Competency based multiple choice questions:

Question 1:

An entrepreneur is someone who:

a) Works for a large corporation

b) Inherits a business from their family c) Franchises an existing business model
d) Creates a new business venture ✔
Answer: d) Creates a new business venture.
Explanation:

The topic defines an entrepreneur as someone who "makes his own business in an innovative manner". This
indicates that entrepreneurs are not simply inheriting or working within existing structures, but rather
creating something new.

Question 2:

Which of the following is NOT a quality of a successful entrepreneur according to the topic?

a) Optimistic
b) Self-confident
c) Risk-averse ✔ d) Perseverant
Answer: c) Risk-averse.
Explanation:

The topic emphasizes that entrepreneurs are risk-takers. They need to be comfortable with uncertainty and a
willingness to take calculated risks to succeed. While all the other options (optimistic, self-confident,
perseverant) are important qualities, being risk-averse would hinder someone's ability to start and grow a
business.

Question 3:

Social entrepreneurship focuses on:

a) Making a profit for the business owners b) Creating innovative new technologies
c) Solving social and environmental problems ✔ d) Selling products and services to a large audience
Answer: c) Solving social and environmental problems.
Explanation:
The topic defines social entrepreneurship as "doing business in a creative manner to help in the social
development of the society". It highlights that social entrepreneurs address social issues like poverty,
education, and healthcare.

Question 4:

According to the topic, what is one of the functions an entrepreneur performs to keep their business running
smoothly?

a) Identifying a new business idea b) Managing finances and resources ✔ c) Working for a fixed salary d)
Following instructions from a supervisor

Answer: b) Managing finances and resources.

Explanation:

The topic outlines several entrepreneurial functions, including "Organisation Building and Management".
This involves managing finances, resources, and allocating funds effectively to cover costs and avoid losses.

Question 5:

The topic states that _________ is a critical stage in the entrepreneurial process.

a) Brainstorming random ideas b) Identifying a market need ✔ c) Hiring a large team of employees d)
Designing a company logo

Answer: b) Identifying a market need.

Explanation:

The topic highlights that a good business idea should address a gap in the market. Identifying a market need
is a crucial step because it ensures there is a customer base for the product or service the entrepreneur is
creating.

Competency based multiple choice questions in the pattern of assertion reason:

Question 1:

Assertion (A): Entrepreneurs are successful because they take risks. Reason (R): Entrepreneurs need to be
optimistic and willing to face challenges.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. ✔ B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
only correct explanation of A. C. A is true, but R is false. D. A is false, but R is true.

Explanation:
The topic emphasizes that entrepreneurs are risk-takers. They need to be comfortable with uncertainty and a
willingness to take calculated risks to succeed. While optimism is an important quality for entrepreneurs, the
topic specifically highlights risk-taking as a key factor in their success. So, both A and R are true, and R is
the correct explanation of A.

Question 2:

Assertion (A): Social entrepreneurs aim to make a profit for their business. Reason (R): Social entrepreneurs
are focused on creating a positive social impact.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
only correct explanation of A. C. A is true, but R is false. ✔ D. A is false, but R is true.

Explanation:

The topic defines social entrepreneurship as "doing business in a creative manner to help in the social
development of the society". It highlights that social entrepreneurs address social issues like poverty,
education, and healthcare. There is no mention of profit being a primary goal for social entrepreneurs. So, A
is false, but R is true.

Question 3:

Assertion (A): An entrepreneur needs to be a good communicator. Reason (R): Communication is essential
for building relationships with customers and employees.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. ✔ B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
only correct explanation of A. C. A is true, but R is false. D. A is false, but R is true.

Explanation:

The topic does not explicitly mention communication as a function of an entrepreneur, but it does highlight
the importance of building relationships with employees and customers. Effective communication is
essential for building and maintaining these relationships. So, both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.

Question 4:

Assertion (A): Identifying a market need is an important step in starting a business. Reason (R): A business
needs to have customers to be successful.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. ✔ B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
only correct explanation of A. C. A is true, but R is false. D. A is false, but R is true.
Explanation:

The topic highlights that a good business idea should address a gap in the market. Identifying a market need
is a crucial step because it ensures there is a customer base for the product or service the entrepreneur is
creating. So, both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 5:

Assertion (A): An entrepreneur is someone who inherits a business from their family. Reason (R):
Entrepreneurs are creative and innovative.

A. Both A and R are true, but R is not the only correct explanation of A. B. Both A and R are true, and R is
the correct explanation of A. C. A is true, but R is false. ✔ D. A is false, but R is true.

Explanation:

The topic defines an entrepreneur as someone who "makes his own business in an innovative manner". This
indicates that entrepreneurs are not simply inheriting existing businesses, but rather creating something new
through creativity and innovation. So, A is false, but R is true.

Competency based,statement1 statement2 multiple choice questions:

Statement 1: An entrepreneur identifies a gap in the market and develops a product or service to address
that need.
Statement 2: Successful entrepreneurs are always focused on making a high profit.
Choice A: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true. Choice B: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
false. Choice C: Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false. ✔ Choice D: Statement 1 is false, but
Statement 2 is true.
Explanation:

Entrepreneurs are driven by identifying opportunities to create new value. This aligns with Statement 1,
which highlights identifying a gap in the market. While profit is important for any business, the topic
emphasizes that social entrepreneurs may prioritize creating a positive social impact over maximizing profit.
So, Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false.

Statement 1: Entrepreneurs need to be hardworking and dedicated to their business ventures.

Statement 2: There is no time limit for an entrepreneur's working hours.
Choice A: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true. ✔ Choice B: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
false. Choice C: Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false. Choice D: Statement 1 is false, but Statement
2 is true.
Explanation:
The topic states that a successful entrepreneur is always a hardworking person who puts extra effort into
their business. There is also a mention of them working even on holidays to ensure their business flourishes.
This aligns with both statements. So, Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

Statement 1: An entrepreneur is someone who invents a completely new product.

Statement 2: Entrepreneurs can also find success by improving on existing products or services.
Choice A: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true. ✔ Choice B: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
false. Choice C: Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false. Choice D: Statement 1 is false, but Statement
2 is true.
Explanation:

The topic discusses innovation as one of the functions of an entrepreneur. This can involve creating a new
product, but it can also involve finding new markets or new ways of organizing an industry. So, both
statements can be true.

Statement 1: An entrepreneur only needs a good idea to be successful.

Statement 2: Resources, capital, and a good market are important for an entrepreneur's success.
Choice A: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true. ✔ Choice B: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
false. Choice C: Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false. Choice D: Statement 1 is false, but Statement
2 is true.
Explanation:

A good idea is a starting point, but the topic highlights that だけでは (dake de wa), which translates to "just
by itself" is not enough. Entrepreneurs also need to secure resources, capital, and find a good market to turn
their idea into a reality. So, both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

Statement 1: Entrepreneurs are responsible for taking calculated risks in their businesses.
Statement 2: Entrepreneurs should avoid taking any risks at all.
Choice A: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true. Choice B: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
false. ✔ Choice C: Statement 1 is true, but Statement 2 is false. Choice D: Statement 1 is false, but
Statement 2 is true.
Explanation:

The topic emphasizes that taking calculated risks is an important function of an entrepreneur. They need to
be able to assess potential challenges and make informed decisions. So, Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2
is false.

Case study based multiple choice type questions:

Scenario 1: The Upcycled Boutique

Aisha, a college student with a passion for sustainability, notices a growing trend of people upcycling
clothes. She decides to open a boutique selling unique, upcycled clothing items. However, she's unsure how
to price her creations.

Question:

Which of the following pricing strategies would be MOST appropriate for Aisha's boutique, considering her
target market and the unique nature of her products?

a) Cost-plus pricing (adding a markup to production costs) b) Competitive pricing (matching prices of
similar stores) ✔ c) Value pricing (focusing on the perceived value customers place on the upcycled items)
d) Penetration pricing (setting a low introductory price to gain market share)

Explanation:

Given the unique and potentially trendy nature of upcycled clothing, value pricing is the most suitable
strategy. Customers might be willing to pay a premium for the creativity, sustainability aspect, and
exclusivity these items offer. While competitive pricing could be a consideration, value pricing allows Aisha
to capture the full worth she's creating. Cost-plus pricing might not reflect the perceived value, and
penetration pricing might not be sustainable in the long run.

Scenario 2: The Local Farmers' Market

Rajiv, a farmer in a rural village, struggles to get fair prices for his organic produce. He observes a growing
interest in locally sourced, healthy food options in nearby towns.

Question:

How could Rajiv leverage his entrepreneurial skills to improve his income and benefit the community?

a) Focus solely on increasing crop yields without considering market demand. b) Partner with other local
farmers to bulk sell their produce to large retailers. c) Organize a farmers' market directly connecting him
with local consumers. ✔ d) Invest in expensive machinery to automate his farming processes.

Explanation:

Considering the growing interest in local, organic produce, Rajiv's best option is to create a farmers' market.
This allows him to connect directly with consumers, potentially fetching higher prices and building
relationships. Partnering with other farmers might be a future consideration, but first establishing a local
market presence is crucial. Bulk selling to retailers might not guarantee fair prices, and expensive machinery
could strain finances without a guaranteed return.
Scenario 3: The Eco-Friendly Packaging Company

Maya, a recent graduate with a background in environmental science, is concerned about the environmental
impact of traditional packaging materials. She has an innovative idea for creating biodegradable packaging
solutions.

Question:

What are some of the INITIAL challenges Maya might face in launching her eco-friendly packaging
company?

a) Securing funding to support research and development. ✔ b) Finding a large enough manufacturing
facility to meet high production demands. c) Identifying a readily available customer base willing to pay a
premium for the product. d) Convincing consumers to completely abandon traditional packaging altogether.

Explanation:

In the initial stages, Maya's primary challenge would be securing funding to support research and
development of her biodegradable packaging solution. This might involve convincing investors of the
market potential and the environmental benefits. Finding a manufacturing facility can be addressed later
once the product is finalized. Customer base and consumer adoption can be tackled through marketing and
education efforts.

Scenario 4: The Online Fitness Coaching Service

Priya, a certified fitness instructor, wants to reach a wider audience but is limited by the geographical
constraints of a traditional gym setting.

Question:

How can Priya utilize her entrepreneurial skills to expand her fitness coaching business and reach more
clients?

a) Open new brick-and-mortar gyms in different locations. b) Develop a mobile app offering personalized
workout plans and video tutorials. ✔ c) Focus on offering high-intensity group fitness classes online. d)
Partner with local sporting goods stores to promote her in-person classes.

Explanation:

A mobile app with personalized workout plans and video tutorials allows Priya to scale her business
virtually, overcoming geographical limitations. This caters to a wider audience seeking fitness guidance on
their own schedule. While online group classes could be an option later, the app offers a more flexible
solution. Brick-and-mortar gyms require significant investment, and local partnerships wouldn't address the
reach Priya desires.

Case study based multiple choice type questions in the pattern of assertion
reason:

Scenario 1: The Baker

Assertion: Maya, a passionate baker, decided to start a home-based bakery specializing in gluten-free and
vegan cakes. She conducted thorough market research to identify a gap in the market for such products and
invested in high-quality ingredients and packaging. Maya exemplifies a successful entrepreneur due to her
focus on innovation and market research.

Reason: Identifying a gap in the market and catering to a specific customer need is a crucial aspect of
entrepreneurial success.

Choices:

a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct. (CORRECT) b) Only Assertion is correct. c) Only Reason is
correct. d) Neither Assertion nor Reason is correct.

Explanation:

The topic emphasizes that successful entrepreneurs identify opportunities in the market with new and
improved products. Maya's decision to start a gluten-free and vegan bakery aligns with this concept, and her
market research demonstrates a focus on understanding customer needs. Therefore, both Assertion and
Reason are correct.

Scenario 2: The Social Entrepreneur

Assertion: Rohan, a young graduate, started an NGO to provide free computer literacy classes to
underprivileged children in his community. He partnered with local businesses to secure used computers and
negotiated with internet service providers for subsidized data plans. Rohan demonstrates entrepreneurial
skills despite not aiming to make a profit.

Reason: Social entrepreneurship involves using creative business principles to address social issues.

Choices:

a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct. (CORRECT) b) Only Assertion is correct. c) Only Reason is
correct. d) Neither Assertion nor Reason is correct.
Explanation:

The topic defines social entrepreneurship as a business approach that tackles social problems. Rohan's
initiative to bridge the digital divide in his community through his NGO exemplifies this concept. His
partnership with businesses and negotiation for subsidized data plans demonstrate entrepreneurial skills in
securing resources. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are correct.

Scenario 3: The Risk-Taker

Assertion: Sarah quit her stable job as a graphic designer to launch a mobile app for language learning.
Despite the competitive app market, Sarah's app gained significant traction due to its unique gamified
learning approach. Sarah's decision to leave her job demonstrates a risk-taking personality, a common trait
of successful entrepreneurs.

Reason: Entrepreneurs need to be comfortable with taking calculated risks to pursue their ventures.

Choices:

a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct. (CORRECT) b) Only Assertion is correct. c) Only Reason is
correct. d) Neither Assertion nor Reason is correct.

Explanation:

The topic highlights that entrepreneurs take risks in terms of time and money to launch their ventures.
Sarah's decision to leave her job to pursue her app idea is a prime example of this risk-taking characteristic.
Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are correct.

Scenario 4: The Organizer

Assertion: Aditya, a final year engineering student, decided to organize a local talent show to raise funds for
a new children's library in his town. He meticulously planned the event, secured sponsorships from local
businesses, and effectively marketed the show through social media channels. Aditya's planning and
organizational skills are essential qualities for a successful entrepreneur.

Reason: Entrepreneurs need to possess strong organizational skills to manage various aspects of their
businesses.

Choices:

a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct. (CORRECT) b) Only Assertion is correct. c) Only Reason is
correct. d) Neither Assertion nor Reason is correct.
Explanation:

The topic mentions that organization is a key entrepreneurial function, requiring effective management of
resources and finances. Aditya's planning, sponsorship securing, and marketing efforts demonstrate these
organizational capabilities. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are correct.

Case study based multiple choice type questions in the pattern of statement1
statement2:

Scenario 1: The Green Entrepreneur

Statement 1: Aisha started a sustainable clothing line that uses organic cotton and recycled materials in its
garments.

Statement 2: Aisha exemplifies an entrepreneur who is capitalizing on a growing trend of eco-conscious

consumers.

Choices:

a) Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrect. b) Statement 1 is incorrect, Statement 2 is correct. c) Both

Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. (CORRECT) d) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:

The topic discusses the importance of innovation for entrepreneurs. Aisha's use of organic cotton and
recycled materials aligns with this concept, catering to a specific customer base concerned about
environmental sustainability. Therefore, both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct.

Scenario 2: The Relentless Entrepreneur

Statement 1: Despite facing initial challenges in securing funding, David persevered with his idea for a
mobile app that connects local farmers directly with consumers.

Statement 2: Persistence is a key quality required for entrepreneurial success.

Choices:

a) Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrect. b) Statement 1 is incorrect, Statement 2 is correct. c) Both

Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. (CORRECT) d) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:
The topic highlights that entrepreneurs encounter challenges and setbacks. David's perseverance in
overcoming funding hurdles exemplifies this concept. Therefore, both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
correct.

Scenario 3: The Creative Collaborator

Statement 1: Brinda partnered with a local carpenter to create a unique line of handcrafted wooden furniture.

Statement 2: Collaboration can be a valuable tool for entrepreneurs to leverage each other's skills and
resources.

Choices:

a) Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrect. b) Statement 1 is incorrect, Statement 2 is correct. c) Both

Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. (CORRECT) d) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:

The topic discusses the role of entrepreneurs in building and managing organizations. Brinda's collaboration
with a carpenter demonstrates this concept, leveraging the carpenter's expertise in furniture creation.
Therefore, both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct.

Scenario 4: The Data-Driven Entrepreneur

Statement 1: Priya conducted market research to identify customer preferences before finalizing the product
design for her fitness tracker.

Statement 2: Understanding customer needs is crucial for entrepreneurial success.

Choices:

a) Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrect. b) Statement 1 is incorrect, Statement 2 is correct. c) Both

Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. (CORRECT) d) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:

The topic emphasizes the importance of idea discovery for entrepreneurs. Priya's market research to
understand customer preferences aligns with this concept. Therefore, both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are
correct.

Scenario 5: The Resourceful Entrepreneur

Statement 1: Rahul started a dog walking service in his neighborhood after noticing a growing demand for
pet care services.

Statement 2: Identifying a gap in the market is a key function performed by entrepreneurs.

Choices:

a) Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrect. b) Statement 1 is incorrect, Statement 2 is correct. c) Both

Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. (CORRECT) d) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:

The topic discusses the role of entrepreneurs in identifying business opportunities. Rahul's decision to start a
dog walking service based on a growing demand exemplifies this concept. Therefore, both Statement 1 and
Statement 2 are correct.

Competency based very short answer type questions:

Question 1: Identifying a Business Opportunity

What is one way an entrepreneur can identify a gap in the market?

Answer: By conducting market research to understand customer needs and preferences.

Explanation:

The topic discusses idea discovery as a crucial step in the entrepreneurial process. It mentions that market
research helps entrepreneurs identify gaps in the market and opportunities for new products or services.

Question 2: Entrepreneurial Qualities

List one characteristic of a successful entrepreneur.

Answer: Perseverance.

Explanation:

The topic highlights that entrepreneurs face challenges and setbacks. It emphasizes perseverance as a key
quality required for entrepreneurial success.

Question 3: Entrepreneurial Functions

What is one function that an entrepreneur performs to manage their business?

Answer: Planning.
Explanation:

The topic discusses various entrepreneurial functions, including planning. Planning helps establish the
course of action to achieve short-term and long-term goals for a business.

Question 4: Importance of Entrepreneurship

What is one way entrepreneurs contribute to the development of a country?

Answer: By creating employment opportunities.

Explanation:

The topic discusses the role of entrepreneurs in the development of a country. It mentions that entrepreneurs
generate employment by setting up businesses, which helps reduce unemployment levels.

Question 5: Types of Entrepreneurship

What is one type of entrepreneurship that focuses on social issues?

Answer: Social entrepreneurship.

Explanation:

The topic defines social entrepreneurship as a business approach that addresses social problems and aims to
create positive social change.

Case study based very short answer type questions:

Scenario 1: The Sustainable Shoemaker

Question: In an effort to reduce her environmental impact, Maya decided to start a business using recycled
materials to create unique and stylish footwear. What entrepreneurial skill is Maya demonstrating by
focusing on recycled materials?
Answer: Innovation.
Explanation: The topic highlights that innovation is a key function of an entrepreneur, allowing them to
convert ideas into new products or services. Maya's use of recycled materials in her footwear business
exemplifies this concept.
Scenario 2: The Community Market Organizer
Question: Sarah, a passionate advocate for local businesses, decided to organize a monthly market event
showcasing handmade crafts and organic produce. What entrepreneurial function is Sarah performing by
organizing this event?
Answer: Identifying a gap in the market.
Explanation: The topic discusses idea discovery as a crucial step in the entrepreneurial process. It mentions
that identifying gaps in the market is an important function for entrepreneurs. Sarah's organization of the
market event to support local businesses demonstrates this concept.
Scenario 3: The Collaborative Bakers
Question: Two friends, Nadia and Priya, who share a passion for baking, decided to combine their expertise
and open a bakery specializing in gluten-free and vegan desserts. What characteristic of successful
entrepreneurs are Nadia and Priya demonstrating by working together?
Answer: Collaboration.
Explanation: The topic discusses the importance of building and managing organizations for entrepreneurs.
Collaboration is mentioned as a valuable tool for entrepreneurs to leverage each other's skills and resources.
Nadia and Priya's decision to collaborate on their bakery business exemplifies this concept.
Scenario 4: The Data-Driven Entrepreneur
Question: Before launching his new fitness app, Rohan conducted surveys and collected data on customer
preferences for fitness tracking features. What step in the entrepreneurial process is Rohan taking by
gathering this information?
Answer: Idea Discovery.
Explanation: The topic defines idea discovery as the first and important phase of the entrepreneurial
process. It involves identifying a business opportunity and evaluating its potential. Rohan's collection of data
on customer preferences aligns with this concept, as he is using the information to refine his app idea.
Scenario 5: The Resourceful Entrepreneur
Question: After facing initial difficulties securing a loan for her business, Aisha decided to use her personal
savings and offer online pre-orders for her handcrafted jewelry to raise capital. What entrepreneurial quality
is Aisha demonstrating by taking these actions?
Answer: Perseverance.
Explanation: The topic emphasizes that entrepreneurs encounter challenges and setbacks. It highlights
perseverance as a key quality required for entrepreneurial success. Aisha's determination to overcome the
loan hurdle and find alternative funding sources exemplifies this concept.

Remembering and Understanding questions:

Question 1: What is one way an entrepreneur can identify a gap in the market?
Answer: By conducting market research to understand customer needs and preferences.
Explanation: The document discusses idea discovery as a crucial step in the entrepreneurial process. It
mentions that market research helps entrepreneurs identify gaps in the market and opportunities for new
products or services.
Question 2: List two qualities of a successful entrepreneur.
Answer: Two qualities of a successful entrepreneur are perseverance and. (any other quality mentioned in
the document, e.g., optimism, self-confidence)
Explanation: The document highlights that entrepreneurs face challenges and setbacks. It emphasizes
perseverance as a key quality required for entrepreneurial success. Other qualities mentioned in the
document that are important for successful entrepreneurs include optimism, self-confidence, and hard work.
Question 3: What are two functions that an entrepreneur performs to manage their business?
Answer: Two functions that an entrepreneur performs to manage their business are planning and (any other
function mentioned in the document, e.g., organizing, staffing).
Explanation: The document discusses various entrepreneurial functions, including planning. Planning helps
establish the course of action to achieve short-term and long-term goals for a business. Other functions
mentioned in the document that entrepreneurs perform include organizing, staffing, marketing, and
financing.
Question 4: What are two ways entrepreneurs contribute to the development of a country?
Answer: Entrepreneurs contribute to the development of a country in two ways, such as by creating
employment opportunities and (any other way mentioned in the document, e.g., boosting economic growth).
Explanation: The document discusses the role of entrepreneurs in the development of a country. It mentions
that entrepreneurs generate employment by setting up businesses, which helps reduce unemployment levels.
The document also mentions that entrepreneurs contribute to economic growth by introducing new products
and services, and by creating a demand for locally produced goods and services.
Question 5: What are two types of entrepreneurship mentioned in the document?
Answer: Two types of entrepreneurship mentioned in the document are social entrepreneurship and (any
other type mentioned in the document, e.g., small scale entrepreneurship).
Explanation: The document defines social entrepreneurship as a business approach that addresses social
problems and aims to create positive social change. Other types of entrepreneurship mentioned in the
document include small scale entrepreneurship, agricultural entrepreneurship, and women entrepreneurship.