Know Python Bytes

www.knowpythonbytes.blogspot.com

Mrs. Payal Bhattacharjee, PGT(C.Sc.)

K V No.1 Kanchrapara
KVS-RO(Kolkata)
 Unit I: Computer Systems and Organization
Part-1
● Basic computer organization: description of a computer system
and mobile system, CPU, memory, hard disk, I/O, battery.
● Types of software: Application software, System software and
Utility software.
● Memory Units: bit, byte, MB, GB, TB, and PB
● Concept of Compiler and Interpreter
● Operating System (OS) - need for an operating system, brief
introduction to functions of OS, user interface
Part-2
● Number System: numbers in base 2, 8, 16 and binary addition.
● Encoding Schemes : ASCII, ISCII and Unicode
Part-3
● Boolean logic: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, NOT, truth
tables and De Morgan’s laws, Logic circuits
 What is a COMPUTER ????
Computer is an advanced electronic device that
takes raw data (input) from the user and
processes these data under the control of set of
instructions (called program) and gives the result
(output) and saves output for the future use.
 STRENGTH of a computer
• Versatile
• Accuracy
• Speed
• Reliable
• Memory
Weakness of a Computer
• Lack of IQ (Intelligent Quotient)
• Needs power supply
• Lack of Decision making power/ Computers
can’t think
 Uses of a computer
• Weather Forecasting
• Railways/Airports
• Scientific research
• Business organizations/Offices
• Banks
• Medical Field
• Entertainment/Media/Cartoon industry
• Schools/Colleges/Universities
• Defence
 IPO Cycle
Sets of Instruction
(PROGRAM)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Input Processing Output

 Data and Information
DATA INFORMATION
Raw facts and figures Processed data
May or may not be meaningful Always meaningful
User input Output to the user

What is a System?
• System is a set of rules, an arrangement of things, or a
collection of elements or components that work towards a
common goal/purpose in an organized manner.

What is a PROGRAM?
– Set of instructions
 Hardware and Software
• Hardware
Physical parts of a computer system which can be seen and touched and which can
undergo wear and tear.
– Peripherals
Physical parts which are kept in the surroundings of a computer system.
Eg- Keyboard , Mouse, Speaker, Printer etc.
• Software
Set of programmes /instructions which helps in the working of computer and
related devices.
Eg- Python Interpreter, Browsers (Eg. Firefox),OS(Eg.Windows10) ,Games,Apps etc.
• Firmware
Prewritten programme which is permanently stored in ROM-BIOS(Read Only
Memory- Basic Input Output Services ). It is used in configuring the computer
system.
• Live ware-
– People related to the computer system
– Eg.Users, Programmers
INPUT CPU
Keyboard
Mouse OUTPUT
Monitor
Scanner
Printer
Joystick
Web Cam
ALU Speaker
Microphone Projector
Digitizer Tablet Plotter
Digital camera
Touch Screen
Track Ball
MICR
CU
OCR
OMR
Barcode Reader
Smart Card Reader

PRIMARY / MAIN / INTERNAL MEMORY

(RAM,ROM,CACHE Memory)

SECONDARY / AUXILLARY / EXTERNAL MEMORY

(Hard disk, CD, DVD, Blue Ray Disc, Pen Drive, Magnetic Tape
Drive, Memory Cards, Memory Stick etc.)
 Functional components of a computer system
INPUT UNIT
An input device is any device that provides input to a computer. It
accepts input from the Input Unit and converts it into computer
understandable form(binary form).

Digitizer
tablet/Writing pad Smart card reader
 Functional components of a computer system
OUTPUT UNIT
An Output device is any device that provides output in a form which is
human understandable (Audio, Video, printed form). This conversion
from machine understandable form to human understandable form is
the work of Output unit.

NOTE: Computer understands only two signals viz. 1(ON) and 0(OFF).
Since, there are only two digits/signals which computer understands ,therefore, this
machine level language is also known as Binary Level Language.
 OUTPUT DEVICE: Printer
• A printer is an output device that prints paper
documents. This includes text documents, images,
or a combination of both.
• The two most common types of printers are inkjet
and laser printers.
• Inkjet printers are commonly used by consumers,
while laser printers are a typical choice for
businesses.
• Dot matrix printers, which have become
increasingly rare, are still used for basic text
printing.
 Types of printers
Impact printers – Non- Impact printers –
In these printers, In these printers , there is
no mechanical contact
there is mechanical
between the printer head
contact between the
and paper. These printers
printer head and the can primarily be categorised
paper. Example- line as follows- Electromagnetic
printers, drum printers, printer, Thermal printer,
daisy wheel printers & Electrostatic printer, Ink jet
dot-matrix printers. printer, Laser Printer.
Impact printers Vs Non-impact
printers
• There is mechanical • There is no
contact between the mechanical contact
between the paper
print head and and the print head.
paper.
• Non-Impact printers
• Impact printers are are faster.
slower. • Non impact printers
• Impact are noisy. are less noisy or
sometimes noiseless.
• Lesser cost • Comparatively costly
• E.g., Daisy wheel, • E.g., Laser printers ,
Dot matrix, etc. Inkjet Printers etc.
 Functional components of a computer system
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is also known as
microprocessor or processor. A CPU is brain of a
computer. It is responsible for all functions and
processes. The CPU is the most important element of a
computer system which guides, directs ,controls and
governs the performance of a computer.

Function of the CPU 

The CPU processes the
instructions it receives from
input devices and gives the
required output using
output devices. CPU has four
basic functions to perform a
task:
 Functional components of a computer system
Parts of (CPU) : ALU,CU,Registers
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The electronic circuitry in ALU executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
 It performs arithmetic calculations like ARITHMETIC(+, - , *, /) as well as LOGICAL
comparisons (<, >, <=, >=,=, !=) which returns only True or False.
The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special characters.
Control Unit(CU)
The circuitry in the control unit uses electrical signals to instruct the whole
computer system for carrying out or executing already stored program instructions.
It controls , guidesand co-ordinates computer components.
Control Unit acts like the nervous system of the entire computer which
receives(FETCH), decodes (DECODE), stores results (STORE) and manages execution
(EXECUTE) of data that flows through the CPU.
Its communicates with both arithmetic unit and memory unit.
Registers/ Processors Registers
Registers are temporary storage areas which are responsible for holding the data that
is to be processed .They store the processing information (instructions, data or
memory addresses), when processing takes place in a processor. This data is further
used by Control Unit.
 Functional components of a computer system
MEMORY UNIT
It refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of
instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or
permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic devices.
Computer understands only two states, ON(1) and OFF(0), which are represented
by only two digits 1 and 0 and referred as BINARY DIGITS or BITS.
• Each cell contains one bit of information i.e (0 or 1) OFF or ON

• All the words are of equal word length.

• If m=64 bits i.e. word length is 64 bits then we say that it is a 64

bits memory.

• If N no. of addresses are there then the addressing starts from 0

to N-1

• The total no. of cells will be= (N * m) no. of cells

1 0 1
UNITS OF COMPUTER MEMORY MEASUREMENTS
UNIT Short name/ Equivalent higher unit
1 Bit Bit (Binary Digit)
4 Bits 1 Nibble = ½ Byte
8 Bits 1 Byte
1024 Bytes= 210 Bytes 1KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 210 KB 1MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB= 210 MB 1GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 210 GB 1TB(Tera Byte)
1024 TB = 210 TB 1PB(Peta Byte)
1024 PB = 210 PB 1EB(Exa Byte)
1024 EB = 210 EB 1ZB(Zetta Byte)
1024 ZB = 210 ZB 1YB(Yotta Byte)
1024 YB = 210 YB 1 Bronto Byte
1024 BrontoByte 1 Geop Byte
 Functional components of a computer system
MEMORY UNIT
MEMORY UNIT
CACHE
PRIMARY / MAIN MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY
MEMORY

FLASH OPTICAL MAGNETIC

ROM RAM SSD
MEMORY DISCS MEMORIES

HARD
PROM SRAM PENDRIVE CD
DISK

MAGNETIC
EPROM DRAM DVD
TAPES etc.

BLU-RAY
EEPROM
DISC

EAPROM
 Functional components of a computer system
(MAIN / PRIMARY) MEMORY UNIT
Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of
instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or
permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device.
The term primary memory is used for the information in physical systems which
function at high-speed (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory,
which are physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to
access but offer higher memory capacity. The Primary Memories are:
RAM,ROM,Cache Memory(Part of Cache made up of high speed RAM)
Extra Note: Primary memory stored on secondary memory is called "virtual
memory".

Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to

maintain the stored information. RAM is volatile.
Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the
stored information even when not powered. ROM is non-volatile.
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Can be both read and write.
• Hold the programs, operating system, and
data required by the system.
• Generally volatile, meaning that it does not
retain the data stored in it when the system
's power is turned off.
• A Data that needs to be stored while the
system is off must be written to a
permanent storage device , such as a flash
memory or hard disk.
• An example is as follows: A mobile phone
has128 KB or 256 KB of RAM to hold the
stack and temporary variables of the
programs, operating system, and data.
• RAM memory is volatile.
Two basic types of RAM chips:
 Dynamic RAM(DRAM) 8 GB DDR4 RAM image
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random-access
memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit.
• The capacitor can be either charged or discharged; these two states are taken
to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1.
• Since capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor
charge is refreshed periodically.
• Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed
to SRAM and other static memory.
• The transistors and capacitors used are extremely small; billions can fit on a single
memory chip.
• DRAM is volatile memory , since it loses its data quickly when power is removed.

Image of Capacitors
 Static RAM(SRAM)
• Static random-access memory (SRAM) is a type
of semiconductor memory that are made up of flip-flops (a binary cell
capable of storing one bit of information) to store each bit.
• The term static differentiates it from dynamic RAM (DRAM) must be
periodically refreshed.
• SRAM exhibits data remanence, but it is still volatile in the conventional
sense that data is eventually lost when the memory is not powered.
• SRAM is more expensive and are used in specialized applications and
less dense than DRAM and is therefore not used for high-capacity, low-cost
applications such as the main memory in personal computers.
• SRAM is also used in personal computers, workstations, routers and
peripheral equipment: CPU register files, internal CPU caches and
external burst mode SRAM caches, hard disk buffers, router buffers, etc.
• LCD screens and printers also normally employ static RAM to hold the
image displayed (or to be printed).

Image of SRAM
STATIC RAM Vs DYNAMIC RAM
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium
used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored
in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or
with difficulty, so it is mainly used to
distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to
specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent updates).
TYPES OF ROM
ROM ROM refers only to mask ROM (the oldest type of solid state ROM), which
is fabricated with the desired data permanently stored in it, and thus can never be
modified.
PROM (PROM), or one-time programmable ROM , can be written to or programmed via a
special device called a PROM programmer. Typically, this device uses high voltages
to permanently destroy or create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip.
Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once.
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory(EPROM) can be erased by exposure to
strong ultraviolet light (typically for 10 minutes or longer), then rewritten with a
process that again needs higher than usual voltage applied.
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) is based on a
• Programmable read-only memory
similar semiconductor structure to EPROM, but allows its entire contents to be
electrically erased, then rewritten electrically, so that they need not be removed
from the computer (or camera, MP3 player, etc.).
Writing or flashing an EEPROM is much slower (milliseconds per bit) than reading
from a ROM or writing to a RAM (nanoseconds in both cases).
EAROM Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory(EAROM) is a type of EEPROM that can be
modified one bit at a time. Writing is a very slow process and again needs higher
voltage (usually around 12 V) than is used for read access. EAROMs are intended for
applications that require infrequent and only partial rewriting.
 CACHE MEMORY
Pronounced cash, a special high-speed storage mechanism.
It can be either a reserved section of main memory or an
independent high-speed storage device.

• A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM

cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static
RAM (SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic
RAM (DRAM) used for main memory.

• Memory caching is effective because most programs access

the same data or instructions over and over. By keeping as
much of this information as possible in SRAM, the
computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM.
 SMART Caching
• When data is found in the cache, it is called a cache hit, and the
effectiveness of a cache is judged by its hit rate. Many cache systems use
a technique known as smart caching, in which the system can recognize
certain types of frequently used data.
• The strategies for determining which information should be kept in the
cache constitute some of the more interesting problems in computer
science.
• The Intel 80486 microprocessor, for example, contains an 8K memory
cache, and the Pentium has a 16K cache. Such internal caches are often
called Level 1 (L1) caches. Most modern PCs also come with external
cache memory, called Level 2 (L2) caches. These caches sit between
the CPU and the DRAM.
• Like L1 caches, L2 caches are composed of SRAM but they are much
larger.
 SECONDARY MEMORY
• Auxiliary memory /Auxiliary storage/ Secondary storage/ Secondary
memory/ External memory, is used to store a large amount of data at
lesser cost per byte than primary memory.
• They are less expensive than primary memory.
• The most common form of auxiliary memory devices used in consumer
systems are:
i. Flash Memory (Eg. Pen Drive)
ii. Optical Discs (Eg. CD,DVD,Blu-Ray Disk)
iii. Magnetic Disks (Eg. Hard Disk, Magnetic Tape)

Forms of Auxiliary Memory

i) FLASH MEMORY / FLASH STORAGE DEVICE
Flash memory: An electronic non-volatile computer storage device
that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed, and works without
any moving parts. A version of this is implemented in many Apple
notebooks. Eg. PenDrive
 ii) OPTICAL DISC DEVICE /OPTICAL STORAGE
Compact Disk (CD)
Optical disc: Its a storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers.
Optical disks can store much more data—up to 6 gigabytes (6 billion bytes)—than most portable
magnetic media, such as floppies.
CD (Compact Discs- Optical storage)
• Compact Disc (CD), is a digital optical disc data storage format.
– (CD-ROM) : Compact Disc-Read Only Memory
– (CD-R) : Compact Disc- Recordable
– (CD-RW) : Compact Disc- Re-Writable
DVD (digital optical disc storage)
DVD is a digital optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Moserbaer ,Philips,
Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than CDs while
having the same dimensions.
1) DVD-ROM Pre-recorded DVDs are known as Digital Video Disc-Read Only Memory,
because data can only be read and not written or erased.
2) DVD-R and DVD+R Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD+R) can be recorded once
using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM.
3) DVD-RW, DVD+RW ,DVD-RAM can be recorded and erased multiple times.
BLUE RAY DISCS (Digital Optical Discs)
They can store data on both sides of the disc. A single-layer disc can hold 25GB. A dual-
layer disc can hold 50GB. Ultra HD BluRay Disc can store almost 100GB of data.
III) Magnetic Media: HARD DISK (Secondary Device)

Each disk consists of

platters, rings on each
side of each platter
called tracks, and
sections within
each track called sectors
. A sector is the smallest
physical storage unit on
a disk, almost always
512 bytes in size for hard
disk drives (HDDs) and
2048 bytes for CD-ROMs
and DVD-ROMs.
Interconnections of Functional components of a Extra

computer system : THE SYSTEM BUS knowledge

System bus provides the electronic path to connect major

functional components of a computer system through
cables. This system bus helps in the passing of data and
instructions among the various functional components
THE SYSTEM BUS
DATA BUS It is the data carrying part of system bus
CONTROL It is the control instruction carrying part of a system
BUS bus.
ADDRESS It is the memory address carrying part of a system bus.
BUS
I/O BUS It connects the Input , Output, and other external
devices to the system.
 PORTS in Computer System Extra
knowledge
• Computer ports are connection points or
interfaces with other peripheral devices.
• There are two main types of computer
ports: physical and vertical
• Physical ports are used for connecting a
computer through a cable and a socket to
a peripheral device.
Types of ports
Serial Port
Parallel Port PS/2 Port
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port
VGA Port
Power Connector
Firewire Port
Modem
Ethernet Port
Game Port
Digital Video Interface , DVI port
Sockets
AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port)
 DATA DELETION, ITS RECOVERY AND RELATED
SECURITY CONCERNS. Extra
knowledge

Data deleted from the system goes through the following steps:-
• If a file/folder is deleted from the system then it goes to the
RECYCLE BIN.
• The file/folder can be restored from the RECYCLE BIN. If done so,
then the file/folder will be again available/ restored in the same
location from where it was deleted.
• The file/ folder if not restored, but deleted from the recycle bin,
then it gets permanently deleted from the system.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
OPERATING
SYSTEM SYSTEM ASSEMBLER
SOFTWARE LANGUAGE INTERPRETER
PROCESSORS
COMPILER
PACKAGES

SOFTWARE CUSTOMIZED
S/W or
BUSINESS Text Editor
S/W or Back up Utility
TAILOR-
MADE S/W Compression
Utility
APPLICATION Disk
Defragmenter
SOFTWARE UTILITIES
Antivirus
software
DEVELOPER
TOOLS
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System Software controls internal operations of the
computer system.
1. OPERATING SYSTEM: It is a program which acts as an interface
between the user and the hardware.
Eg. Windows10, LINUX,UNIX,MANDRAKE,REDHAT
2. LANGUAGE PROCESSORS: A computer software which translates
the source code into an object code(machine code).
As we know that computer understands only Binary level language
(Machine level language), but the programmer writes in High Level
Language which needs to be converted to Binary Language.
 SOURCE CODE: program code written in High Level Language
(Eg. Python,C,C++,Java etc.)
 OBJECT CODE: Computer understandable code which can run
on hardware very easily. (Binary Language/Machine Language)
TYPES OF LANGUAGE PROCESSORS:
i) Assembler ii) Compiler iii) Interpreter
ASSEMBLER: Converts Assembly Level Language to Binary Level Language and vice-
versa
COMPILER: Converts High Level Language to Binary Level Language vice-versa in
one go.
INTERPRETER: Converts High Level Language to Binary Level Language vice-versa line
by line.
WORKING OF COMPILER….The compilation process
C / C++ Preprocessing Phase removes extras (such as
Language
comments) from source code and adds all that is
to be added/expanded so that code is completely
ready for the next phase.
Analysis Phase (the front end phase) of
compilation identifies all the tokens in the source
code and creates a symbol table with it.
Synthesis phase (he back-end phase) parses the
source code and generates syntax tree out of it.
Once the code is error free, the compiler converts
into intermediate code that is in the form of
assembly level instructions.
Assembly phase receives the assembly level
instructions and then converts it into object code
(machine code).
Linking Phase all the required libraries are linked
with the object code by the Linker(a part of the
compiler). Finally, the Code has become
executable (.exe file), which is the final object
code with libraries ready for its execution in
(.exe file) memory.
WORKING OF INTERPRETER…The Interpretation process

Fetches 2nd line of source code after successful execution of the 1st line of
code in object code. And this process continues for each line. Hence,
Interpreter is always required in he memory to run the code

Code Line 1
101101
Code Line 2 110110
Code Line 3 101010
Code Line 4 111011

Object Code
(Running code)

Execute one line of

code, if error free
then it proceeds to
analyse and convert
the 2nd line of code.
For every line of
code it does in the
same way.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application Software is the set of programs used to (run/
execute/ carry out operations ) for a specified application.
1) PACKAGES: General software which are designed in a way to be used by
individual users in the manner it suits their needs and requirements.
Eg. Word Processing Software, DBMS (Database Management Systems
Software), DTP(Desktop Publishing software)
2) CUSTOMISED SOFTWARE/ BUSINESS SOFTWARE: Readymade software which are
tailor-made to fit exactly the need and purpose of the user (business customer).
Eg. Inventory Management System, Hotel Management System.
3) UTILITIES: These are the application programs that help the computer in
housekeeping functions like backing up disk or scanning and cleaning for viruses
or arranging information in an optimum way to increase efficiency of the system.
Eg. Text Editor, Backup Utility, Compression Utility, Antivirus, Disk Defragmenter
4) DEVELOPER TOOLS/SOFTWARE TOOLS: The set of pre-written
codes/functions/libraries or classes etc. available to programmers for the purpose
of development of new programs or codes. Eg. Numpy Library in Python,
Matplotlib Library in Python
 UTILITIES
i. Text Editor: It helps to edit,cut,copy,paste text. Eg. Notepad,Wordpad
ii. Backup Utility: We need to keep a backup of our data and information to
safeguard them from losing either accidental or intentional. For eg. Backup
kept in Pendrive, CD, DVD, HardDisk
iii. Compression Utility: The data and information in files or folders can be
kept in a compressed form so that, they occupy less space and can be
retrieved in the original form after decompressing. Eg. WinZip,WinRar
iv. Antivirus : Virus are the malicious program which affects the normal
working of a computer system by eating up disk space, deleting files etc.
So, to ovecome the problem of Virus, we need Antivirus to remove viruses
from the system. Eg. QuickHeal,E-scan,Kaspersky etc.
v. Disk Defragmenter: It increase data access speed by rearranging files
stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique
called defragmentation. Defragmentation is the process of reorganizing the
data stored on the hard drive so that related pieces of data are put back
together, all lined up in a continuous fashion. Free blocks together,
Corrupted files together and same kind of blocks together in the hard drive.
 MOBILE SYSTEM OGANISATION
 The tiny little computer in your hand is the Mobile System of
Modern day.
 They have less computing power than the bigger ones.
 They allow diverse applications such as making calls through
radio signals, camera utilities, handling touch sensitive screen,
display audio, video, graphical content.
 Mobiles have little power as compared to computers as mobile
systems run on battery power.

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF MOBILE SYSTEM

1) Mobile Processor (Mobile CPU) 4) Mobile System Memory
 Communications Processing Unit  RAM
 Applications Processing Unit  ROM
(APU) 5) Storage
2) Display Subsystem 6) Power Management Subsystem
3) Camera subsystem (Battery)
 DISPLAY SUBSYSTEM
CAMERA UNIT
Touch sensitive interface (Image Signal
Processor)
Keyboard Display
screen
CPU

RF TRANSCEIVER COMMUNICATIONS APU STORAGE

PROCESSOR (Application
SIM Processing Unit)
Radio Signal (Digital Signal
GPU (Graphic External
Management Processor)
Processing Unit) Storage

POWER MANAGEMENT
CODEC ROM RAM
Battery Battery
pack management
ADC DAC Memory
AUDIO SUBSYSTEM
Charger
MIC SPEAKER
 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF MOBILE SYSTEM
1) Mobile Processor (Mobile CPU)
This is the brain of the mobile which receives commands, does calculations
instantly, plays Audio/Video, stores information and sends signal. It
consists of the following two parts:
i) Communications Processing Unit (Mobile I/O Unit)
• Makes and receives phone call
• Digital signal processor helps it work with RF Transceiver and Audio
subsystem. [RF=Radio Frequency]
• Radio Signal Management Unit connects SIM (which provides a type
of modem) to the base stations through Radio signals. (3G,4G etc.
based cellular networks)
ii) Applications Processing Unit (APU)
• Governs and controls all types of operations taking place on a mobile
system by running various mobile applications(apps)

2) Display Subsystem
• Provides display facilities, touch sensitive interface and touch
sensitive keyboards
 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF MOBILE SYSTEM Contd..
3) Camera subsystem
It is an integrated Image Signal Processor which ensures instant image capture, high
resolution support, image stabilization and other image enhancements etc. It is an image
processing package which enable improved overall picture and video experience.
4) Mobile System Memory
i) RAM (Volatile- looses contents when gets switched off)
• Working memory of the mobile system.
• Installed mobile apps are first loaded in the RAM and then executed(run).
• These apps remain in the RAM after they are no longer in use and then they are
shifted to background.
• More RAM better performance faster mobile phone
ii) ROM (Non-volatile)
• They store the Operating System and pre-installed apps which can’t be deleted by
the user.
• ROM is basically Flash Memory or EEPROM

5) Storage
This subsystem is the extendable storage (also called as External storage) which comes in
the form of SD Cards or micro SD cards etc. This storage is easily removable and mainly
used for storing music, pictures, videos etc. Cloud storage can be also categorized as
external storage.
 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF MOBILE SYSTEM Contd..
6) Power Management Subsystem (Battery)
• Mobile System runs on limited power which is provided by the Battery
• This subsystem has a battery management subsystem that works with
a battery charger and a battery unit.
• A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type
of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used
for portable electronics and electric vehicles
• The three primary functional components of a lithium-ion battery are
the positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte.
• Generally, the negative electrode is made from carbon.
• The positive electrode is typically a metal oxide.
• The electrolyte is a lithium salt in an organic solvent.
The term mAh is an abbreviation for “milliampere hour,” and it's a
way to express the electrical capacity of smaller batteries. With
larger batteries, like car batteries, we usually use ampere hours, or
Ah. There are 1000 mAh in a single Ah.
Working
With
OS
 CONTENTS
Operating System Basics
• Operating System
• Operating System Objectives
• Services Provided by the
Operating System
• Functions of Operating
Systems
 OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system is a system
software which provides
interface between the user
and the hardware.
• A program that controls the execution of
application programs
• An interface between applications and
hardware

Operating System Objectives

• Convenience
– Makes the computer more convenient to use
• Efficiency
– Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner
• Ability to evolve
– Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system
functions without interfering with service
 Functions of Operating Systems
• Provides a user interface
– How a user interacts with a computer
– Require different skill sets
• Run programs/Software
• Manage hardware devices
• Storage management(Organize files and folders)
• Process management
(Job scheduling & management)
• Memory Management
• Error detection and response
(hardware/software errors)
 Providing a User Interface
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
– Most common interface
• Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE
– Uses a mouse to control objects
– Uses a desktop metaphor
– Shortcuts open programs or documents
– Open documents have additional objects
– Task switching
– Dialog boxes allow directed input
Graphical User Interface
 Providing a User Interface
• Command line interface
– Older interface
• DOS, Linux, UNIX
– User types commands at a prompt
– User must remember all commands
– Included in all GUIs

Press start
button of your
desktop/laptop
and write cmd
to see this
command
prompt
 Running Programs Extra
knowledge
• Many different applications
supported Managing Hardware
• System call
• Programs need to access
– Provides consistent access to OS
features hardware
• Share information between • Interrupts
– CPU is stopped
programs
– Hardware device is
– Copy and paste
accessed
– Object Linking and Embedding
• Device drivers control
the hardware
Organizing Files and Folders
• Organized storage
• Long file names
• Folders can be created and nested
• All storage devices work consistently
Stay safe. Stay aware. Stay healthy. Stay alert.