LECTURE NOTES

on
OPERATING SYSTEM
(ICS-401)

2023 – 2024

B. Tech IIIrd Sem e s t e r

Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav, Assistant Profes so r
Ms. Diksha Sharma, Assistant Profes so r

Sitapur Road, Lucknow

Uttar Pradesh
India
Pin Code :226021

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
&TECHNOLOGY

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW Page 1

Ms.Diksha Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
 REFERENCES :
1. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne, “Operating Systems Concepts”, Wiley
2. Harvey M Dietel, “ An Introduction to Operating System”, Pearson Education
3. William Stallings, “Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles ”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education
4. D M Dhamdhere, “Operating Systems : A Concept based Approach”, 2nd Edition
5. Sibsankar Halder and Alex A Aravind, “Operating Systems”, Pearson Education
6. Rajiv Chopra, “ Operating System a Practical approach”, S.Chand
7. I.A.Dhotre, “Operating System”,Technical Publications.
8. codeforwin.org/
9. https://www.prepbytes.com/
10. Tutorials point

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Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW Page 1

Ms.Diksha Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
 Multiprocessing Operating System:
Multiprocessing Operating System is the type of Operating System that uses multiple processors to operate within a
single system. Multiple CPUs are connected to divide and execute a job more quickly. After the task is finished, the
output from all Processors is compiled to provide a final result. Jobs are required to share main memory and they may
often share other system resources.
The organization of a typical Multiprocessing Operating System is shown in the image given below.

Working of Multiprocessing Operating System:

In a multiprocessing operating system, the workload is divided among the multiple processors or cores. Each processor
handles a specific task, which allows for improved performance and faster execution. After the completion of the task,
the results from each processor are compiled to produce a single output. The operating system manages the allocation
of resources and ensures that each processor is assigned a task it can handle efficiently. This results in better resource
utilization and optimized system performance.

Advantages of Multiprocessing Operating System:

Multiprocessing Operating Systems have the following advantages over the other types of Operating Systems.
• Multiprocessing Operating System uses multiple processors to execute the tasks which results in faster execution and
better performance of the system.
• In case a processor fails to work, the other processors can continue to execute the tasks. Thus, Multiprocessing Operating
Systems ensure the high availability of the system.
• Multiprocessing Operating Systems are scalable which means that can handle the increased amount of workload without
affecting the performance of the system.
• Multiprocessing Operating Systems efficiently utilize the resources

Disadvantages of Multiprocessing Operating System:

The Multiprocessing Operating System has the following disadvantages.
• Multiprocessing Operating Systems are complex and require specialized knowledge.
• The cost of a Multiprocessing Operating system can be high because of the need for specialized hardware resources.
• They may face compatibility issues with software that is not designed to work with multiprocessing operating systems.
• Achieve Synchronization between multiple processors in a multiprocessing operating system is a challenging task.

Types of Multiprocessing Operating Systems are:

1. Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System
2. Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System

• Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System:

In a Symmetrical multiprocessing operating system, each processor executes the same copy of the operating system,
makes its own decisions, and collaborates with other processes to ensure that the system runs smoothly. The CPU
scheduling algorithms are simple. Each new job given by a user can be allocated to the least burdened processor. It
also produces a system in which all processors are equally occupied at all times.
Because the processors share memory and the Input-output bus or data route, the symmetric multiprocessing operating
system is sometimes known as a "shared everything" system. Processors in this system are hardly greater than 16.

Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW

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Ms.Diksha Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
 The image given below depicts the typical symmetrical multiprocessing Operating System with shared memory.

Advantages of Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System:

• They are fault tolerant which means in case of failure of a single processor, the other processors continue to execute the
tasks.
• Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System utilizes the resources efficiently by dividing the workload equally
among multiple processors.

Disadvantages of Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System

• They are more complex and require specialized knowledge to manage.

• Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating Systems are much costlier than asymmetric ones.
• Synchronization between multiple processors is challenging.

Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System:

Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System involves one processor acting as a master and the others as slaves.
The master processor assigns ready-to-execute operations to the slave processors. The master processor maintains a
ready queue from which slave processors get the processes they need to execute. A scheduler created by the master
processor allocates processes to other processors in an asymmetric multiprocessing operating system.

The image given below depicts a general Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System:

Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW

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Ms.Diksha Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
 Advantages of Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System:

• Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating Systems are more scalable as each processor can be optimized for a specific
task.
• The cost of an Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System is less as they do not require specialized hardware.
• They are easier to design, handle and manage.
Disadvantages of Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System:

• Some processors in Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System might get overburdened while some may remain
idle for a long time.
• Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating Systems are designed to work with processors that do not share the same
memory, which limits the ability to share resources.

Types of Multiprocessing:
There are two main types of multiprocessing, as mentioned below –
1. Symmetric Multiprocessing:
In symmetric multiprocessing, all processors have a mutual relationship at the same level of equality. That is, there is
no master-slave relationship between them. All processors communicate with each other since each one contains a copy
of the same operating system.
An example of a symmetric multiprocessing system is the Encore version of Unix for the Multimax computer. Most
multiprocessing PC motherboards use symmetric multiprocessing.
2. Asymmetric Multiprocessing:
In asymmetric multiprocessing, there is a master processor that gives instructions to all the other processors, assigning
each one a previously defined task. This is the most economical option, as it maintains a master-slave relationship
between the processors.
This type of multiprocessing only existed until symmetric multiprocessors were introduced. This is generally less
efficient than symmetric processing because, under certain conditions, a single processor could be fully online while the
other is idle.

Multiprocessing Multiprogramming
The availability of more than one processor per system to A process of running multiple programs in the system’s
execute multiple sets of instructions simultaneously. main memory simultaneously.

Job processing is less time taking. Job processing takes more time.

Faster job processing allows the simultaneous execution

Only one process can run at a time.
of multiple processes.
Multiprogramming uses batch OS. During execution, the
Multiprocessing uses multiple processors to do the job.
CPU is fully utilized.

Maximum efficiency. Not very efficient.

Requires more than one CPU. Requires only one CPU.

Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW

Page 1
Ms.Diksha Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW