple li + The Xen hypervisor has been applied to virtualize X86:based machines to run Linux or other guest OS applications EZE Operating System Level Virtualization © Operating-system-level virtualization is a server-virtualization method where the kernel of an operating system allows for multiple isolated user-space instances, instead of just one. Such instances, which are sometimes called containers and software containers. This refers to an abstraction layer between traditional OS and user applications. + This type of virtualization creates isolated containers on a single physical server and the OS instances to utilize the hard-ware and software in data centers. * Containers behave like real servers. With containers you can create a portable, consistent operating environment for development, testing, and deployment. © This virtualization creates virtual hosting environments to allocates hardware resources among a large number of mutually distrusting users + Operating-system-level virtualization usually imposes little to no overhead, because programs in virtual partitions use the operating system’ call interface and do not need to be subjected to emulation or be run in an ‘s normal system intermediate virtual machine. * Operating system-level virtualization is not as flexible as other virtualization approaches since it cannot host a guest operating system different from the host one, or a different guest kernel, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization Ba, Cloud Computing eels = run an entire guest OS, container virtualization isolates the trying t * Instead of trying to hardware. Instead, you have containers fo, guests, but doesn’t try to virtualize the each virtual environment. * With container-based technologies, you'l run the virtual environments. The kernel provides pro resource management. | need a patched kernel and user tools to cess isolation and performs Why operating system level virtualization is required ? * Operating system level virtualization provides feasible solution for hardware leve| virtualization issue. It inserts a virtualization layer inside an operating system to partition a machine's physical resources. ¢ It enables multiple isolated VMs within a single operating system kernel, This kind of VM is often called a virtual execution environment (VE), Virtual Private System (VPS), or simply container. ¢ From the user’s point of view, virtual execution environment look like real servers. * This means a virtual execution environment has its own set of processes, file system, user accounts, network interfaces with IP addresses, routing tables, firewall rules etc * Although VEs can be customized for different people, they share the same operating system kernel. Therefore, OS-level virtualization is also called single-OS image virtualization. Challenges to cloud computing in OS level virtualization ? * Cloud computing is transforming the computing landscape by shifting the hardware and staffing costs of managing a computational center to third parties. * Cloud computing has at least two challenges : 1, The ability to use a variable number of physical machines and virtual machine instances depending on the needs of a problem. For example, @ task may need only a single CPU during some phases of execution but may need hundreds of CPUs at other times, - It is related to slow operation of instantiating new virtual machine. Currently’ new virtual machines originate either as fresh boots or as replicates of # template VM, unaware of the current application state. Therefore, better support cloud computing, a large amount of research and developmett should be done.een ee 2-13 Virtualization Basics ‘Advantages of OS virtualization : 1. OS virtualization provide least overhead among all types of virtualization solution. 2. They offer highest performance and highest density of virtual environment. 3, Low resource requirements, 4. High Scalability. Disadvantage of OS virtualization 1. They support only one operating system as base and guest OS in a single server. 2, It supports library level virtualization. EZM] Library Support Level « Library-level virtualization is also known as user-level Application Binary Interface (ABI). * This type of virtualization can create execution environments for running alien programs on a platform rather than creating a VM to run the entire operating system. © It is done by API call interception and remapping. «Virtualization with library interfaces is possible by controlling the communication link between applications and the rest of a system through APT hooks. « Example : Wine, WAB, LxRun, Visual MainWin «Advantage : It has very low implementation effort Shortcoming and limitation : Poor application flexib EZEX User Application Level © Virtualization at the applicatior traditional OS, an application often runs as a process. Therefore, application-level con is also known as process-level virtualization. ility and isolation. wn level virtualizes an application as a VM. On a virtualizati ized application is not installed in the traditional sense, although it ere. The application behaves at runtime like it is directly al operating system and all the resources managed by it, * A fully virtuali is still executed as if it wi interfacing with the origin: .d to varying degrees. virtualization requires a virtualization layer. ent normally provided but can be isolate Application * Full application virtualization layers replace part of the runtime environm by the operating system. 7 * The layer intercepts all disk operations of virtualized applications and transparently redirects them to a virtualized location, often a single file. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgenM __Vituatization g ee = it accesses a virtual resource insteag i ins unaware thal : z of 4 : ences eae application is now working, with one file instead of ee i . files spread throughout the system, it becomes easy to run the application on , diffe bi computer and previously incompatible applications can be ifferent side-by-side, * The most popular approach is to deploy High Level Language (HLL) VMs, Hery the virtualization layer sits as an application program on top of the operating system, and the layer exports an abstraction of a VM that can run programs written and compiled to a particular abstract machine definition, Any program written in the HLL and compiled for this VM will be able to run on it Tun * Benefits : 1, Application virtualization uses fewer resources than a separate virtual machine, 2. Application virtualization also enables simplified operating, system migrations 3. Applications can be transferred to removable media or between computers without the need of installing them, becoming portable software * Limitations : 1, Not all computer programs can be virtualized 2. Lower performance EBX Virtualization Types : Full Virtualization CORE © Full Virtualization doesn’t need to modifystheshOst OS; it relies upon. binary translation to trap and to virtualize certain Sensitive instruction: ¢ Fig. 2.5.1 shows full virtualization,= ee) Virtualization Basics VMware Workstation applies full virtualization, which uses binary translation to automatically modify x86 software on-the-fly to replace critical instructions Normal instructions can run directly on the host OS. This is done to increase the performance overhead - normal instructions are carried out in the normal manner, but the difficult and precise executions are first discovered using a trap and executed in a virtual manner. This is done to improve the security of the system and also to increase the performance. Host based virtualization : Virtualization implemented in a host computer rather than in a storage subsystem or storage appliance. Virtualization can be implemented either in host computers, in storage subsystems or storage appliances, or in specific virtualization appliances in the storage interconnect fabric. The guest OS are installed and run on top of the virtualization layer. Dedicated applications may run on the VMs. Certainly, some other applications can also run with the host OS directly. Advantages of host-based architecture : 1. The user can install this VM architecture without modifying the host OS. 2. The host-based approach appeals to many host machine configurations. EEX] Memory Virtualization Memory virtualization features allow abstraction isolation and monitoring of memory on a per Virtual Machine (VM) basis. These features may also make live migration of VMs possible, add to fault tolerance, and enhance security, Example features include Direct Memory Access (DMA) remapping and Extended Page Tables (EPT), including their extensions: accessed and dirty bits, and fast switching of EPT contexts The VMkernel manages all machine memory. The VMkernel dedicates part of this managed machine memory for its own use. The rest is available for use by virtual machines Virtual machines use machine memory for two purposes : each virtual machine requires its own memory and the VMM requires some memory and a dynamic overhead memory for its code and data. The virtual memory space is divided into blocks, typically 4 kB, called pages. The physical memory is also divided into blocks, also typically 4 kB. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeVirtualization -16 Cloud Computing ‘i that are not pre ta for virtual pages # Present sy AN Gee SXi also provides support for lage When physical memory is : ‘ physical memory are stored on disk. ESX/ pages. * The VMM is responsible for mapping the guest physical memory to the actu machine memory. * Each page table of a guest OS has a page table allocated for it in the VMM_ Te page table in the VMM which handles all these is called a shadow page table, * As it can be seen all this process is nested and inter-connected at different level, through the concerned address. * If any change occurs in the virtual memory page table or TLB, the shadow page table in the VMM is updated accordingly. EEF] 1/0 Virtualization * I/O Virtualization involves managing of the routing of I/O requests between virtual devices and shared physical hardware. * The there are three ways to implement this are full device emulation, para-VZ and direct 1/0 ¢ 1/O virtualization features facilitate offloading of multi-core packet processing to network adapters as well as direct assignment of virtual machines to virtual functions, including disk I/O. vm Host Applications Virtual Machines App. App App vM VM vM Guest OS Fypenvisor y Butler cache a * . translation $ VO scheduler 4 Interposeransforn} 2 a e.g. Log, encrypt Device driver " /O scheduler i Device driver Lief Virtual hardware 7. SY Physical hardware NTC Emulates disk device Fig. 2.5.2 V0 Virtualization TECHNICA! BLIBY Ina TiAne®loud Computing 2-47 veatusvalen « Examples include Virtual Machine Device Queues (VMDQ), Single Root I/O Virtualization. « Fig. 2.5.2 shows I/O virtualization. (See Fig. 2.5.2 on previous page) 1, Full Device Emulation ; This process emulates well-known and real-world devices. All the functions of a device or bus infrastructure such as device enumeration, identification, interrupts etc. are replicated in the software, which itself is located in the VMM and acts as a virtual device. The I/O requests are trapped in the VMM accordingly 2. Para-virtualization : This method of I/O VZ is taken up since software emulation runs slower than the hardware it emulates. In para-VZ, the frontend driver runs in Domain-U; it manages the requests of the guest OS. The backend driver runs in Domain-0 and is responsible for managing the real 1/O devices. This methodology (para) gives more performance but has a higher CPU overhead. 3. Direct V/O virtualization : This lets the VM access devices directly; achieves high performance with lower costs. Currently, it is used only for the mainframes. EEE] Difference between Full and Para Virtualization Sr. No. Full Virtualization Para Virtualization i Full Virtualization relies upon binary Para-Virtualization refers to communication translation to trap and to virtualize between the guest OS and the hypervisor to certain sensitive instructions. improve performance and efficiency. Example : VMware Example : Xen architecture 2 Full Virtualization doesn't need to Para-Virtualization involves modification of modify the host OS. OS kernel, 3. Normal instructions can run directly on Para-virtualized systems won't run on the host OS. native hardware. 4 Full Virtualization uses binary Para-Virtualization uses hyper - calls, translation and direct execution. 5. Performance is good. Performance is better in certain cases. Hardware is not simulated and the guest 6 Guest software does not require any software run their own isolated domains. modification since the undelying hardware is fully simulated, EBX] Virtualization of CPU such as Intel VT provide hardware stance for CPU * Certain processors Virtualization. eed is aes TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - anVirtualization bq Cloud Computing pee tieg 4 can use a separate mode of execution ea, ing thie. ebetetance, the gues : : * When using this assistance, MN Ether application code or privileged code, rung a _ guest mode. The guest code, whether the guest mode. de and enters * On certain events, the processor exits ‘out of guest mov ae “i Toot Mode The hypervisor executes in the root mode, determines the reason for the exit, tae any required actions, and restarts the gues! * When you use hardware assistance for virtualization, the code, As a result, system calls or trap-intensive workloads run very close ty native speed. * Some workloads, such as those involving updates to page tables, lead to a large number of exits from guest mode to root mode. Depending on the number of such exits and total time spent in exits, this can slow down execution significantly, * CPU virtualization features enable faithful abstraction of the full prowess of Intel CPU to a virtual machine. t in guest mode. there is no need to translate * All software in the VM can run without any performance, as if it was running natively on a dedicated CPU. Live migration from one Intel CPU generation to another, as well as nested virtualization, is possible. EEG Binary Translation with Full Virtualization ¢ This approach relies on binary translation to trap and to virtualize certain sensitive and non-virtualizable instructions with new sequences of instructions that have the intended effect on the virtual hardware. Meanwhile, user level code is directly executed on the processor for high performance virtualization. * Fig. 25.3 shows full virtualization with binary translation Ring 3 User application }—___ Ring 2 Ring 7 Ring 0 a Binary translation Rui Hevea of OS requests Hardware‘Cloud Computing 2-19 Virtualization Basics © This combination of binary translation and direct execution provides full virtualization as the guest OS is completely decoupled from the underlying hardware by the virtualization layer. + The guest OS is not aware it is being virtualized and requires no modification. + The hypervisor translates all operating system instructions at run-time on the fly and caches the results for future use, while user level instructions run unmodified at native speed. + VMware's virtualization products such as VMWare ESXi and Microsoft Virtual Server are examples of full virtualization. « The performance of full virtualization may not be ideal because it involves binary translation at run-time which is time consuming and can incur a. large performance overhead. ms 1. Outline the problems in virtualizing in CPU, 1/0 and memory devices and suggest how it could be overridden for efficient utilization of cloud services. Ee ae EM Two Marks Questions with Answers | Q1 What is virtualization ? ‘Ans. : Virtualization is an abstraction layer that decouples the physical hardware from the operating system to deliver greater IT resource utilization and flexibility. It allows multiple virtual machines, with heterogeneous operating systems to run in isolation, side-by-side ‘on the same physical machine, Virtualization means running multiple | machines on a single hardware. The "Real" hardware invisible to operating system. OS only sees an abstracted out picture. Only Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) talks to hardware | Q.2 What are the benefits of virtualization in the context of cloud computing ? Ans. : 1. It is possible to achieve a more efficient use of resources. 2. Portability and self-containment also contribute to reducing the costs of maintenance. 3. A virtual execution environment can be configured as a sandbox, thus preventing any harmful operation. TECHNICAL PUBLICA’ Tions® = an up-thrust for knowledoeVirtualizati 2-20 ston Bagi, Cloud Computing Q3 List disadvantages of virtualization. Ans. : 1. Performance degradation. ineffici f the host 2. Virtualization can some time lead to an inefficient use of the hos 3. Virtualization opens the door to a new and unexpected form of phishing. Q.4 What is operating system level virtualization ? Ans. : Operating-system-level virtualization is a server-virtualization method where the Kemel of an operating system allows for multiple isolated user-space instances, insteag of just one. Such instances, which are sometimes called containers and software containers. as Ans. What are hardware virtualization techniques ? This technology allows simulating the hardware interface expected by an Operating system. Hardware virtualization allows the coexistence of different software stacks on top of the same hardware. These stacks are contained inside virtual machine instances, which operate in complete isolation from each other. Q.6 What is application server virtualization 7 Ans. : Application server virtualization abstracts a collection of application servers that Provide the same services as a single virtual application server by using load-balancing | Strategies and providing a high-availability infrastructure for the services hosted in the | application server &7 Why operating system level virtualization is required 2 | Ans. : | | * Operating system level virtualization Provides feasible solution for hardware level virtualization issue. It inserts a vi irtualization layer inside an operating system to partition a machine's physical resources, Jt enables multiple isolated VMs within a si | ingle operating system kernel This kind of VM is often called a ate Oe Virtual execution environment (VE): Virtual Private System (VPS) or simply container * From the user's point of view, virtual €xecution environment look like re4! servers, | system, user accounts, firewall rules etc. file has its own set of process ie s letwork interfaces with IP addresses, routing tablesF loud Computing 2-24 Virtualization Basics | as Define emulation, : Emulation i , fehl Naat Process of implementing the interface and funciona of one 5 veil functionality. yystem (or subsystem) having different interface and ‘Ans a9 _ List advantages of OS virtualization, Ans. ¢ 1. OS virtualization provide least overhead among all types of virtualization solution. 2. They offer highest performance and highest density of virtual environment. 3, Low resource requirements. 4, High Scalability Q.10 Define V/O virtualization. of the routing of I/O requests between | Ans. : 1/O virtualization involves managing 0 implement this | virtual devices and shared physical hardware. There are three ways t are full device emulation, para-VZ and direct I/O. Q11 What is Type 2 hypervisor ? ans.: Type 2 hypervisor is software that runs within’ a7 operating system environment, A "guest" operating system thus runs at the third level above the | hardware. Q00 eee TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® ~ an upethrust fOr knowledoe